to a fine powder, catechu or lucerne leaves in a pulverized state being
sometimes mixed with them. When required for use, the powder is made
into a pasty mass with hot water, and is then spread upon the part to be
dyed, where it is generally allowed to remain for one night. According
to Lady Callcott, the flowers are often used by the Eastern women to
adorn their hair. The distilled water from the flowers is used as a
perfume.
HENNEBONT, a town of western France, in the department of Morbihan, 6 m.
N.E. of Lorient by road. Pop. (1906) 7250. It is situated about 10 m.
from the mouth of the Blavet, which divides it into two parts--the
_Ville Close_, the medieval military town, and the _Ville Neuve_ on the
left bank and the _Vieille Ville_ on the right bank. The Ville Close,
surrounded by ramparts and entered by a massive gateway flanked by
machicolated towers, consists of narrow quiet streets bordered by houses
of the 16th and 17th centuries. The Ville Neuve, which lies nearer the
river, developed during the 17th century and later than the Ville Close,
while the Vieille Ville is older than either. The only building of
architectural importance is the church of Notre-Dame de Paradis (16th
century) preceded by a tower with an ornamented stone spire. There are
scanty remains of the old fortress. Hennebont has a small but busy
river-port accessible to vessels of 200 to 300 tons. An important
foundry in the environs of the town employs 1400 work-people in the
manufacture of tin-plate for sardine boxes and other purposes.
Boat-building, tanning, distilling and the manufacture of earthenware,
white lead and chemical manures are also carried on. Granite is worked
in the neighbourhood. Hennebont is famed for the resistance which it
made, under the widow of Jean de Montfort, when besieged in 1342 by the
armies of Philip of Valois and Charles of Blois during the War of the
Succession in Brittany (see BRITTANY).
HENNEQUIN, PHILIPPE AUGUSTE (1763-1833), French painter, was a pupil of
David. He was born at Lyons in 1763, distinguished himself early by
winning the "Grand Prix," and left France for Italy. The disturbances at
Rome, during the course of the Revolution, obliged him to return to
Paris, where he executed the Federation of the 14th of July, and he was
at work on a large design commissioned for the town-hall of Lyons, when
in July 1794 he was accused before the revolutionary tribunal and thrown
into prison. Hennequin escaped, only to be anew accused and imprisoned
in Paris, and after running great danger of death, seems to have devoted
himself thenceforth wholly to his profession. At Paris he finished the
picture ordered for the municipality of Lyons, and in 1801 produced his
chief work, "Orestes pursued by the Furies" (Louvre, engraved by Landon,
_Annales du Musee_, vol. i. p. 105). He was one of the four painters who
competed when in 1802 Gros carried off the official prize for a picture
of the Battle of Nazareth, and in 1808 Napoleon himself ordered
Hennequin to illustrate a series of scenes from his German campaigns,
and commanded that his picture of the "Death of General Salomon" should
be engraved. After 1815 Hennequin retired to Liege, and there, aided by
subventions from the Government, carried out a large historical picture
of the "Death of the Three Hundred in defence of Liege"--a sketch of
which he himself engraved. In 1824 Hennequin settled at Tournay, and
became director of the academy; he exhibited various works at Lille in
the following year, and continued to produce actively up to the day of
his death in May 1833.
HENNER, JEAN JACQUES (1829-1905), French painter, was born on the 5th of
March 1829 at Dornach (Alsace). At first a pupil of Drolling and of
Picot, he entered the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1848, and took the Prix de
Rome with a painting of "Adam and Eve finding the Body of Abel" (1858).
At Rome he was guided by Flandrin, and, among other works, painted four
pictures for the gallery at Colmar. He first exhibited at the Salon in
1863 a "Bather Asleep," and subsequently contributed "Chaste Susanna"
(1865); "Byblis turned into a Spring" (1867); "The Magdalene" (1878);
"Portrait of M. Hayem" (1878); "Christ Entombed" (1879); "Saint Jerome"
(1881); "Herodias" (1887); "A Study" (1891); "Christ in His Shroud," and
a "Portrait of Carolus-Duran" (1896); a "Portrait of Mlle Fouquier"
(1897); "The Levite of the Tribe of Ephraim" (1898), for which a
first-class medal was awarded to him; and "The Dream" (1900). Among
other professional distinctions Henner also took a Grand Prix for
painting at the Paris International Exhibition of 1900. He was made
Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1873, Officer in 1878 and Commander in
1889. In 1889 he succeeded Cabanel in the Institut de France.
See E. Bricon, _Psychologie d'art_ (Paris, 1900); C. Phillips, _Art
Journal_ (1888); F. Wedmore, _Magazine of Art_ (1888).
HENRIETTA MARIA (1609-1666), queen of Charles I. of England, born on the
25th of November 1609, was the daughter of Henry IV. of France. When the
first serious overtures for her hand were made on behalf of Charles,
prince of Wales, in the spring of 1624, she was little more than
fourteen years of age. Her brother, Louis XIII., only consented to the
marriage on the condition that the English Roman Catholics were relieved
from the operation of the penal laws. When therefore she set out for her
new home in June 1625, she had already pledged the husband to whom she
had been married by proxy on the 1st of May to a course of action which
was certain to bring unpopularity on him as well as upon herself.
That husband was now king of England. The early years of the married
life of Charles I. were most unhappy. He soon found an excuse for
breaking his promise to relieve the English Catholics. His young wife
was deeply offended by treatment which she naturally regarded as
unhandsome. The favourite Buckingham stirred the flames of his master's
discontent. Charles in vain strove to reduce her to tame submission.
After the assassination of Buckingham in 1628 the barrier between the
married pair was broken down, and the bond of affection which from that
moment united them was never loosened. The children of the marriage were
Charles II. (b. 1630), Mary, princess of Orange (b. 1631), James II (b.
1633), Elizabeth (b. 1636) Henry, duke of Gloucester (b. 1640), and
Henrietta, duchess at Orleans (b. 1644).
For some years Henrietta Maria's chief interests lay in her young
family, and in the amusements of a gay and brilliant court. She loved to
be present at dramatic entertainments, and her participation in the
private rehearsals of the _Shepherd's Pastoral_, written by her
favourite Walter Montague, probably drew down upon her the savage attack
of Prynne. With political matters she hardly meddled as yet. Even her
co-religionists found little aid from her till the summer of 1637. She
had then recently opened a diplomatic communication with the see of
Rome. She appointed an agent to reside at Rome, and a papal agent, a
Scotsman named George Conn, accredited to her, was soon engaged in
effecting conversions amongst the English gentry and nobility. Henrietta
Maria was well pleased to become a patroness of so holy a work,
especially as she was not asked to take any personal trouble in the
matter. Protestant England took alarm at the proceedings of a queen who
associated herself so closely with the doings of "the grim wolf with
privy paw."
When the Scottish troubles broke out, she raised money from her
fellow-Catholics to support the king's army on the borders in 1639.
During the session of the Short Parliament in the spring of 1640, the
queen urged the king to oppose himself to the House of Commons in
defence of the Catholics. When the Long Parliament met, the Catholics
were believed to be the authors and agents of every arbitrary scheme
which was supposed to have entered into the plans of Strafford or Laud.
Before the Long Parliament had sat for two months, the queen was urging
upon the pope the duty of lending money to enable her to restore her
husband's authority. She threw herself heart and soul into the schemes
for rescuing Strafford and coercing the parliament. The army plot, the
scheme for using Scotland against England, and the attempt upon the five
members were the fruits of her political activity.
In the next year the queen effected her passage to the Continent. In
February 1643 she landed at Burlington Quay, placed herself at the head
of a force of loyalists, and marched through England to join the king
near Oxford. After little more than a year's residence there, on the 3rd
of April 1644, she left her husband, to see his face no more. Henrietta
Maria found a refuge in France. Richelieu was dead, and Anne of Austria
was compassionate. As long as her husband was alive the queen never
ceased to encourage him to resistance.
During her exile in France she had much to suffer. Her husband's
execution in 1649 was a terrible blow. She brought up her youngest child
Henrietta in her own faith, but her efforts to induce her youngest son,
the duke of Gloucester, to take the same course only produced discomfort
in the exiled family. The story of her marriage with her attached
servant Lord Jermyn needs more confirmation than it has yet received to
be accepted, but all the information which has reached us of her
relations with her children points to the estrangement which had grown
up between them. When after the Restoration she returned to England, she
found that she had no place in the new world. She received from
parliament a grant of L30,000 a year in compensation for the loss of her
dower-lands, and the king added a similar sum as a pension from himself.
In January 1661 she returned to France to be present at the marriage of
her daughter Henrietta to the duke of Orleans. In July 1662 she set out
again for England, and took up her residence once more at Somerset
House. Her health failed her, and on the 24th of June 1665, she departed
in search of the clearer air of her native country. She died on the 31st
of August 1666, at Colombes, not far from Paris.
See I. A. Taylor, _The Life of Queen Henrietta Maria_ (1905).
HENRY (Fr. _Henri_; Span. _Enrique_; Ger. _Heinrich_; Mid. H. Ger.
_Heinrich_ and _Heimrich_; O.H.G. _Haimi-_ or _Heimirih_, i.e. "prince,
or chief of the house," from O.H.G. _heim_, the Eng. _home_, and _rih_,
Goth. _reiks_; compare Lat. _rex_ "king"--"rich," therefore "mighty,"
and so "a ruler." Compare Sans. _radsh_ "to shine forth, rule, &c." and
mod. _raj_ "rule" and _raja_, "king"), the name of many European
sovereigns, the more important of whom are noticed below in the
following order: (1) emperors and German kings; (2) kings of England;
(3) other kings in the alphabetical order of their states; (4) other
reigning princes in the same order; (5) non-reigning princes; (6)
bishops, nobles, chroniclers, &c.
HENRY I. (c. 876-936), surnamed the "Fowler," German king, son of Otto
the Illustrious, duke of Saxony, grew to manhood amid the disorders
which witnessed to the decay of the Carolingian empire, and in early
life shared in various campaigns for the defence of Saxony. He married
Hatburg, a daughter of Irwin, count of Merseburg, but as she had taken
the veil on the death of a former husband this union was declared
illegal by the church, and in 909 he married Matilda, daughter of a
Saxon count named Thiederich, and a reputed descendant of the hero
Widukind. On his father's death in 912 he became duke of Saxony, which
he ruled with considerable success, defending it from the attacks of the
Slavs and resisting the claims of the German king Conrad I. (see
SAXONY). He afterwards won the esteem of Conrad to such an extent that
in 918 the king advised the nobles to make the Saxon duke his successor.
After Conrad's death the Franks and the Saxons met at Fritzlar in May
919 and chose Henry as German king, after which the new king refused to
allow his election to be sanctioned by the church. His authority, save
in Saxony, was merely nominal; but by negotiation rather than by warfare
he secured a recognition of his sovereignty from the Bavarians and the
Swabians. A struggle soon took place between Henry and Charles III., the
Simple, king of France, for the possession of Lorraine. In 921 Charles
recognized Henry as king of the East Franks, and when in 923 the French
king was taken prisoner by Herbert, count of Vermandois, Lorraine came
under Henry's authority, and Giselbert, who married his daughter
Gerberga, was recognized as duke. Turning his attention to the east,
Henry reduced various Slavonic tribes to subjection, took Brennibor, the
modern Brandenburg, from the Hevelli, and secured both banks of the Elbe
for Saxony. In 923 he had bought a truce for ten years with the
Hungarians, by a promise of tribute, but on its expiration he gained a
great victory over these formidable foes in March 933. The Danes were
defeated, and territory as far as the Eider secured for Germany; and the
king sought further to extend his influence by entering into relations
with the kings of England, France and Burgundy. He is said to have been
contemplating a journey to Rome, when he died at Memleben on the 2nd of
July 936, and was buried at Quedlinburg. By his first wife, Hatburg, he
left a son, Thankmar, who was excluded from the succession as
illegitimate; and by Matilda he left three sons, the eldest of whom,
Otto (afterwards the emperor Otto the Great), succeeded him, and two
daughters. Henry was a successful ruler, probably because he was careful
to undertake only such enterprises as he was able to carry through.
Laying more stress on his position as duke of Saxony than king of
Germany, he conferred great benefits on his duchy. The founder of her
town life and the creator of her army, he ruled in harmony with her
nobles and secured her frontiers from attack. The story that he received
the surname of "Fowler" because the nobles, sent to inform him of his
election to the throne, found him engaged in laying snares for the
birds, appears to be mythical.
See Widukind of Corvei, _Res gestae Saxonicae_, edited by G. Waitz in
the _Monumenta Germaniae historica. Scriptores_, Band iii. (Hanover
and Berlin, 1826 seq.); "Die Urkunde des deutschen Konigs Heinrichs
I.," edited by T. von Sickel in the _Monumenta Germaniae historica.
Diplomata_ (Hanover, 1879); W. von Giesebrecht, _Geschichte der
deutschen Kaiserzeit_, Bande i., ii. (Leipzig, 1881); G. Waitz,
_Jahrbucher des deutschen Reichs unter Konig Heinrich I._ (Leipzig,
1885); and F. Loher, _Die deutsche Politik Konig Heinrich I._ (Munich,
1857).
HENRY II. (973-1024), surnamed the "Saint," Roman emperor, son of Henry
II, the Quarrelsome, duke of Bavaria, and Gisela, daughter of Conrad,
king of Burgundy, or Arles (d. 993), and great-grandson of the German
king Henry I., the Fowler, was born on the 6th of May 973. When his
father was driven from his duchy in 976 it was intended that Henry
should take holy orders, and he received the earlier part of a good
education at Hildesheim. This idea, however, was abandoned when his
father was restored to Bavaria in 985; but young Henry, whose education
was completed at Regensburg, retained a lively interest in
ecclesiastical affairs. He became duke of Bavaria on his father's death
in 995, and appears to have governed his duchy quietly and successfully
for seven years. He showed a special regard for monastic reform and
church government, accompanied his kinsman, the emperor Otto III., on
two occasions to Italy, and about 1001 married Kunigunde (d. 1037),
daughter of Siegfried, count of Luxemburg. When Otto III. died childless
in 1002, Henry sought to secure the German throne, and seizing the
imperial insignia made an arrangement with Otto I., duke of Carinthia.
There was considerable opposition to his claim; but one rival, Ekkard
I., margrave of Meissen, was murdered, and, hurrying to Mainz, Henry was
chosen German king by the Franks and Bavarians on the 7th of June 1002,
and subsequently crowned by Willigis, archbishop of Mainz, who had been
largely instrumental in securing his election. Having ravaged the lands
of another rival, Hermann II., duke of Swabia, Henry purchased the
allegiance of the Thuringians and the Saxons; and when shortly
afterwards the nobles of Lorraine did homage and Hermann of Swabia
submitted, he was generally recognized as king. Danger soon arose from
Boleslaus I., the Great, king of Poland, who had extended his authority
over Meissen and Lusatia, seized Bohemia, and allied himself with some
discontented German nobles, including the king's brother, Bruno, bishop
of Augsburg. Henry easily crushed his domestic foes; but the incipient
war with Boleslaus was abandoned in favour of an expedition into Italy,
where Arduin, margrave of Ivrea, had been elected king. Crossing the
Alps Henry met with no resistance from Arduin, and in May 1004 he was
chosen and crowned king of the Lombards at Pavia; but a tumult caused by
the presence of the Germans soon arose in the city, and having received
the homage of several cities of Lombardy the king returned to Germany.
He then freed Bohemia from the rule of the Poles, led an expedition into
Friesland, and was successful in compelling Boleslaus to sue for peace
in 1005. A struggle with Baldwin IV., count of Flanders, in 1006 and
1007 was followed by trouble with the king's brothers-in-law, Dietrich
and Adalbero of Luxemburg, who had seized respectively the bishopric of
Metz and the archbishopric of Trier (Treves). Henry sought to dislodge
them, but aided by their elder brother Henry, who had been made duke of
Bavaria in 1004, they held their own in a desultory warfare in Lorraine.
In 1009, however, the eldest of the three brothers was deprived of
Bavaria, while Adalbero had in the previous year given up his claim to
Trier, but Dietrich retained the bishopric of Metz. The Polish war had
been renewed in 1007, but it was not until 1010 that the king was able
to take a personal part in these campaigns. Meeting with indifferent
success, he made peace with Boleslaus early in 1013, when the duke
retained Lusatia, but did homage to Henry at Merseburg.
In 1013 the king made a second journey to Italy where two popes were
contending for the papal chair, and meeting with no opposition was
received with great honour at Rome. Having recognized Benedict VIII. as
the rightful pope, he was crowned emperor on the 14th of February 1014,
and soon returned to Germany laden with treasures from Italian cities.
But the struggle with the Poles now broke out afresh, and in 1015 and
1017 the king, having obtained assistance from the heathen Liutici, led
formidable armies against Boleslaus. During the campaign of 1017 he had
as an ally the grand duke of Russia, but his troops suffered
considerable loss, and on the 30th of January 1018 he made peace at
Bautzen with Boleslaus, who again retained Lusatia. As early as 1006
Henry had concluded a succession treaty with his uncle Rudolph III., the
childless king of Burgundy, or Arles; but when Rudolph desired to
abdicate in 1016 Henry's efforts to secure possession of the territory
were foiled by the resistance of the nobles. In 1020 the emperor was
visited at Bamberg by Pope Benedict, in response to whose entreaty for
assistance against the Greeks of southern Italy he crossed the Alps in
1021 for the third and last time. With the aid of the Normans he
captured many fortresses and seriously crippled the power of the Greeks,
but was compelled by the ravages of pestilence among his troops to
return to Germany in 1022. It was probably about this time that Henry
gave Benedict the diploma which ratified the gifts made by his
predecessors to the papacy. Spending his concluding years in disputes
over church reform he died on the 13th of July 1024 at Grona near
Gottingen, and was buried at Bamberg, where he had founded and richly
endowed a bishopric.
Henry was an enthusiast for church reform, and under the influence of
his friend Odilo, abbot of Cluny, sought to further the principles of
the Cluniacs, and seconded the efforts of Benedict VIII. to prevent the
marriage of the clergy and the sale of spiritual dignities. He was
energetic and capable, but except in his relations with the church was
not a strong ruler. But though devoted to the church and a strict
observer of religious rites, he was by no means the slave of the clergy.
He appointed bishops without the formality of an election, and attacked
clerical privileges although he made clerics the representatives of the
imperial power. He held numerous diets and issued frequent ordinances
for peace, but feuds among the nobles were common, and the frontiers of
the empire were insecure. Henry, who was the last emperor of the Saxon
house, was the first to use the title "King of the Romans." He died
childless, and a tradition of the 12th century says he and his wife took
vows of chastity. He was canonized in 1146 by Pope Eugenius III.
See Adalbold of Utrecht, _Vita Heinrici II._, Thietmar of Merseburg,
_Chronicon_, both in the _Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores_,
Bande iii. and iv. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826 seq.); W. von
Giesebrecht, _Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit_ (Leipzig,
1881-1890); S. Hirsch, continued by R. Usinger, H. Pabst and H.
Bresslau, _Jahrbucher des deutschen Reichs unter Kaiser Heinrich II_.
(Leipzig, 1874); A. Cohn, _Kaiser Heinrich II_. (Halle, 1867); H.
Zeissberg, _Die Kriege Kaiser Heinrichs II. mit Boleslaw I. von Polen_
(Vienna, 1868); and G. Matthaei, _Die Klosterpolitik Kaiser Heinrichs
II_. (Gottingen, 1877).
HENRY III. (1017-1056), surnamed the "Black," Roman emperor, only son of
the emperor Conrad II., and Gisela, widow of Ernest I., duke of Swabia,
was born on the 28th of October 1017, designated as his father's
successor in 1026, and crowned German king at Aix-la-Chapelle by
Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne, on the 14th of April 1028. In 1027 he
was appointed duke of Bavaria, and his early years were mainly spent in
this country, where he received an excellent education under the care of
Bruno, bishop of Augsburg and, afterwards, of Egilbert, bishop of
Freising. He soon began to take part in the business of the empire. In
1032 he took part in a campaign in Burgundy; in 1033 led an expedition
against Ulalrich, prince of the Bohemians; and in June 1036 was married
at Nijmwegen to Gunhilda, afterwards called Kunigunde, daughter of
Canute, king of Denmark and England. In 1038 he followed his father to
Italy, and in the same year the emperor formally handed over to him the
kingdom of Burgundy, or Arles, and appointed him duke of Swabia. In
spite of the honours which Conrad heaped upon Henry the relations
between father and son were not uniformly friendly, as Henry disapproved
of the emperor's harsh treatment of some of his allies and adherents.
When Conrad died in June 1039, Henry became sole ruler of the empire,
and his authority was at once recognized in all parts of his dominions.
Three of the duchies were under his direct rule, no rival appeared to
contest his claim, and the outlying parts of the empire, as well as
Germany, were practically free from disorder. This peaceful state of
affairs was, however, soon broken by the ambition of Bretislaus, prince
of the Bohemians, who revived the idea of an independent Slavonic state,
and conquered various Polish towns. Henry took up arms, and having
suffered two defeats in 1040 renewed the struggle with a stronger force
in the following year, when he compelled Bretislaus to sue for peace and
to do homage for Bohemia at Regensburg. In 1042 he received the homage
of the Burgundians and his attention was then turned to the Hungarians,
who had driven out their king Peter, and set up in his stead one Aba
Samuel, or Ovo, who attacked the eastern border of Bavaria.