In the Agreement of Chefoo concluded in that year, the following clause

occurs:--“The Chinese Government agrees that Transit Duty Certificates

shall be framed under one rule at all the ports, no difference being

made in the conditions set forth therein; and that so far as imports

are concerned, the nationality of the person possessing and carrying

these is immaterial.” This has proved a new epoch for the transit

import trade of China, and I will now point out its effect on Western

China, and on the province of Ssŭ-ch’uan in particular. Before entering

into the details of this trade, however, I should mention that

Ichang, the nearest port to Ssŭ-ch’uan, was opened to foreign trade

by the Agreement of Chefoo in 1876, and that, previous to that year,

Ssŭ-ch’uan drew its supplies from Hankow, which is four hundred miles

to the east of Ichang and six hundred miles from Shanghai.

[Sidenote: _TRADE STATISTICS._]

In 1875, that is to say, when Ichang was not an open port, foreign

goods to the value of £40,000 were sent under transit pass from Hankow

to Ssŭ-ch’uan; in 1876, the year in which the Agreement of Chefoo was

signed, they rose in value to £160,000, and in 1877 to £290,000.

In the spring of 1877, Ichang was opened; but, owing to defective

steamer communication between that port and Hankow, it was not

till 1878 that it began to take its share in the transit trade to

Ssŭ-ch’uan. In that year, it sent up goods of the modest value of

scarcely £4,000, against the still increasing transit trade of Hankow

of the value of nearly £400,000. It was naturally supposed that the

opening of Ichang would attract a considerable share of the transit

trade of Hankow; but, curiously enough, the transit trade of both ports

with Ssŭ-ch’uan went on concurrently increasing. In 1879, Hankow sent

up £600,000, and Ichang £50,000, a total of £650,000; in 1880, Hankow

sent up £500,000, and Ichang £250,000, a total of £750,000; in 1881,

Hankow figured for £800,000, and Ichang for £200,000, a total of one

million; in 1882, Hankow figured for £350,000, and Ichang for £200,000,

a total of £550,000; in 1883, Hankow figured for half a million, and

Ichang for £350,000, a total of £850,000; and in 1884, Hankow figured

for £340,000, and Ichang for £260,000, or a total of £600,000.

The decline of 1884 was due to several causes, the chief of which

were a local drought and the complications with France. The average

annual value of the foreign goods sent under transit pass to Ssŭ-ch’uan

for the five years ended the 31st December, 1884, thus amounted to

£750,000, a sum in striking contrast to the forty thousand pounds’

worth forwarded to the same destination in 1875.

The following are the figures for 1885-88:--1885--Ichang, £412,000;

Hankow, £491,000. 1886--Ichang, £342,000; Hankow, £379,000.

1887--Ichang, £465,000; Hankow, £255,000. 1888--Ichang, £547,000;

Hankow, £250,000.

The enormous increase in trade since 1875 says much for the transit

pass clauses in the Agreement of Chefoo; but I will endeavour to show

that, so far as Western China is concerned, these transit regulations

are by no means perfect. Everyone is aware of the conservative

character of the Chinese, and of the difficulties that have to be

met in inducing them to leave an established groove. The groove in

the present instance is the city of Ch’ung-k’ing, where the native

merchants of Shanghai and Hankow have established agencies, to which

their foreign goods are consigned for sale and distribution throughout

the province of Ssŭ-ch’uan. These goods, having paid the tariff import

duty at Shanghai, are carried to Hankow and Ichang, whence, on payment

of a transit duty equal to half the tariff import duty, they are

conveyed to the province of Ssŭ-ch’uan. The destination of the goods

must be expressly stated in the transit duty certificate under which

they are carried, and for Ssŭ-ch’uan that destination is Ch’ung-k’ing,

where, as I have said, the mercantile agencies are established. So

rooted is this custom, that goods are frequently carried past their

ultimate destination a distance of more than one hundred miles, thus

necessitating their paying an up-freight to Ch’ung-k’ing and a

down-freight to their destination, and, owing to their being no longer

covered by a transit duty certificate, the usual local taxation.

[Sidenote: _GRINDING TAXATION._]

Foreign goods, therefore, when landed at Ch’ung-k’ing, have paid

an import duty and a transit duty, and, immediately they leave the

duty-free area in the hands of the country buyers, they are liable to

payment of _likin_ and not unfrequently to additional local taxation.

It will naturally be asked, is there no remedy for this grinding

taxation, which seriously affects the development of trade and limits

the consumption of our manufactures? There is a remedy; but before I

touch on it, let us note how the vast trade of Ssŭ-ch’uan, including

the trade in foreign goods, is carried on.

The import and export trade of Ssŭ-ch’uan, with the exception of the

greater part of the export opium trade, is conducted on the great

water highway--the Yang-tsze. This river is navigated by steamers for

one thousand miles, as far as Ichang; but west of that port the total

trade, with the above exception, is carried on by a fleet of native

boats, numbering from five to seven thousand. Few of these native

boats or junks have a carrying capacity exceeding one hundred tons,

and it will be more intelligible to commercial people if I endeavour

to convert this river trade value into tonnage. It is estimated

that, on an average, thirty junks arrive at or pass Ichang daily

from Ssŭ-ch’uan, and that a like number ascends; and if twelve tons

be taken as the average capacity of these junks--a low estimate--it

will be found that over twenty thousand tons of cargo are monthly

carried to and from Ssŭ-ch’uan. The junks also carry a considerable

number of passengers, in addition to the regular passenger traffic

which is conducted between Ssŭ-ch’uan and the Lower Yang-tsze in

specially-constructed boats. But the conditions under which the

navigation of the four hundred miles that separate Ichang from

Ch’ung-k’ing is carried on are deserving of special examination.

[Sidenote: _DIFFICULTIES ATTENDING NAVIGATION._]

Ichang lies at the eastern end of a series of gorges, which, with

extensive breaks, stretches for a distance of one hundred miles as far

as the city of K’uei-chou Fu. It is within this hundred miles that

native boats encounter difficulties. These difficulties, which are of

two kinds, vary according to the season and according to the state of

the river. At low water, that is to say, during the months of December,

January, February, and March, the volume of the Yang-tsze, which

owing to the contraction of the channel is cooped up in the Gorges,

on emerging from them pours into the wider bed of the river, forming

races, and in one place a rapid of considerable importance.

This rapid lies at the eastern end of the Mi-tsang Gorge, thirty-three

miles from Ichang, and is caused by a sudden declivity of the bed of

the river, in the centre of which, at very low water, two ridges of

rock appear, leaving a narrow channel between. Besides this narrow

passage, however, there are two channels, one on each side, between

the central rocks and the banks. Fortunately, at low water the current

in the gorges, where there is no possible tracking ground, is sluggish,

and the unwieldy native craft are either rowed or sail through them.

When the river is high, that is, during the remaining eight months of

the year, the races and rapid are altogether obliterated, being covered

to a depth of thirty or more feet. The effect of this rise, on the

other hand, is to strengthen the current in the gorges, against which

the junks, there being no towing path, find it very difficult to make

headway. The section of three hundred miles of river that lies between

the gorges and Ch’ung-k’ing presents no difficulty to navigation.

The time required to navigate a junk between Ichang and Ch’ung-k’ing

depends upon the state of the river. In winter, twenty-five to thirty

days are usually required, while at high water, in July for example,

six to eight weeks are considered fair passages. The down journey

occupies from six to twelve days. The time required, the labour

employed, and the risks incurred in navigating a junk on the Upper

Yang-tsze, ensure very heavy freights. The sum of seventy shillings is

a low estimate for a ton of up-cargo between Ichang and Ch’ung-k’ing,

and I notice in the most recent trade report from the former place,

that ten to twelve shillings were charged as freight on a bale of piece

goods weighing about a hundredweight and a half. It will hardly be

matter of surprise, therefore, that trade in British goods is heavily

handicapped in the comparatively wealthy province of Ssŭ-ch’uan, when

it is borne in mind that these goods, before they reach the hands

of the consumer, have paid an import duty, a transit duty, a heavy

freight, _likin_ taxes, and in many instances other local exactions.

I come now to the remedy, which, under our existing treaties and

engagements with China, can, so far as I am able to judge, afford the

only relief to British trade. That remedy is the opening of a port

in the province of Ssŭ-ch’uan, on the same conditions as any one of

the nineteen ports at present open to foreign trade. This is no new

scheme. It has been before the mercantile world for some years, and

it has received the sanction of the Chinese Government, subject to a

condition which has not attracted the attention it deserves. I quote

from the Agreement of Chefoo:--“The British Government will further be

free to send officers to reside at Ch’ung-k’ing to watch the conditions

of British trade in Ssŭ-ch’uan. British merchants will not be allowed

to reside at Ch’ung-k’ing, or to open establishments or warehouses

there so long as no steamers have access to the port. When steamers

have succeeded in ascending the river so far, further arrangements can

be taken into consideration.” The opening of Ch’ung-k’ing, therefore,

is contingent on steamers reaching that place; in other words, on the

navigability of the Upper Yang-tsze.

This, then, is the point upon which the question of the development

of British trade with Western China turns, and it is one on which it

would be too much to expect unanimity. The great majority of those who

have ascended in native boats are of opinion that the river could be

navigated by powerful light-draught steamers, and nowhere have I seen

an opinion which declares the passage by steamers as impossible. The

successive British Agents at Ch’ung-k’ing have repeatedly urged the

claims of the Upper Yang-tsze on the attention of British shipbuilders

and merchants; but it is to be feared that Blue Books are not perused

with that care which they sometimes deserve.

[Sidenote: _NAVAL REPORT ON THE RAPIDS._]

There is one opinion, however, which, because it is the only published

nautical opinion, and because it is somewhat adverse, cannot be passed

over without comment. In 1869, the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce sent

two delegates up the Yang-tsze to Ch’ung-k’ing, to collect information

on all points bearing on the trade of Western China, and two naval

officers were, at the request of the Chamber, deputed by Admiral

Keppel, then Commander-in-chief on the China Station, to accompany

the expedition. These officers ascended to K’uei-chou Fu, which, as I

have already stated, lies at the western end of the gorge and rapid

section, and I will now quote from the report of Lieutenant Dawson so

far as it concerns this part of the river. He says:--“Having made as

detailed a survey between the entrance to the Upper River and Ichang as

the nature of the river demanded, and sufficient examination above that

port to satisfy me as to the navigability or otherwise of the rapids, I

conclude the following:--

“(1)--That the river to Ichang is navigable for steamers of 7 feet

draught and powerful steering apparatus, from the beginning of April to

the end of September, and probably, if native report is to be believed,

for the winter months also.

“(2)--That the rapids and other difficulties of the River above Ichang,

as at present known, are so numerous as to preclude the possibility

of steamers of any description navigating this part until a thorough

detailed survey is made, and the changes of the river at the different

seasons watched and noted by competent persons.

“(3)--That such survey could only be made in the winter months when the

river is at its lowest, and would, if carried as far as Ch’ung-k’ing,

in all probability, occupy two surveyors for two winters.

“(4)--To particularise or describe any one rapid from the month’s

changes, under which I saw them, would be useless, as they are

continually altering in danger, as rocks cover and uncover, and

doubtless what would be a dangerous rapid in summer, would be

dangerless in winter, and _vice versâ_. In the month of April, the

rapids of Tsing-tan and Shan-tou-pien were the worst.

“(5)--As far as my experience on the upper part of the river above

Ichang extended, the depth of water is not a difficulty to be

apprehended at any time of the year, as the average was seldom less

than ten fathoms. Velocity of current, want of anchoring ground, and

intricacy of navigation, are the difficulties previously alluded to.”

Since 1869, our knowledge of the upper waters of the Yang-tsze has very

much improved. We know that the section between Hankow and Ichang is

navigable by steamers all the year round, and we know that the annual

rise of the river is not to increase the difficulties of the rapids,

but to obliterate them altogether. With respect to the current, it

no doubt runs stronger at high water; but, regarding the matter in

a practical light, we may say that, if a large heavily-laden junk

can be tracked against the strongest current by a hundred men, is it

impossible for a full-powered light-draught steamer to follow in its

wake? There is one advantage, too, which the upper section of the river

has over the lower; its channel never shifts, and, once navigated by a

steamer, there is no chance of its being lost. It is not too much to

say that, during the winter months, the masters of the steamers running

between Hankow and Ichang have to conduct surveying operations every

trip, and I have found no one more anxious than these very masters to

navigate the river from Ichang to Ch’ung-k’ing, so confident are they

of success.

I pass now to the advantages which the opening of Ch’ung-k’ing would

afford to British trade. Our manufactures could then be laid down

in Ch’ung-k’ing on payment of the tariff duty, and from that point

the buyers from the chief cities of the province, as well as from

Kuei-chow and Yün-nan, would be able to carry their purchases under

transit pass to their ultimate destination, on payment of the transit

duty only. No other tax or duty, _likin_ or _octroi_, would add to

the price which the consumer has to pay, and I have no hesitation in

stating that, under such an improved system, Ssŭ-ch’uan would soon

take a very high place in the markets of the world as a consumer of

British manufactures. The improvement of communication would cause an

enormous development of the products and industries of the province.

I need only mention silk as an example. There is really no limit to

the possible development of this valuable product. In almost every

homestead in the centre and east of the province, silk-culture is

carried on by the women and children of the family, and the development

of this and other exports, which would arise from the safer, speedier,

and cheaper means of communication between the Upper and Lower

Yang-tsze, would greatly raise the buying capacity of the peaceful,

industrious, and well-to-do Ssŭ-ch’uanese.

Nor is Ch’ung-k’ing the head of navigation of the Yang-tsze. The

section of the river between Ch’ung-k’ing and Hsü-chou Fu, usually

called Sui Fu, a distance of two hundred miles, is as suited to steamer

navigation as between K’uei-chou Fu and Ch’ung-k’ing, and it is by this

stretch of the river that the trade of Northern and Western Kuei-chow

and Northern Yün-nan is conducted. West of Sui Fu the trade on the

upper waters of the Yang-tsze, which I have descended from a point

fifty miles higher than P’ing-shan Hsien--the farthest point reached

by the Upper Yang-tsze Expedition in 1861--is insignificant, and

above P’ing-shan there are several rapids which would present serious

obstacles to a steamer, but the trade is insignificant, and steamers

will never be required to run west of Sui Fu.

I may state here that, in Western China, coal is abundant and is found

close to the Yang-tsze.

[Sidenote: _ROUTES TO WESTERN CHINA._]

I have thus endeavoured to point out the amount and value of the trade

of Western China, the conditions under which it is carried on, and the

means which should be taken for its development. I propose now to

show that, so far as Ssŭ-ch’uan, Kuei-chow, and Northern Yün-nan are

concerned, there is no possible rival to the Yang-tsze route. The fact

that there are half a dozen trade routes to Yün-nan affords a proof of

the inaccessibility of the province. I agree with Mr. Colquhoun when

he says:--“The configuration of Yün-nan is such that no single route

can reach or ‘tap’ the whole trade of the province. To propose one

route for the whole country is like advocating some quack medicine for

a patient who lies ill with half a dozen ailments.” What, then, are we

to think of the proposed route, which is to pass through Yün-nan from

south to north, and “tap” Ssŭ-ch’uan? It is as absurd as the proposal

of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce to reach Ssŭ-ch’uan from the city of

Li-chiang Fu in North-western Yün-nan. Ssŭ-ch’uan is hemmed in on the

west and south by range after range of mountains, which will remain

formidable barriers to any feasible trade route until the science of

engineering has advanced far beyond its present stage. Writing of the

Yang-tsze route to Yün-nan, Mr. Colquhoun says:--“The Yang-tsze route,

there can be no doubt, can only deal with the northern part of the

province. The physical features of the northern portion of the country

preclude the possibility of trade penetrating beyond that mountainous

and barren region.” I am sorry that Mr Colquhoun has designated the

part of Yün-nan, which I claim for the Yang-tsze route, barren. It

is exceedingly rich in copper, and contains some of the most fertile

plains in the west of China. The plains of T’ung-ch’uan and Chao-t’ung

are famous. The admission, however, that Northern Yün-nan will continue

to belong to the Yang-tsze route is important, because, to reach

that part of the country, goods are carried through the province of

Ssŭ-ch’uan. There can be no question, therefore, as to the trade-route

to Ssŭ-ch’uan. But I need not rest my argument on the opinions or

admissions of others. I have traversed all the existing trade-routes

between Yün-nan and Ssŭ-ch’uan, and between Yün-nan and Kuei-chow, and

I have very vivid and bitter recollections connected with them. In

proof of the difficulties that exist, I may state that it is a common

occurrence to see pack animals lying dead on the mountain sides, and

this recollection is all the more deeply impressed on my mind by the

fact that one of my own horses fell a victim to a vain search after a

practicable trade-route.

But, in addition to the physical features of the country, there is

another consideration that binds the trade of Western China to the

River Yang-tsze. I have already said that the cotton plant does not

flourish in Ssŭ-ch’uan, and that raw cotton and native cottons are

largely imported by the province. Whence are they imported? From the

Central Provinces of China, through which the Yang-tsze flows.

[Sidenote: _PROBABLE REDUCTION OF TAXES._]

The only route to Ssŭ-ch’uan, Kuei-chow, and Northern Yün-nan, is the

Yang-tsze, on whose upper waters a large trade in foreign goods is even

now conducted, a trade which is capable of enormous development when

the present burdensome taxation is reduced. The opening of Ch’ung-k’ing

by the ascent of a steamer--an event anxiously looked for by the

native merchants of Ssŭ-ch’uan--will, as I have pointed out, reduce

that taxation, and will enable millions, who at present look upon

foreign goods as articles of luxury, to become themselves consumers;

and I trust the day is not far distant when the British flag will float

over entrepôts of British manufactures throughout Western China.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE PHÖ.

Non-Chinese races of Western and South-western China--Imperfect

knowledge regarding them--A traveller’s difficulties--Phö language

approaching extinction--The Miao-tzŭ rebellion--Relationship

of the Miao-tzŭ tribes--Art among the Phö--Music and

dancing--Characteristics of the language--Exercises--English-Phö

vocabulary.

[Sidenote: _THE NON-CHINESE RACES._]

The very imperfect nature of our knowledge regarding the non-Chinese

races of Western and South-western China, constitutes the great

impediment to their exact scientific classification. Notwithstanding

this, however, there are certain well-marked distinctions that cannot

fail to attract the eye and the ear of the traveller. So great a

contrast do the Lolos bear to the Chinese, that not for a single moment

can any idea of affinity be entertained. And the same holds good with

the Miao-tzŭ of Kuei-chow and the Shans of Yün-nan who, with the Lolos,

form the three great distinctive races of Kuei-chow, Yün-nan, and

Ssŭ-ch’uan. With regard to the Ku-tsung of North-western Yün-nan and

the Sifan of North-western Ssŭ-ch’uan, the former, from their physique,

dress and language, are undoubted Tibetans, while the latter are in all

probability a branch of the same stock. The term Man-tzŭ, although

applied by the Ssŭ-ch’uanese to the inhabitants of the region to the

west of Lolodom and often to the Lolos themselves, is generically used

to designate the non-Chinese races of Western China.

Our knowledge of these races is defective, for the simple reason that

no foreigner has ever paid them a lengthened visit, which is essential

to a thorough grasp of their ethnological characteristics. Nor is this

a matter for surprise, as the opportunities, which foreigners possess

of visiting these tribes, whose haunts are removed from beaten tracks,

are few and far between; and those few who have had such opportunities

have been too much occupied with other work to study ethnological

details or acquire a new language.

As recorded in the preceding pages, I passed through the countries

of most of these tribes; but, like others, I found myself wanting in

leisure to cultivate a closer intimacy with them. I need only appeal

to travellers in Western China as to the facilities afforded for

undertaking such a task. In what does the traveller’s day usually

consist? He gets up at daybreak, hurries on to the end of the stage,

writes up an account of the day’s journey, endeavours to get something

to eat, and tries to enjoy a few hours’ sleep ere the labours of

another day begin. The miseries of travel, too, breed a feeling of

restlessness and a hankering after something more comfortable than

his present experiences. But all the comfort the traveller in these

regions may expect, and too frequently gets, is shelter in a miserable

mud hovel without chair or table--hardly a promising spot in which to

commence ethnological studies.

Nor is this all; given a chair and a table, the next difficulty is

to find the man whose characteristics it is intended to study. The

treatment which these aborigines receive at the hands of the Chinese,

and the contempt in which they are held by them, have induced a

timidity which is hard to overcome, and they have often expressed to

me their fears that they would get into trouble through accepting my

invitation to visit me.

In traversing the country between the Ta-tu River in Western Ssŭ-ch’uan

and the north-west frontier of Yün-nan, I have frequently seen

so-called Man-tzŭ suddenly quit the roadway and conceal themselves in

the bordering brushwood and tall reeds until we had passed. And even

when an interview has with difficulty been obtained, my visitors were

always anxious to get away as soon as possible, so that the most the

traveller can do is to note down a few of their more common words,

without attempting the analysis of even a few simple sentences.

A few short vocabularies are all that I was able to collect during

my journeys; but, towards the end of 1884, chance threw in my way an

opportunity of entering more fully into the language of the principal

branch of the aborigines of Kuei-chow, known to the Chinese as the Hei

or Black Miao, or, as they call themselves, the Phö.

In that year Mr. Broumton, who was then in charge of the China Inland

Mission station at Kuei-yang, came to Ch’ung-k’ing bringing with him

a man belonging to this tribe from the south-east of Kuei-chow, and

he was good enough to place the services of this individual at my

disposal. He was fairly well versed in Chinese, and I endeavoured to

learn something of his language, and, with his assistance, to translate

a few of the easy exercises of Sir Thomas Wade’s Chinese Colloquial

Course into Phö.

[Sidenote: _SUBJUGATION OF THE PHÖ._]

I should state that, according to my teacher, there is no written

character, and my aim was to preserve a specimen of a tongue which must

sooner or later become extinct. Of late years, the authorities of the

province of Kuei-chow have been endeavouring to compel the Miao-tzŭ to

adopt the Chinese dress and learn the Chinese language. Their efforts,

too, are meeting with considerable success, and it is safe to predict

that the Phö tongue is within a measurable distance of extinction.

About twenty years ago a desperate struggle commenced between the

Chinese and the Phö, the alleged origin being attempted extortion on

the part of the former. The struggle lasted for five years, and had it

not been, so say the Phö, that the Chinese obtained a supply of foreign

rifles, it would not have ended so disastrously for the aborigines. In

bright clear weather no advantage was gained by the Chinese; but the

Phö were pressed hard in rainy weather, when they were unable to keep

the powder of their matchlocks dry. In this connection I may state that

the Phö manufacture their own guns and ammunition--their powder, which

is of a brown colour, being famous for its strength and superiority

even among the Chinese.

The result of the struggle was that the Phö were terribly decimated;

and the population of the tribe is now estimated not to exceed seventy

thousand souls. The Chinese were assisted in the war against the Phö by

the Ka-tou, generally called the Hua, or Coloured Miao, and so named

because they wear fancy-coloured garments, just as the Phö are called

Black Miao because they affect dark clothes.

There can be no doubt that the Miao-tzŭ are a race altogether different

from the Chinese. In physique they are decidedly inferior; in dress,

manners, and customs they stand alone; and their language, although

it contains a considerable number of borrowed Chinese words, is

undoubtedly distinct. The problem that presents itself to the traveller

in Kuei-chow is not the affinity between the Miao-tzŭ and the Chinese,

but the relationship of the Miao-tzŭ to each other. They are divided

into a number of tribes whose traits are recognized not only by the

Chinese, but even amongst themselves; and, as I have already observed,

one tribe is prepared to go to war with the other. In physique they are

the same, but in dress they differ. Do they speak the same language?

The following is a comparative table of the numerals of three different

tribes dwelling in South-east, Central, and North-west Kuei-chow,

respectively:--

[Sidenote: _ASSIMILARITY OF DIALECTS._]

-----------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------

I. | II. | III. | IV.

Numerals.| S.E. Kuei-chow | Central | N. W. Kuei-chow

| Phö. | Kuei-chow.| Ka-tou.

-----------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------

1 | Yi | Yi | Yi

2 | Au | Ou | Ou

3 | Pieh | Peh | Pu

4 | Hlao | Plou | Pi

5 | Chia | Psŭ | Pa

6 | Tiu | Tsou | Chou

7 | Hsiung | Hsiang | Chiung

8 | Ya | Yi | Yi

9 | Chu | Chia | Chu

10 | Chiu | Ku | Ko

-----------+-----------------+-----------+-----------------

A glance at the above will show that there is a great resemblance; and,

as the difficulty of transcribing the living sounds is great, I have

no hesitation in saying that a more careful study will evolve a still

more marked resemblance. The transcription of the Phö sounds in column

II. may be taken as fairly accurate, for they have been repeated and

repeated by me in many hundreds of combinations without leading to a

single mistake. Nor is the comparison limited to the numerals. I have

transcribed hundreds of words of different tribes, and the resemblance

is equally evident.

The conclusion I have arrived at, after careful comparison and

research, is that the Miao-tzŭ tribes of Kuei-chow are branches of the

same stem, speaking somewhat different dialects of the same language.

This conclusion, I must not omit to mention, is at variance with the

statements of my Phö teacher, who insisted that the Ka-tou tongue is

totally unintelligible to a Phö; but I am inclined to think that he was

more than anxious to disclaim all affinity with his quondam enemy.

But there is another proof that they are of the same stock. At a

gathering of the Phö held once a year, representatives of the other

tribes are present and take part in the proceedings. This gathering,

which takes place at full moon of the third Chinese month, is of a

character altogether different from the annual fair held during the

third month at Ta-li Fu, where many different races meet. The latter is

a market pure and simple, whereas the former appears to partake of a

religious nature, and to be connected with the coming harvests.

What the religious aspect is, it is difficult to say, for deep

potations would seem to be the order of the day. The Miao-tzŭ, like the

Lolos, are great drinkers, the wine being a native spirit. Art is not

wanting among them; the women are exceedingly skilful at embroidery,

and the beautiful silver ornaments--rings, clasps, bracelets,

ear-rings, brooches, and necklaces--which they wear on _fête_ days, are

highly finished. Some of the sterner sex also affect one large silver

ear-ring in, if my memory is not at fault, the left ear.

The dress of the Phö male consists of black loose trousers surmounted

by a short jacket with tight sleeves. The garments of the female are

far more striking. They consist, to begin at the top, of a black

turban, short jacket and kilt reaching almost to the feet, the wrists

and backs of the sleeves and the hem of the kilt being ornamented with

embroidery, usually with silk. At the gathering in question, music and

dancing are much indulged in.

The musical instruments are manufactured from bamboos of different

sizes, some of them from twelve to fifteen feet long, fitted with a

mouth-piece, their lower ends being inserted in a large hollow cylinder

(the hollowed out trunk of a tree), while the upper end of the longest

reed is usually surmounted by a cone made of the sheath which grows at

the joints of large bamboos. This instrument is called the _ki_, and

from it a loud booming noise is, owing to the presence of the cylinder,

extracted. The musicians move round in a circle as they play, followed

on the outskirts by the young women, who dance in a slow, solemn

manner. Of course the ladies, like their Lolo and Shan sisters, do not

bind their feet. They lead altogether a freer life than the Chinese,

both sexes sitting down to meals at the same table, and entering fully

into the conversation even in the presence of a foreigner.

[Sidenote: _MUSIC AND DANCING._]

The language of the Phö, while following to a great extent the

Chinese idiom, exhibits at the same time considerable divergence.

A “cart-before-the-horse” principle is very marked throughout. An

example or two will suffice to explain my meaning. The Chinese for

“beef” and “mutton” is “niu jou” and “yang jou”--that is, “ox-meat”

and “sheep-meat.” The Phö, on the other hand, say “ngi lia” and “ngi

li,” which, literally translated, mean “meat-ox” and “meat-sheep.”

Again, for “good man” the Chinese say “hao jên,” where “good man” is

the subject of the sentence; the Phö say “nai ghou”--“man good,” and

“very good man” is “nai ghou kuai,” that is, the adjective follows

the noun and the adverb the adjective. There are eight tones readily

distinguishable, but they are not so marked as in Chinese, where a

false tone may lead to endless confusion. I have read over sentence

after sentence to my teacher, carefully avoiding to distinguish tones,

and, as a rule, he has interpreted in Chinese the exact meaning

intended to be conveyed. With these brief remarks I leave the language

to the student of philology. Appended are a few exercises and a

short vocabulary in English and Phö. Those conversant with Chinese

will at once detect the large admixture of Chinese words, which are

for the most part only slightly modified; but the two most striking

peculiarities of the language are the aspirated _l_ and the _v_ sound.

EXERCISES

IN

THE PHÖ LANGUAGE.

EXERCISE I.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. One. Yi.

2. Two. Au.

3. Three. Pieh.

4. Four. ‘Hlao.

5. Five. Chia.

6. Six. Tiu.

7. Seven. Hsiung.

8. Eight. Ya.

9. Nine. Chu.

10. Ten. Chiu.

11. Some. Nao hsiu.

12. A thousand. Yi say.

13. Several. Hao nao.

14. A hundred. Yi pa.

15. Ten thousand. Yi ver.

16. Not. A.

17. To come. Ta.

18. Many. Nao.

19. Few. Hsiu.

20. To be; have. Mai.

21. Good. Ghou.

22. Some; few. Pa.

23. Numerative. Lai.

24. To return. Loh.

25. Odd; more. Ka.

26. Man; men. Nai.

27. Long. Ta.

28. Inch. Sai.

29. Share; part. Fai.

30. Single. Chĭāng.

31. Catty. Chiang.

32. Flesh; meat. Ngi.

33. Cow. Lia.

34. Sheep. Li.

35. Fish. Nieh.

36. Bushel. Toh.

37. Wheat. Ka mieh.

38. Rice. Sai; Kah.

39. Buckwheat. Chiu.

40. Door. Tiu.

41. Tooth; teeth. Mpi.

42. Li--a measure. Li.

43. Mountain. Pieh.

44. High. ‘Hi.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--16. 19. 20. 34. 57. 68.

2.--17. Two or three hundred. 2 or 3 thousand. 2 or 3. 3 or 5. Five

or seven hundred men.

3.--One. 27. 1865.

4.--1,000,300. 570,610. 700,020.

5.--1,000,000. 350,000. 5,000,001. 60,507. 100,000.

6.--70,191. 10,000,000. 461,000.

7.--50,088. 98,402. 1005. 4072. 8367. 10,006. 103.

8.--118. 254. 9,993,000.

9.--A number of people have come. There are some people. How many

people are there? There are several people come. Upwards of 30,000.

10.--Some score. Several score. Ten and more. Two. Some. Over ten.

Eight or nine. Ten and more. Nine or ten. Two hundred and more.

5000 and more.

11.--3-4/10 inches. A single one. Five catties of beef. Six catties

of mutton. Some catties of fish.

12.--Seven bushels of wheat. Nine bushels of rice. One bushel of

buckwheat.

13.--Some teeth. Several myriads of li in length. Forty thousand

li. There is a mountain full two hundred li high.

1.--Chiu tiu. Chiu chu. Au chiu. Pieh chiu ‘hlao. Chia chiu hsiung.

Tiu chiu ya.

2.--Chiu hsiung. Au pieh pa. Au pieh say. Pieh au lai. Pieh chia

lai. Chia hsiung pa nai.

3.--Yi. Au chiu hsiung. Yi say ya pa tiu chiu chia.

4.--Yi pa ver pieh pa lai. Chia chiu hsiung ver tiu pa ka. Hsiung

chiu ver au chiu.

5.--Yi pa ver. Pieh chiu chia ver. Chia pa ver yi. Tiu ver chia pa

hsiung. Chiu ver.

6.--Hsiung ver yi pa chu chiu yi. Yi say ver. ‘Hlao chiu tiu ver yi

say.

7.--Chia ver ya chiu ya. Chu ver ya say ‘hlao pa au. Yi say chia.

‘Hlao say hsiung chiu au. Ya say pieh pa tiu chiu hsiung. Yi ver

tiu. Yi pa pieh.

8.--Yi pa chiu ya. Au pa chia chiu ‘hlao. Chu pa chu chiu chu ver

pieh say.

9.--Mai pa lai nai ta. Mai pa lai. Mai hao nao nai. Mai nao hsiu

nai ta. Pieh ver nao.

10.--Pa chiu lai. Pa chiu lai. Chiu nao lai. Au lai. Pa lai. Chiu

lai nao. Ya chu lai. Chiu lai nao. Chu lai chiu lai. Au pa nao.

Chia say.

11.--Pieh sai ‘hlao fai ta. Chiang lai. Chia chiang ngi lia. Tiu

chiang ngi li. Pa chiang nieh.

12.--Hsiung toh ka mieh. Chu toh sai. Yi toh chiu.

13.--Pa tiu mpi. Pa ver li ta. Mai ‘hlao ver li. Mai pieh ‘hi au pa

nao li.

EXERCISE II.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Thou. Moung.

2. I. Vai.

3. He. Ngi.

4. They. Ngi Tau.

5. You. Mich.

6. We. Pieh.

7. This. Nung.

8. At. Niang hang.

9. That. Moung.

10. That. Ai.

11. Son. Pu tia.

12. What. Kai shi.

13. To buy. Mai.

14. To sell. Mei.

15. To get. Tao.

16. Very. Kuai; va.

17. Who? Tê shi.

18. To want. Ou.

19. To be. Tiao.

20. East. Keh nich.

21. Daughter. Po a.

22. Things. Keh nung keh ai.

23. Large; great. ‘Hlioh.

24. Small. Niu.

25. Sign of poss. case. Pieh.

26. As. Liu.

27. That. Tieh.

28. Whence. Kêng hang.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Thine. Mine. His.

2.--You. We. They.

3.--Your. Our. Their.

4.--We two men.

5.--This. That.

6.--Here. There.

7.--As large as this. As small as that.

8.--What man?

9.--What thing or things?

10.--Who is that man? That man is a good man.

11.--To buy things. To sell things.

12.--He is a trader. What does he sell? He sells a good many things.

13.--I want good ones. Have you any? None.

14.--This is very good. That is bad.

15.--Who is it that has come? There is no one come.

16.--What place is he from? He is not of this place.

17.--How many people have come? A good number.

18.--I do not want this one. They want it.

19.--This is ours. That is theirs.

20.--Have you got this thing? We do not want it.

21.--How many people are there there? Ten people and more.

22.--Is he come? He is not come.

23.--This man is very good. That man is very bad.

24.--Whose is this thing? It is ours. How many have you of these?

Not many.

25. Have you got any very good ones there? None good. Unless you

have some very good, we do not want any.

1.--Moung pieh. Vai pieh. Ngi pieh.

2.--Mieh. Pieh. Ngi tau.

3.--Mieh pieh. Pieh pieh. Ngi tau pieh.

4.--Au au lai nai _or_ Vai au lai nai.

5.--Tieh nung. Tieh ai.

6.--Niang hang nung. Niang hang ai.

7.--‘Hlioh liu nung. Niu liu moung.

8.--Kai shi nai.

9.--Kai shi keh nung keh ai.

10.--Tieh nai tiao tê shi. Tieh nai tiao lai nai ghou.

11.--Mai keh nung keh ai. Mei keh nung keh ai.

12.--Ngi tiao mai mei nai. Mei kai shi. Mei hao nao keh nung keh ai.

13.--Vai ou ghou ti. Mai a mai. A mai.

14.--Tieh nung ghou kuai. Tieh moung a ghou.

15.--Mai kai shi nai ta. A mai nai ta.

16.--Ngi kêng hang to ta. Ngi a tiao hang nung nai.

17.--Ngi tau ta nao hsiu nai. Ngi tau ta hao nao nai.

18.--Vai a ou lai nung. Ngi tau ou lai nung.

19.--Tieh nung tiao pieh pieh. Tieh nung tiao ngi tau pieh.

20.--Mieh mai tieh nung a mai. Pieh a ou tieh nung.

21.--Mai nao hsiu nai moung. Mai chiu nao nai.

22.--Ngi ta a pa. Ngi a pa ta.

23.--Tieh nai nung ghou kuai. Tieh nai moung kuai a ghou.

24.--Tieh nung tê shi nai pieh. Pieh nai pieh. Moung mai nao hsiu

lai tieh nung. A mai nao.

25.--Mieh hang moung ghou kuai a mai. A mai ghou. Mieh a mai ghou

kuai pieh a ou.

EXERCISE III.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. To enter. Pou.

2. Wall of a city. Hao.

3. House, home. Chieh.

4. Inhabit, dwell. Niang.

5. Dust. Ka pai.

6. Street. Ka.

7. Up, ascend. Chieh.

8. Numerative of houses. Say.

9. A room. Ch’ung.

10. Inside. Keh tiung.

11. To open. Pu.

12. A shop. P’au.

13. To shut. Su.

14. Window. Kantlong.

15. To go out. ‘Hliu kou.

16. To go away. Moung.

17. To go towards. Moung.

18. Outside. Keh kou.

19. The head. Koh.

20. To know. Pang.

21. Road. Keh.

22. To do. Ai.

23. To pass. Tioh.

24. Trade. Chiang.

WORDS COMBINED

1.--To live in a house. 2.--To live at home. 3.--Inside the city

walls. Outside the city walls. 4.--Inside. Outside.

5.--In a room. 6.--Three houses. 7.--Eighteen rooms. 8.--Four

shops. 9.--Shut the door. 10.--Open the window. 11.--To go out. To

come in. 12.--To pass, to go past.

13.--Going or walking. 14.--To go up the street. 15.--Walking in

the street. 16.--To go east. To go west. 17.--The eastern and

western divisions of the city. 18.--To know. 19.--What doing?

or, why? 20.--Where do you live? I am in the city. 21.--How many

buildings have you over there? Thirty-five.

22.--Is the house you live in large or small? I live in three

small rooms. 23.--This house is a great deal better than that one.

24.--Open the door. Shut the window. 25.--To come into the room.

26.--There is a great deal of dust outside. 27.--What is he doing

at home? He is not at home. Do you know where he is gone? He is

gone up the street.

28.--That man keeps seven shops. Dealing in what? And where are

they all?

29.--They are inside the city. Three in the east division and four

in the west. We have no such thriving business here.

30.--Those shops have a large number of customers.

31.--There are five or six people come out. Who are they? I do

not know. 32.--No one lives in this room. 33.--That shop is mine.

34.--He did not come in. He went past westwards. What has he gone

out to do? He is gone up the street to buy something.

35.--There are a great number of people in the street.

1.--Niang chieh. 2.--Niang chieh. 3.--Hao keh tiung. Hao keh kou.

4.--Keh tiung. Keh kou.

5.--Ch’ung chieh keh tiung. 6.--Pieh lai chieh. 7.--Chiu ya ch’ung

chieh. 8.--‘Hlao lai p’au. 9.--Su tiu. 10.--Pu kantlong. 11.--‘Hliu

kou. Pou chieh. 12.--Tioh moung.

13.--‘Hei keh. 14.--Chieh ka. 15.--Tioh ka ‘hei keh. 16.--Moung keh

nieh. Moung keh chioh. 17.--Hao keh nieh. Hao keh chioh. 18.--Pang.

19.--Ai kai shi. 20.--Moung niang hang to. Vai niang hao keh tiung.

21.--Mieh niang ai mai hao nao chieh. Mai pieh chiu chia chieh.

22.--Moung niang lai chieh ‘hlioh niu. Vai niang pieh ch’ung chieh

niu. 23.--Lai chieh nung pi lai chieh ai ghou kuai. 24.--Tiu pu yeh

_or_ Pu tiu kantlong su yeh _or_ Su kantlong. 25.--Pou chieh ta.

26.--Keh kou ‘hlioh ka pai. 27.--Ngi chieh keh tiung ai kai shi. A

niang chieh. Moung hang to, moung pang a pang. Chieh ka moung.

28.--Tai lai nai mai hsiung lai p’au. Ngi lai p’au mai mei kai shi.

Pu niang hang to.

29.--Niang hao keh tiung. Hao keh nieh mai pieh lai. Hao keh chioh

mai ‘hlao lai. Pieh niang hang nung a mai tieh nai chiang ‘hlioh.

30.--Lai p’au mai keh nung keh ai nao nai.

31.--Keh kou ta chia tiu lai nai. Kai shi nai. Vai a pang. 32.--Lai

ch’ung chieh nung a mai nai niang. 33.--Lai p’au tiao vai pieh.

34.--Ngi a pou ta. Tioh moung chioh. Ngi moung ai kai shi. Chieh ka

mai keh nung keh ai.

35.---Tiu ka nai nao.

EXERCISE IV.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Before. Keh tang.

2. Behind. Keh kai.

3. To call; bid. Koh.

4. To stand up. Hsiu.

5. To rise. Fa.

6. To recline. Pang.

7. Earth; ground. Tah.

8. Fast. ‘Hi.

9. Slow. A ‘hi.

10. All. Tou.

11. To love. A.

12. To sit. Niang.

13. Chair (sedan). Cho.

14. Storey (upper). Pang.

15. Below; down. Nga.

16. To return. Loh.

17. To arrive at. Leh.

18. Donkey. Lui.

19. Mule. Luh.

20. Numerative of horses, &c. Tei.

21. Numerative of carts, &c. Lai.

22. A pace. Tuoh.

23. Language. Si.

24. Public office. Ngah.

25. To speak. Kang.

26. Horse. Ma.

27. Cart. Lioh.

28. Fast (of animals). Hang.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--To recline. To sit. To rise. To stand up. To walk. To go on

foot.

2.--To go fast. To go slow.

3.--In front. In rear.

4.--To come back. To have arrived.

5.--Do you like it or not? Not at all.

6.--To call somebody. Call some one here.

7.--A public office. Upstairs. On the ground.

8.--A cart. A sedan chair. Three horses. Two mules. Four donkeys.

9.--He is lying down on the road. Tell him to get up.

10.--I am, or was, sitting upstairs. He is, or was, sitting down

below.

11.--He was on foot. I came in a cart. He came on foot.

12.--I walk fast. He walks slow.

13.--I was walking in front. He was behind.

14.--Is that man come back or not? He is not back, but he soon will

be. Where is he gone to? He has gone to the public office. Did he

go in a chair or in a carriage? In a small chair. He does not like

being in a carriage.

15.--Do you like that man? I do not like any of those men.

16.--Has he been buying horses? No. Mules and donkeys. If he wanted

to buy horses, there is not a horse to be had. How many mules or

donkeys has he bought? Three mules and seven donkeys.

17.--Which are the better, the mules from this place or those from

that? The mules here are not so good as those there. The mules here

are slower than what you get there. Both the mules and donkeys from

that place are fast.

1.--Pang. Niang. Fa lo. Hsiu. ‘Hei moung. ‘Hei Keh.

2.--‘Hei ‘hi. ‘Hei a ‘hi.

3.--Keh tang. Keh kai.

4.--Loh. Leh yeh.

5.--Ā a ā. Tou a ā.

6.--Koh nai. Koh nai loh.

7.--Ngah. Ku pang. Ka tah.

8.--Lai lioh. Yi lai cho. Pieh tei ma. Au tei luh. ‘Hlao tei lui.

9.--Ngi niang tiu keh pang. Koh ngi fa loh.

10.--Vai niang ku pang niang. Ngi ka tah niang.

11.--Ngi yi tuoh yi tuoh ‘hei. Vai niang lioh loh. Ngi ‘hei keh loh.

12.--Vai ‘hei ‘hi. Ngi ‘hei a ‘hi.

13.--Vai keh tang ‘hei. Ngi keh kai ‘hei.

14.--Ngi tieh nai loh a pa. Ngi a pa loh. Ngi loh ‘hi. Ngi moung

hang to. Chieh ngah moung yeh. Ngi niang cho moung, ngi niang lioh

moung. Niang yi lai cho niu. Ngi a ā niang lioh.

15.--Ngi tieh nai moung ā a ā. Ngi tau au pieh nai vai tou a ā.

16.--Ngi mai tiao ma a tiao. Ngi mai luh lui. Ngi ou mai ma yi tei

ma tou a mai. Luh lui mai hao nao tei. Mai pieh tei luh hsiung tei

lui.

17.--Hang nung pieh luh ghou hang ai pieh luh ghou. Hang nung pieh

luh a mai hang ai pieh luh ghou. Hang nung pieh luh pi hang ai pieh

hang. Hang ai pieh luh lui tou hang.

EXERCISE V.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. True. Tei.

2. Upright. Ta ti.

3. To copy. Cha.

4. To write. Sei.

5. To teach. Chiao.

6. To learn. Liu.

7. To request. Sai.

8. To see. Ngieh.

9. To lay hold of. Tieh.

10. Written words. Li.

11. Before (in time). Hsüeh.

12. To recognize. Hsiang.

13. To seek. Hao.

14. To repay. Poh.

15. To wish. Hang.

16. To tell; inform. Hsieh.

17. To remember. Nieh.

18. To ask. Nai

19. To ride. Chieh.

20. To run; gallop. Yeh.

21. Like; similar. Toh.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Teacher. 2. To teach. 3. A pupil. 4. To take hold of a book.

To read. 5. To look out characters. To recognize characters. 6. To

copy. To write.

7.--To look out for a teacher. To engage a teacher. Be so good as

to inform me.

8.--I ask you. Be so good as to tell me.

9.--Do you remember.

10.--Correct pronunciation. Intelligible diction.

11.--To see. Have you seen it or not? Have you not seen it yet? I

have seen it.

12.--To ride. To run. Did you come on foot or on horseback? I came

on horseback. That horse gallops fast.

13.--Have you found a teacher? I have.

14.--Teacher, please teach me to talk.

15.--Teacher, please look out a word for me in the book. What word?

I want to find the word _Ngieh_, to see.

16.--Have you ever met with this word? I have. Tell me what word it

is. I do not remember the word. Are there any other words that you

do not remember? Of course there are. I remember but few compared

with the number I forget.

17.--Your pronunciation is correct. So is your diction.

18.--I will ask you whether you know this word or not. I have never

seen this word.

19.--I have requested a teacher to come and teach me. He will not

come. What is it you requested him to teach? I asked him to teach

us the spoken language. He says he objects to come on account of

the large number of pupils.

20.--Tell me, is that man’s pronunciation as good as yours? My

pronunciation is not very good. He knows more words than I do.

1.--Hsiang li.

2.--Tung tu.

3.--Chu tai.

4.--Tieh pai tu. Ngieh li.

5.--Chau li. Hsiang li.

6.--Chia lo. Sei li.

7.--Chau hsiang li. Hla hsiang li. ‘Hla chiao.

8.--Vai nai moung. ‘Hla moung hsieh.

9.--Nieh a nieh.

10.--Ghou ho shay. Kau si toh a.

11.--Pang yeh. Moung ngieh ku a pa. Moung a pa ngieh ku. Ngieh yeh.

12.--Chieh yeh. Moung ‘hei keh ta kai chieh ma ta. Vai chieh ma ta.

Tieh ma yeh hang.

13.--Moung hao hsiang li a pa. Hao yeh.

14.--‘Hla hsiang li chiao si.

15.--‘Hla hsiang ta pai tu [tou vai] hao lai li. Hao lai li toh. Ou

hao ngieh lai li.

16.--Lai li moung ngieh ku a pa. Ngieh ku yeh. Moung hsieh vai lai

li tiao kai shi. Vai a nieh lai li. Niang mai nieh lai li a mai.

Kai shi a mai. Ngieh hsiu a ngieh nao.

17.--Moung ghou ho. Kang si toh.

18.--Vai nai moung lai li nung moung hsiang a hsiang. Lai li nung

vai a pa pang ku.

19.--Vai ‘hla hsiang li chiao vai. Ngi a hang ta ‘hla ngi chiao

moung kai shi. ‘Hla ngi chiao pieh kang si. Ngi chiu chu tai nao a

hang ta.

20.--Moung hsieh vai, tieh lai nai ai pieh ho mai moung pieh ghou a

mai. Vai pieh ho a mai ghou. Ngi hsiang li pi vai hsiang nao.

EXERCISE VI.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Paper. Tu.

2. Sheet. Lieh.

3. Pen. Chieh.

4. Numerative of pen. Kai.

5. Ink. Mö.

6. Numerative of ink. ‘Hli.

7. To take hold of. Wa.

8. Numerative of book. Pai.

9. Book. Tu.

10. To study. Ngi.

11. To end; finish. Chiu.

12. To be right; able. Ku-i.

13. To give. Pai.

14. Officer. Kuei lieh.

15. To meet. Hui.

16. To divide. Fai.

17. To hear. Tang.

18. Clear. Ka.

19. Also. Nung.

20. Understand. Tang.

21. Peaceful Pi.

22. A sound Poh.

23. To forget. Tung.

24. To err. Sa.

25. To be able. Pang.

26. A month. Pu.

WORDS COMBINED.

1--A sheet of paper. A volume. Two cakes of ink. Five pens.

2--To understand. To hear. To have forgotten.

3.--Quite right. To have finished. Not to be able to. It will do

well enough.

4.--Bring that volume here for me. Show me that sheet of paper.

Bring me ten pens and two cakes of ink.

5.--I hear that you are learning a language, and getting on very

well. Can you distinguish four dialects? I can distinguish them all.

6.--Have you read that book yet? I have read four-fifths of it.

Do you understand it? There are portions of it that I do not

understand. There are also some words that I do not know.

7.--How long have you been studying? I have been studying ten

months. Do you remember all the words in the book you have been

studying? Not all. I have forgotten a good number, and there are

some I do not remember accurately.

8.--Does that man understand the language? I have heard people say

that he does not. Does he know the written characters? That he

does. He knows four or five thousand. How do you know? Last month

we read together. If I tell him to copy, will he be able to? There

is no reason why he should not.

9.--Tell me, do you understand him when he speaks?

10.--You must on no account forget the books you read. Certainly

not. You are quite right.

1.--Yi lieh tu. Yi pai tu. Au ‘hli mö. Chia kai chieh.

2.--Tang. Tang. Tung keh.

3.--Ya sa. Chiu yeh. A pang. Ku-i.

4.--Moung ta pai tu tiao vai. Lieh tu moung vai nieh. Moung tou vai

mai chiu kai chieh, au ‘hli mö.

5.--Vai tang moung liu si, liu si ghou kuai. ‘Hlao tiu si moung

pang keh fai a pang. ‘Hlao tiu tou fai lu.

6.--Yi pai tu moung nieh chiu a pa. Chiu fai vai ngieh chiu ya fai.

Ming pai a ming pai. Mai pa fai a ming pai. Mai au pieh lai li a

hsiang.

7.--Moung tung li hao nao tai. Val tung chiu ta pieh tu. Tieh tu li

moung tou nieh a nieh. Nieh a chiu. Tung keh pa lai. Tu nieh sa yeh.

8.--Ngi tieh nai tang si a tang. Vai tang chiu ngi a tang tau. Ngi

hsiang li a hsiang. Li si hsiang. Hsiang chiu ‘hlao chia say li.

Moung hsieh pang. ‘Hla vai pieh niang yi tiao ngieh li. Vai koh ngi

sei li, ngi pang a pang. A mai a pang.

9.--Vai nai moung, ngi pieh si moung tang loh kai tang a loh.

10.--Moung tung ku li, a keh tung keh. A sa. Moung chiu tiao a sa.

EXERCISE VII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Mat. Tieh.

2. Bed. Ch’u.

3. Curtain. Hsiao.

4. To spread. Pou.

5. Cover, lid. Mo.

6. Table. Tang.

7. Chair. Kuei yüeh.

8. Wax. La.

9. Lamp. Tai.

10. Numerative of lamp. Lai.

11. Numerative of boat. Chao.

12. Wine. Chu.

13. Cup. O.

14. Tea. Chiang.

15. Bowl. Ti.

16. Kitchen. Kau sao.

17. To boil. Hao.

18. Rice. Ka.

19. Cooking pan. Vi.

20. Fork. Tia.

21. Spoon. Tiao Kên.

22. To spoil. P’a.

23. Fire. Tu.

24. To use. Hsia.

25. Difficult Hsia.

26. To drink. Hou.

27. Boat. Niang.

28. Bedding. Pang pung.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--A bed. 2.--Curtains. Mats. Bedding.

3.--A table. A chair. 4.--A lamp. A candlestick.

5.--Kitchen. A knife. A fork. A spoon. A cooking pan. A cooking-pan

lid. A tea cup. A wine cup.

6.--To boil rice. 7.--It is spoiled. 8.--He spread a mat on the

bed. 9.--I want to lie down on this bed. Be quick and make the bed.

10.--Are there curtains upon the bed?

11.--He is lying on the bed. I was sitting on a chair.

12.--It is very dark in the room, bring a lamp.

13.--Some one has taken the lamp away.

14.--Who took away the candlestick that was on the table? It was I

that took it to the kitchen.

15.--There is no fire in the kitchen.

16.--A _vi ka_ is a pan for boiling rice. A _vi mo_ is the lid of a

rice pan. Tea cups may have covers.

17.--There is no great difference between a wine cup (_o chu_) and

a wine bowl (_ti chu_).

18.--The chairs and tables in that room are all spoiled.

19.--Have you bought those tea cups I told you to buy? I have.

Have you bought several? Twenty. Where did you buy them? They were

bought in a shop outside the city.

20--Have you mats in your apartments? There are mats on all the

beds in our apartments.

1.--Yi lai ch’u. 2.--Hsiao. Pêng tieh. Pang pung.

3.--Yi tieh tang. Yi lai Kuei yüeh. 4.--Yi lai tai. La tai.

5.--Kau sao. Yi ti tiu. Yi lai tia. Yi lai tiao kên. Yi lai vi ka.

Yi lai ka mo vi. Yi lai o chiang. Yi lai o chu.

6.--Hao ka. 7.--P’a yeh. 8.--Ngi niang ku ch’u pou tieh. 9.--Vai

ou niang lai ch’u nung pang yeh. Moung hang tai ta pung pou tiao.

10.--Lai ch’u mai hsiao a mai.

11.--Ngi niang ku ch’u pang yeh. Vai niang kuei yüeh.

12.--Chung chieh ‘hui tieh tai ta.

13.--Mai nai tieh lai tai moung yeh.

14.--Tieh tang keh vai lai la tai, tê shi tieh moung yeh. Tiao vai

ta tiao kau sao tieh moung yeh.

15.--Kau sao a mai tu.

16.--Vi ka tiao hao ka hsia. Vi mo tiao vi ka mo. O chiang tou ku i

mai mo.

17.--O chu ti chu au lai nung hsia fai.

18.--Chung chieh tang kuei yüeh tou p’a yeh.

19.--Vai koh moung mai o chiang moung mai a pa. Mai yeh. Mai tao pa

lai. Mai tao au chiu lai. Niang hang to mai lo. Tou niang hao keh

kou tiu pau mai lo.

20.--Mieh pieh tiu chieh mai tieh a mai. Pieh pieh tiu chieh ku

ch’u tou mai tieh.

EXERCISE VIII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Furniture. Chia shih.

2. Stool. Tang.

3. Numerative of stool. Lai.

4. To upset. Koh.

5. Pot. Chieh.

6. Flower. Pieh.

7. Vase. To.

8. To break. T’u.

9. To receive. Shou.

10. To repair. Hsüeh.

11. Plate. Pieh.

12. Saucer. Pieh niu.

13. To eat. Nang.

14. A little. Nang.

15. To blow. Choh.

16. Extinguish. Ta.

17. To burn. Pieh.

18. A stove. Sao.

19. Empty. Kung.

20. Full. Pai.

21. With. Na.

22. To reckon. Sui.

23. In fragments. Sai.

24. To light. Tiao; tou.

25. To pour. Liang.

26. To pour (as tea). Chia.

27. To take. Tieh.

28. In. Tiu.

29. Is; to be. Si.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Furniture. 2.--A stool. 3.--A stove.

4.--Flower vase. Wine pot. Tea pot. Dishes. Plates.

5.--Light the lamp. Blow out the lamp. Light the fire. Blow out the

fire.

6.--To pour or upset water. 7.--Empty pot. The pot is full.

8.--To spoil by breaking. To mend.

9.--Everything that is used in a house is furniture.

10.--Beds, tables, chairs, stools, are all room furniture.

11.--Table furniture consists of knives, forks, spoons, plates,

rice bowls and wine cups.

12.--Stoves are of different sizes. The house stove for cooking

rice is large. Bedrooms have all small stoves. The stove used to

warm a room is a small stove.

13.--May flower vases also be considered furniture? They may be so

considered.

14.--Wine pots, tea pots, and tea cups are all miscellaneous

furniture.

15.--The water in the cup is poured into the pan.

16.--_Chia chiang_ means to ask some one to pour tea into the cups.

17.--Have you lit the lamp? I lit it; but he blew it out.

18.--To blow out a lamp is to extinguish the flame of the lamp. To

extinguish fire is to put out a fire (as) in a fireplace.

19.--Is there water in these two kettles? One is full, the other is

empty. Fill the empty one with water.

20.--Who is it that has broken the flower vase? I do not know who

it was. Had I not better get some one to mend it at once? Yes, you

had much better tell some one to mend it.

1.--Chia shih. 2.--Yi lai tang. 3. Yi lai sao.

4.--To pieh. Chieh chu. Chieh chiang. Pieh. Pieh niu.

5.--Tou tai. Choh tai. Tiao tu. Ta tu.

6.--Liang ou. 7.--Kung chieh. Chieh pai.

8.--T’u p’a yeh. Hsüeh hsüeh.

9.--Tiu chieh hsia keh nung keh ai tou tiao chia shih.

10.--Ch’u, tang, kuei yüeh, tang tou tiao tiu chieh chia shih.

11.--Nang ka pieh chia shih tiao tu, tia, tiao kên, pieh niu, ti

ka, o chu.

12.--Lai sao mai ‘hlioh mai niu a toh. Chieh sao hao ka tiao sao

‘hlioh. Chieh ch’u keh tiung tou mai sao niu. Tiu chieh hsia sao

tiao tu tiao sao niu.

13.--Lai to pieh tou sui tiao chia shih a tiao. To pieh tou sui

tiao chia shih.

14.--Chieh chu, chieh chiang, o chiang tou si hsia chia shih.

15.--Ti ou liang tiao tiu vi.

16.--Chia chiang koh nai pa chiang chia tiao tiu o.

17.--Moung tou tai a pa. Vai tou ku tai. Tiao ngi choh ta yeh.

18.--Choh tai tiao ta tai tu. Ta tu tiao ta sao pieh tu.

19.--Au lai chieh keh tiung mai ou a mai. Yi lai pai yi lai kung.

Moung pa lai kung liang pai ou.

20.--Lai to pieh tê shi tui tu. Vai a pang tê shi. Hang moung koh

nai hsüeh hsüeh, ku i a ku i. Koh nai hsüeh hsüeh ghou kuai.

EXERCISE IX.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. The present. Nung.

2. Year. ‘Hniu.

3. Time. Shih.

4. Warm. Hsioh.

5. Yesterday. Tai nung.

6. Heaven; day. Vai.

7. Consequently. Chiu.

8. To fix. Ting.

9. Day-time. Fieh.

10. Light. Ka.

11. Half. Tang.

12. To engrave. Tioh.

13. Air; breath. Poung.

14. Section of time. Shau.

15. Cold. Si.

16. Snow. ‘Hliu.

17. Cool; cold. Hui.

18. Hurricane. ‘Hlioh chiang.

19. To return. Tiang.

20. To rise; get up. Fa.

21. Rain. Nung.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--The year before last. Last year. This year. Next year. The year

after next. 2.--Last moon. This moon. Next moon.

3.--The weather may be distinguished as cold, hot, cool, warm,

windy, clear, snowy.

4.--Time. Day-break. Day-time. Night-time. A short space of time.

5.--That man there has studied upwards of twenty years, and has

been a teacher five or six months.

6.--I am going to-day, and I may be back next moon.

7.--You were not up at eight o’clock to-day.

8.--_‘Hniu tang_ and _Sai yang ‘hniu_ are the terms used for the

year before last and the year after next; _‘Hla tang_ and _‘Hla

kai_ for the moon before last and the moon after next.

9.--At this place it rains in the hot weather and snows in the cold.

10.--It blew hard last night, and at daybreak it was very cold.

11.--It is his habit to go out riding in the daytime, and to go

home at night and read.

12.--It rained last night, but it is fine to-day.

13.--This is a clear day.

14.--The weather is very mild this year; not so cold as it was last

year.

15.--You and I have been here a good many years.

16.--He came last year. I arrived last moon. They two were over

here last year.

1.--‘Hniu tang. ‘Hniu fa. ‘Hniu nung. Pu ‘hniu. Sai yang ‘hniu.

2.--Nga ‘hla. ‘Hla nung. Chieh ‘hla.

3.--Lai vai ku i fai, vai si, vai hsioh, vai hui, vai hsioh, ‘hlioh

chiang, ka vai, ta ‘hliu.

4.--Shih hou. Fieh vai. Vai ‘hliu. Yi shau.

5.--Tai lai nai ngieh ku au chiu nao ‘hniu pieh tu, tang chia tiu

‘hla pieh hsiang tu.

6.--Vai tai nung moung. Chieh ‘hla ku i tiang loh.

7.--Moung ya tien chung a fa loh.

8.--‘Hniu tang, sai yang ‘hniu ku i ch’iu. ‘Hla tang ‘hla kai ku i

ch’iu.

9.--Niang hang nung vai hsioh pieh shih hou ta nung, vai si pieh

shih hou ta ‘hliu.

10.--Tai nung nung chiu ‘hlioh chiang. Pieh vai pieh shih hou si va.

11.--Ngi ā vai ‘hlu ‘hliu kou chieh ma, chiu vai tiang chieh ngieh

tu.

12.--Tai nung chiu vai ta nung. Tai nung ka yeh.

13.--Tai nung ka vai.

14.--‘Hniu nung hsioh kuai, a mai ‘hniu ta si.

15.--Au au lai lei hang nung mai hao nao ‘hniu.

16.--Ngi si ‘hniu fa ta. Vai si nga ‘hla ta. Ngi au lai si ‘hniu fa

ta ku yeh.

EXERCISE X.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Night Watch. Kêng.

2. Working man. ‘Hou.

3. Night. Pang.

4. Must. Tao.

5. To strike; beat. Tüeh.

6. To end. Chiu.

7. Early. Soh.

8. Late. Pang.

9. Noon. Tiung-tai.

10. Length of time. Tah pang.

11. Affair. Shih.

12. Circumstances. Ch’ing.

13. Put; place. ‘Hlia.

14. Each; every. Ka.

15. Kind. Tiu.

16. Short. Lai.

17. Clouds. Tang-ang.

18. Dark. Hui.

19. Mist. Ngioh.

20. Leisure. K’ung.

21. To do. Pieh.

22. Black. ‘Hlai.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Every year. Every moon. Every day. 2.--Each kind.

3.--Early in the morning. Noon. In the evening. Forenoon. Afternoon.

4.--By night. Before midnight. After midnight.

5.--To set the watch. To strike the watch. A watchman.

6.--The days are long. The days are short. The nights are long. The

nights are short.

7.--At what time? 8.--Time for work. 9.--A dull day. Clouds. There

is a mist. 10.--There must be one or some. 11.--Affairs. 12.--To

place. 13.--It is ended.

14.--He rises early; goes for a walk at noon; comes home in the

evening and reads; and in the third watch of the night he goes to

bed. He does the same every day.

15.--One’s self. You must go yourself to settle the business. He

lives by himself in that house.

16.--It rained in the forenoon. The afternoon was fine.

17.--It was warm before midnight, but cold after.

18.--The third watch is midnight.

19.--As regards the watches which a watchman strikes during the

night, the night is divided into five. The beginning of the first

is the watch-setting.

20.--When the days are long there is more time to do things. When

they are short one has no leisure for them, and they must just wait.

21.--When will he be back? Possibly to-morrow.

22.--Where is the tea-pot put? On the table in the room.

23.--When the sky is overcast, the day is dull.

24.--There was a thick mist this morning; and the mountains were

invisible.

1.--‘Hniu ‘Hniu. ‘Hla ‘hla. Tai tai. 2.--Ka tiu.

3.--Tiung tah. Hsing tiung tai. Tiung pang. Chieh tai. Tiung nga

tai.

4.--Tiung pang. Tang pang tang. Tang pang keh.

5.--Ting kêng. Tüeh kêng. ‘Hou kêng.

6.--Ta tai. Lai tai. Ta pang. Lai pang.

7.--Kai shi shih hou. 8.--Ai kou. 9.--‘Hui tai. Tang-ang. Ta ngioh.

10.--Sung ou mai. 11--Shih ch’ing. 12.--‘Hlia. 13.--Chiu yeh.

14.--Ngi tiung tah fa lo; Hsing tiung tai chieh ka hei; Tiung pang

moung chieh ngieh tu; Lei pieh kêng ngi pieh chiu yeh. Ngi tai tai

tou si tiu.

15.--Vai chiang lai. Moung chiang lai sung ou moung pieh shih. Lai

chieh tiao ngi chiang lai niang.

16.--Nga tai ta nung. Chieh tai ka yeh.

17.--Tang pang tang hsioh, tang pang keh si.

18.--Pieh kêng tiao tang pang.

19.--Tiung pang kêng ‘hou tüeh kêng, yi pang fai chia kêng. Tou

kêng tou tiao ting kêng.

20.--Ta tai pieh shih ai kou nao. Lai tai a mai k’ung, shih Ch’ing

sung ou ‘hlia nioh.

21.--Ngi kai shi shih ‘hou loh. Fu fa kai loh.

22.--Chieh chiang ‘hlia tiao hang to. ‘Hlia tiao chieh keh tiung

tang keh vai.

23.--Keh vai tang ang pai yeh tiao vai hui.

24.--Tai nung tiung ta ta ngioh ‘hlioh kuai; Pieh ‘hlioh tou ngieh

a pang.

EXERCISE XI.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. To fear. Hsi.

2. Clothes. Uh.

3. Dirty. Va.

4. To exchange. Tioh.

5. Dry. Nga.

6. Clean. Sang niang.

7. To brush. Shua.

8. To wash. So; sa.

9. Face. Mai.

10. Cold. Sang.

11. Leather. Ka li.

12. Hands. Pieh.

13. Basin. Keh.

14. To stitch. Ngang.

15. To patch. Hsi.

16. To put on. Nieh.

17. Shoes. Ha.

18. To take off. Ta.

19. A pair. Niu.

20. Stockings. Wa.

21. To change (as water). Vai.

22. Torn or broken. Ni.

23. Long (in time). La.

24. To wear. Tiao.

25. Numerative of clothes. P’ang.

26. Water. Ou.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--To brush and wash. 2.--Dirty. Clean. 3.--Clothes. Boots. Shoes.

Stockings.

4.--To put on clothes. To take them off. To change clothes.

5.--To mend by stitching. 6.--A pair of shoes. Two pair of shoes.

Ten pair of stockings. A handkerchief. Eight articles of dress. A

wash-hand basin.

7.--The water in this basin is dirty. Change it and bring me some

clean water instead to wash my face.

8.--These clothes are dirty; take a brush and brush them. This

article of dress is torn, call some one here to mend it.

9.--Get up quick and dress.

10.--He has taken off his clothes and is lying down.

11.--He has had that thing on for several days without changing it.

12.--It is cold to-day; you must put on something more.

13.--Has he got on boots or shoes? He has on boots.

14.--This handkerchief is dirty; put it in the basin and wash it.

15.--Are you in the habit of wearing boots or shoes? In the house I

wear shoes. When I go to the office I wear boots.

16.--These leather boots of yours have been lying by a long time;

they must be brushed and washed.

17. When you wash your hands, do you prefer cold water or boiling

water? Both are bad. Cold water is too cold; boiling water is too

hot. Warm water is the best.

18.--Be quick and pour this water into the pan and warm it.

19.--This fire is out. This water has been on some time and will

not boil.

20.--To wash clothes it is best to use hot water. The water used to

clean boots must be cold.

1.--Shua so. 2.--Va. Sang niang. 3.--Uh. Ha. Ha. Wa.

4.--Nieh uh. Ta nga loh. Vai uh.

5.--Ngang hsi. 6.--Yi niu ha. Au niu ha. Chiu niu wa. Yi liu chang.

Ya p’ang uh. Yi lai keh sa mai.

7.--Keh ou nung va yeh. Vai sang niang tieh ta vai sa mai.

8.--P’ang uh nung va tieh shua shua i shua. Yi p’ang uh nung ni

yeh, koh lai nai ta ngang hsi.

9.--Moung hang fa loh nieh uh.

10.--Ngi ta uh pieh.

11.--Yi p’ang uh nung ngi nieh hao la a vai.

12.--Tai nung si, moung sung ou nao nieh yi p’ang uh.

13.--Ngi tiao ha ngi tiao hsüeh. Ngi tiao tiao ha.

14.--Liu chang nung va ‘hlia tiu keh so i so.

15.--Moung ā tiao ha kai ā tiao hsüeh. Vai tiu chieh niang tiao ha,

chieh ngah tiao hsüeh.

16.--Moung pieh niu ka li hsüeh ‘hlia la, sung ou shua so.

17.--Moung sa pieh, ā hsia ou sang ā hsia ou kai. Ou tiu a ghou. Ou

sang sang va, ou kai kai va. Tou ghou ou hsioh.

18.--Moung hang tieh ou nung liang tao tiu vi t’oh hsioh.

19.--Lai tu nung ta yeh. Tieh ou nung t’oh yi tang tai t’oh a kai.

20.--Ou so uh hsia ou hsioh tou ghou. So shua hsüeh sung ou hsia ou

sang.

EXERCISE XII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Farthest. Chiung.

2. To uncap. ‘Hlüeh.

3. To wear. Tou.

4. To dust. Ma.

5. Cap. Mau.

6. To cut. Ma.

7. Shoulders. Hang chieh.

8. Sweat. Tiang.

9. Shirt. Uh lai.

10. Single. Tei.

11. Lined. Tang.

12. Wadded. Pong.

13. Cotton. Mêng.

14. Trousers. K’au.

15. To cut (as clothes). Kêng.

16. Coat. Kua.

17. Sleeve. Mu.

18. Comb. Gah.

19. Hair (of the head). Ka ‘hliang.

20. Needle. Chiu.

21. Body. Chieh.

22. To mend. P’ai.

23. Must. Sung ou.

24. A thread. Foh.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Wadded clothes. Lined clothes. Clothes not lined.

2.--Waistcoat. Shirt. Coat. Trousers.

3.--Cap. To have the cap on. To take the cap off.

4.--To sew. A needle. A thread.

5.--A tailor. To cut out clothes. To make up clothes.

6.--A duster. To dust clothes. 7.--To bathe.

8.--The hair of the head. To comb the hair (head).

9.--Clothes not lined are such as have an outside with nothing

inside it. Clothes lined are such as have both a lining and an

outside. Wadded clothes are clothes with cotton between the outside

and the lining.

10.--A waistcoat is that article of dress which has a back and

front but no sleeves. The shirt is the garment without lining worn

innermost of all. The coat is the garment worn outermost of all.

When short it is called a riding jacket.

11.--Is this pair of trousers wadded or lined?

12.--Caps are distinguished as small caps and official caps.

Official caps are of two sorts, winter and summer caps. Out of

doors one must have a cap on; when one returns one may take it off.

13.--Do you know how to sew? I do not. Then call a tailor here to

mend my shirt.

14.--The waistcoat is cut out but not made up yet.

15.--The riding jacket is torn, it must be mended.

16.--Tap the dust off the clothes with a duster.

17.--Who is it that combs his hair with that wooden comb?

18.--The expression _sa chieh_ means to bathe the whole body. It is

a good thing to bathe every day.

1.--Uh pong. Uh tang. Uh tei.

2.--Uh liang chieh. Uh lai. Kua. K’au.

3.--Mau. Tou mau. ‘Hlüeh mau.

4.--Chiu foh (Ngang). Yi tieh chiu. Yi chiao foh.

5.--Hsiang ngang. Kêng uh. Ngang uh.

6.--Ka ‘hliang kei. Ma uh. 7.--Sa chieh.

8.--Ka ‘hliang. Hsia koh.

9.--Uh tei chiu mai yi tang a mai au tang. Uh tang mai pi kou pi

tiung. Uh pong tiao uh tang keh tiung mai mêng sang.

10.--Uh liang chieh mai keh kai keh mai a mai mu yi p’ang uh. Uh

lai tiao keh tiung nieh pieh uh tei. Kua tiao keh kou nieh pieh uh.

Uh lai kua koh ma kua.

11.--Yi lai k’au nung mai mêng sang kai mai tang.

12.--Mau fai au tiu mai mau niu mai mau ka lai. Mau ka lai mai au

tiu mai mau hui mai mau hsioh. Nai niang tiu ka sung ou tou mau,

pou chieh loh ku i ‘hlüeh mau.

13.--Moung pang chiu foh a pang. Vai a pang. Moung koh hsiang kêng

ta tieh vai pieh pang uh lai ai p’ai.

14.--Pang uh liang chieh moung kêng yeh a pa ngang.

15.--Pang ma kua ai ngi sung ou ngang p’ai.

16.--Ta kah ‘hliang kei ma i ma uh chieh ka pai.

17.--Lai gah tou ai, tiao tê shi hsia koh.

18.--Sa chieh tiao yi chieh tou sa. Tai tai sa chieh ghou kuai.

EXERCISE XIII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Silver. Ngi.

2. Copper. Tou.

3. Iron. ‘Hlou.

4. Coin. Pei si.

5. String of cash. Tioh.

6. A note. Piao.

7. Numerative of guns, &c. Ka.

8. A balance. Tai.

9. To weigh. ‘Hlia.

10. Price. Ka.

11. To be worth. Hsi.

12. Dear. Kuei.

13. Cheap. Chien-i.

14. Suitable. Pi-i.

15. Light (weight). Fa.

16. Heavy. Tiung.

17. To borrow. Hsi.

18. An account. Hang.

19. To owe. K’eh.

20. To expend. Fai.

21. Represent. Tang.

22. To be fond of. Ghou.

23. Weight. Tiung fa.

24. Yet. Niang.

25. To lend. T’u.

26. Ounce. Liang.

27. Gold. Chieh.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--To owe bills. To borrow money. To lend money. To owe money.

2.--A bill or an account. 3.--To spend. 4.--Value. Cost.

5.--Of very small value. Not dear. Cheap. 6.--Silver money. Copper

money. Iron coin. Bank notes. 7.--An ounce of silver. A thousand

cash. A 4000 cash note.

8.--This is light; that is heavy. Weigh it in the balance if you do

not know its weight.

9.--He owes different people a good deal of money.

10.--The expression _vai hsi pei si_ means that I get other

people’s money for my own use. _Vai tu pei si_ means that I let

other people have my money for their use.

11.--His debts do not amount to less than one thousand ounces of

silver.

12.--_Hsia fai_ means to expend money. Our daily expenditure is not

very large.

13.--He loves to spend money. He is fond of spending money. He

spends too much money.

14.--That is not a dear house. The price asked for this fur coat is

very small. That flower vase is worth nothing. Cotton is very low

this year.

15.--He has not a cash to live on.

16.--Seven-tenths of these ten-cash pieces are copper, and

three-tenths iron.

17.--A _piao_ is a paper note on which is written the number of

cash it is worth (_lit._, its buying value). It is the same as coin.

18.--Gold is heavier than silver. Iron is lighter than silver.

19.--If one wants to weigh things that one is buying, one must use

the balance.

20.--What weight are these balances equal to weighing? The largest

will weigh 300 catties.

1.--Hsioh hang. Hsi pei si. Tu pei si. K’eh pei si.

2.--Hang. 3.--Hsia fai. 4.--Hsi ka. Ka pei si.

5.--Chien-i kuai. A kuei. Chien-i. 6.--Pei si ngi. Pei si tou. Pei

si ‘hlou. Piao. 7.--Yi liang ngi. Yi tioh pei si. ‘Hlao tioh pei si

piao.

8.--Lai nung fa, lai moung tiung. A pang tiung fa ta tieh tai ‘hlia

i ‘hlia.

9.--Ngi hsioh nai pieh hang a hsiu.

10.--Vai hsi pei si tiao vai ta toh nai pieh pei si vai hsia. Vai

tu pei si tiao nai tiao ta vai pieh pei si ta tiao nai hsia.

11.--Ngi hsioh hang a ngah yi say liang ngi.

12.--Hsia fai tiao ta pei si hsia chiu yeh. Pieh pieh tiu chieh tai

tai hsia fai a nao kuai.

13.--Ngi ā hsia pei si. Ngi ghou hsia pei si. Ngi ku yüeh hsia pei

si nao.

14.--Lai chieh moung ka pei si a kuei. Yi p’ang nung ka ‘hliang kua

ka pei si chien-i kuai. Lai pieh to moung a hsi pei si. ‘Hniu nung

mêng sang chien-i kuai.

15.--Ngi tiu chieh yi lai pei si tou a mai.

16.--Lai pei si ‘hlioh moung tang chiu lai pei si niu keh tiung mai

hsiung fai tou pieh fai ‘hlou.

17.--Piao tiao yi lieh tu keh vai si pei si suh mai keh tiung keh

ai. Pei si ngi piao si chiang tioh.

18.--Chieh pi ngi tiung. ‘Hlou pi ngi fa.

19.--Mai keh tiung keh ai ou ‘hlia tiung fa sung ou hsia tai.

20.--Au pieh ti tai ku i ‘hlia hao nao chiang liang. Tou ‘hlioh ku

i ‘hlia pieh pa chiang.

EXERCISE XIV.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Coal. Mai.

2. Charcoal. T’ai.

3. Firewood. T’u.

4. Flour. Pai.

5. Oil. Tiang.

6. Egg. Keh.

7. Sugar. T’ang.

8. Salt. Hsieh.

9. Coarse. Sa.

10. Fine. Moung.

11. Broth. Ou.

12. Chicken. Kei.

13. To eat. Nêng.

14. Milk. Voh.

15. Fruit. Chiang.

16. Vegetables. Ngau.

17. To drink. ‘Hou.

18. Prepare. Hao.

19. Arrange. Shu.

20. Remove. Hsiou.

21. Ripe. Hsieh.

22. Discuss. Lai.

23. Picul (133⅓ lbs.) Tan.

24. Soup. Ch’ia.

25. Rice. Sai.

26. To make. Ai.

27. Grow. Lai.

28. Here. Ha nung.

29. There. Ha moung.

30. Raw. Niu.

31. As well; also. Niang.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Firewood. Coal and charcoal. 2.--Rice and flour. White sugar.

Fowl’s eggs. Cow’s milk. Fruit. 3.--Lamp oil. 4.--Coarse salt. Fine

salt. 5.--To cook food. To put food on the table. To clear away,

remove (as food).

6.--To eat one’s meals. To drink soup. 7.--I bought yesterday 300

catties of coal, 50 catties of charcoal, 80 catties of firewood,

four piculs of rice, and two hundred catties of flour.

8.--Lamp oil is made from the bean. Sweet oil is made from sesame.

Lamp oil costs less than sweet oil. 9.--_Tiao t’u_ means to light a

fire.

10.--When the weather is cold, the consumption of coal and charcoal

is larger.

11.--In a stove one uses coal. In a chafing dish charcoal. A

chafing dish is for use in a room. One cannot cook food or heat

water with it.

12.--Food is either raw or cooked. When prepared over a fire it is

cooked. It is raw when it can be eaten in the natural state.

13.--You go and buy me a small chicken, and three or four eggs. Do

you want any milk as well? I should like some catties of milk if

it is cheap. In this part of the world we do not buy milk by the

catty, but by the cup or bottle. Fruit is not bought by the catty

either, but by the piece.

14.--Do you prefer flour or rice? Neither. I like soup. What soup?

Either meat soup or chicken soup suits me.

15.--Go and get the food ready directly. As soon as it is ready put

it on the table.

16.--What does _hsiou_ mean? The removal of the things when you

have done eating.

1.--T’u. Mai t’ai. 2.--Ka pai. Hsia tang _or_ Tang ‘hlou. Keh kei.

Voh lia. Chiang. 3.--Tiang tai. 4.--Sa hsieh. Moung hsieh. 5.--Hao

ngau. Shu ngau. Hsiou nioh.

6.--Nêng ka. ‘Hou ch’ia. 7.--Vai tai nung mai pieh pa chiang mai;

Chia chiu chiang t’ai; ya chiu chiang t’u; ‘Hlao tan sai; au pa

chiang ka pai.

8.--Tiang tai tiao tou ai. Ou yu tiao yu mi ai. Tiang tai pi ou yu

chien i. 9.--Tiao t’u tiao tiao t’u.

10.--Tai si pieh shih ‘hou hsia mai t’ai nao.

11.--Keh sao tiao mai. Hu pai tiao t’ai. Hu pai tiu chieh tiao. A

pang hao ka hao ou.

12.--Ngau mai niu mai hsieh. Niang t’u keh vai hao tou tiao ngau

hsieh. Ngau niu tiao ka ta lai ta ku i nêng tao.

13.--Moung moung tou vai mai yi tai kei niu; Pieh chia lai keh kei.

Niang ou voh lia a ou. Voh lia chien i vai ku i ou hsiu chiang pieh

ha nung mai voh lia a lai chiang chiang, tou tiao lai ti lai to.

Mai chiang si a lai chiang chiang, tou tiao lai ka lai.

14.--Moung ā kêng ka pai ā nêng ka. Au tiu tou a ā. Vai ā ‘hou

ch’ia. Ā ‘hou kai shi ch’ia. Ngi ch’ia kei ch’ia tou ghou.

15.--Moung hang hao ka moung. Ka hsieh hsiu ta.

16.--Kai shi tiao hsiou. Moung nêng chiu ka tou tieh ngah moung tou

tiao hsiou yeh.

EXERCISE XV.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. A capital. Chieh.

2. Far. T’o.

3. Near. Ngeh.

4. South. Nan.

5. North. Pei.

6. Road. Keh.

7. Straight. Tei.

8. Winding. Koh.

9. River. Tiang.

10. Sea. Hai.

11. Side. Pau.

12. Deep. To.

13. Shallow. Nieh.

14. Boat. Niang.

15. Guest. K’a.

16. Inn. P’au.

17. Innkeeper; Landlord. Kuei p’au.

18. To reckon. Ngieh.

19. To receive. Hshou.

20. Trouble. Goh.

21. Bitterness. I.

22. To join. ‘Ha.

23. A province. Sai.

24. To live at. Ai.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--To go to the capital. It will do to go straight or go round.

2.--In reckoning distance, the straight road is the shortest.

3.--The south. The north. 4.--A ship.

5.--To be on board a ship. To cross a river. To go by sea. The

water is deep. The water is shallow. 6.--An inn. The innkeeper.

7.--Trouble. Sorrow. To be in trouble. To be resting.

8.--When you went to the capital last year, where did you live? At

an inn. I have heard it said that the inns outside the city are

some of them not very good to stay at. That is all as the innkeeper

is a good or a bad one. In my opinion, when one is tired, any inn

is good. All you go to it for is to rest yourself.

9.--When you go travelling, do you prefer a cart or a ship? That

all depends upon the country. There are no carts in the south, and

travellers all go by water. The vessels used in river-travelling

are small. Sea-going vessels are larger.

10.--The water in rivers is shallow, not so deep as in the sea.

11.--In the voyage you made by sea the year before last, you had

a hard time of it, hadn’t you? I had. It blew hard, and the ship

got ashore on the coast of Shan-tung. All of us who were on board

suffered dreadfully.

12.--Who looks after the messing on board ship? The people of the

ship look after it.

13.--What costs most, travelling by water or travelling in a cart?

One spends more travelling in a cart. What! Does the fare of a cart

come to more than one’s passage on board a vessel? The cart costs

more, the reason being that the people we hire our carts of in the

north have also their money to make out of it.

1.--Chieh chieh. Tei ‘hei, koh ‘hei, tou ku i.

2.--Ngeh sui keh t’o ngeh, tei ‘hei ngeh koh ‘hei t’o.

3.--Nan pau, pei pau. 4.--Yi chiao niang.

5.--Niang niang. Tioh tiang. ‘Hei ‘hai. Ou to. Ou nieh. 6.--P’au

k’a. Kuei p’au. 7.--‘Hi i. Hshou goh. Hsioh goh.

8.--Moung ‘hniu fa chieh chieh niang hang to ai. Niang p’au k’a.

Vai tang chiu hao keh kou p’au k’a mai a ghou kuai ai. Tou ngieh

kuei p’au ghou a ghou. Sai vai chiu nai koh hang to tou ghou. Lei

p’au keh tiung a ku hsioh goh.

9.--Moung ‘hei keh ā niang lioh ā niang niang. Tou tiao ngieh fieh.

Nan pau a mai lioh, ‘hei keh pieh k’a tou tiao niang niang. ‘Hei

keh tiang tou tiao niang niu. ‘Hei hai pieh tiao niang ‘hlioh.

10.--Tiang keh tiung ou nieh a mai hai ou to.

11.--Moung ‘hniu tang niang hai niang hshou goh a hshou. A sa. Tiao

‘hlioh chiang niang niang Shan-tung pau chieh ‘hlia nieh; pieh ku

nai ‘hi i fi a chiu.

12.--Niang chieh nêng ka kai shi nai kuei. Tiao niang chieh kuei.

13.--Sui ngieh pieh chieh tiao niang niang kuei tiao niang lioh

kuei. Niang lioh pi niang niang hsia pei si nao. Hang to. Lioh ka

pi niang ka kuei. Lioh ka kuei tiao pieh pieh pei pau keh tiang

kuei pau ou hsia hsiu lai pei si.

EXERCISE XVI.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Baggage. ‘Hi.

2. Box. Tiang.

3. Bundle. Kuei.

4. Bag. Tui.

5. Felt. Hsi.

6. Cotton fabric. Hsi.

7. To feed. I.

8. Camel (one hump). Lu.

9. Camel (two humps). T’u.

10. Animals. Tieh ‘hi.

11. Heel. Lia.

12. A set. Pang.

13. Contain; pack. Chi.

14. Girdle. Hsioh.

15. Load. Tu.

16. Pursue. Ngong; t’ou.

17. Follow. Hang.

18. Wrap up. Kuei.

19. Interest. Liang.

20. To harm. Ha.

21. Injurious. Nia; tiu.

22. Spring. Ch’ün.

23. Summer. Hsia.

24. Autumn. Ch’iu.

25. Winter. Tung.

26. Early. So.

27. Carry. Tiang.

28. Wood. Tou.

29. Care for. Yeou.

30. On. Vai.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Baggage. Trunk. Bundle. Bag. Blanket or Felt.

2.--A bale of cotton cloth. 3.--To feed beasts. The camel. Beast

of burden. 4.--To put in a box. To carry things with one. To lead

animals.

5.--To pursue. 6.--Very dreadful, injurious.

7.--Spring. Summer. Autumn. Winter.

8.--_‘Hi_ means whatever a traveller carries with him. 9.--Trunks

are made some of leather, some of wood, and will hold all sorts of

things. A _kuei_ is a bundle of things wrapped up in anything. He

has wrapped up that small box in a rug. A _tui_ is a bag to hold

odds and ends. Those bags we use are made of cotton.

10.--On a journey the beasts have to be fed as soon as one arrives

at an inn.

11.--Camels all come from other places.

12.--The beast which bears a load is called a _t’u_. One may speak

of an ass, a mule, or a horse as a _t’u_.

13.--Take care of the baggage. It will be all right if the baggage

is all there.

14.--The gatekeeper is a servant. He called him to put his boxes

into the cart.

15.--As I came out his gatekeeper came after me, but did not

overtake me.

16.--Where is that man? He has gone out. If you run fast enough you

may overtake him. He went out early, I fear it will not be possible

to overtake him. Whether he is to be overtaken or not, you just run

after him as hard as you can.

17.--Winter is very cold; summer very hot; spring is not so cold as

winter; nor is autumn so hot as summer.

1.--‘Hi. Tiang. Kuei. Tui. Hsi.

2.--Yi lai hsi. 3.--I tieh ‘hi. Lu t’u. Tu. 4.--Chi tiang. Tiang

chia shih. Tioh tieh ‘hi.

5.--Ngong t’ou. 6.--Nia tiu kuai.

7.--Ch’ün. Hsia. Ch’iu. Tung.

8.--‘Hi tiao ‘hei keh pieh ka nai tiang chia shih. 9.--Tiang mai ka

li ai mai tou ai, kai shi chia shih tou ku i chi. Kuei tiao ta chia

shih hsia kai shi kuei loh. Ngi ta hsi kuei lai tiang niu moung

loh. Tui tiao chi ka sai. Pieh hsia tou tiao tui hsi.

10.--Chieh keh lei p’au keh tiung sung ou i tieh ‘hi.

11.--Lu t’u tou tiao kang ‘hi ta.

12.--Tieh ‘hi chiao chieh a chia shih koh t’u. Lui t’u, lu t’u, ma

t’u tou ku i ch’iu.

13.--Moung yeou ‘hi. Tu tou tiao chieh chiu ghou.

14.--Ngo tiu tiao hsia nai. Ngi koh ngo tiu ta tiang chi tioh lioh

vai.

15.--Vai ‘hliu kou moung ngi pieh ngo tiu niang keh kai ngong t’ou

vai; ngong yi tang tai t’ou a t’ou chia.

16.--Tai lai nai moung niang hang to. Ngi ‘hliu moung yeh. Moung

hang yeh ku i t’ou chia ngi. Ngi so moung, hsi t’ou a chia. A lai

t’ou chia a t’ou chia, moung hang yeh ngong ngi, chiu tiao yeh.

17.--Tung t’ien si va; hsia t’ien hsieh va; ch’ün a mai tung si;

ch’iu a mai hsia hsioh.

EXERCISE XVII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Brains. ‘Hlui.

2. Pigtail. Chiao mi.

3. Ear. Ngi.

4. Eye. Mai.

5. Pupil of eye. Chiu chi.

6. Mouth. Lo.

7. Lips. Pou lo.

8. Beard. Hsieh nieh.

9. Armpit. Ka sho.

10. Arm. Kou.

11. Finger. Ta pi.

12. Fingernail. Kang pi.

13. To clutch. Wa.

14. Loins; waist. ‘Hla.

15. Legs; thigh. Pa.

16. Strong; robust. Mai^1 go.

17. Weak. Mai^4 go.

18. To pull. ‘Hlioh

19. To haul. Toh.

20. Disease. Mang.

21. Pain. Mang.

22. Strange. Lo.

23. Monstrous. Hsüeh.

24. Nose. Pao nüeh.

25. Old. Lu.

26. Tongue. Ni.

27. Strength. Go.

28. Woman. Mi.

29. Close; tight. Koh.

30. Hands. Pi.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Head. Queue. Ear. Eye. Nose. Mouth. In the mouth. The lips.

The beard. Arm. Finger. Nail. Back and legs. 2.--Robust. Weak.

3.--Pulling. Hauling at. To haul with great effort. To tear or

injure in clutching hold of. 4.--Connected, consecutively. 5.--To

be ill. Very sore. Strange.

6.--A man’s head has brains inside it, and is therefore called a

head-bag.

7.--This tail of yours wants combing.

8.--When a man is old, he can neither see well nor see clearly.

9.--That man has a very odd-looking nose. 10.--This man is very

strong. That man is very weak.

11.--Have you anything the matter with you? I am weak, but not ill.

12.--In these five or six years that you and I have not met, your

beard has turned quite white. I have been sadly ailing for some

years.

13.--That man who is lying on the road has both legs broken.

14.--To have something the matter with the back that makes it

impossible for one to stand upright. 15.--Do you move so slowly

because you have something the matter with you? No; it is age which

makes me weak in the back and limbs.

16.--He has something the matter with his tongue, and his mouth and

lips are broken out.

17.--It may be said that eating and speaking both are of the mouth.

18.--That woman’s nails were so long that when she clutched hold of

his arm they tore it. 19.--My finger is sore. 20.--What animals are

used to draw carts? They may be drawn by mules, donkeys, or horses.

21.--_Toh_ means to pull hard with the hand. Pull the door fast to.

He pulled and hauled at me.

1--Koh. Mi. Ngi. Mai. Pao nüeh. Lo. Lo keh tiung. Pou lo. Hsieh

nieh. Kou. Ta pi. Kang pi. ‘Hla pa. 2.--Mai^1 go. Mai^4 go.

3.--‘Hlioh. Toh. ‘Hlioh toh. Wa ni. 4.--‘Ha. 5.--Mai mang. Mang

kuai. Lo hsüeh.

6.--Nai koh keh tiung mai ‘hlui, chiu koh koh tou.

7.--Moung pieh chiao mi nung sung ou hsia.

8.--Nai lu, ngi tang a ghou, mai tou ngieh a vai. 9.--Tai nai moung

pieh pao nüeh mai lo hsüeh. 10.--Tai nai nung mai^1 go. Tai nai ai

mai^4 go kuai.

11.--Moung chiao chieh mai mang a mai. A mai mang. Vai chiao chieh

mai^4 go. 12.--Pieh chia tiu ‘hniu a pang, moung pieh hsieh nieh

tou ‘hluh yeh. Vai pieh chiao chieh mai mang nia tiu.

13.--Tiu ka keh vai lai nai pang ai au pa tou ni yeh. 14.--Ka ‘hla

mai mang fa a lei loh. 15.--Moung kai shi keh keh ‘hei, chiao chieh

mang a mang. A tiao; tiao nai lu yeh, ‘hla pa tou a ghou.

16.--Ngi chiao ni mai mang, lo pao nüeh tou ni yeh.

17.--Lo keh tiung nêng ka, lo keh tiung ch’iu si, tou ku i ch’iu.

18.--Tai mi moung kang pi ta, li ngi pi kou wa ni yeh. 19.--Vai

pieh ta pi mang. 20.--‘Hlioh lioh hsia kai shi tieh ‘hi. Hsia lu,

lui, ma, tou ku i ‘hlioh tau.

21.--Toh tiao nai pieh pi hsia go ‘hlioh. Lai tiu ‘hlioh koh. Ngi

‘hlioh toh vai.

EXERCISE XVIII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Eyebrows. Keh nang.

2. Jaws. Mang.

3. Capture. Vi k’a.

4. Chin. Ka kang.

5. To build. Poh.

6. Neck. Ka ‘hlieh.

7. Throat. Ka kung.

8. Joint. Yeh.

9. To scrape. Kieh.

10. To shave. T’i.

11. Breast. Kang.

12. The back. Kou.

13. Spine. Tiu.

14. Foot. Lao.

15. Belly. Ka chiang.

16. Wave. Lang.

17. Respectable. Lah.

18. Ankle. Tiu ngêng.

19. Heart. ‘Hlu.

20. Conduct. ‘Hi.

21. To behead. Sai.

22. Robbers. Tsui.

23. Heads (of criminals). Fi.

24. The brow. Yen tieh.

25. Knee-cap. Koh chiang.

26. Above. Keh vai.

27. Below. Keh ta.

28. Bone. Sung.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--The eyebrows. The hair. The jaws. The chin. The nostrils. The

neck. The gullet. 2.--The shoulders. The spine. The breast. The

belly.

3.--The knee-cap. The ankle-bone. The joints. 4.--To scrape the

face. To shave the head. To behead.

5.--Respectable. 6.--The eyebrows are the hair above the eyes. _Ki

koh_ means the hair on either side of the forehead. 7.--The jaws

are the flesh on either side of the mouth. 8.--The bone below the

mouth is the chin. 9.--The shoulders are at the top of the back.

10.--The space behind the shoulders is called the _tiu koh_ and the

_tiu kou_.

11.--What is behind the head is called the neck.

12.--The breast is below the throat and above the belly. 13.--The

knee-cap is the joint in the middle of the leg. The joint above the

foot is called the ankle. 14.--When people are too young to have

beards their faces have to be scraped.

15.--In shaving, what is shaved off is the short hair growing

outside the queue. Outlaws who do not shave the head are called

long-haired rebels.

16.--When a rebel is captured he is beheaded, and the head cut off

is called a _koh fi_.

17.--When you say a man is respectable, you mean that his conduct

has nothing bad about it. When you say that that man _lai tao lah_,

you mean that he is good-looking.

18.--You may also say that his house is respectable--that it is a

fine house.

1.--Keh nang. Ka ‘hliang. Mang. Ka kang. Kang nüeh. Ka kung. Tiung

kung. 2.--Chieh. Tiu. Kang. Ka chiang.

3.--Koh chiang. Sung ngêng. Yeh. 4.--Kieh mai. T’i koh. Sai koh.

5.--Lah. 6.--Keh nang tiao mai keh vai ka ‘hliang. Ki koh tiao yen

tieh au p’i pieh ka ‘hliang. 7.--Mang tiao lo au p’i pieh ngi.

8.--Lo pi ta pieh sung tiao ka kang. 9.--Chieh tiao kou keh vai.

10.--Au chieh keh kai pieh ‘hli koh tiu koh tiu kou.

11.--Lai koh keh ta koh ka kung.

12.--Kang tiao ka kung keh ta ka chiang keh vai. 13.--Koh chiang

tiao tou ka tiung pieh sung yeh. Lao keh vai pieh sung yeh chiu koh

tiu ngêng. 14.--Nai i a mai hsieh nieh pieh shih ‘hou sung ou kieh

mai.

15.--T’i koh; T’i pieh tiao chiao mi pieh pi kou pieh ka ‘hliang

lai. A t’i koh tiao tsui moung koh ta ‘hliang tsui.

16.--Vi k’a tsui chiu sai. Sai lo pieh koh chiu koh fi.

17.--Ch’iu lai nai lah tiao ch’iu lai nai moung pieh ‘hi a mai kai

shi a ghou. Ch’iu lai nai moung lai tao lah tiao ch’iu ngi lai tao

ghou ngieh.

18.--Ngi pieh lai chieh poh tao lah tou ch’iu tao.

ENGLISH-PHÖ VOCABULARY.