272. gáya like, resembling, in the manne_Tagalog Texts with Grammatical Analysis

attribute cf. § 177: ang manga púno-ng-káhoy, gáya nang tsíko trees

like the custard-apple; Gáya nang karanyúwan inumpisahàn nang kúra

ang kanya ng sèrmon. As usual, the priest began his sermon. Magaàn

ang sípa`, hindí gáya nang bóla ng gámit sa bèsbol. The football

is light, unlike the ball used in baseball. These phrases occur

also as conjunctive attributes: Hindí umuwé si Kíko na gáya nang

karanyúwan. Kiko did not go home as usual. Normal constructions: Ang

húni nang íbo ng pipìt ay gáya nang isa ng sutsòt. The chirp of the

humming-bird is like a whistling. ang manga gáya mo those like you,

people like you.

273. kasáma (in normal constructions companion): as companion of,

in company with: Namundok syà kasáma nang ilà manga táo-ng-báyan. He

took the mountains along with a few fellow-townsmen.

274. Abstracts of action with prefixes in p- (see Morphology) express

the time when or (so pagka- and pagkà-) the time immediately after

which. They sometimes occur without a disjunctive modifier. Cf. §

300. Pagulàn ay gamítin mo ang kapóte. When it rains use your

raincoat. Pagdatìng niya ay sabíhin mo ng maghintày. When he arrives

tell him to wait, literally: At the arriving of him be-it-said by-you

that (he) wait. Pagkasúnog nang báhay ay hinánap nilà ang aláhas. When

the house had burned down they looked for the jewelry. Pagakpakan

mò si Hwàn pagkaraàn nang kanyà ng talumpáte`. Applaud Juan when his

speech is done.

275. pára like is followed by a conjunctive (instead of a disjunctive)

object expression whenever an indefinite object is meant (§ 68). The

phrase so formed is often a conjunctive attribute. It is closely

joined: Si Pédro màn pára ni Hwàn ay nábilanggò`. Pedro too, like Juan,

was put in jail. But: May katawàn sya ng pára ng táo. He has a body

like a human being. Normal constructions: Pára ka ng kúra. You are

like a priest. Ang lamìg nang kanya ng kamày ay pára ng sa patày. The

coldness of his hand is like that of a dead person. (Cf. § 209).

276. sábi saying, that said: Sábi daw nyà ay malakì ang súnog. He says,

I am told, that the fire was big.

277. (B) alintána despite: Nàbálot ko nà ang manga librò, alintána

sa karamíhan nitò. I have managed to pack the books, in spite of

their number.

278. áyon according to (giving the source of a statement): Áyon sa

sábi nang marámi ay màpàpaghuli na ràw ang manga magnanákaw. According

to what people say, the robbers are now near to being caught.

279. bukòd beside, in addition to: Bukòd sa asáwa ay may dalawà sya

ng anàk. Beside his wife, he had two children.

280. dáhil reason, cause and its derivative dahilàn, both here in

the sense: on account of: Hindí nakatahòl ang áso dáhil sa kanya ng

kahináan. The dog was not able to bark, on account of his weakness,

i. e. was so weak that he could not bark. Hinúle si Hwàn nang pulìs

dahilàn sa paghárang na ginawá nya kina Andrès at kanila ng manga

kaybígan. Juan was arrested by the policeman for having held up Andrés'

party and their friends. Dahilàn sa kanya ng pagkàgúlat ay nápaupú

sya. In his surprise he sank down on his chair.

Note especially dáhil díto, dahil díto on account of this, therefore;

the omission of ay, y is especially frequent, see § 120, A, and

the example there given. Dáhil díto ay nadílat ang kanya ng manga

matà. Through this his eyes were opened.

281. The particle káy, ké than, more than: Ang búnga ng itò y matamìs

káy sa asúkal. This fruit is sweeter than sugar. malakàs ké sa kanyà

stronger than he.

The combination káy sa has so much unity that the sa is often repeated

or used where unnecessary: so always before a proper name: Ang báta

ng si Pédro ay mataàs nang kauntè` káy sa sa lamésa. Little Pedro

is a bit taller than the table. lálu ng mabagsìk káy sa ríto more

fierce than this; Ang báta ng si Pédro ay mataàs nang kauntè` káy

sa kay Hwàn. Little Pedro is a bit taller than Juan. Sya y mabúte

ng tumugtùg ké sa kay Hwána. She plays better than Juana. Si Hwàn ay

magúlang káy sa kay Pédro. Juan is older than Pedro.

Owing to the construction described at § 120 this construction may be

ambiguous: Lálo ng malakì ang gálit ni Hwàn káy sa kay Pédro. Juan's

anger is greater than Pedro's.

282. lában against: ang gálit lában sa kanyà anger against him, Ang

kapangyaríhan ay ginàgámit nya lában sa kanya ng manga kaáway. He

uses his power against his enemies.

283. líban except: Ang manga karumáta ng itò ay upahàn, líban na

lámang sa ilàn. These carriages are hired, except only for a few.

284. The particle mulà` from and its derivative magmulà` starting from:

ang gitnà` mulá sa magkábila ng dúlo the middle from both ends; ang

kanyà ng manga súgat mulá sa paà hanggàng úlo his wounds from feet to

head; mulá ríto from here. With disjunctive attribute of time instead

of local attribute: mulá noòn from then on, from that time.

285. Words of manner with prefix pa- (see Morphology): Ang manga táo

ay nagsipagtakbúhan papalabàs sa simbáhan. The people ran leaving

(i. e. out of) the church. Ipinatúluy nya ang paglalakàd papuntà sa

isa ng báhay. He continued walking (directed) toward a certain house.

Commonest is patúngo directed towards, aiming for: Tumakbo syà patúngu

sa ílog. He ran towards the river.

Regular construction: Sya y papuntà sa lángit. He was on the way

to Heaven.

286. The particle parà, pára (Spanish) for, equivalent to úkol (§ 288):

Nagbwàl sila nang isa ng báka pára sa fiyèsta. They slaughtered a cow

for the fiesta. Humúkay sila nang malálim parà sa patày. They dug a

deep pit for the corpse. Pumútol ka bà nang damò parà sa kabáyo? Have

you cut any grass for the horse? Also as conjunctive attribute,

modifying an object expression: Sulat nà ang líham na pára kay

Hwána. The letter for Juana is written.

287. tungkòl about, concerning: Nasiyásat nang hukòm ang lahàt nang

bágay tungkòl sa kanila ng úsap. The judge inquired into all the

matters relating to their suit. Cf.: ang tungkùl sa súnog the details

about the fire.

288. The particle úkol is synonymous with parà (§ 286) and tungkòl:

Humúkay sila nang malálim úkol sa patày. This phrase as predicate:

Iyò y úkol sa manga hírap sa infiyèrno. This was about the sufferings

in Hell.

(6) words introducing subordinate phrases or predications.

289. Certain words precede words, phrases, and whole predications which

are thereby subordinated to the main sentence as absolute attributes,

loosely joined.

The syntactic relation of these words to the expressions which they

introduce seems to be the peculiar one described in § 54. However,

some of them are plainly joined to their phrase by na, ng, and others

end in -ng or -t. Most of them merely precede the phrase, others are

closely joined.

Finally, in a few cases predications apparently not introduced by

any subordinating word are used as absolute attributes.

290. bagà (§ 216), in this sense always followed by màn (§ 221),

although, is less used than káhit (§ 294). See also § 317. Baga màn

nakapagpasyàl si Pédro, nátira kamì sa báhay. Although Pedro managed

to take a walk, we staid home.

291. bágo, in this use before (in point of time), has closely joined

position as regards its phrase: Ang manga kabáyo ng ginàgámit nang

manga kanyunéros nang gubyèrno ay pinaíinum múna, bágo pakánin. The

horses used by the artillery of the government are watered first,

before they are fed. Nagkantáhan silà bágo naguwían. They sang

together before they went home. Bágo sya y sumúlat ay makipagúsap

ka sa kanyà. Before he writes have a talk with him. Magísip ka bágo

ka sumagòt. Think before you answer. Balatan mò ang manggà bágu mo

kánin. Peel the mango before you eat it. maluwat pà bágo mamatày ang

mangkukúlam long before the sorcerer dies.

In normal constructions bágo has the sense of new, recent: ang bágu

ng báhay the new house; ang bágo ng táo an unmarried man, a youth;

ang manga manòk na bágo ng bilè the chickens just bought; Bágu ng

gáling sya sa sakìt. He is recently recovered from an illness.

292. hábang throughout, during, while probably consists of hába` length

plus ng. Hábang sya y natùtúlog ay nakaraàn ang susò`. While he was

sleeping the snail passed. Hábang pinagusápan nilà itò ang ikapitù ng

báta` ay nása isa ng bitàk nang bangkò`. While they were discussing

this, the seventh child was in a crack of the bench. Nàlùlugmok

syà hábang panahòn sa isa ng malálim na kalungkútan. She was sunk

constantly (literally: throughout time) in a deep sadness. A short

phrase with hábang may be closely joined: Hindí nya natagalà ng

angkinìn hábang búhay nya ang birtùd na iyòn. He did not succeed in

keeping this quality as his own throughout (his) life. [8]

293. hanggàng as far as, to, until may be hanggàn limit, end plus ng;

instead of the absolute construction the phrase is, however, often

in local form. For lack of ang in the phrase see § 68. Naghintày

sya hanggàng katanghalían. He waited till noon. Ang púno` ay tumúbo`

hanggàng sa magbúnga. The tree grew until (it) bore fruit. Silà ay

nagtakbúhan hanggàng sa dumatìng sila sa kanila ng báyan. They both ran

until they arrived in their town. As predicate: Ang kúlang nang gátas

ay hanggàng sa leèg nang bóte. The lack of milk is as far as the neck

of the bottle, i. e. The milk goes only up to the neck of the bottle.

294. káhit (§ 245), with or without na, in the sense of although, no

matter (cf. §§ 290. 317). The subordinate word or phrase has usually

the form of a question; when it is an entire predication the predicate

stands first: Tinalaga nyà ng sumáma, káhit na saàn sya dalhìn. He

decided to go along, no matter where he was carried. Káhit na anò ang

iyútos nya ay sinúsunòd. No matter what it was he ordered, (it) was

obeyed. Káhit na madilìm ang gabì ay nagpasyal dìn si Pédro. Though

the night was dark, Pedro nevertheless took a walk. Káhit na bahagyà

ang ulàn ay nakabasà` nang karsáda. Though the rain was scanty,

it sufficed to wet the streets. Káhit ulòl ang áso ay áyaw nya ng

patayìn. Although the dog was mad, he did not want to kill it.

Note the following instance, in which káhit na precedes its phrase as

a closely joined attribute: Nàramdaman kò ang kalabìt nya sa ákin,

káhit na akò natùtúlog. I felt his touch against me, even though I

was asleep.

Phrases with káhit may be closely joined to the main sentence:

Nàpùpútol nya káhit na walá sya ng kasangkápan ang bákal nang kanya

ng bìlanggúan. He managed, even though he had no tools, to cut the

iron of his prison. ang táo káhit laláki o babáye na nagàári sa kanyà

the person, man or woman, who owns it.

295. kaniyà`, kanyà` (§ 241) expressive of result, may with its phrase

be subordinated. It then stands as a closely joined attribute of its

phrase: Kanyá nya iníwan ang páyong ay sapagkàt nagtígil ang ulàn at

lumiwánag ang lángit. The reason he left his umbrella (quasi-subject)

was because the rain let up and the sky cleared. Accordingly we may

analyze as subordinate such clauses as the following: Náupó sya sa

tinìk, kanyá sya nápatindìg agàd. He sat down on a spine, so as to jump

at once, i. e. that is why he jumped up at once. Cf., however, § 324.

296. The particle kapàg if, in case (of single events viewed as

completed in the future, synonymous with pagkà, § 304), see § 300:

Ang hiniràm nya ng kampìt ay iyo ng kúnin, kapag ipinùpútol na nyà

nang káhoy. Take away the knife he borrowed if he uses it to cut wood.

297. kayà` (§ 219) is sometimes used exactly like kaniyà` (§ 295):

Kayà` aku naparíto ay kùkúnin ku ang hiniràm mo ng librò. I am going

to take the book you have borrowed, so that I have come here, i. e. I

have come here to.... The act is expressed as a subordinate element,

the purpose as the principal sentence. Nagpùpútol si Hwàn nang káhoy,

kayá sya y wala ríto. Juan is cutting wood now, that is why he is

not here.

298. The atonic particle kung preceding an expression of time

states the time when of repeated occurrences: Gumàgámit kamì nang

makapàl na damìt kung tagulàn. We use thick clothing in the rainy

season. Nagtìtípon nang pagkáin ang manga langgàm kung tagáraw. The

ants collect food in summer. Ang hùníhan nang manga íbon kung

umága ay nakalìligáya. The chirping of the birds in the morning is

gladdening. Ang iba ng táwo y mabúti pa ng makisáma káy sa isà ng

kapatìd kung mínsan. An unrelated person is better to associate

with than a brother at times. So: kung gabè at night, of nights,

kung fiyèsta nang báyan during the (periodic) fiesta of the town,

kung madilìm at dark, when it is dark, kung bahà` at flood-times,

kung buwàn nang Húniyo in June.

Occasionally the phrase with kung is closely joined: Hindí hasà`

kung mínsan ang manga bágu ng patalìm sa Filipínas. In the Philippines

new cutlery is sometimes without an edge (i. e. sold without an edge,

to be sharpened by the purchaser).

299. With phrases in the form of a question (minus bà § 215 or bagà §

216) kung expresses indirect question. The expression so formed stands

as quasi-subject or quasi-object (cf. §§ 157. 158) or as predicate:

Naalaála nya kung papáno ang paggawà` nang salamangkà. He managed

to recall how the trick was done. Ipináyu nya na kung sínu sa kanilà

ang pinkamahúsay na magsalità` nang Latìn ay siya lámang kàkáin nang

itlòg. He advised that whoever (kung síno) among them was the best at

speaking Latin should be the one who alone ate the egg. Si Pédro ay

nagíisìp kung saàn nya naíwan ang kanya ng páyong. Pedro is trying

to recall where he left his umbrella. Nàlàláman mo bà kung saàn sya

nároon? Do you know where he is? Ang manga táo-ng-báyan ay nagsiyásat

kung maàári sila ng magtayò nang isa ng mákina nang bìgásan sa kanila

ng báyan. The townspeople considered whether they could put up a

machine for thrashing rice in their town. Ang siyásat ni Hwàn sa kanya

ng pagparíto ay kung ilà ng kúra ang nàrìritò sa áti ng báyan. Juan's

inquiry when he got here was how many priests there are in our town.

300. Introducing other phrases kung has the sense of if, whenever

(of non-actual occurrences viewed as unreal, hypothetical, or

repeated); compare disjunctive attributes of time (§ 192, single actual

occurrence), pag (§ 303, single non-actual occurrence, simultaneous),

kapàg and pagkà (§§ 296, 304, single non-actual precedent occurrence),

words with prefixes in p- (§ 274, single occurrence, actual or

non-actual), tuwè` (§ 307, repeated actual): Kung dumatìng si Hwàn

ay umalis kà. If Juan comes, go away. Kung dumatìng sya ay sabíhin mo

ng maghintày. If he comes, tell him to wait. Kung úulàn ay gamítin mo

ang kapóte. If it rains, use your raincoat. Bìbilhin kò ang kabáyo ng

iyòn kung máy-roon akò ng marámi ng kwaltà. I should buy this horse,

if I had enough money. Note: Kung sa pagaasáwa namàn, akò y nagkaroòn

nang dalawà. And as to (literally if) taking a wife, I had two.

301. In the same sense kung with dì` (§ 237) or hindì` (§ 239) if not,

precedes the second, positive member of a contrast: unless, but rather,

beside, except (Cf. palà § 228): Hwag kà ng makàpakikáin-káin kung

hindí ka inàanyáhan. Don't be taking meals with people unless you are

invited. Walà ng ibà ng nagpàpahírap sa kanyà kung hindí kayò. There

is no one else who causes suffering to him, beside you.

302. ngayòn (§ 262), when subordinating, is conjunctively joined to

its clause: Ngayò ng áraw na yitò y dárating silà. On this very day

they will arrive. Ngayò ng táo ng iyòn ay patay nà, bákit namàn...? Now

that this man is dead, why...?

303. The atonic particle pag gives the time when of a single

non-actual occurrence; cf. § 274 and see § 300. Pag akò ay pagòd,

natùtúlug akò nang maluwàt. When I am tired, I sleep late. Pag paputòl

mo ng hiníwa` ang pakuwàn ay hindí màbìbilì ang banda ng púno`. If

you cut the watermelon crosswise, you will not be able to sell the

stem-end. Magmùmurahàn sila ng dalawà pag nagkíta. The two will revile

each other when they meet.

304. The particle pagkà (synonymous with kapàg, § 296) gives the

time immediately after which of a single non-actual occurrence; cf. §

274 and see § 300. Pagka ikàw ay nahúlog ay masàsaktan kà. When you

have taken a fall you will be hurt.

305. The particle patì including; cf. § 68. ang boò ng katawàn patì

manga matà at taínga the whole body, including eyes and ears.

306. The particle sapagkàt (sa pagkà at ?) because, for: Sapagkàt ang

pári ng itò ay nagakála ng manga walà ng pinagarálan ang kanyà ng

sinèsèrmunan ay hindí sya nagpílit.... Because this priest thought

his hearers were uneducated people, he took no pains.... Ipinapútol

nya ang kanya ng dalíre`, sapagkàt tinubúan nang kànser. He had his

finger amputated because there was a cancer on it. For a phrase with

sapagkàt as predicate see example under kanyà`, § 241.

307. The particle tuwè` (§ 244) in this use tells the time when

always of actual repeated occurrences: whenever, every time. It

is conjunctively joined to its clause: Pinaghàhatdan nyà nang

gátas ang báyan twì ng umága. He delivers milk in the town every

morning. Pumàparíto ang médiko twi ng makalawà. The doctor comes

every other day. Si Hwàn ay nakìkipagluksúhan twi ng idinàdáos ang

manga palarò` kung fyèsta nang báyan. Juan takes part in the jumping

contest whenever games are held in the fiesta of the town. Twì ng

papásuk akò sa síne sa áki ng kúyang ay áyaw sya. Every time I ask

my brother to take me to the moving-picture show, he refuses.

308. úpang in order to, so that (úpa pay, wages ?): Sila y naúupo pa

lámang úpang mananghále`. They are just sitting down to eat the noon

meal. Syà y tumayò` sa bubungàn nang báhay úpang tanawìn ang súnog. He

stood up on the roof of the house to watch the fire. Kantahàn ninyò ang

máy sakit úpang sya y malibàng. Sing for the sick man so that he may be

cheered. Tináwag nilà ang isa ng kálaw úpang siya ng magìng hukòm. They

called an owl so that (it) might be the one who served as judge.

309. yámang while, as: Ang púno nang unggò ay namatày yámang ang

sa pagòng ay tumúbo`. The tree of the monkey died while that of the

turtle grew.

310. Predications and similar phrases (impersonal or anaphoric) as

absolute attributes, in the meaning of disjunctive attributes of time,

are not uncommon: Madali-ng-áraw pa lámang ay nàròroòn na silà. (When)

it was still but dawn, they were already there. Makása-m-pu ng táwag nà

ay walá pa syà. (At) the tenth call he was still not there. Makaraàn

ang ila ng sandalì` ay sinábi nya sa susò`.... (When) a few moments

had passed, he said to the snail.... May ápat na pu ng taòn na

sya sa lúpa ng Katagalúgan ay hindí pa nya nàtutúhan ... (When)

he had already been in the Tagalog country for about forty years,

he had not yet learned.... Mínsan pumásuk sya sa simbáhan ay nárinig

nya.... Once (when) he went to church, he heard.... Other examples

at 26,21. 28,11. 66,15. 9213.

4. Serial groups.

311. The serial relation is expressed in part explicitly by particles

and in part by parataxis, parenthesis, and anacolouthic constructions.

(1) coordinating particles.

312. The most important of the coordinating particles is at, t; as

some of the others end in -t, they may be felt to contain at; cf. the

similar ending in other particles, § 213; t is used after syllabics,

n, and ` (see Phonetics), but even here at is commoner.

When a sentence begins with a coordinating particle, the latter

gives expression to the connection with the preceding sentence (as

in English sentences beginning with And ... or But ...)

313. at, t and connects words, phrases, or entire predications. báro

t salawàl blouse and trousers (native costume), ang tapunàn nang

béha at upòs the place for throwing cigarette-ends and cigar-stubs,

dalawa ng, pù t dalawà twenty-two, kung mínsan at malakì ang gálit

nang amà ... sometimes, when the father's anger was great ... (kung

goes with both of the members connected by at).

When more than two elements are connected, at is used generally between

the last two: sina Pédro, Hwàn, at Andrès the group consisting of

Pedro, Juan, and Andrés. isa ng líbo, walo ng daàn, walo ng pu t

ánim 1886.

314. at is used in a few common phrases: isà t isà everyone ibà t ibà

various: ang mangà taga ibà t iba ng báyan people from various towns;

Iba t ibà ang kúlay nang kanya ng pananamìt. His clothes are of various

colors. at ibà pà and so forth, and other; ang tsíko, súha`, santòl,

... at iba pà the custard-apple, grape-fruit, santol, and so forth;

ang manga háyop at iba pà ng árì nang pàmahalaàn the live stock and

other belongings of the government.

315. at has occasionally a decidedly adversative tone; so, for

instance, at 78,31.

316. Frequently at has subordinative coloring, the second of the

members joined expressing:

cause: Hintày ka múna t hindí pa akò nakapápahingà. Make a halt first,

for I am not yet rested. Íbig mo bà ng kumáin sa ámin?--Salámat, áyaw

ko t kakàkáin ko pa lámang. Do you want to eat with us?--Thank you,

no, for I have only just eaten. Buksan mò ang pintò` at íbig ko ng

pumások. Open the door, for I want to go in.

result: Ano t dí ka lumákad nang matúlin? Why don't you walk

fast? Ano ang íbig mo t nàrìrito kà? What do you want that you have

come here? i. e. What have you come here for? So especially: anò ang

dáhil at...? what is the reason that...?

purpose: Umalìs sya t makìkipútol nang damò. He has gone to help

cut grass.

temporal succession: Hindí sya nakaratìng nang ápat na pu ng taòn sa

gúlang at sya y namatày. She had not reached forty years in her age,

when she died.

a subordinate quasi-subject: Sinábi nang manghuhúla sa iyò t hindi

maláyo ríto ang kawàwalan nang iyo ng singsìng. The fortune-teller

told you that the place where you would lose your ring is not far

from here. Sinábi ko nà sa iyò at hwag kà ng maíngay. I have told

you already not to make any noise. [9]

317. The subordinating value of at appears especially in certain

expressions which it forms with other particles:

(1) at bakà` lest (cf. § 235): Hwag kà ng magpatihúlog diyàn sa

kátre at baká ka masaktàn. Don't throw yourself from that bed, for

you might hurt yourself.

(2) at nang so that (cf. § 192 f.): Magiinùm ka nang gátas at nang

ikàw ay tumabà`. Drink milk so that you may grow stout.

(3) bagà màn at although (cf. § 290): Baga màn at umúulàn ay

nagsísipaglarò silà. Although it is raining they are at play.

(4) kayà` at so that (cf. § 297): Napapúpunta nilà ang pelóta kayà t

báwat isa sa kanilà ay nakaabàng. They direct the ball so that every

one of them is on guard.

(5) káylan màn at every time that, whenever, synonymous with tuwè ng,

§ 307 (cf. káylan màn § 262): Si Hwàn ay táwa nang táwa káylan mà t

márinig nya ang manga katatawanà ng bahági nang kwènto. Juan laughs

and laughs every time he hears the funny parts of the story.

318. dátapuwat but is the commonest adversative coordinating

particle. It is used also when the two members are not logically

but only formally in contrast: Ang húni nang pipìt ay mahína`,

dátapuwat mataàs ang tóno. The chirping of the stone-sparrow is

weak, but high-pitched. Pùputúlin ko ang lúbid kung máy-roon akò ng

laséta, dátapuwat walá ako. I should cut the rope if I had a knife,

but I have none. Si Pédro ay hindí dumatìng, dátapuwat iba ng táo

ang naparíto. Pedro did not arrive; it was someone else who came here.

319. The particles nì hindì` (§§ 253. 239) connect coordinate

elements in the sense of nor: Sya y hindí nagsísimbà nì hindí

nangúngumpisàl nì hindí rin nagmàmáno sa páre`. He neither went to

church nor confessed nor kissed the priest's hand. The hindì` may,

as an anaphoric element, be left off after another hindì`: Ang kanila

ng kamày ay hindí nila máilabàs sa bútas nì ibig namàn sila ng bitíwan

ang lamàn nang nyòg. They cannot take out their hands from the opening,

nor are they willing to let go the cocoanut-meat.

320. The particle ngúnit is equivalent with dátapuwat, but is less

common: Hindí sya nagísip, ngúnit sumagòt karáka-ráka. He did not

reflect but answered at once.

321. The atonic particle o or (probably Spanish): isa ng malakì ng

áso o báboy a large dog or pig; Dikdikìn kità sa lusòng o lunúrin

kita sa ílog? Shall I bray you in a mortar or drown you in the

river? Frequently the combination o kayà` (§ 219) is used; it is

loosely joined: Ang kapangyaríha ng itò y gáling sa dimóniyo o kayà y

mána sa magúlang. This power comes from a demon or else is inherited

from one's parents.

322. The particle subálit but is less common than its equivalents

dátapuwat and ngúnit: Aku sána y páparoon sa Balíwag, subálit hindí

ako nátulòy, dahilàn sa isa ng karamdáman. I was going to Baliwag,

but I did not keep on, on account of an illness.

(2) paratactic sentences.

323. A vocative joins another sentence: Hintú na kayò, manga

báta`! Stop, children! Té na, baláe! or: Tara nà, baláe! Come on,

old man!

324. Contrast, cause, result, detail, etc. are sometimes paratactically

expressed; in some cases it seems uncertain whether the second element

is paratactic or subordinate, so especially when it begins with kaniyà`

(§§ 241. 295): Sina Pédro, Hwàn, at Andrès ay magkakasamahà ng nagtánod

sa isà ng dúlo nang tulày; sina Felípe, Andùy, at Mariyáno sa ikalawà

ng dúlo. Pedro, Juan, and Andrés are standing guard together at one

end of the bridge; Felipe, Andoy, and Mariano at the other. Hindí ko

gustò iyàn, ibà ang áki ng gustò. I don't like that, I want something

else. Hwag kà ng umyàk, Maryà, baká ka himatayìn. Don't weep, Maria,

you might have a fainting-fit. Ang kantà nang báta ng si Hwàn ay kanya

ng nalimútan, kanyà hindi tulà` ang kanya ng kinantà. Little Juan

forgot his song, that is why what he sang was disconnected. Siya ngà`,

siyà ang nagbigày sa ákin nang bágo ng búhay. Yes, she; it was she

who gave me new life. Sya y may famíliya; bukòd sa asáwa ay may dalawà

sya ng anàk. He had a family; beside his wife he had two children.

(3) parenthesis.

325. Not infrequently explanatory elements are inserted into a

sentence parenthetically: Tatlò ng magkakaybígan, isa ng páre`,

isa ng manggagámut, at isa ng sundálo ... Three friends, a priest,

a physician, and a soldier ... sa háyop namàn, karanyúwa y ang bábuy

... against animals, usually a pig ... wala ng ulàm, asìn at kánin

lámang there was no meat, only salt and boiled rice. Further cases

at 54,5. 86,21. 100,23. 108,29.

326. Often the parenthetic element is descriptive: malakàs kumáin,

katimbàng nang dalawà katáo great at eating, a match for two persons;

nang pinagkatamàn na walà ng patìd, ápat na pu ng paà ang hába`

shavings without a break, forty feet in length. Similar cases at

80,39. 86,29. 118,43. 120,2.

327. Especially common are parentheses describing the temporary

state or situation of something: Ang mànanalò ng pangkàt at ang

kanila ng manga kaybígan, magkakasáma ng tinùtugtugàn nang kanila ng

bànda nang músika, ay agad-agàd na nagpàpaséyo. The winning team and

their friends, all together accompanied by the playing of their band,

at once form a parade. Nakaratìng sila sa kanila ng báhay, dalà nila

ang súpot nang kwaltà. They arrived at their house, bearing the bag

of money. Other cases at 92,22. 98,21. 114,42.

(4) anacolouthon.

328. In other cases a breaking off of the construction rather than

an insertion seems to take place: Ang manga hindí nagsísitugtòg

ang katungkúlan ay kumantà. Those who do not play, their duty is to

sing. Gáya ko, akò y paráti ng nàhàhábul nang manga áso. Like me, I am

often pursued by dogs. Pabulòng lámang kung silà y magsàlitáan. In

whispers only (predicate) when they talk together. The organic

construction would probably be: Pabulòng lámang ang kanila ng

pagsasàlitáan. Their conversation is only in whispers. Kung kanya

ng pakánin ay wala ng ulàm. When (they, anaphoric) are fed it is

without meat.

329. While direct quotations often enter into normal constructions

as predicate (§ 114), as conjunctive complement (§ 159), or as

disjunctive object (§ 186), they are often joined by a breaking

off of construction. In this case their relation to the rest of a

sentence may resemble that of a subject; this happens especially

when the sentence begins with the quotation or with part of it. If

ay, y were used many of these sentences would be regular: "Magáral

ka ng mabúti," sinábi ni Hwàn sa kanya ng anàk. "Study well" was

said by Juan to his son. "Dalawà!" isinigàw nang bulàg. "Two!" was

shouted by the blindman. "Sa damdam kò," ang sagòt ni Dyégo,

"ay akò ang pinakamakínis." "In my opinion," was Diego's answer,

"I am the cleverest." Similarly their relation may resemble that

of a disjunctive object (instrumental type, § 186), but nang is not

used. This happens if the quotation follows active words of saying:

Si Hwàn namàn ay sumagòt: "Matàr!" Juan then answered: "Matar!"

330. This peculiar construction of direct quotations is extended to

some cases that are not exactly quotations but may be viewed as such:

Ang boò ng ása ko ang kandidáto ng si Manikìs ang nàgùgustuhàn nang

manga táo; hindí palà, kung hindí ang kandidáto ng si Sàntos. It

was my whole expectation that the candidate Maniquís would be the

one chosen by the people; but no, it was the candidate Santos. Ang

paniwála nang manga táo si Sang-Hwàn ay sya ng sànto ng nagpápaulàn. It

is the belief of the people that San Juan is the saint who makes rain.

C. MORPHOLOGY.

1. Composition.

331. Compound words (i. e. words resembling in form a succession of

two or more words, but diverging in meaning from such a succession) are

treated phonetically like groups of words in the phrase (§§ 33. 34).

If the first member ends in syllabic, n, or glottal stop, the particle

ng appears before the second member.

In meaning, compound words resemble a phrase in which the word

corresponding to the first member is modified, in disjunctive

attribution, by the word corresponding to the second: báhay-aklátan

library-building: báhay nang aklátan. The meaning of the compound is,

however, more specialized than that of the phrase.

Exceptions as to meaning are: (1) the copulative compound áraw-gabì,

formed on the model of doubled words, such as áraw-áraw, gabi-gabì

(§§ 258. 343.); (2) kapatìd-kongkristiyános, a foreign product;

(3) máy-roòn, equivalent to máy, which has been viewed as a compound

because its construction (§ 138) differs from that of the phrase máy

roòn (which would not require the particle ng, §§ 252. 263).

Similar in form to compound words are words derived from a phrase

(§ 332).

Examples of regular compounds: ang báhay-báta` the womb, báhay-gúya`

the womb of an animal (gúya` the young of an animal), báhay-pàhayagàn

newspaper office, publishing house, Báhay-Paníki Bat-House (name of a

town, paníki a bat), báhay-pintáhan paint-shop; Itò y bigay-loòb lámang

nya sa ákin. This is merely a concession he makes to me as a favor; ang

lalawíga-ng-Pampàngga, ang provìnsiya-ng-Pampàngga Pampanga Province,

cf. ang provìnsiya nang Pampàngga; pilìk-matà eyelash (pilìk fin,

lash); ang Sàmáha-ng-Sumúlong the Sumulong Company; ang tánud-báhay

the watchman of a house, tánud-pálay watchman of a rice-field.

A member of a compound may consist of an entire phrase (cf. §

332): Bìgása-ng-Sumúlong-at-Kasamahàn Rice-mill of Sumulong and

Company (equivalent to Bìgásan nila Sumúlong at Kasamahàn); ang

dúlo-ng-bandà-ng-kánan the right-hand end (ang bandà ng kánan the

right).

Specialization and transference of meaning are especially marked

in hampas-lúpa` (literally: beating of the ground) tramp, vagabond;

kápit-báhay not only neighboring house, but also neighbor: Ang báhay

ni Hwàn ay áki ng kápit-báhay, but also: Si Hwàn ay áki ng kápit-báhay;

kápit-báyan neighboring town, but also person from a neighboring town;

Sawi-ng-pálad siyà. He is unlucky (literally unhandy of the palm).

For the other occurrences of compounds see Index under báhay, bakàs,

bànda, bantày, básag, báyad, báyan, búnga, bútas, daàn, hánap, ílog,

kalabàw, kapuluàn, kasamaàn, kasawiàn, kasiraàn, kinamatayàn, lúpa`,

médiko, paà, pamatày, pantày, piráso, púno`, sàmáhan, táo, trabáho,

úbos.

2. General features of word-formation.

332. Many words are analyzed into (1) recurring affixes, (2) doubling,

(3) reduplication, and (4) a recurring unanalyzable element bearing

the material meaning, the root. The place of the root may be taken by

a word in turn showing derivation by these processes, or by a compound

word, or even by a phrase. Other words, root-words, contain only the

unanalyzable element.

Other modifications affecting the meaning are shifting of the accent

toward the end of the word, and the use of secondary accents.

Modifications not affecting the meaning, but merely accompanying those

already named, are sound-variation and retraction of the accent toward

the beginning of the word.

The same morphologic elements may be variously distributed; it is

most convenient and corresponds most nearly to the speech-feeling

to describe these differences as though they were due to different

successions in which the modifications are applied: sumùsúlat is

súlat reduplicated and with infix -um-; but (nag-)tùtumirà is tirà

with infix -um-, then reduplicated (plus prefix nag-).

The part of a word to which a modification is (in this sense)

said to be added will be called the underlying word (or phrase): in

sumùsúlat the infix -um- is added to the underlying word sùsúlat, in

(nag-)tùtumirà reduplication is added to the underlying word tumirà;

in ikasa-m-pù` the tenth the prefixes ka- and i- are successively

added to the underlying phrase sa m pù` ten.

Roots not actually occurring in this book as independent words will

be written with a hyphen prefixed (-káin), except in unmistakable

lists of roots.

333. The root. Except for some pronoun forms and particles, the roots

have two or more syllables and are almost always accented either on

the last (oxytone roots) or on the next-to-last (barytone roots):

báhay house, kamày hand.

Some disyllabic roots are formed as though a single syllable were

repeated: bitbìt, budbòd, bungbòng piece of unsplit bamboo, damdàm,

dibdìb chest (part of body), dikdìk, dingdìng (dindìng, § 20), gága,

hinhìn, ladlàd, laglàg, lingkìng, lublòb, mangmàng, ningnìng, padpàd,

pangpàng, pukpòk, satsàt, siksìk, singsìng, sísi, súso breast, nipple,

sutsòt, tadtàd, tiktìk, tingtìng (tintìng), tugtòg, tuktòk, tungtòng

(tuntòng), ulòl.

Of the roots of more than two syllables some similarly repeat one

or two syllables: alaála, babáye (see § 345), bulaklàk, lipumpòn

(beside lípon).

Others appear as though a syllable -al- or -ag- were infixed (or

prefixed) before the first syllabic: alagàd (cf. agàd`), balahíbo

fur, hair on the body, balíkat, balíta`, Balíwag, balúbad, baluktòt,

dalága, dalamháte`, dalandàn, dalanghíta`, dalángin, halakhàk,

haláman, halíge, halimbáwa`, halimhìm, kalabòg, kalákal, kalasìng,

kalaykày, kaluskòs, palakà`, salakàb, salákay, salakòt a rain-hat of

palm-leaves, salapè`, salawàl, salaysày, salità`, salúbong, salúkoy,

talastàs, talungkò`,--bagábag, bagáso bare stalk, of sugar-cane or corn

(Spanish brazo, whence Tagalog baráso arm, assimilated to this type?),

Hagúnoy, lagablàb, lagánap, pagakpàk, sagása`, sagitsìt.

In some instances roots of the same or similar meaning resemble each

other in form. This is commonest in loan-words, where different degrees

of assimilation exist side by side: biróke, bitóke blow-gun bullet

(Spanish bodoque); palànsa, pirìnsa flatiron (Spanish plancha). It

occurs also, however, in native (or anciently assimilated) roots:

aniyáya`, yáya`; ánib, sánib (for sa ánib?); balíta`, salità`; bitàw,

bitìw; bugòk, bulòk; bungánga` mouth, maw (nang hurnò of the oven,

nang kalàn of the stove), sungánga` a blow on the mouth; dinìg,

kinìg; ípon, lípon (lipumpòn, above), típon; laàn, taàn; luhòd, túhod;

manghà`, tanghà`; matày, patày; hantày, hintày.

When syllables of a root resemble affixes, there is always

possibility that the root may be interpreted as a derived word by

the speech-feeling, no matter whether historically it be such or

not. Thus the Index will show many roots whose initial syllables are

identical with prefixes; the other cases will be mentioned under the

various affixes.

334. Affixation. Prefixes are added to the initial of the underlying

word: nag-tirà; infixes before the first syllabic: t-um-irà, um-alìs;

suffixes to the end: tìrá-han.

Affixes are occasionally accompanied by retraction of accent: itò,

d-íto. See §§ 343,c. 358,c.e. 481,c. 485,a. 523. 528,d.

In the following cases affixes are accompanied by sound-variation:

(a) prefixes:

(1) The prefixes ending in g are treated phonetically as though they

were separate words; this happens occasionally with other prefixes

(§ 34).

(2) Initial d of the underlying word becomes r after the syllabic of

a prefix in the roots listed in § 17. The change is constant only

in the commonest formations: always pa-raàn, but naká-daàn beside

naká-raàn. Striking irregularities at §§ 407,a. 468.

(3) The prefix i- and in some formations the prefix ka- contract with

a following syllabic (§ 31): iy-ánib (for i-ánib), íwan (for i-íwan),

ka-yibíg-an (for ka-ibíg-an), kàwáwa` (for ka-áwa-áwa`). See §§

368. 401. 421. 426,b. 475,a. 481,c. 485,a.

(4) The prefixes ending in ng (mang-, nang-, pang-) alter a following

initial, always in much-used words, frequently in others.

Before an initial syllabic the ng is treated as though it belonged

to the underlying word and not to the prefix. This appears in

reduplication (§ 336).

Initial p, b, t, d, s, are often, initial k is always changed

to the corresponding nasal: pamálo` (pálo` with pang-), but also

pang-pa-rikìt; pamilmìt (bilmìt), but also pang-bambò; panáli` (táli`),

but also pang-takìp; panalángin (dalángin), but also pang-dilìg;

na-naríwa` (saríwa`), but also pang-sakày; nangapà` (kapà`). Where

the change is not made, the ng may be assimilated to dentals (§ 20):

mandurúkit beside mangdudúkit.

Before nasals the ng is usually lost: namahála` (mahála` with nang-).

See pang- and mang- in List of Formations.

(5) The prefix hin- and its compounds give rise to a few similar

changes, see §§ 357,b. 376,a. 518.

(6) For occasional irregularities of prefixes see §§ 347,b. 481,d. 528.

(b) infixes:

(1) Where -in- is infixed in a word beginning with l, w, or y, this

initial is usually interchanged with the n, so that, practically,

we have a prefixed ni- instead of an infixed -in-: ni-lúto` (beside

less common l-in-úto`), ni-walìs (beside w-in-íka`), ni-yáya`. See §§

359 ff. 374 ff.

(2) Where words beginning with syllabic, h, l, w (and y) have

the prefix i- and the infix -in-, the latter is almost always

used as a prefix, preceding the i-: in-iy-útos, in-íwan (for

in-i-íwan), in-i-hatìd, i-ni-lúto` (beside less common i-l-in-úto`),

in-i-wisìk. See § 368.

(3) On -um- see § 348,b.

(1) The suffixes (-an and -in) after a syllabic take an initial h:

luksú-han.

(2) Final d always becomes r before a suffix: lakar-àn (lákad).

(3) When used in the formation of transient derivatives, as well as

in some other of their uses, the suffixes are accompanied by irregular

modifications of certain roots.

Some roots ending in syllabic are treated as if they ended in glottal

stop; they are amà, kíta, matà: ama-ìn, kitá-an, matá-an.

Others are treated as though they ended in n; they are paà, tálo,

táwa: paa-nàn (beside regular paa-hàn), talú-nan, tawá-nan.

Other roots lose the syllabic of the last syllable, as well as a

final glottal stop which may follow this; if the syllabic is final,

the suffix adds h: asìn asn-àn, bigày bigy-àn, bilì bil-hàn, mulà`

mul-àn. The roots so treated are: asìn, bigày, bilì, bukàs, dalà,

hatìd, higà`, ibà (but also regular iba-hàn), eskuwéla, gawà`, káin,

kamìt, lagày, lakì, likòd, masìd, mulà`, punò`, pútol (but also

regular putúl-an), sakày, sákit, subò, sunòd, tángan, tibà`, tingìn,

tirà (but also regular tirá-han), ulì`, upò`, walà`.

Still other roots add assimilation, dissimilation, or metathesis of

consonants to the loss of vowel: ának angk-àn, atìp apt-àn, danìw

(? see § 421) ka-raniyúw-an, datìng datn-àn, gílid ta-ligd-àn (beside

regular ta-gilír-an), halìk hagk-àn, hanggà hangg-àn (i. e. the

h of -han is lost), kinìg kingg-àn, silìd sigl-àn, tanìm tamn-àn,

tuwìd ka-tu-tur-àn.

Entirely irregular are the following: alaála alala-hánin (-hánin

for -hin), aniyáya anyá-han, hári` ka-hariy-àn ka-hary-àn (beside

regular pag-harí-an), íhip híp-an, ílag inlag-àn (for ilag-nàn? but

also regular ilág-an), kawáyan kwayan-àn (beside regular kawayan-àn),

kilála kilan-làn (for kilal-nàn?), kúha kú-nin, larò` laruw-àn larw-àn

(beside regular laru-àn), pulò` ka-puluw-àn ka-pulw-àn (beside regular

ka-pulu-àn), sála sang-làn (for sal-nan? also ka-salá-nan and regular

salá-han), sundò` pagkà-sunduw-àn (beside regular -sundu-àn), táo

ka-taw-àn (? see § 422, also regular ka-taú-han), totoò tòto-hánan

(-hánan for -hàn).

335. Doubling. In certain formations the underlying word,

if disyllabic, is repeated; the phonetic treatment is the same as

that of successive words in a phrase (§ 34): agad-agàd, gabi-gabì,

ápat-ápat, pa-lígid-lígid.

If the underlying word has more than two syllables, only the beginning

of it, inclusive of the second syllabic, is repeated, and the final

syllabic of this repeated part has a primary accent: kaní-kaníno,

kaní-kanilà, nag-kagá-kagalìt (underlying word ka-galìt).

336. Reduplication. In some formations the beginning of the

underlying word, including the first syllabic, is repeated, sù-súlat,

á-akiyàt. Words with reduced i or u (§ 27) reduplicate with i, u:

maka-sí-siyà, maka-sí-syà.

Note the foreign words: krùs nag-kú-kurùs, trabáho nag-tá-trabáho.

Initial d of the roots listed in § 17 often becomes r after the

reduplication: k-in-à-dò-roon-àn (doòn), nag-dá-daàn (daàn).

When a prefix which involves change of initial comes before a

reduplicated form, the latter has the changed initial both in the

reduplicative syllable and in the underlying part: nà-rò-roòn (doòn),

pa-ngu-ngumìt (umìt with pang-, § 334, a, 4; also: pang-u-umìt)

pútol pa-mu-mútol (pútol with pang-).

337. Accent-shift. In certain formations the accent is displaced one

syllable toward the end of the word: súlat sulàt. This is especially

the case before suffixes forming transient words: súlat sulát-an. In

some formations with suffixes the accent moves two syllables toward

the end of the word: súlat sulat-àn.

Certain roots are especially given to this change and show it in

formations where it is not regular. In these roots the accent-shift

is more or less clearly and regularly connected with a modification

of meaning. The roots are: ábot overtake, with shift: reach for,

take hold of, pass, hand; e. g. pa-ábot let oneself be overtaken,

pa-abòt something caused to be handed, ákay, álam, áwa`, áyaw, bába`,

báhay, báya`, búlag, gálit, gísing, háyag, húli, lápit, láyo`, múra,

sákit, sáma, síra`, tálo, táma`, táwa, túloy, úna. See Index. A few

pairs of roots differing only in accent may possibly belong here,

e. g. -ának family and anàk child.

338. Secondary accents. (1) In some formations a secondary accent is

spoken on the initial syllable of the underlying word: alìs àlís-an,

ka-galìt kàgalít-an, iyàk ìyák-an. If the first syllable is closed, the

secondary accent is omitted: luksò luksú-han; so also if it is followed

by consonant plus reduced vowel (§ 27): taniyàg tanyàg tanyág-an; and

also if its own vowel is reduced: niyòg nyòg niyúg-an nyúg-an. There

are some irregularities. See §§ 377,b. 383. 421. 421,b. 426,b.

(2) Prefixes and reduplications often take a secondary accent: nà-pútol

(different in meaning from na-pútol), sù-súlat.

These secondary accents have phonetically the quality of primary

accents when they come before short oxytone underlying words: ná-rinìg,

á-akiyàt. If, however, the word is accented on a suffix, the accent on

this is more audible and the secondary accent remains: nà-buks-àn. So

also if there are two secondary accents: nà-rì-rinìg. Longer oxytone

words not accented on a suffix vary; they have been transcribed as

heard in each case: nag-sì-si-pag-larò` nag-sí-si-pag-larò`.

339. Indications. In the following description formations will be

indicated as follows:

prefixes thus: nag-; infixes: -um-; suffixes: -an; secondary accent

on prefixes: nà-;

doubling by "D", e. g. nag- D -an represents the formation seen in

nag-aswàng-aswáng-an;

reduplication by "r", with secondary accent by "R", e. g. pag- r

(pag-pu-pútol), nag- R (nag-pù-pútol), -um- R (s-um-ù-súlat), nag-

R -um- (nag-tù-t-um-irà);

secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying word by "S",

e. g. S -an (àlís-an);

accent-shift by "(1)" or "(2)", e. g. (1) describes the formation of

sulàt from súlat; (1) -an (sulát-an); (2) -an (sulat-àn).

340. Summary of formations. The various formations group themselves

into eight classes: 1. simple formations without characteristic

prefix, expressing simple actions, objects, etc.; 2. formations with

characteristic prefix pag-, expressing chiefly transitive actions;

3. characteristic prefix pang-, deliberate actions; 4. si-, action

by more than one actor; 5. paki-, action along with others; 6. ka-,

reciprocal, involuntary, and accidental; 7. pa-, causative; 8. pati-,

reflexive.

These indications are a mere rough guide: neither the characteristic

prefix nor the meaning indicated runs through the entire group. The

first three groups are the most important, and, to a large extent,

each formation of the other five groups belongs also to one of the

three primary groups.

In each group there are four types of words: simple static, transient,

abstracts of action, and special static. The simple static words

involve no idea of active or passive; the transients are accompanied

by abstracts, in which the transient occurrence is viewed as a

static concept, and by special static words, which, though static,

involve the idea of voice: simple static súlat a document, writing,

letter; transient sumúlat wrote, sulátan is to be written to; abstract

pagsúlat an act of writing; special static sulatàn a writing-desk

(with idea of local passive).

Each (active or passive, § 92) transient formation exists in two modes,

actual and contingent, and each of these has two aspects, punctual

and durative; the durative always has accented reduplication. The

actual mode envisages the occurrence as actually having taken place

or taking place: in the punctual aspect the occurrence is viewed in

its entirety, without regard to duration, and hence always as past:

nagáral studied, learned; in the durative aspect of the actual

the occurrence is viewed as a process going on in time, past or

present: nagàáral was studying, is studying, used to study, studied

(repeatedly), studies. The contingent mode views the occurrence as

not having actually taken place: the punctual aspect views it as

possible, hypothetical, or commanded: magáral should study, study

(as command); the durative as future from the point of view of the

past or present: magàáral will study, was going to study. The punctual

contingent form is used not only in commands and hypothetical clauses,

but in subordinate predications and complements generally, even, for

instance, after nang (§ 192 f.), and often, in such constructions, in

competition with actual forms. It is often used, further, after hindì`

(§ 238). When objectivized with ang, it expresses the possibility or

circumstance of the occurrence: ang magáral a hypothetical studier,

the circumstance that one might study.

The abstracts of action are much used in the construction described

at § 274.

In addition to these more or less regular and systematized forms,

there are various isolated formations, which will be discussed after

the others.

A systematically arranged list of formations precedes the Index.

3. Description of formations.

I. Primary groups (zero, pag-, pang-).

A. Simple static forms.

(1) Root-words.

341. The uses of root-words cover a wide range of meanings, the

diversity of which is due to the various material meanings of the

roots. The rough grouping here made is a matter of convenience; the

speech-feeling seems not to distinguish classes of roots or diverse

employments of root-words.

While a complete list of the examples occurring in the Texts and

illustrative sentences will be given for nearly all other formations,

the root-words are so numerous that it will be expedient merely to

refer to the Index.

(1) Root-words in many cases express object-ideas which are viewed

as simple: ang báhay house, ang táo human being.

(2) If the words containing a root have in common the idea of a

quality rather than of an object, the root-word may express either

the quality itself, or an object possessing the quality.

(a) In the former case, it is generally a single occurrence of the

quality that is expressed, not the quality in general, which is

expressed rather by a collective with ka- and -an (§ 421 ff.), but

this distinction is not fully carried out. The root-word generally

stands in object construction. Examples: Ang búte ni Hwàn ay walá sa

kanya ng úlo, dátapuwat násàsa kanya ng púso`. Juan's good quality

lies not in his head, but in his heart. Si Pédro ay táo ng wala ng

dangàl. Pedro is a person without honor. ang ínit nang tagáraw the heat

of summer. Ang lálim nang balòn ay isà ng pantay-kawáyan. The depth

of the well is the length of a bamboo-tree. Ang lamìg sa Amérika ay

masyádo. The cold in America is excessive. Ang ligsè nang usà ay hindí

gáya nang sa áso. The speed of the deer is not equal to that of the

dog. Ang samá nang ságing na itò ay nása ugàt. The trouble with this

banana-tree is at the root. ang taàs nang káhoy the height of the tree.

(b) When expressing an object endowed with a quality, the root-word

is in competition with words formed with the prefix ma- (§ 454). It

usually stands as a predicate or as conjunctive attribute of another

word. ang túbig na álat salt-water, ang dágat na álat the salt-sea, the

ocean. Ang páko` ay baluktòt. The nail is crooked. Ang patalìm ay báwal

sa manga báta`. Children are not allowed to have sharp tools. Ang itlùg

na yitò y bugòk (or: bulòk). This egg is rotten. Sya y bugòk. He is

crazy. ang buwísit na alíla` a repulsive servant. Ikàw ay bwísit. You

are a bore. Manga gíliw ko ng ginoò! Honored sirs! isa ng táu ng

hámak a no-account person. ang táu ng lasìng the drunken man. Sya

y lasìng. He is drunk. ang pulúbe ng lumpò the lame beggar. Sya y

lumpò. He is lame. Si Hwàn ay isa ng mahàl na báta` sa kanya ng manga

magúlang. Juan is a child dear to his parents. Múra ang manga síle sa

panahò ng itò. Peppers are cheap at this time. Hindí pansìn ang piklàt

sa mukhà nang dalága ng si Maryà. The scar on young Maria's face is not

noticeable. ang táo ng panòt a bald-headed man. isa ng báya ng payápa`

a tranquil town. Sya y pípe. He is dumb. Ang pintà nang bintána` ay

putè`. The window is painted white. Sagàd ang kanya ng gupìt. His

hair-cut is close. Sina Hwàn ay salàt sa pananamìt. Juan and his

family are short of clothing. Akò y sawí sa pagsusúbo` sa báta`. I

am in an awkward position for feeding the child. Sáyang ang báta ng

si Hwàn. Little Juan is to be regretted. Isa ng táo ng sinungáling

si Pédro. Pedro is a liar. Si Hwàn ay isa ng táo ng tanyàg. Juan is

a renowned man. Tanyàg sya sa kanya ng kláse. He is at the head of

his class. ang tigàs nang káhoy the hard part of the log. ang daà ng

tumpàk the right road. si Untè` Shorty (as nickname).

(3) If the words containing the root refer rather to an action or

occurrence, the uses of the root-word are more varied.

(a) The root-word may refer to the action itself; it is used of

a single instance rather than of the action in general, which is

expressed rather by abstracts of action, though the distinction

is not always clear. The root-word so used is mostly in object

construction. Examples: Ang anyáya sa ákin ni Hwána ay áki ng

tinanggàp. I accepted Juana's invitation. May bálì` ang kawáyan. The

bamboo has a break in it. May búhay pa ang púsa ng itò. This cat is

still alive. Ang dalamhátì nang kanya ng inà ay malakì. His mother's

grief is great. Sa damdam kò y nagumpisa nà ang malalamìg na áraw. I

think (literally: In my feeling) the cold days have begun. Si Hwàn ay

sya ng pumáyag sa hilìng nilà sa kanya ng sasakyàn. Juan was the one

who acceded to their request for his vehicle. Ang húgas nang pinggàn

ay marumè. The washing of the dishes is dirty, i. e. The dishes have

been poorly washed. Ang kantà nang íbon ay maínam. The bird's song is

pleasant. Ang kasàl ni Pédro at ni Maryà ay sa linggò. The wedding

of Pedro and Maria will be on Sunday. ang áki ng lúlan sa trén my

embarking (with all my goods) on the train. Ang pagakpàk nang manga táo

ay nakabíbingi. The applause of the people was deafening. Ang páso`

sa paà ni Pédro ay malakì. The burn on Pedro's foot is large. Ang

pútol nang buhòk ni Hwàn ay bakìl-bakìl. Juan's hair-cut is uneven. Sa

lúnes ang tagpú nila sa daà-ng-Balíwag. They are to meet on the Baliwag

road next Monday. ang tahòl ni Batò ng Bákal the barking of Iron Stone

(name of a dog). Ang támà nang báta` ay sa úlo. The child was struck

on the head. Binigyàn ni Hwàn nang isà ng tapìk ang kaybígan nya ng

si Pédro. Juan gave his friend Pedro a nudge. Ang kanya ng túlog ay

mabábaw. His sleep is light. Ang upú nang Intsìk ay patalungkò`. The

Chinese sit squatting. Butíhan mo ang yárì nang sambalílo. Put a good

finish on (the making of) the hat.

(b) The root-word may express an object by virtue of which the

action becomes possible or has concrete manifestation; this use

closely approaches transient passives of various kinds. Root-words

in this use are most commonly conjunctive attributes, but the object

construction, especially in the predicate, is frequent. Ang ágaw nya

ng laruwàn ay inilagay nyà sa kahòn. The toys he snatched were put by

him into a box. Síno sa manga táo ang ináko ni Mariyáno? Ang áko ni

Mariyáno ay si Pédro. Which one of the men did Mariano relieve?--The

one whom Mariano relieved is Pedro. Hwag kayò ng mamútol nang kawáya

ng hindí ninyo ári`. Don't make a cutting of bamboo not owned by you;

ang ári` property, ang may ári` the owner or master. Ang bigay nyà sa

ákin nang Paskò nang Panganganàk na nagdaàn ay isa ng tabakéra. For

last Christmas he gave me a tabatiere. ang bíhis nya ng damìt the

(good) clothes she has put on (in place of her others). isa ng bíro`

a joke. ang byày na isdà` sa palàisdáan the fish allowed to swim

free in the fish-reservoir. ang dalà that carried; Dalà ni Hwàn ang

lumbò. Juan is carrying the cup. ang dikìt nang apòy the blazing of the

fire. Ang orasàn ni Hwàn ay gáling sa Parìs. Juan's watch comes from

Paris. Ang tornìlyo ng itò y gámit sa mákina. This screw is used in

the machine. ang gantì nya ng pála` the gift he gave in return. Ang

kwáko ng itò ay ganti ng pála` sa ákin ni Hwàn. This cigar-holder

is a return-gift to me from Juan. May hálo ng iba ng bágay ang gátas

na itò. This milk has something else mixed in with it. háti ng gabì

midnight. Ang hampàs na tinanggàp ni Hwàn sa kanya ng panginoòn ay

isà ng kabàn. The whipping Juan got from his master was twenty-five

strokes. May hárang na púno-ng-káhoy ang daà ng patúngo sa báriyo

nang San-Visènte. The road toward the district of San Vicente has a

tree obstructing it. Húle si Hwàn nang pulìs. Juan was arrested by the

policeman. Ang igìb nya ng túbig ay marumè. The water he dipped from

the spring is dirty. Ang binàbása nya ng librò ay kathà ni Risàl. The

book he is reading was written by Rizal. Laàn (or: taàn) kay Pédro ang

alaála ng itò. This present is reserved for Pedro. Ang lákad ni Hwàn

ay ang panghihiràm. Juan's errand is to borrow something. Ang lúlan

ni Hwàn sa kanya ng karitòn ay manga kahòn nang álak. Juan's load

on his wagon is cases of liquor; ang lúla ng kasangkápan the loaded

utensils. Ang manòk na yitò y lúto sa durúan. This chicken is roasted

on the spit. Nàhúle si Hwàn sa tabì nang kanya ng nákaw na kabáyo. Juan

was caught with the horse he stole. Ang pásak nang bangkà` ay bunòt

nang nyòg at pagkìt. The boat is calked with cocoanut fibre and

wax. Ang pígil ni Hwàn ay ang kabáyo. Juan is trying to restrain the

horse. Ang pintàs ko kay Hwàn ay ang kanya ng bísyo ng paginòm. What

I don't like about Juan is his vice of drunkenness. ang púlot anything

picked up; an adopted child. ang isa ng pútol na púno-ng-káhoy a tree

that has been cut up; Ang pútol nang káhoy ay nàpakaiklè`. The wood has

been cut too short. Ang librò ay ang sadyá ko sa báhay ni Hwàn. The

book is what I went to Juan's house for. Ang sakày sa trèn ay limà

ng kompanyà ng sundálo. The people in the train are five companies

of soldiers. Ang sangkàp nang manòk ay kalabása. The chicken is

cooked with pumpkin. "Magsipagsísi kayò, manga táo ng makasalánan,"

ang sigàw nang kúra mulá sa pùlpito. "Repent, ye sinners," was the cry

of the priest from the pulpit. isa ng súbo` a mouthful. Marámi sya ng

tágo ng kwaltà. He has much money saved away. Ang tanìm nang búkid

ay pálay na malagkìt. The field is planted with a sticky rice. Ang

tanggàp nya ng bílin ay lubhà ng marámi. The commissions he received

were numerous. Malakàs ang táwa ni Hwàn. Juan's laughter was loud. Ang

táwag sa lugàr na itò ay Kinamatayà-ng-Kabáyo. They call this place

Dead Horse. ang tungtòng that on which something stands; a mat on

which dishes are set (specific name: dikìn). Ang túrù nang báta`

ay ang mansánas sa mésa. The child is pointing at the apple on the

table. Ang usísa` sa ákin ni Hwàn ay kung saan nàndon ang kanya ng

sombréro. What Juan asked me was where his hat was. Walá sya ng uwì

ng manga librò. He did not bring home any books. Ang talìm nang gúlok

ay yári sa Yurúpa. The cutting-edge of the bolo is made in Europe.

expresses a brusque command; in this use it is in competition with

transient forms. Dalí ka nang iyo ng pagtakbò. Hurry your running,

i. e. Run faster. Hampàs na kayò, manga báta`, sa manga langgàm. Whip

at the ants, boys. Hátì na nang mansánas. Divide up the apples. Hintú

na kayò, manga báta`. Stop, children. Ísip na kayò kung anò ang

kahulugàn nang áki ng bugtòng. Guess the meaning of my riddle. Láyas

na! Get out! Lígù na! Take a bath! Luksu nà sa tinìk na iyàn. Jump

across those spines. Sáma nà sa kanyà. Go to him. Táwag na nang manga

polìs. Call the police. Tayò`. Stand up. Upú na. Sit down.

(d) Repeated with nang (§ 191) root-words, as predicates, denote an

actor in repeated and continuous action: Nàkíta ko ng pútol nang pútol

si Hwàn nang tubò. I saw Juan cutting away at the sugar-cane. Similarly

(see Index) bilì and táwa.

342. Root-words with accent-shift. Barytone roots are used as

root-words with shift of accent to the last syllable to denote

something which has been affected by the action, quality, or (in

fewer cases) thing, which is denoted by the root. The particle nà

is usually added. Agaw nà sa súnog ang manga laruwàn. The toys have

been snatched from the fire. Awá na si Hwàn sa kanya ng pinarùrusáha

ng anàk. Juan is already overcome with pity for his child, whom he

is punishing. Ang áso ni Hwàn ay bahày. Juan's dog is grown up in the

house, is completely domesticated. Ang báta ng si Hwàn ay bahày. Little

Juan is shy, is unused to strangers. Bayad nà ang útang sa ákin ni

Hwàn. Juan's debt to me is paid now. Bihis nà ang báta`. The child's

clothes have been changed, The child is dressed up now. Bilang nà

ang manga itlòg na itò. These eggs are already counted. Ang úlo

ni Hwàn ay bilòg. Juan's head is round; or: Juan has been fooled;

ang bilòg na tábo` the round dipper. Buhày ang áki ng inà. My mother

is living. Sya y bulàg. He is blinded; or: He is blind; ang babáye

ng bulàg the blind woman. Daing nà ang isdà`. The fish has been laid

open. isa ng táo ng gutòm a hungry (or: gluttonous) person. Hatí na ang

tubò. The sugar-cane is cut in two. Huli nà si Hwána sa trén. Juana is

late for the train. Ang karnè ay ihaw nà. The meat is done. Init nà ang

gátas. The milk is heated. Kayas nà ang kawáya ng itò. This bamboo is

already smoothed. Ang pagkùkúnan nya nang itlòg ay ang kahò ng kulang

nà. He will take eggs from the box that is already started (literally:

incomplete, cf. Ápat na sèntimos ang kúlang nitò. This lacks four

cents, is four cents too little). Lakàd kamì ng umwè`. We went home

on foot. Lipas nà ang gamòt (ang pabangò`). The medicine (the perfume)

is stale, has lost its strength. Lipas nà ang áki ng gútom. My hunger

has disappeared. Pasò` ang lugàr na itò nang kanya ng kamày. This spot

on his hand is burned; ang pasò` a pottery dish. Ang pagkakàgalítan

ni Hwàn at ni Pédro ay pawí nà. The quarrel between Juan and Pedro is

now allayed. Pigil nà ang kabáyo. The horse is under control now. Ang

káhoy ay putul nà. The wood is now cut. Itò y sirá na. This is already

ruined. Sunòg ang damìt na kanya ng pinirìnsa. The clothes which she

ironed are scorched; sunòg na asúkal burnt sugar. Tamá na ang iyo

ng pagkwènta. Now you have figured it correctly. Tipun nà an manga

kalabàw. Now the carabao are rounded up. Tulis nà ang lápis. The

pencil is sharpened. Turò` ang kanya ng dalíre`. His finger is stiff.

This form occurs, in this book, also from the following roots (see

Index): básag, búnot, gálit, gámit, hása`, kilála, lápad, límang,

págod, sákop, sánay, súlat, tápos, tiwála`, túloy.

(a) In the case of some roots this form is used like a simple root-word

without accent-shift; these are roots in which the accent-shift

expresses a modification of the material meaning; see § 337. So:

alàm that known (see Index); Babá na riyàn sa iyò ng kinàùupàn! Come

down from your perch! Ang sakìt na kanya ng tinítiis ay ang lagnàt na

típus. The sickness from which he is suffering is typhoid fever. (ang

sákit na kanya ng tinítiìs the grief he is enduring). Sama táyo

sa pagbilì nang pálay. Let us be partners in buying rice. Cf. also

hulì, above.

(b) In oxytone roots, where the accent-shift cannot occur, our form

is homonymous with the simple root-word: Bigti nà si Pédro. Pedro

is now strangled. Bukas nà ang láta. The can is opened. Busug nà ang

manga háyop. The animals have been fed their fill. Hintú na ang trén

nang akò y sumakày. The train had stopped when I got on. Hubad nà ang

báta`. The child is undressed now. Ang manga Igoróte ay hubàd. The

Igorote go naked. Hungkuy nà ang bigàs. The rice is fanned now. Sya

y kasàl. He (she) is married. Pantay nà ang lúpa`. The ground has

been levelled. Nàkíta ko ng patìd ang sampáyan nang damìt. I saw that

the clothes-line was broken. Punú na ang bóte ng itò. This bottle is

already full. Tayú na ang báhay. The house is already erected. Tikwas

nà ang káhoy. One end of the log is down.

Similarly are used: angkìn, bilì, tadtàd, tuwà`.

(2) Doubling.

343. Simple doubling. Simple doubling expresses explicit plurality or

repetition, often with the idea of variation, intensity, or diminution:

ápat-ápat four by four, four at a time, ang mata-matà trellis-work. Ang

dúrù nya nang karáyom ay hindi parè-parého. Her stitches with the

needle are not even. Sabày-sabày sila ng umalìs. They all went away at

the same time. Similarly from: agàd, alìn, anò, áraw, bágay, bakìl,

baluktòt, barà, gabì, gibà`, halò`, isà, lahàt, líbo, linggò, loòb,

pantày, sári`, síno, sunòd, tulà`, untì`.

(a) The simple root does not occur and the meaning is discrepant in

paru-parò butterfly.

(b) From derived words, in the same meaning: kaní-kanilà (ka-n-ilà §

528), kaní-kaníno (ka-n-í-no § 528), dalá-dalawà two by two, two at

a time (da-lawà § 345), tatlu-tatlò three by three, three at a time

(ta-tlò § 345).

like a flash.

344. (1) D. In some cases the accent is shifted; the meaning is the

same: Putòl-putòl ang katawàn ni Hwàn nang áki ng màkíta. Juan's body

was all cut up when I saw it. This form from: báhay, báyan, púnit,

sábi, súlok.

(3) Reduplication.

345. Simple reduplication. In a very few cases the place of the

root-word is taken by the root with reduplication. The only clear

case is tutulè ear-wax, root -tulè. The numerals dalawà two and tatlò

three seem to be irregularly reduplicated forms of roots -lawà and -tlò

(for -talò?), as a few of the derivatives seem to indicate. A number

of words, treated in the following as simple roots, have, however,

the aspect of this formation: babáye, bibingkà, bubuwìt a kind of

mouse, gagambà, laláki, papáya (Spanish), tutubè, totoò.

346. Accented reduplication. Accented reduplication is used chiefly

in transient forms (§ 348); distinct from this use seems to be that

of numerals, in the meaning of only so many: àápat, íilàn, íisà;

similarly dá-dalawà only two (from da-lawà) (§ 345).

mámayà`, mámyà` seems to be felt as a simple root-word and has been

treated as such.

(4) pang-.

347. Of the two prefixes round which primary forms are grouped (§

340), pag- is used only for abstracts of action (§§ 348. 350. 351);

with pang- are formed words denoting the thing used for doing so

and so, or as such and such: Nawalà` ang kanyà ng pangakála`. His

power of thought left him. ang pangatìp that used for roofing, a

shingle. Magpapútol ka, Pédro, nang manga kawáya ng pangbákod. Have

some bamboo cut for a fence, Pedro. ang pangbambò a stick or club used

for beating. pangbayò instrument for pounding rice, pestle. pangdilìg

implements used for sprinkling. panggápas a slicer, a curved knife

with saw-toothed edge. Ang ginámit nya ng panggupìt na guntìng

sa damìt ay mapuròl. The scissors he used for cutting cloth were

dull; also simply: ang panggupìt scissors, shears, ang panghampàs

a whip. Ang ginawà ng panghárang sa daàn nang manga tulisàn ay

isa ng gibà ng karitòn. The robbers used a broken-down wagon to

make the obstruction on the road. Ang laséta ng itò ay pangháte`

nang dáyap. This knife is used for cutting limes. ang panglípa` the

sticky mud used for smoothing the threshing-floor. ang pangagínip a

dream. pamitìk a single rein (one guides the animal by flicking it

in various ways, cf. pitìk a fillip, a flick, a snap). pamatày in

pamatay-kúto thumb, literally: that with which one kills head-lice

(kúto). Pamútol nang buhòk ang guntìng na itò. These shears are

used for cutting hair. Ang salawàl na yitò y sya kò ng pangsakày sa

kabáyo. These are my trousers for horseback-riding. Ang manga pintò ng

may pangsarà na gámit ay sumásara ng kúsa`. Doors that have closing

attachments close themselves automatically. ang panáli` a halter or

rope for tying up an animal. Ang kulilìng na ytò y sya kù ng panáwag

nang alíla`. This bell is what I use for calling the servants; also:

pangtáwag. Ang pangtayò nang halíge ay hindí dumating. The instruments

for setting up posts (i. e. the cranes) did not arrive. Ang kalaykày

ay sya kò ng ginámit na pangtípon nang manga bunòt na damò. I used

the rake for piling up the uprooted grass. ang panúro` a pointer,

anything used for pointing. Sya y may salawàl na pangupò sa damúhan

at gayon dìn máy-roon syà ng pangupò sa sùgálan. He has trousers for

sitting on the lawn and others for when he sits at the gaming-table.

Similarly from, the following roots: áhit, áko`, alaála, anàk, bilì,

bilmìt, dalángin, gamòt, hilámos, húli, ísip, ngalán, pálo`, pukpòk,

sábong, takìp, tanìm, tiwála`.

(a) This derivative from numerals denotes a thing used to fill such

and such a place: ang pangápat that used as fourth, as: the fourth

horse in a team; of similar meaning: panglimà fifth, pangánim sixth,

pamitò seventh, pangwalò eighth, pangsiyàm ninth. From the ordinal

(§ 416,a) is formed pangúna first. From phrases the higher numbers:

pangsa-m-pù` the tenth (sa m pù` ten), panglabi-ng-isà the eleventh

(labi ng isà), pangdalawa-ng-pù` twentieth, pamito-ng-pù` seventieth.

(b) A few formations show irregularities: panukála` equivalent to

pangakála` above, is felt to belong with akála`; cf. the similar

insertion of u in paubáya` (§ 481,d); panginoòn master, does not seem

to be felt as a derivative of ginoò and has therefore been treated

as a separate root.

Second and third are derived from the reduplicated form (§ 345) and

show phonetic irregularity: ang pangalawà the second; one's second

in a duel; pangatlò third, third horse in a gun-carriage; similarly

pangatlo-ng-pù` the thirtieth.

an established series).

B. Transients, abstracts, and special static words.

(1) Active with -um- and abstract with pag-.

348. Of the active forms of the primary groups, that of the type with

prefix zero expresses the actor in a simple action or process. Both of

the punctual forms, actual and contingent, are made with infix -um-;

the actual durative consists of the root reduplicated, with infix

-um-; the contingent durative is reduplicated, but lacks the infix;

the reduplication is in both cases accented. The abstract of action

consists of the root with prefix pag-. Thus the forms are: p-um-útol,

p-um-ù-pútol, p-um-útol, pù-pútol, pag-pútol. Examples:

Umabang kà nang maglalakò nang gátas. Watch for a milkman. Sya y umágaw

nang manga laruwàn. He snatched some toys. Sya y umáhon sa ílog (sa

bundòk, sa gulòd). He went up the river (up into the mountains, up

the hill). Pumútol ka, Hwàn, nang búho`, pagáhon mo sa bundòk. When

you go up into the mountains, Juan, cut some slender bamboo. Umámin

sila Pédro sa harapàn nang hukòm. Pedro and his band confessed before

the judge. umámot sold, of other than a regular merchant. Umánib

ka kay Pédro. Let your mat overlap Pedro's, i. e. Sleep next to

Pedro. Umangkìn ka nang laruwàn. Take some toys for yourself. Ang

pagáyaw nya ng kumáin nang karnè ay sya ng nakabùbúte sa kanyà. His

not being willing to eat meat is what does him good. Ang halíge nang

báhay ay bumába` sapagkàt hindí káya nang lúpa` ang bigàt na kanya

ng dinádala. The post of the house sank because the weight it was

bearing was too great for the ground. Bàbábag si Hwàn nang kanya

ng kalarò`. Juan will fight with one of his playmates. Bumaluktot

kà nang yantòk. Bend a piece of rattan. Ang áhas ay bumaluktòt. The

snake doubled itself up. Bumálot ka nang súman (nang sigarìlyo, nang

kúmot). Roll up some suman (sticky rice cooked in banana-leaves; some

cigarettes, a blanket). Ang pagbása ay mahírap. Reading is hard. Sya

y bumigtì nang táo. He choked a man to death. Ang pagbigtì ay isa

ng pagpatày sa kápwa táo sa pamamagítan nang pagsakàl. Strangling

is killing a person by means of choking. Bumílog si Hwàn nang isa

ng turumpò. Juan turned out (on a lathe) a spinning-top. Bumíngit

sya sa malaki ng pangánib. He went (voluntarily) to the brink of a

great danger. Bumitìw sa lúbid ang isà sa inyò. One of you let go

of the rope. Bumúbukàs ang manga bulaklàk sa hàlamanàn. The flowers

in the garden are opening. Sya y bumúnot nang damò. He plucked up

some grass. Lahàt nang táo sa báya ng iyòn ay bumóto sa kandidáto

ng si Manikìs. All the people in that town voted for the candidate

Maniquís. Ang halíge ay dumádala nang tahílan. The post bears up

girders. Dumamdàm si Hwàn nang isa ng mabigàt na sakìt. Juan felt a

severe pain. Sya y dumapà`. He lay down on his face. Ang kanità ng

kwaltà sa bangkò ay kasalukúya ng gumàgána nang buwìs. Your money

and mine in the bank is even now earning interest. gumantì act

in retaliation. gumápas cut with the panggápas. Ang máy sakìt ay

guminháwa. The patient became more comfortable ... ay gumìginháwa

nà ... is getting more comfortable now. Sya y humalìk sa kanya ng

nánay. She kissed her mother. Ang báta ng si Hwàn ang humampàs sa

anàk ni Áli ng Maryà. It was little Juan who hit Aunt Maria's little

boy with a whip. ang paghánap a seeking (especially of one's daily

bread). Sya y humárang nang manga táo ng nagháhatid nang kabáyo sa

báya-ng-San-Migèl. He held up some people who were taking horses to

the town of San Miguel. Akò ay humátì nang mansánas. I cut an apple in

two. Humátì ako nang manga itlòg na binilè ni Hwána. I took half of the

eggs Juana bought. Ingátan mo ang pagháwak sa mákina ng iyàn, sapagkàt

baká ka maputúlan nang dalíri` na gáya nang nangyári sa ibà. Be careful

how you take hold of that machine, for you might get your finger cut

off like others before you. Humínà nang pagtakbò ang kabáyo. The

horse lost its speed as a runner. ang paghingì` a requesting, a

request. Híhiram kamì nang librò sa libreríya. We shall borrow books

from the library. humúla` predicted, prophesied. umigìb get water by

dipping from a well, spring, or stream. Akò y umìíhip nang píto. I

was blowing the small flute. Umìíhip ang hángi ng habágat. The spring

wind is blowing. Umílag ka. Get out of the way. Ang kanyà ng manga

pagilàng ay lubhà ng makínis. His little dodges are very clever. Umínit

ang plànsa. The flatiron became hot. Umínit ang túbig. The water got

hot. Ang paginùm nang álak ay masamà`. Drinking liquor is harmful. Sya

y uminùm nang gátas. He drank some milk. Umísip ka, Nánay, nang

isa ng kwènto. Try to think of a story, Mother. Ang pagísip nang

bugtòng na itò ay mahírap. This riddle is hard to solve. ang kanyà

ng pagiyàk her weeping. kumabiyàw press sugar-cane. Kumaluskòs sa

súlok ang dagà`. The rat pattered in the corner, i. e. I heard the

pattering of a rat in the corner. Ang íbon ay kumákantà. The bird is

singing. Kumapá si Hwàn nang itlòg sa púgad nang manòk. Juan felt out

some eggs in the hen's nest. Kumákapá sya nang isa ng palakà`. He felt

around for a frog. Sya y kumáyas nang isa ng kawáyan. He smoothed a

stick of bamboo. Hwag kà ng kumuròt ngayòn! Don't pinch now! Si Pédro

ay lumabàs. Pedro went out. Ang áso y lumàlámon. The dog is feeding. Si

Pédro ay lumàlámon at hindí kumàkáin. Pedro is eating like an animal,

not like a human being. Lumáyag si Manuwèl sa Amérika. Manuel sailed

(i. e. voyaged) to America (ang láyag a sail). Ang bantay-pálay ay

lumáyas. The watchman of the rice-field left his post. Isa ng sundálo

ay lumáyas sa ínit nang paglalabanàn. A soldier deserted in the heat

of the battle. Sya y lumíbot. He went for a walk. Magpútol ka, Pédro,

nang manga kúgon, úpang lumínis ang búkid. Cut the cugon-grass, Pedro,

so that the field may become clear. Si Pédro ay lumípat sa iba ng

báyan. Pedro moved to another town. Lumuhod kà, Hwán. Kneel down,

Juan. Si Hwàn ay lumuhòd sa haràp nang háre`. Juan knelt down before

the king. Sya y ngumíngitì`. She is smiling. Pumagítan sya sa dalawà

ng dalága. He placed himself between two young ladies. Akò y pumána

nang usà. I shot an arrow at a stag (pána` an arrow). Pumánaw ang

kanya ng hiningà. His breath departed, i. e. He gave up the ghost. Si

Hwàn ang pumáso sa áki ng kulugò. It was Juan who burned out my

wart for me. Huwàg kà ng pumatìd nang sampáyan! Don't you break

the clothes-line! Si Hwàn ay sya ng pumáyag sa paraà ng itò. It was

Juan who agreed to this plan. Sya y pumàpáyag. He is willing. Pumíli

akò nang malakì ng mansánas. I chose a big apple. Pumìpílit sya ng

magbukàs nang kabà ng bákal. He was trying hard to open an iron

safe. (But punctual: Pumílit sya ... He forced open...). pumitìk

give a fillip, snap at with one's finger. Sya y pumúpukpòk nang

bunòt nang nyòg. He is pounding cocoanut husks. Pumùpútol nang

kawáyan si Mariyáno. Mariano is cutting bamboo. Pùpútol ... will

cut.... Ang sumàsábuy na túbig ay nanggàgáling sa bubungàn nang

báhay. The water that was splashing on us came from the roof of the

house. sumagása` jostle. sumaguwàn paddle. sumáhod put something under

to catch what flows or falls. Sya y sumásakay sa bangka` nang akò y

dumatìng. He was getting into the canoe when I arrived. Sumála siyà

sa singsìng. He missed the ring (in the juego de anillo, in which

one tries to catch a ring on a stick). sumálok dip out water (ang

sálok a dipper, a basket for catching fruit when it is cut from the

tree; a net for catching insects). Sya y sumandòk nang sináing. She

dipped out some boiled rice. Sumánib ka kay Pédro, (same meaning

as umánib above). Sumíkad ang kabáyo. The horse struck out, gave a

kick. Sumikìp ang daàn sa karamíhan nang táo. The road became crowded

with the multitude of people. Sumikìp ang damìt. The garment shrank

and became tight. Sumiksìk si Hwàn sa púlong nang manga táo. Juan

crowded his way into the gathering of people. Sumilakbò ang apòy (ang

kanya ng gálit, ang kanya ng tuwà`). The fire (his anger, his joy)

welled up. Ang pagsintà ni Pédro ay hindí tinanggàp nang dalága. The

young lady did not accept Pedro's proffer of love. Siyà ang sumuklày

sa kanya ng anàk. It was she herself who combed her child's hair (ang

suklày a comb). sumúlid spin thread. sumúlong push ahead, progress;

also as family name: Sumúlong. Si Pédro ay sumundò` nang páre`. Pedro

fetched a priest. Hindí sya nagkapálad sa pagsundò nang médiko. He did

not succeed in fetching a doctor. Pagsuntok nyà ay tumakbo kà. When

he strikes you, run (suntòk a blow on the head). Sya y sumúsutsòt. He

is whistling. Ang báta y tumahímik. The boy quieted down. Tumátahòl

ang áso. The dog was barking. Sya y tumámà sa hwéting. He won in

the lottery. Tumátandá siyà. He is getting old. Sya y tumánod sa

báhay sa boò ng magdamàg. He guarded the house all night. Tumanùng

akò kay Hwàn. I asked Juan. Tumanùng akò nang kwàlta kay Hwàn. I

asked Juan for money. tumanghà` wonder. Sya y tumátangò`. He

is willing, He assents. Tumàtáwa siyà. He is laughing. Ikàw ang

tumáwag kay Hwàn. Do you call Juan. Nárinig ko ang iyò ng pagtáwag

sa ákin. I heard you calling me. Sya y tumayò`. He stood up. tumibà`

cut bananas off the tree. tumilàd cut wood small along the grain,

shave off, cut into small parts. Sya y tumimbá nang túbig. He drew

water with a bucket. ang pagtingìn the act of looking at something,

observation. Ang pagtipìd sa kwaltà ay ginágawa nang marámi. Many

people practise economy in the matter of money. Ang pagtípon sa manga

káhoy kung tagulàn ay mahírap, sapagkàt mapútik. It is hard to collect

logs in the rainy season, on account of the mud. Tumirà si Hwàn na

isa ng taòn sa báya-ng-Balíwag. Juan lived one year in the town of

Baliuag. tumukà` pick with the beak (tukà` the beak of a fowl). Sya y

tumúlak sa isinùsúlong na kahò ng bákal. He pushed (i. e. took part in

pushing) at the iron safe they were moving. Also: Sya y tumúlak. He

"shoved off", i. e. He went away. Si Hwàn ay tumúlog sa báhay ni

Pédro. Juan went and slept in Pedro's house. Ang kanya ng pagtúlog ay

mabábaw. His sleep is light. Tumúngo sya sa báya-ng-Balíwag. He went

toward Baliuag. Ang pagubrà nang manga barìl na ytò sa pamamarìl nang

kalabàw-ramò ay hindí pinakamabúte. These guns are not the best for

shooting wild carabao. Umubrà ang ininùm nya ng purgà. The purge he

drank took effect. Umubrà sa kakanàn ang kanya ng ginawà ng lamésa. The

table he made was suitable for the dining-room. Umubrà ng nagámit

ang tornìlyo ng bákal sa lugàr nang tansò. It was possible to use

the iron screw instead of the copper. Sya y umupò`. He sat down. Ang

pagupò` sa hángin ay isa ng mahírap na parúsa. "Sitting on the air"

(standing in sitting position with the forefingers pointing up) is

a hard punishment. Umùúrung ang trèn. The train is backing. Umútang

ka nang salapì kay Pédro. Borrow some money from Pedro. Umuwé si

Hwàn. Juan went home, Yumáyà si Hwàn nang kanya ng mangà kaybígan. Juan

invited some of his friends. ang pagyáya` the invitation.

Other roots occurring in these forms (and roots occurring above

out of their alphabetical order): abála, ágos, ákay, akiyàt, alìs,

ása, áyon, bábaw, bahà`, balìk, bílang, bilì, búhat, bútas, daìng,

dála, dalàs, dálaw, dalò, dámi, dápit, dápo`, daràs, datìng, dilìm,

dúkit, dumì, doòn, galàw, gámit, gamòt, gápang, gastà, gawà`, gúlang,

gupìt, gustò, hába`, hábol, hágod, hakbàng, hángo`, haràp, hátak,

higà`, híla, hilìng, hingà, húkay, húli, húni, íbig, kagàt, káin,

kalabòg, kápit, katàm, kibò`, kilála, kílos, kinìg, kíta, kúha,

kulòng, kuwènta, lában, lagánap, lagpàk, lákad, lakàs, lakì, lamìg,

lampàs, langòy, lápit, lígaw, lindòl, lipàd, litàw, liwánag, lubòg,

lúha`, luksò, luwàs, nákaw, ngiyàw, panhìk, pasàn, pások, patày, páwis,

píhit, pitàs, pukòl, púri, putòk, sagòt, sakàl, sákop, salákay, sáma,

sanggà, sápit, sarà, sayàw, sigàw, síkat, silìd, sípa`, sísid, subò,

súgat, súlat, sumpòng, sunòd, suwày, súyo`, tabà`, tagà`, takbò, tálik,

talòn, tanàw, tanglàw, taráto, tawìd, tíbay, tiktìk, tikuwàs, túbo`,

tugtòg, tuktòk, túlong, tungtòng, tupàd, ulàn, ulì`, untì`, úpa, yáman.

(a) Kumusta kà? How d'you do? may be felt to belong here. [10]

(b) An irregular inflection in which variation of the initial

consonant takes the place of the infix is known to Mr. Santiago from

a few traditional phrases: Hwag kà ng matày (for: pumatày) nang kápwa

táo. Thou shalt not kill.

Umabòt ka nang isa ng mansánas. Help yourself to an apple. Ang

sumunòd na silakbò nang lagablàb ay siya ng umabòt sa bubungàn. The

next leap of the flame reached the roof. Ang pagabùt nang búnga ng

itò ay mahírap. This fruit is hard to reach. Nárinig ko syà sa kanya

ng pagayàw sa sinábe ni Hwàn. I heard him disagree with what Juan

had said. Nagálit akò sa kanya ng pagayàw sa lamésa. I was angered

at his leaving the table. Si Pédro ay umayàw na. Pedro has left the

table. Similarly from bába` and sákit.

(d) From a phrase: Hindí marúnong gumanti-ng-pála` si Hwàn. Juan does

not know how to make return for kindness (gantì ng pála`).

(e) From derived words: tumagílid, pagtagílid (ta-gílid § 523);

tumalíkod, pagtalíkod (ta-líkod § 523). See also §§ 404. 488.

349. The doubled root with the same formation is used of actions

aimlessly repeated at intervals. Nátinik syà sa kanya ng pagtakbò-takbò

sa bakúran. In his constant running about the yard, he got a splinter

into his foot. Tumàtáwa-táwa si Hwàn hábang nagbíbigkàs nang talumpáte

si Pédro. Juan kept laughing at intervals while Pedro was making his

speech. Si Hwàn ay tumàtáwa-táwa nang sya y hampasìn ni Pédro. When

Juan kept laughing every little while, Pedro finally struck him with

the whip.

(a) From a root with accent shift (§ 337): Tumátawa-tawà si Hwàn twì ng

ákin sya ng màmasdàn hábang nagbíbigkas nang talumpáte si Pédro. Juan

kept snickering every time I happened to look at him while Pedro was

delivering his oration.

(2) Active with mag- and abstract with pag-r.

350. Many roots form their active with the prefix mag- for the

contingent, nag- for the actual mode; the durative is reduplicated

before the prefix is added. The corresponding abstract of action

has unaccented reduplication and prefix pag-. Thus: nagpútol,

nag-pù-pútol, mag-pútol, mag-pù-pútol, pag-pu-pútol. These actives

express, generally, a more deliberate action than those with -um-;

often also one involving more effect on external objects than do those

with -um-. We take up first those roots from which forms with -um-

do not occur in our material:

Akò y nagáantòk. I am sleepy. Ang lúsong kay Hwàn sa kanya ng pagaaráro

ay nagsidating nà. The helpers for Juan in his plowing have arrived

(ang aráro a plow). Si Pédro ay magàasáwa. Pedro is going to take

a wife. Si Pédro ay magàasáwa kay Hwána. Pedro is going to marry

Juana. Silà y nagàáway. They are fighting. magbáhay build a house. Akò

y nagbastà nang áki ng damìt. I packed up my clothes. Sya y nagbáyad

nang kanyà ng manga útang. He paid off his debts. magbayò pound rice

in a mortar. magbigàs hull rice (i. e. make bigàs, hulled rice, out

of pálay, rice in the grain). Sya y nagbigày nang librò sa ákin. He

gave me some books. Sya y nagbíhis kanína ng umága. She put on her

good clothes this morning. Ang pagbibiyábo ay isa ng ugáli nang

manga Intsèk. Swinging the feet when sitting is a habit of the

Chinese. Nagbiyày si Hwàn nang isdà` sa kanya ng palàisdáan. Juan

put some fish into his fishpond. magbuhòl tie a knot. Nagbwàl

sila nang isa ng púno-ng-káhoy. They felled a tree. Ang ságing ay

nagdàdáhon. The banana-tree is putting out leaves. Ang paghahása`

nang pangáhit ay mahírap. Sharpening razors is difficult. Sya y

nagháhatìd nang manga laráwan sa simbáhan. He is delivering images

to the church. Maghubad kà nang damìt. Take off your clothes. Sya

y naghùhúgas nang pinggàn. She is washing dishes. Naghungkòy

sya. He fanned rice. magíhaw roast (something). Nagkamìt sya nang

marámi ng túbo`. He obtained much profit. Sya y nagkúkuble. He is in

hiding. maglakò` peddle (something). Maglálarú na siyà. He is going to

play after all. Naglarú na akò. I have played enough now. Naglálaro

silà. They are playing. Naglawìt akò nang lúbid sa bintána`. I hung

a rope out of the window. maglúgaw prepare rice-broth. Naglùlúto

siyà nang gúlay. She is cooking vegetables. Sya y magpápasyàl. He

is going to take a walk. Nagpùpúnas sya nang sahìg. He is scrubbing

floors. Nagpúyat akò kagabì. I staid up last night. magsáing cook

rice dry (with little water). Nagsampày sya nang damìt. She hung

out some clothes. Sya y nagtábon nang isa ng húkay. He dammed up a

ditch. Magtahàn ka nang paglalarò`. Stop playing. Nang nárinig nya

iyòn ay malakì ang kanya ng nagìng pagtatakà. When he heard this,

his surprise was great. Sya y nagtálì nang bábuy sa halíge. He

tied a pig to the post. Magtúrù ka nang wíka ng Kapampángan sa

iyo ng pàaralàn. Teach the Pampanga language in your school. Sya y

nagtùtúro`. He is teaching. Támà ang kanya ng pagtutwìd. His reckoning

is correct. Sya y nagusísa`. He made inquiry. Sya y nagusísa nang

marámi ng bágay. He inquired into many things. Hindí ba akò nagútos

sa iyò ng gumawá itò? Didn't I order you to do this? Ang pagwawalá

nang mangà bíhag ay pinarùrusáhan nang kamàtáyan. The escaping of

captives is punished with death. Sya y nagwáwalìs. She is sweeping.

Other roots so used: akála`, alaskuwátro, alsà, aluwáge, aniyò`, ári`,

balíta`, bantày, bángon, bátis, baòn, bigkàs, bendisiyòn, biniyàg,

bintàng, bunò`, búnga, daàn, dalamháti`, dasàl, dáos, dáya`, díwang,

dugò`, dúsa, rosáriyo, hágis, handà`, hári`, hátol, hinála`, hintày,

hintò`, hírap, hiwalày, íngat, kasàl, kúlang, kumpisàl, kurùs,

kuwènto, lasìng, libàng, libìng, ligtàs, limòs, litsòn, liwalìw,

lubày, lublòb, mahàl, máno, masìd, milágro, mísa, mulà`, ningnìng,

pasiyènsiya, paséyo, sábi, sábog, sábong, sadiyà`, salità`, sánay,

silbè, simbà, sísi, siyásat, súbo`, sugàl, sumbòng, sundálo, tabáko,

tadtàd, tágo`, tálo, talumpáti`, tamò, taniyàg, tangày, tanggòl,

tígil, tindìg, trabáho, túlin, túlos, umpisà, úsap, wíka`.

351. When a root is used both with -um- and mag-, the latter form

usually differs by adding another object affected (dumalà bear, bear

up: magdalà carry to someone, to a place; bumalìk go back; magbalìk

return to a place, to someone); in some instances the added object

is the actor himself (reflexive); in others the mag- form expresses

a general activity, that with -um- a specific act (so, in part,

pútol). Examples:

Sya y nagàáral. He is studying (umáral is known as an archaic word

for teach morals, instruct; ang áral that taught, precept, moral

doctrine). Magbaluktot kà nang yantòk. Curve some pieces of rattan

(bumaluktòt, § 348, intransitive or of a single specific transitive

action). Magbálot ka nang súman, nang sigarìlyo. Roll up some suman,

some cigarettes (more general than -um-); Magbálot ka nang kúmot. Wrap

yourself up in a blanket (cf. -um-, § 348). Si Hwàn ay nagbigtì. Juan

hanged himself; ang pagbibigtì suicide by hanging. Nagbilè si Hwána

nang marámi ng sombréro. Juana sold many hats. Nagbíbile si Hwána

nang sombréro. Juana is selling hats (bumilì buy). Siya y nagdádala

nang túbig sa kabáyo. He is bringing water to the horse. Ang báta` ay

nagdádala nang káhoy. The boy is bringing wood. Hwag kà ng magdamdàm

sa hindí ko pagkatupàd nang áki ng pangáko`, sapagkàt iyò y hindí ko

sinadyà`. Don't feel bad about my not having fulfilled my promise,

for I did not do it intentionally (dumamdàm feel something). Si Hwàn ay

naghampàs noò ng Byerne-sànto ng nagdaàn. Juan performed flagellation

last Good Friday. Maghánap kayò nang inyo ng ikabùbúhay. Go and find a

living for yourselves. Sya y naghárang nang púno-ng-káhoy sa daàn. He

blocked the road with a tree. Ang paghahárang sa daàn ay báwal. It

is forbidden to make obstructions on the roads. Naghátì ako nang

manga bunga-ng-káhoy sa manga báta`. I distributed fruits among the

children; ... nang damò sa manga kabáyo ... grass to the horses. ang

paghaháti nang manga búnga-ng-káhoy sa manga báta` the distribution

of fruits to the children. Naghínà sya nang pagtuktòk sa pintò`. He

made his knocking at the door gentle. Sya y nagìínit nang gátas. She

is heating some milk. Magísip ka. Bethink yourself, Be reasonable. Si

Hwàn ay nagísip na nakáwan si Pédro. Juan planned to rob Pedro. Ang

kanya ng pagiísip ay matálas (mahína`). His thinking-power is acute

(weak). Silà y nagkàmáyan nang magkíta. They shook hands when they

met. Maglabas kà nang manga sìlya. Bring out some chairs. ang

paglalákad the drawing of something on foot; Naglákad ang manga

estudyànte nang isà ng karósa. The students drew a float. Sya y

naglíbot nang isa ng bandíla`. He walked about bearing a flag. Sya

y naglìlínis nang mésa. He cleans tables. Ang pagnanákaw ay isa

ng kasalána ng mabigàt. Thievery is a serious offense (numákaw of

a single theft). Nagpìpílit sya ng magbukàs nang kaba ng bákal. He

tries (often) to force open safes. Pagpupútol ni Hwàn nang búho` ay

pumaroòn ka t tulúngan mo syà. When Juan cuts bamboo (as an occupation

throughout a longer period of time), go along and help him. Magpùpútol

kamì nang manga kawáya ng gàgamítin sa pagtatayò nang báhay. We shall

cut bamboo for use in building houses. Magpùpútol akò nang kukò. I

am going to cut my fingernails (reflexive). Nagpútol nang buhòk ang

Intsèk na si Yàp. The Chinaman Yap cut his queue. Nagsakày sya sa kanya

ng bangkà nang dalawa ng estudyànte. He took two students into his

canoe. Nagsikìp ang daàn. The road grew crowded (apparently equal to

-um-, but cannot be used of a garment). Nagsísiksik si Hwàn nang bigàs

sa sáko. Juan was stuffing rice into the sack. Sya y nagsuklày. She

combed her hair. Ang pagtatahòl nang áso ng itò sa manga nagdàdàánan

ay masamà ng ugále`. This dog's way of barking at passers-by is a

bad habit. Ang Kastíla` ay nagtátanòng. The Spaniard was asking

questions. Nagtanùng akò kay Hwàn kung saàn ang daàn. I asked

Juan where the road was (mag- with indirect questions or questions

implied). Si Hwàn ay syà ng nagtáwag nang bágo ng léyi. It was Juan

who announced (as town crier) the new law. Ang pagtatáwag ni Hwàn ay

hindí márinig nang karamíhan dahilàn sa mahínà nya ng tinìg. Juan's

announcement was not audible to the majority, owing to his weak

voice. Sya y nagtayó nang bágu ng báhay. He built a new house. Ang

pagtatayó nang manga báhay díto ay lubhà ng mahalagà. The building

of houses here is very expensive. Nagtikwàs si Pédro nang manga

suléras nang báhay. Pedro put some of the joists of the house out of

level. Ang pagtitipìd nang kwàlta ay ginágawá nang maráme. Many people

save money. Nagtipìd si Hwàn sa kanya ng pananamìt. Juan was saving

of his clothing. Ang pagtitípon nang manga àrmas ay báwal. Storing up

arms is forbidden. Magtípun ka nang káhoy. Store up some wood. Sila y

nagtípon nang káhoy sa likòd nang kanila ng báhay. They stored up wood

in the rear of their house. Nagtípon siya nang manè` sa isa ng súlok

nang bakúran. He kept a pile of peanuts in a corner of his yard. Sya

y nagtúlak nang isinùsúlong na kahò ng bákal. He did the shoving of

the iron chest that was being moved (-um- shoved at, took part in the

shoving). Magúubra ang karitò ng itò sa mahírap na daàn. This wagon

will be suitable for difficult roads. Nagupó sya nang manga báta sa

bangkò`. He seated some children on the bench.

Similarly: balìk, bukàs, kantà, sáboy, sáma, sarà, sayàw, takbò,

talòn, tánod, tirà, yáya`.

352. Transients with mag- are much used with derived words; in so

far as these belong to secondary groups, they will be treated below;

see §§ 384. 405. 410. 427,a. 430,a.b.c. 453,a. 489. 489,a. 513.

(a) From phrases: Nagmàmadali-ng-áraw. The day is dawning (madalì ng

áraw proximate day, i. e. dawn, daybreak), nagmèmè-ári` is possessing,

has mastery of (may ári` owner, master). naghàháti-ng-gabì. It is

midnight (háti ng gabì midnight). pagtatatlo-ng-gabì the three nights'

celebration (tatlò ng gabì).

(b) From compound words: pagbibigày-loòb (bigày-loòb); Ang

maghampas-lúpa` ay nakasìsíra` nang púri. Being a vagabond is

dishonorable (hampàs-lúpa`); maghàhánap-búhay (hánap-búhay).

transients with -um- express insistent and prolonged action: Káhit na

walá sya ng talíno ay nagpùpumílit sya ng màtúto. Although he has no

gifts, he is trying very hard to get educated. Sya y nagpùpumílit na

pumaroòn sa pìknik. He is trying hard to be able to go to the picnic

(pumílit). Similarly, nagtùtumirà (tumirà).

From words with prefix ma- (§ 454) in the sense of making something

or making (claiming) oneself to have a quality: Magmámadalì táyo

nang paglákad, úpang hwàg táyo ng máhuli sa trèn. We will hurry our

pace, so as not to be late for the train (madalì`). Nagmámaligsì

si Kulàs sa pagsunòd sa manga útos sa kanyà. Nicolás is quick about

obeying the orders that are given him (maligsì). Nagmalwàt sya nang

pagparíto. He took a long time coming here. Hwag kà ng magmaluwàt nang

pagparíto. Don't take too long about coming here (maluwàt). Similarly,

pagmamarúnong (marúnong).

From various words: Sila y naghimagsìk. They came to an armed conflict

(-himagsìk § 518). Si Hwána ay naghíhimatày. Juana is fainting

(himatày). Si Hwána ay nagkàkakanìn. Juana makes sweetmeats (for

sale) (kakanìn, § 367,e). Sya y nagkalatimbà nang marámi. He did the

well-bucket exercise many times (kala-timbà`, § 519).

(d) Especially common are transients with mag- from special static

words with suffix -an; they express mutual or concerted action by

two or more actors.

From the forms in S -an (§ 377): Nagàlísan ang mangà aluwáge

no ng lúnes nan hápon. The carpenters all left last Monday

afternoon (àlís-an). Naglàlàbásan silà. They were all going

out. Silà y nagpìtásan nang manga biyábas. They all picked guavas

together. Magsìsìgáwan múna táyo bágo tapúsin ang míting. We will

all give a yell together before we close the meeting. Ang manga áso

sa báya ng itò ay nagtàhúlan kagabì. The dogs in this town all barked

last night. Similarly, from: bangkà`, bastà, daàn, hukòm, iyàk, kamày,

kantà, salità`, takbò, tampò, taniyàg, tipàn, tugtòg, uwì`. The form

in S -an is itself from a derived word in: Naghìmagsíkan ang mangà

sundálo ng Tagálog at Kastíla`. The Tagalog and Spanish soldiers

fought each other (hìmagsíkan from -himagsìk, § 518).

From the forms in S (1) -an (§ 378): Nagààwítan silà nang akò y

dumatìng. They were singing in chorus when I arrived. Magìbígan

kayò. Love one another. Nagììbígan si Pédro at si Hwána. Pedro

and Juana love each other. Ang ginawá nya ng pagmumùráhan nang

kanyà ng mangà kalákal ay dahilàn sa kanya ng pangangailángan nang

kwàlta. His putting down the prices of his goods was due to his need

of money. Similarly: hákot, káin.

From forms in (2) -an (§ 379): Hwag kayò ng magmurahàn sa daàn. Don't

abuse each other on the street. Nagmùmurahàn silà. They were engaged

in an abusive quarrel. Ang kàgalítan ni Pétra at ni Kulása ay natápus

sa hàyága ng pagmumurahàn. The hostility between Petra and Nicolasa

ended in an abusive quarrel in public. Nagpurihàn ang dalawa ng

magkaybígan sa kanila ng pagtatalumpáte`. The two friends praised

each other in their speeches. Nagpùpurihàn ang manga kaybíga ng

itò sa pàhayágan. This group of friends praise each other in the

newspapers. Si Hwána at si Maryà ay nagputulàn nang kukò. Juana and

Maria cut their fingernails. Silà y nagsàgasaàn. They all jostled

one another. Ang pagsasàgasaàn nang manga táo ay lubhà ng magulò. The

jostling of all the people was most confused. Nagsugatàn silà. They

inflicted wounds on one another. magtaanàn flee. Ang kanila ng

pagtutulungàn ay hindí nátulòy. Their plan to help each other was

not carried out. Similarly: ágaw, balíta`, dáhil, hánap, haráng, lában.

From diminutives in D -an (§ 381): Magàaswang-aswángan daw si

Pédro sa karnabàl. Pedro says he will dress up as a bogey-man

for the carnival. Hwag kà ng magaswàng-aswángan. Don't play

bogey-man. Nagmanòk-manúkan si Hwàn sa karnabàl. Juan masqueraded as

a rooster at the carnival. Silà y nagùunggú-unggúan. They are playing

at being monkeys. Nagusà-usáhan siyà. He pretended he was a deer. So

also: dapà`. From (1) D -an: Sya y nagbabá-babayíhan. He went dressed

as a woman. So also from tákot.

353. Transients with accent shift and mag- may owe the shift to the

root; so from ábot (§ 337): Nagáabòt si Hwàn nang sigarìlyo sa kanya ng

manga kaybígan. Juan is passing cigarettes to his friends. Ang pagaabòt

nang sigarìlyo ay isa ng ugáli ng magálang. Passing cigarettes is a

polite custom (umabòt, § 348,c, does not involve a person to whom). So

also múra.

In the great majority of instances, however, the accent shift is not

peculiar to the root, but constitutes a special formation, which

expresses a more plentiful and diverse action than the transient

with -um- or simple mag-. Silà y nagbábabàg. They are fighting

each other. Magbarú ka. Get dressed, Put on your clothes. Sya y

nagbunòt nang damò. He plucked up a lot of grass. Maghanàp kayò

nang manga bulaklàk sa párang. Go and look for flowers in the

woods. Pabayaàn nawá ninyò na sya y maghanàp. Please allow him to

make an inspection. Naghatí ako nang manga itlòg na pinatigasàn ni

Hwána. I halved a quantity of eggs which Juana had hard-boiled. ang

paghahatè nang manga mansánas the halving of the apples. Magisip kà

nang manga lugàr na maàári ng kinaiwánan mo nang iyò ng librò. Think

of the various places where you may have left your book. Si Hwàn ay

nagíisip nang manga iháhandá nya sa fiyèsta. Juan is thinking of

what things he will serve at the fiesta. Hwag kà ng magputòl nang

abakà, Hwàn. Don't cut up any hemp, Juan. Magpúputol kamì nang búho`,

yantòk, at bayúgin, pagdatìng námin doòn. We shall cut slender bamboo,

rattan, and thick bamboo when we get there. Nagputòl si Hwàn nang

tubò sa pinások nya ng tubúhan. Juan cut down a lot of sugar-cane in

the cane-field he got into. Nagpúputol nang kawáyan na hindí nya árì

si Hwàn. Juan cuts down bamboo that does not belong to him. Nagpuyàt

akò sa manga gabì ng nagdaàn. I have repeatedly staid up late the

last few nights. Hindí ko màputúlan nang tahìd ang kátyaw, sapagkàt

itò y nagsísikàd. I couldn't cut the rooster's spur, because it

kept struggling with its feet. Sya y nagsísinungalìng. He is telling

lies. Pagsusulàt nya nang manga súlat ay pumaroòn ka t linísin mo ang

kanyà ng aralàn. While he is writing all his letters, go and clean his

study. Ang panginoò y nagtawàg nang manga alíla`. The master called

various servants. Nagtátawag syà nang manga kitè`, nang ákin sya ng

datnàn sa bakúran. She was calling to a lot of little chicks when I

came upon her in the yard. Ang pagtatawag nyà sa manga kitè` at ang

manga pùtákan nang manga manòk ay nakabíbingì. Her constant calling

to the chicks and the clucking of all the hens made a deafening

noise. Ang báta y nagtúturó nang kanyà ng gustò. The child points

at the various things it wants. Hwag kà ng magutàng. Don't go about

asking for credit. Ang magutàng sa marámi ng tindáhan ay hindí maínam

na ugále`. Buying on credit in many shops is a bad habit. Similarly

from: bálot, íngay, lákad, láyag, líbot, tágo`.

(a) When transients with mag- are made from derived words, the

accent of the underlying word is occasionally shifted, apparently

without change of meaning: Sya y nagmayabàng. He boasted (mayábang,

§ 454). Similarly: magkákalahatè` (kalaháti` § 519).

(b) In one such case there is not only accent shift, but also

secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying word: Sya

y nagmápuri. He praised himself. Sya y nagmàmàpurì. He is praising

himself. Ang pagmamápuri ay hindí magandà ng ugáli`. Praising oneself

is not a becoming habit (ma-púri, § 454).

354. The corresponding form from oxytone roots is made with unaccented

reduplication of the underlying word: mag-si-sigàw, mag-si-si-sigàw,

nag-si-sigàw, nag-sí-si-sigàw; the abstract, however, lacks the extra

reduplication, coinciding with that of §§ 350. 351: pag-si-sigàw.

Sya y naggugupìt nang manga papèl. He cut some pieces of paper

into bits. Sya y naggúgugupìt nang manga papèl. He is cutting up

some pieces of paper. Ang báta ng si Hwàn, kung walà ng mágawa`,

ay sya ng nagháhahampàs sa manga púnu-ng-ságing. It is little Juan

who goes whipping at the banana-trees when he can't find anything

to do. Hwag kà ng magpupukòl nang batò, sapagkàt baká mo tamáan ang

bintána ng salamìn. Don't be always throwing stones; you might break

a window. Nagpúpuputàk ang inahì ng manòk na nása kulungàn. The hen

in the crate keeps up a constant cackling. Ilágan mo ang dumárating

na kabáyo na nagtátatakbò. Look out for the horse that's coming there;

it's a run-away. Nagúuupú sya sa damò. He always sits on the grass. So

also: dugò`, inòm, lundàg, sigàw, tagpò`.

(a) In one instance a barytone root has this reduplication with

explicit plural meaning: magkikíta see one another, meet (of more

than two people, cf. magkíta).

355. Accent shift and reduplication of the root appear in barytone

roots in the same sense as accent-shift alone, with perhaps a

somewhat greater intensity of the action: Nagpúpuputòl nang retáso ang

báta`. The child was cutting some rags into small bits. Ang kátyaw

ay nagsísisikàd. The rooster kept struggling with its legs. Sya y

nagtátatawàg nang manga kitè`. She kept calling to the chickens.

356. With doubling of the root, transients in mag- express either

action repeated at intervals or reciprocal action of explicitly more

than two actors: Nagisà-isà ang manga báta` nang paglápit sa ákin. The

children came to me one by one. So from: duklày, hiwalày, úlit.

(a) In one instance the root has accent shift: Naguna-unà ang manga

báta` nang paglápit sa ákin. The children vied with each other for

the first place in coming to me.

(3) Active with mang- and abstract with pang- r.

357. The active with mang- has the forms: ma-mútol, ma-mù-mútol,

na-mútol, na-mù-mútol, pa-mu-mútol (from pútol); it expresses action

more deliberate, selective, or in larger quantity (professional,

habitual) than mag-; like the latter, but more clearly, it is used

for the making or using of such and such an object. Examples:

Sya y nangabála sa ámin. He made trouble for us. Nangano kà nang

iyo ng manga kalarò`? What did you do to your playmates? Nangáyap

lámang ang báta`. The child ate only relishes. Sya y nangbábambo

nang áso. He is a caning a dog. ang pamamangkà` canoeing. Namilì akò

sa báya-ng-Malólos. I shopped in Malolos. Sya y nangdídilig nang

karsáda. He sprinkles streets. ang pangdidilìg street-sprinkling

(as vocation). Ang kasalatàn nina Hwàn sa pananamìt ay nanggálin

sa pagsusugàl ni Hwàn. Juan's family's want of clothing is due to

his gambling. Hwag kà ng manghampàs. Don't go whipping people. Sya

y nanghárang nang manga táo. He made a practice of holding people

up. Sya y hinúli nang pulìs dahilàn sa panghahárang nang manga táo. He

was arrested by the police for highway robbery. Nangháte si Hwána nang

kalákal. Juana shared orders for goods. Ang panghaháte ni Hwána nang

kalákal na ipinagbíbili nyà ay sya nyà ng ikinalúge. Juana's getting

her stock of goods for sale by sharing in orders of fellow-retailers

is what made her lose money. Nanghínà nang pagtakbò ang kabáyo sa

kalaúnan nang pagkàgámit sa kanyà. The horse slackened its pace

because it had been driven too long. Silà y nanghína`. They grew

faint. Manghiràm ka nang palakòl. Go borrow a hatchet. manghúla`

practise fortune-telling. Nanghùhúli kamì nang isdà` sa kagamitàn nang

dála. We catch fish by means of nets. Ang kanya ng manga pangingílag

sa sakìt ay lubhà ng malakè. His precautions against sickness are

elaborate. Sya y nangàngabáyo. He rides horseback. Nangapá si Pédro

nang isdà`. Pedro caught fish in his hands (by feeling for them in

mud-holes). Sya y nangàngaséra. He eats in a boarding-house. mangáwit

cut twigs with the káwit (a small, hook-shaped pruning-knife);

also: get tired of a position or occupation. Ang báta ng si Hwàn

ay nangàngáya nang manga kápwa nya báta`. Little Juan lords it

over the other children. Sya y nangúngublè. He is keeping himself

in hiding. Hwag kà ng manguròt, Pédro. Don't be pinching people,

Pedro. Ang kanya ng pananagínip ay hindí nátuloy, sapagkàt nágising

syà sa kalabòg nang púsa`. His dream was interrupted by his being

awakened by the falling of the cat. Sya y nanànagínip. He is

dreaming. Akù y nanagínip kagabè. I had a dream last night. Namáso

sya nang dalíri nang kápwa nya báta`. He scorched his playmate's

finger. Pamumútol nya nang kawáya y sundàn mo syà t baká magliwalìw

lámang sa kalakhàn nang panahòn. When he goes bamboo-cutting, follow

him to see that he doesn't loaf most of the time. Ang pamumútol

nang kawáyan ay mahírap. Bamboo-cutting is hard work. Namútol si

Hwàn nang kawáyan. Juan cut bamboo. Namùmútol kamì nang damò úpang

ipagbilè. We are cutting grass for sale. Mamùmútol kamì nang tubò

sa bakúran ni Áli ng Pétra. We are going to cut sugar-cane in Aunt

Petra's yard. Ang báta ng may sakìt ay namùmúyat sa kanya ng inà. The

sick child keeps its mother awake. Ang maláwig na pananalità` ay

hindí maínam. Roundabout speeches are not pleasant. Pédro, hwag kà ng

manyásat nang gawá nang máy gawà`. Pedro, don't be inquiring into other

people's business. ang panunúlat writing in quantity, clerkship. ang

pananahè` the occupation of sewing, the being a seamstress. Silà y

nanahímik. They quieted down. Ang bàta y nanahímik. The boy quieted

down to take a rest. manáwag call, summon (people). ang panunúro` the

act of pointing things out. Sya y nangúna. He went first, He led. Sya

y mangùngúna. He will be in the lead. Ang báta y nangupò sa buntòt

nang sáya nang babáye. The boy went and sat right down on the lady's

train. Ang panguupò nang báta sa buntòt nang sáya ay ipinahintú sa

kanyà nang kanya ng nánay. The boy's trick of sitting down on people's

trains was put a stop to by his mother. Sya y nangusísa nang manga

babáye. She interrogated a number of women. Nangútang sya sa ákin

nang limà ng píso. He made a loan of five dollars from me.

Similarly from: áhit, áko`, anàk, báhay, balíta`, barìl, báro`,

báyan, bílog, bíro`, búhay, bundòk, damìt, dúkit, gamòt, gupìt, hábol,

hámon, hingì`, igìb, ílin, káin, kumpisàl, latà`, lóko, mahála`, noòd,

pagítan, píli`, púlot, salákay, saríwa`, singìl, súbok, sulsè, súnog,

súyo`, tálo, tangháli`, tiwála`, umìt, yári.

(a) From derived words: ang panghihìmagsíkan in the same meaning

as paghihìmagsíkan (from hìmagsíkan, § 377,a); so from kalaháti`

(§ 519), kináin (§ 365). See also §§ 421,a. 422,a.

(b) From words with prefix hin- (§ 518) we may derive, theoretically,

the transients with prefix manghin-, though the underlying word in most

cases does not exist. For the phonetic irregularities see § 334,a,5.

Sila y nanghimagsìk. They came to an armed conflict (bagsìk). Hwag

kà ng manghigantì sa kanilà, Hwàn; ang kababáan nang loòb ay lálo ng

magandà. Don't take revenge against them, Juan; meekness of spirit is

more becoming. Manghíhigantì kamì dahilàn sa manga kalupità ng ginawá

nila sa ámin. We will take vengeance on them for the many cruelties

they have committed against us. manghinukò cut the fingernails

(kukò). Nanghìhináyang silà sa pagkamatày ni Del-Pilàr. They were

mourning the death of Del Pilar. Malakì ang kanila ng panghihináyang

sa namatày na báta ng si Hwàn, dahilàn sa hindí karanyúwa ng talíno

nya. Their grief at little Juan's death was great, on account of

his unusual talents. (sáyang). manghiningà pick the teeth (ang tingà

foreign substance between the teeth). manghinulè clean out the ears

(tu-tulè earwax, § 343).

to the meaning of the root: Nanawà-nawà si Pédro nang márinig nyà

na sya y nàpíli ng magìng bóbo sa larò`. Pedro could not keep from

snickering when he heard that the choice had fallen on him to be

clown in the play.

(4) Special static words.

358. A few individual forms of the preceding group have static value;

of transients, umága morning (§ 348) and ang mamáso` a blister

(páso`); of abstracts, ang pagkáin food (beside the act of eating),

cf. also pagdáka, § 265,9. The following are the regular formations

of special static words of this type:

(a) Dual collectives with mag-: ang magáli aunt and niece

or nephew. Ang magamà ng si Maryà at si Pédro ay naparoòn sa

búkid. Pedro and his daughter Maria have gone to the country. Ang

magasáwa ng Pédro at Hwána ay naparoòn sa teyátro. Pedro and his

wife Juana have gone to the theatre. Ang magatè ng si Maryà at si

Maryáno ay nagsipagpasyàl. Mariano and his oldest sister Maria

went for a walk. Sila y magatè. She is his oldest sister. ang

magbaláe ng si Hwàn at si Andrès Juan and Andrés, whose children

have married each other. magbayàw two men, one of whom has married

the other's sister. magbilàs two men who have married two sisters

(ang bilàs the husband of one's wife's sister). maghípag two women,

one of whom has married the other's brother (each of the two is the

other's hípag). magimpò grandmother and grandchild. maginà mother

and child. magkúya the oldest brother and a younger brother or

sister. magnánay mother and child. magtátay father and child.

Slightly divergent is magának: it includes the whole family, a given

person plus his angkàn (§ 379): Nagsimbà ang boò ng magának. The

whole family went to church. ang magának na sina Hwàn Krùs the Juan

Cruz family. Irregular in meaning are also magdamàg and maghápon,

of periods of time.

From a compound word: ang magkápit-báhay two neighbors.

From a phrase: Sila y magkápwa-táo. They act toward each other as

fellow men should (kápuwà táo).

From a derived word: magamaìn uncle and nephew or niece (ama-ìn, §

367,a); see also §§ 408. 412,a. 490.

(b) mag- r similarly forms explicit plurals: ang magaamà the group

of a father with two or more of his children. ang magbabaláe a

group of three or more people whose children have intermarried. ang

magiinà mother and children. ang magkukúya a group of brothers

and sisters including the oldest brother. magnanánay mother and

children. magpipínsan a group of cousins. magtatátay father and

children.

From a compound: magkakápit-báhay.

From a derived word: magkakasinglakì (kasinglakì, § 520). See also §§

412,a. 427,d.

ang magaaráro a plowman, magbibistày woman who sieves the rice in a

mill, magnanákaw thief.

From oxytone roots also with retraction of accent: ang magbabáyo a

rice-pounder, magbibígas a dealer in hulled rice.

(d) Barytone roots usually shift the accent: ang maghuhugàs a

dish-washer, maglalakàd traveller, maglilinìs a cleaner, maglilipà`

plasterer, maglulutò` cook; Si Hwàn ay isa ng magpuputòl nang

káhoy. Juan is a wood-cutter; ang magsusulàt a clerk scribe, magsusuyòd

a harrower (súyod a harrow), maguutàng a habitual borrower. So also

from: láko`, táwag.

(e) màng- r has the same value. The accent of the prefix can appear

only in an open syllable (§ 338); ang màngingisdà` a fisherman;

mànanalakàb fish-trapper (salakàb an inverted basket used as a

fish-trap). So: dúkit, hámon, húla`, kúlam, lígaw, sákop, sípa`,

tanggòl, tugtòg.

Oxytone roots often have retraction of accent: manggagámot manggagamòt;

manggugúpit manggugupìt; Sya y màngingínum nang álak. He is a drunkard;

also: mangiínom (with the prefix kept apart by glottal stop, § 34,

and no effect on initial vowel); mángangatàm màngangátam; mànglilímos;

ang mànanáhe` a seamstress (ang tahè` a seam); ang mànanánim a planter.

(f) Barytone roots usually have accent shift: ang manghuhugàs

a dish-washer, manglalagarì` a wood-sawer, mámumulòt a gleaner

(púlot); Ang manga mámumutòl nang káhoy ay nagsiáhon nà sa bundòk. The

wood-cutters have already gone up into the mountains. ang mánunulàt a

scribe, clerk, ang màngungutàng a habitual borrower, a "sponger". So

also from: káyo, tálo.

(5) Direct passive.

359. The simple direct passive has suffix -in with accent shift of

one syllable in the contingent, infix -in- (§ 334,b,1) in the actual:

putúl-in, pù-putúl-in, p-in-útol, p-in-ù-pútol. It corresponds to

actives with -um- and abstracts with pag- and, to a large extent,

also to actives with mag- and abstracts with pag- r. It expresses,

transiently, an object viewed as fully affected, taken in by the actor,

or created by a simple action.

Irregularities of form are as listed in § 334,c.

Ináko ni Hwàn ang útang ni Pédro. Pedro's debt was taken over (pledged

for) by Juan. Inàalaála ni Pédro ang kanya ng inà. Pedro was thinking

of his mother. Hindí nya inàalaála iyòn. He does not mind that. Hindí

nya àalalahánin iyòn. He won't mind that (§ 334,c,3). Inàámin nya

na ginawá nya iyòn. He admits that he did it. Àamínin nya ang

kanya ng kasalánan. He will own up to his misdeeds. Ináangkin

nang báta ng si Hwána ang manga laruwàn ni Maryà. Little Juana

appropriates Maria's toys. Angkinin mò ang laruwàn. Take the toy for

yourself. Pag úulàn ay ararúhin mo ang punláan. When the rains come,

plow the germinating-plot. Inàáso nang inà ang kanya ng báta`. The

mother is running and shouting after her child (áso a dog). Ináyap

námin ang atsára. We used the mixed pickles as a condiment. (ang

áyap condiment). Ang aklàt niya ng kaybígan mo ng binanggìt ay áki

ng nabása. I have read the book of that friend of yours whom you

mentioned. Binátis nya ang ílog. He forded the river. Ang gúlok na yàn

ay bàbawíin ko sa iyò, kapag ipinamútol mo nang kawáyan. I shall take

back this bolo from you, if you use it for cutting bamboo. Ang tábo`

ay binílog ni Hwàn. Juan turned the dipper (on a lathe). Ang úlo

ni Hwàn ay binìbílog nang kanya ng manga kalarò`. Juan's playmates

are fooling him (literally: turning his head). Binyàk ni Hwàn ang

kawáyan. Juan has split the bamboo. Dináing nya ang isdà`. He laid

open the fish. Ang manga isdà ng itò ay dinála niyà sa ílog-Pásig. He

caught these fish with the net in the Pasig river. Yòn ay áki ng

dináramdàm. I am very sorry, That's too bad. Diligìn mo ang manga

haláman. Sprinkle the plants. Durúin mo ang áki ng mamáso`. Prick my

blister for me. Ginágabi kamì. We were overtaken by night. Hanápin

mo ang magnanákaw. Look for the thief. Hinápis nya akò. He made me

sad. Hinátì ko ang manga búnga-ng-káhoy sa manga bátà`. I distributed

the fruits among the children. Iníhaw nya ang karnè. He roasted

the meat. Inísip nya ng magnákaw sa isa ng tindáhan. He thought

of stealing from a store. Isípin mo kung saàn mo naíwan ang iyo ng

sombréro. Think where you left your hat. Ang kabutì ng itò ay hindí

kinàkáin. One does not eat this mushroom. Ipatipìd mo sa bátà` ang

kinàkáin nya. Make the child be moderate in its eating. Kinapá ko

sa kadilimàn ang áki ng hìgáan. I fell out my bed in the dark. Kúnin

mo ang aklàt sa báta`. Take the book from the child. Hwag mò akò ng

kurutìn. Don't pinch me. Nilákad námin ang lahàt nang daàn. We walked

all the way. Laruin mò ang báta`. Play with the child. Nilìlínis nya

ang mésa. She is cleaning the table. Nilúsong mo bà ang balòn? Did

you go down into the well? Lusúngin mo ang balòn. Go down into the

well. Nilùlúto niya ang gúlay. She is cooking the vegetables (also:

linùlúto`). Minámahàl nang manga magúlang ang báta`. The parents love

the child. pinalànsa was ironed (palànsa). Pinána ko ang usà. I shot

the stag with an arrow. Hindí nya pinápansìn iyòn. He doesn't pay any

attention to that. Pinatày ko ang manòk. I killed the chicken. Ang

pinílì nya ng manòk ay matabà`. The chicken she picked out is a

fat one. Pinílit nya ng gumawá nang páyong ang alíla`. He forced

the servant to make an umbrella. Pitasin mò ang manga búnga nang

manggà. You pick the mangoes. Pinútol ni Hwàn ang tanikalà`. The chain

was cut by Juan. Pagka pinútol mo ang lúbid na iyàn ay lálagpak ang

tulày. When you have cut that rope the bridge will fall. Pag pinútol

mo ang buntòt nang túta` ay malápit iya ng mamatày. If you cut off

the puppy's tail, it is likely to die. Pinùpútol ko ang káhoy. I

was cutting the wood. Putúlin mo ang lúbid. Cut the rope. Pùputúlin

nya ang búho`. He will cut the bamboo. Pinúyat nya akò. He kept me

up late. Hwag mò ng sagasáin, Lúkas, ang kainítan nang áraw sa iyo

ng paglabàs sa búkid. Don't hit upon the hottest part of the day for

going out to the field, Lucas. Sinísintà ni Pédro ang dalága. Pedro is

in love with the young woman. Akò y sinípà nang kabáyo. I was kicked

by a horse. Sinuklày nya ang buhòk nang kanya ng anàk. She combed

her child's hair; also: Sinuklày nya ang kanya ng anàk. Ang gámit

nya ng librò ay sinúlat ni Daruwìn. The book he uses was written

by Darwin. Kung sinuntòk nya ang báta` ay suntukìn mo siyà. If he

hits the boy, do you hit him. Sinúsuntok nyà ang báta`. He hits the

boy on the head. Tagpuìn mo akò sa estasyòn nang trèn. Meet me at

the railroad station. Tanawin mò ang súnog! Look at the fire! Ang

tábon sa ílog ay tinangày nang ágos. The dam in the river was carried

away by the current. Hwag mò ng tanggapìn ang úpa. Don't accept the

pay. Tawágin mo si Hwàn. Call Juan. Tinipìd ni Hwàn ang ibinigày

ko ng ságing. Juan was saving with the bananas I gave him. Ang dúsa

ng kanya ng tinítiìs ay hindí lubhà ng mabigàt. The suffering he is

undergoing is not very severe. Tinísod ko ang bakyà`. I kicked away

the sandal. Inúna si Hwàn nang hukòm. Juan was dealt with first by the

judge. Inusísa akò ni Hwàn. Juan questioned me. Ang inusísa sa ákin

ni Hwàn ay kung saan nàndon ang kanya ng sombréro. What Juan asked

me was where his hat was. Inútang ko iyò ng salapì ng ibinigày ko sa

kanyà kahápon. I borrowed that money I gave him yesterday. Niwáwalis

nyà ang alikabòk sa mésa. She is sweeping the dust from the table

(also: wináwalìs). Ang niyáyà ko ng magpasyàl ay si Hwàn. The one I

invited to come for a walk was Juan.

Similarly from: ágaw, akála`, ákay, akiyàt, alíla`, alintána,

alipustà`, alìs, ámo`, anínaw, ásal, bálak, bambò, bása, batò, báwi`,

bigkàs, bigtì, bílang, bilì, bitbìt, búhat, bútas, buwísit, dalà,

daràs, dikdìk, dúkit, dúkot, gámit, gamòt, gantì, gawà`, gúgol, gupìt,

gustò, gútom, hábol, hágod, hampàs, hámon, hantày, hángo`, hárang,

haràp, hátak, híla, hilìng, hinála`, hintày, hiràm, hitìt, híwa`,

húkay, húli, íbig, inò, inòm, kagàt, kalaykày, kámot, kantà, kúlam,

kumbidà, kumpisàl, lála, lóko, lúnod, loòb, matà, múra, nákaw, pálo`,

pasàn, pások, pígil, pího, piráso, pirìnsa, pukòl, sábi, sadiyà`,

sagòt, salúbong, sampàl, sanggà, sapantáha`, sílip, singìl, siyásat,

sumpòng, sundò`, sunòd, súnog, sungánga, tagà`, tákot, talagà, tálo,

tampálas, tápos, túkop, tuntòn, úbos, ugáli`, úlit, wíka`.

(a) From derived words: Inùumága silà sa kanila ng pagsasàlitáan. They

were being overtaken by their morning in their conversation (um-ága,

§ 358). Si Hwána ay hinimatày. Juana was attacked by a fainting-fit

(himatày, § 518).

(b) From root with shifted accent: Ináabùt nang báta` ang góra. The

boy was reaching for his cap.

gamòt. Take the medicine all at one swallow, Juan.

(d) From doubled root, with meaning of repeated action: see isà;

barytone root with accent shift: ámo`.

360. A few roots which have actives with mag- form the direct passive

from the root with pag- prefixed. On the analogy of other forms

(cf. § 369) one should expect this to be the case with roots whose

active with mag- stood in contrast with -um- (§ 351); this is clearly

the case, however, only in pag-isíp-in, pag-ì-isíp-in p-in-ag-ísip,

p-in-ag-ì-ísip: Pinagísip nya ng magnákaw sa isa ng tindáhan. He laid

plans for robbing a store (cf. in-ísip, § 359). The other roots which

have pag- in the direct passive are: barìl, doòp, kúro`, tapìk.

361. To the active with mag- (1) (§ 353) corresponds a direct passive

with pag- and accent shift: pag-putul-ìn, p-in-ag-putòl, etc. (pútol):

Pinaghatí ko ang manga itlòg na pinatigasàn ni Hwána. I halved each

of the eggs Juana had hard-boiled. Pinagisìp nya ang kahulugàn nang

manga sènyas na nàkíta nya ng ibiníbigay nang isa ng sundálo sa isa

nyà ng kasamahà ng nàhúle nang kaáway. He figured out the meaning of

the signals he saw a soldier make to a comrade who was captured by

the enemy. Pinagpúputul nang báta` ang sinúlid. The child is cutting

the thread to bits. Pagputulin mò, Hwàn, ang manga siìt. Cut out the

bamboo-spines, Juan. Pinagusisá nang hukòm ang manga magnanákaw. The

judge cross-examined the robbers. Similarly from kúha, nákaw, sábi,

sípa`, súnog.

362. Likewise, corresponding to the active with mag- r (§ 354),

is a direct passive with pag- r; see gawà`, kagàt.

Passive with pag- (1) r (cf. § 355) from sípa`.

363. Passive with pag- (1) D (cf. § 356): Pinagsabì-sabi nyà sa ibà

t ibà ng táo na si Pédro ay nàhúli sa pagnanákaw. He told various

people on various occasions, that Pedro was arrested for thievery.

364. The direct passive is made from the root with prefix pang- to

correspond to actives with mang- (§ 357): pa-mitas-ìn, pa-mì-mitas-ìn,

p-ina-mitàs, p-in-a-mí-mitàs (pitàs). Examples: Inamútan ko si Hwàn

nang pinamilì ko ng manga librò. I let Juan purchase from me some of

the books I had bought up. Pinamímitas nilà ang manga kamatsilè. They

picked the fruits of the tannic acid tree. Pamìmitasìn námin ang manga

búlak. We shall pick the capoc cotton. Pinamùlot námin ang manga

laglàg na búnga. We picked up the fallen betel-fruits. Pinangútang

ko iyà ng salapì` sa kanyà. I had to borrow that money you have there

from him. Also from noòd.

(6) Special static words.

365. The infix -in- produces static words denoting things which are

produced by such and such a process or treated so and so: ang pinítak

each of the small sections into which a rice-field is divided by the

irrigation trenches (pítak divide; as root-word, division). So from

báta`, hingà, káin, lúgaw, púno`, sáing, súlid.

(a) With accent shift: inakày.

(b) A number of roots (here treated as simple) have the form of words

with infix -in- (cf. § 333): hinála`, kinábang, linamnàm, sinungáling,

tinápay, tinóla.

366. -in- R: ang ináamà godfather, iníinà godmother; cf. § 412,a.

367. Suffix -in with secondary accent on the first syllable of the

underlying word forms static words denoting something which undergoes

such and such an action: Ang kalasìng nang kwàlta sa ibà y pára ng isa

ng tugtúgin. The clinking of money is for others (than the spender)

like music. So from bandà, damdàm, tiìs (only here does the S show

itself), tungkòl.

(a) Static words with (1) -in, with irregularities (§ 334,b), person

or animal like something: amaìn uncle; so from inà. Also of things

consumed: inumìn drinking water, kánin (káin) boiled rice ready to eat.

(b) The same with pang- in pa-naú-hin guest, if from táo.

lupaìn country, part of the world. Of animate creatures, tendency:

gulatìn scary, shy.

From derived word, in the latter sense, with S on the first of three

syllables: pàniwalaìn credulous (paniwála`, § 347).

(d) -in with reduplication, from numerals, in the sense of with so

many: lilimáhin; from da-lawà (§ 345), da-dalawá-hin.

(e) r (2) -in, with irregularity: ka-kan-ìn sweetmeat (káin).

(f) The following roots end in -in (§ 333): bayúgin, buhángin,

dalángin prayer, kaingìn, muláwin, salamìn.

(7) Instrumental passive.

368. The instrumental passive corresponding to the active with -um-

and, to a large extent, to that with mag-, is formed with the prefix

i- (§ 334,a,3); the actual taking also the infix -in- (§ 334,b,2):

i-pútol, i-pù-pútol, i-p-in-útol, i-p-in-ù-pútol. It denotes,

transiently, an object given forth, parted from, or used as instrument

or the person for whom in such and such an action or process.

Iniyalìs nilà ang hárang nang daàn. They removed the obstruction on the

road. Iyánib (or: isánib) mo ang iyu ng banìg sa kay Pédro. Make your

sleeping-mat overlap Pedro's, i. e. Sleep next to Pedro. Ibinàbágay

nang mangkakayò ang damìt sa namímilè sa kanyà. The cloth-merchant

is suiting the cloth to her customer. Ibinàbágay ni Hwàn sa kanyà

ng kalàgáyan ang kanya ng paggastà. Juan adapts his expenses to his

situation. Ibinilanggò nang hukòm si Hwàn. The judge has put Juan

into prison. Ibiníngit nya sa lamésa ang orasàn. He put the clock

on the edge of the table. Idaan mò sa báhay ni Pédro ang bábuy na

itò. Leave this pig at Pedro's house as you pass. Ang bantáyan sa

púno nang tulày ay inihágis nang manga lasìng na táo sa ílog. The

sentry-box at the head of the bridge was thrown into the river by the

drunken men. Ihásà mo ang pangáhit na ytò. Sharpen this razor. Ihinúkay

nila nang malálim ang patày. They dug a deep grave for the dead. Íwan

mo díto ang báta`. Leave the child here (so: ì-íwan will be left,

in-íwan was left, in-ì-íwan is being left). Inilálaàn ko kay Pédro

ang ságing na itò. I am putting aside this banana for Pedro (also:

itinátaàn). Inilùlúto nya ang gúlay. She is cooking the vegetables

(also: ilinùlúto`). Ipinagítan sya sa dalawà ng dalága. He was placed

between two young women. Ipináyag ko sa hinilìng nilà ang áki ng

sasakyàn. At their request I let them have my vehicle. Ipinútol nya

akò nang sinúlid. She cut off some thread for me. Ipútol mo akò nang

maìs. Cut some corn for me. Ipùpútol nya ikàw nang tubò. He will cut

some sugar-cane for you. Ang kampìt na iyàn ay mapúpurol kapag ipinútol

mo nang káhoy. That kitchen-knife will grow dull, if you cut wood with

it. Kawáyan ang isinásahìg ni Pédro sa kanya ng báhay. Pedro is using

bamboo for flooring his house. Pag pinùpútol ko nà ang liìg nang manòk,

ay isáhod mo ang mangkòk na lalagyàn nang dugò`. When I am cutting the

chicken's neck, hold under the basin to catch the blood. Isinále nya si

Hwàn. He included Juan. Isáli mo si Hwàn. Take Juan along. Isinampày

nya sa kanya ng balíkat ang kúmot. He slung the blanket across his

shoulder. Isigang mò ang sináing. Put the rice on the fire. Isilid mò

sa bóte ang álak. Put the wine into the bottle. Pagulàn ay isoot mò ang

kapóte. When it rains put on the rain-coat. Itináwag nang magpapatawàg

ang bágo ng kautusàn. The crier cried out the new law. Itinayú nya

ang báhay. He erected the house. Itinira nyà sa ákin ang tinápay. He

left the bread for me. Itúru mu sa kanyà ang simbáhan. Show him the

church. Itúru mo sa ákin ang larò`. Teach me the game. Iwalá mo iyà

ng iyo ng sambalílo ng lúma`. Get rid of that old hat of yours.

Similarly, from: álay, átas, bagsàk, balíta`, bigày, budbòd, búhos,

bulìd, búrol, buwàl, dáos, dikìt, distíno, dugtòng, gápos, hánap,

handà`, hatìd, hintò`, hitsà, húlog, kasàl, kawàg, labàs, ladlàd,

lagày, laglàg, lákad, lakàs, lalà`, lapàg, lawìt, libìng, ligtàs,

líhim, lúlan, luwà`, páyo, sabàd, sáboy, sagòt, sakdàl, sánib, sarà,

sigàw, sèrmon, súlong, sunòd, taàn, taàs, tágo`, táli`, tanìm, tángi`,

tápon, tuktòk, túloy, túngo, úbos, útos, wisìk.

(a) From root with shifted accent: Iniyáabùt nya sa ákin ang librò. He

was handing me the book. Iyabùt mo sa ákin ang librò. Hand me the book.

369. The instrumental passive is made from the root with prefix pag-

when it corresponds to an active with mag- which stands in contrast

with an active with -um- from the same root (§ 351); it is used also to

express the instrumental relation more explicitly than the simple form,

especially the person for whom. Forms: i-pag-pú-tol, i-pag-pù-pútol,

i-p-in-ag-pútol, i-p-in-ag-pù-pútol.

Ito ng báhay ang ipinagbili kò. This house is the one I have sold

(cf. bumilì buy, magbilì sell). Ang áraw nang kapangànákan ni Risàl

ay ipinagdìdíwang sa boò ng Filipínas. Rizal's birthday is celebrated

all over the Philippines. Síno ang ipinaglùlúto mo? Whom are you

cooking for? (inilùlúto` in preceding section). Ipagpútol mo ngà`

akò nang yantòk. Please cut some bamboo for me. Ipagpùpútol kità

nang tubò. I will cut you some sugar-cane. Ipinagpútol mo ba akò

nang pamilmìt? Did you cut me a pole for fishing? Ipinagpùpútol niya

akò nang siìt na gàgawì ng pípa. He is cutting me some bamboo reeds

for cigarette-holders. Ang guntìng na iyàn ay mapúpurul agàd, kapag

ipinagpútol mo nang damìt. Those scissors will get dull very soon,

if you keep using them to cut cloth with. Iyo ng kúnin ang guntìng,

kapag ipinagpùpútol nya nang káyo. Take the scissors, if he uses them

for cutting cloth. Ang paupó ni Hwà ng sùgálan ay ipinagsábi sa pulìs

nang kanya ng kápit-báhay. The gambling party Juan invited was exposed

to the police by his neighbor (sinábi was said). Ipinagsakay kò si

Hwàn sa áki ng karumáta. I took Juan into my carriage. Ang bágo ng

léyi ay ipinagtáwag ni Hwàn. The new law was called out by Juan. Hindí

ko bà ipinagútos sa iyò ng gawìn mo itò? Didn't I order you to do this?

Also from: kayilà`, labà, látag, sakdàl, sumbòng, takà, tanòng, tapàt.

(a) From derived words: ipinaghimatày (himatày, § 518);

Ipinagúbus-làkásan niya ang pagtakbò. He exhausted all his strength

in his running (úbus-làkásan, § 377,b).

370. i-pag (1), corresponding to mag- (1), § 353: from tápon; also

from derived word ma-yábang (§ 454, cf. § 353,a).

371. i-pag r, corresponding to mag- r (§ 354), from tanòng.

372. The instrumental passive from the root with prefix pang-

corresponds to the active with mang-: Ipinanghárang nila Pédro ang

manga barìl na inágaw nilà sa manga pulìs nang báyan. In holding people

up Pedro's gang used the guns they had snatched from the police of

the district. Ipinamútol ko nang yantòk ang gúlok. I used the bolo for

rattan-cutting. Ipinamùmútol nya akò nang kawáyan. He is cutting bamboo

for me. Ipinamùmútol nya nang kawáyan ang bágo ng gúlok. He is using

the new bolo for bamboo-cutting. Ipamútol mo nang tubò ang kampìt na

itò. Use this kitchen-knife for cane-cutting. So also: áko`, balíta`.

(8) Special static words.

373. Special static words with prefix i- express the part of something

in such and such a direction, or the direction: ibábaw, ibáyo, ilálim,

itaàs, ituktòk; with shifted root: ibabà`.

(9) Local passive.

374. The simple local passive, corresponding to the active with -um-

and largely to that with mag-, has the suffix (1) -an with the

irregularities described in § 334. The forms of the actual mode

have also the infix -in-: putúl-an, pù-putúl-an, p-in-utúl-an,

p-in-ù-putúl-an. The local passive denotes the thing affected as

place in which or the person to whom.

Inabútan akò nang ulàn. I was caught by the rain. Agáhan mo ang

iyo ng pagparíto. Make early your coming here, i. e. Come here

early. Pagkagupìt nang áki ng buhòk ay inahítan nya akò. When he

had cut my hair he shaved me. Alisan mò nang manga tinìk ang áki ng

salawàl. Take the thorns out of my trousers. Inanyáhan silà ni Hwàn

na magpasyàl. They were invited by Juan to go for a walk. Arálan

mo ang manga Kapampángan. Teach morals to the Pampangas. Asnan

mò ang dáing na isdà`. Salt the fish you lay open. Aptan mò nang

páwid ang báhay. Roof the house with nipa-palm. Awítan mo ang manga

panaúhin. Sing for the guests. Bakúran mo ang sagíngan sa tabì nang

ílog. Fence in the banana-grove by the river. Bakúran mo ang báhay. Put

a fence round the house. Binalitáan ko si Hwàn nang manga nangyári sa

ákin sa labanàn. I related to Juan my adventures in the war. Bantayan

mò ang pálay. Guard the standing rice. Basáhan mo akò nang manga

kwènto. Read me some stories. Bigasan mò ang tinóla ng manòk. Make

the chicken-stew with rice. Si Pédro ang binilhàn ko nang kabáyo ng

itò. It was Pedro I bought this horse from. Sa katapusàn ay kanya

ng nàpagkilála ang malaki ng pangánib na kanya ng biningítan. In

the end he recognized the great danger into which he had betaken

himself. Binuksàn ni Hwàn ang pintò`. Juan opened the door. Dinaanàn

nang trèn ang báboy. The pig was run over by the train. Dinaanàn ko

si Hwàn. I called for Juan on the way (and took him with me). Dalhàn

mo nang túbig ang kabáyo. Bring water to the horse. Dalian mò ang

pagdadala ríto nang librò. Bring the book here soon. Ang pabása sa

bisíta nang San-Antònyo ay dinaluhàn nang marámi ng táo. The reading

at the chapel of San Antonio was attended by many people. Dinamíhan

nya ang kinúha nya ng ságing. He took many bananas. Dinamuhàn nyà

ang damúha ng malápit sa simbáhan. He cut grass on the pasture near

the church. Dinapúan nang manga íbon ang sangà nang káhoy. Birds

alighted on the branch of the tree. Dinatnàn kamì nang ulàn. We were

overtaken by the rain. Diniláan nya akò. She stuck out her tongue

at me (ang díla` the tongue); also: Diláan mo ang mansánas. Lick

the apple. Hwag mò ng durúan nang karáyom ang áki ng panyò. Don't

leave needles sticking in my handkerchief. Hagkan mò si Nánay. Kiss

Mother. Hinalúan nang álak ang gátas. Some wine was mixed into the

milk. Hinampasàn ni Pédro ang mukhá ni Hwàn. Pedro hit Juan in the face

with a whip. Ang daàn ay hinarángan. The road was obstructed. Hasáan mo

ang gúlok na itò. Sharpen this bolo. Hintuan mò ang iyo ng pagsusugàl,

Pédro, kung íbig mu ng yumáman ka. Put a stop to your gambling, Pedro,

if you want to get rich. Hinùhugásan niyà ang manga pinggàn parà sa

manga babáye. He is washing dishes for the women. Hulíhan mo nang

isdà` ang palàisdáan. Catch fish in the fish-pond. Ang manga sampày

na damìt ay hinípan nang hangin, kanyà` nahúlog sa lúpa`. The clothes

on the line were blown by the wind and fell to the ground. Hinípan ko

ang píto. I blew the whistle. Hinípan ko ang apòy úpang palakihìn. I

blew on the fire to make it larger. Inilágan nya ang simbáhan. He kept

away from the church. ... ang kabáyo. He got out of the way of the

horse. Inlagan mò ang dumárating na tumátakbo ng kabáyo. Get out of

the way of the horse that is coming on the run. Itiman mò ang lubòg

nang damìt. Make the dye of the garment black. Inìiyakàn ni Hwána

ang kanya ng namatày na kaybígan. Juana is weeping over her dead

friend. Hwag mò ng kurutàn, Pédro, ang isdà ng nása dúlang. Don't you

take a pinch from the fish on the table, Pedro. Hwag mù ng labánan,

Pédro, ang kapatid mù ng matandà`. Don't oppose your older brother,

Pedro. Ang landàs na gawì ng kaliwà` ay ang iyo ng lakáran. You

must take the path which goes to the left. Lakasan mò ang túlak sa

bangkà`. Push hard on the boat. Lakhan mò, Hwàn, ang pirasúhin mo ng

matamìs. Break off a big piece of the sugar, Juan. Nilalíman nilà ang

húkay nang patày. The grave for the corpse was made deep by them. Ang

bantày nang manga kanyòn ay nilayásan ang kanya ng lugàr. The guard

of the cannon deserted his post. Ligsihan mò ang pagílag sa lugàr

na iyàn. Get out of that place quickly. Hwag mò ng luksuhàn ang

tinìk na iyàn. Don't jump on that spine. Lulánan mo nang manggà ang

karitòn. Load up the wagon with mangos. Luluran mò si Pédro pagbababàg

ninyò. Kick Pedro in the shin when you fight him. Nilusúngan mo bà si

Pédro? Did you help Pedro? Lutúan mo nang bigàs ang manòk. Cook some

rice in with the (already cooked) chicken. Masdan mò ang bwàn. Look at

the moon. Minàmasdan kò ang manga nagdádaa ng táo. I am looking at the

people who pass by. Minuráhan nya akò sa pagbibilì nang talòng. He

made me a low price on the egg-plant. Muráhan mo ang pagbibilì

nang labanòs. Sell your large radishes cheap. Ang tanggápan nang

manga sanglà` sa báhay-sangláan ni Pédro ay ninakáwan kagabè. The

receiving-place of pledges in Pedro's pawn-shop was robbed last

night. Nakáwan mo syà nang kanyà ng salapè`. Rob him of his money. Sa

pagbubunò` ni Hwàn at ni Pédro si Pédro ay pinaahàn ni Hwàn. Juan

caught Pedro by the leg (or: hurt Pedro in the leg) as they wrestled

together; but: Pinaanan nyà ang kanya ng kapatìd na natùtúlog. He lay

down with his feet toward his sleeping brother. Hwag mò ng paanàn sa

iyò ng paghigà` ang kapatìd mo ng natùtúlog. When you go to bed don't

lie with your feet toward your sleeping brother. Pinanáwan sya nang

pagiísip. He lost his mind. Patayàn mo nang pitsòn ang nilúgaw. Kill

a pigeon for the stew. Patisan mò ang isdà` ng itò. Put shrimp-sauce

on this fish. Pinayágan nya ang paraà ng itò. He agreed to this

plan. Pilikàn mu ang isdà`. Cut the fins off the fish. Pintahan mò

ang padèr na ytò. Paint this wall. Hwag mò ng pintasàn ang damìt na

yàn. Don't find fault with that garment. Pitasan mò nang búnga ang

manggà. Pick some fruits from the mango tree. Ang pinulútan nilà nang

manè` ay ang bakúran ni Hwána. The place where they gathered peanuts

was Juana's yard. Pinùpunásan nya ang sahìg. She is scrubbing the

floor. Punan mò, Pédro, nang isà ng salapè` ang kwàlta ng ibinigày mo

sa ákin. Add half a dollar to the money you gave me, Pedro. Putíkan mo

ang kanya ng salawàl. Put mud on his trousers. Pinutúlan ko nang usbòng

ang manga kamóte. I cut shoots from the sweet-potatoes. Pinùputlan nyà

nang manga sangà ang káhoy na nabwàl. He is cutting the branches off

the tree that was blown down. Putúlan mo nang ténga ang áso. Cut the

dog's ears. Putlan mò nang súngay ang kalabàw. Cut the horns of the

carabao. Pùputúlan ko nang súngay ang usà. I shall cut off the stag's

horns. Pùputlàn dàw nya nang buntòt ang áso. He says he will cut off

the dog's tail. Sinakyàn námin ang bangká ni Hwàn. We rode in Juan's

canoe. Sakyan mò ang bangka ng itò. Get into this canoe. Hwag mù ng

saláhan ang iyo ng mangà pagpások sa eskwèlhan. Don't skip going to

school, Don't play hookey; but: Sinanglan nyà ang singsìng. He missed

the ring (in the juego de anillo). Hwag mù ng sanglàn ang usà. Don't

fail to hit the stag. Samáhan mo si Pédro. Go with Pedro. Sayawan

mò kamì, Hwána. Dance for us, Juana. Sinigawàn nang páre` ang kanyà

ng munisilyò. The priest yelled at his sacristan. Sinikáran nang

kabáyo ang karumáta. The horse kicked at the carriage. Siglan mò nang

álak ang bóte. Fill the bottle with wine. Untì-untí mo ng subúan ang

pitsòn. Feed the squabs little by little. Sinugátan sya ni Pédro. He

was wounded by Pedro. Sinukláyan nya ang kanya ng anàk. She combed

her child's hair. Sulátan mo si Pédro. Write to Pedro. Tinabúnan na

ni Pédro ang húkay. Pedro has already filled up the hole. Tagalan mò

ang pagkábitbit nang tablà. Keep holding the board that way. Tagalan

mò ang pagtitira díto sa ámin. Stay here with us a long time. Tagpian

mò ang báro ng itò. Mend this shirt. Tagpuan mò nang iba ng káyo ang

kaluwángan nang sáya. Fill out (literally: cause to meet) the width

of the skirt with other cloth. Tamnan mò nang manga púno-ng-nyòg ang

bakúran. Plant the yard with cocoanut trees. Tinanúran nya ang báhay sa

boò ng magdamàg. He guarded the house all night. Hwag mù ng tanggapàn

nang úpa ang kaybígan ko ng iháhatid mò sa estasyòn nang trèn,

sapagkàt akò ang ùúpa sa iyò. Don't take any fare from my friend whom

you will bring to the railroad station, for I shall pay you. Tapunan

mò ang bóte. Cork up the bottle. Hwag mò ng tawánan si Hwàn. Don't

laugh at Juan. Tawágan mo si Bathála`. Call on the Lord. Tinayuan nyà

nang kamálig ang bakúran. He erected a granary in his yard. Tigasan

mò ang lúto nang halayà. Cook the jelly hard. Tinirhàn nya akò nang

tinápay. He left some bread for me. Tirhàn mo akò nang inúyat. Leave me

some molasses; but: Hwag mò ng tirahàn ang báhay na iyàn. Don't live in

that house. Ang báhay na iyòn ay ang kanya ng tinìtirahàn. That house

over there is where he lives. Tinulínan nya ang paglákad. He hurried

his pace. Tulísan mo ang tasà nang lápis. Sharpen the point of the

pencil. Untian mò, Pédro, ang ibíbigay mò ng damò sa kabáyo. Give the

horse less grass, Pedro. Ùupàn nang manga panaúhin ang manga bangkù

ng itò. The guests will sit on these benches. Orásan mo ang iyo ng

pagkáin. Have your meals at stated times. Utángan mo nang salapí

si Pédro. Borrow money from Pedro. Oóhan mo ang tanòng. Answer the

question in the affirmative. Niwàwalisàn niyà ang sahìg. She is

sweeping the floor.

Other roots: akmà`, ámot, apòy, balàt, báya`, báyad, bigày, bendisiyòn,

búti, dagán, retráto, gámit, gawà`, gupìt, halimhìm, hatìd, háwak,

higà`, hitsà, húkay, húlog, íngat, kamìt, kantà, labàs, lagày, lálo`,

lápit, lígaw, ligtàs, limòs, mulà`, pagakpàk, palìt, panhìk, pások,

prubà, puntà, putòk, sabày, sáboy, sagása`, sákit, salákay, silakbò,

subò, súbok, sunòd, sunggàb, soòt, táli`, táma`, tánga`, tángan,

tíbay, tibà`, tingìn, túbo`, tugtòg, túlad, túlog, túlong, tungtóng,

umpisà, úpa, útos, wisìk.

(a) From derived words: Sya y tinagilíran ni Pédro. Pedro hit him in

the side (ta-gílid, § 523), but: Tinaligdàn ni Hwàn si Pédro pagdadaàn

nitò sa kanya ng harapàn. Juan turned away from Pedro when the latter

came before him. Tinalikdàn ni Hwàn si Pédro. Juan turned his back

on Pedro (talíkod, § 523).

(b) Irregularly without accent shift before the suffix: Áki

ng binitáwan (or: binitíwan) ang bóte. I let go my hold on the

bottle. Bitíwan mo ang lúbid. Let go of the rope. Dinaánan siyà nang

isa ng silakbò nang gálit. A fit of anger came upon him. ... nang

isa ng masamà ng pagiísip. An evil thought came to him. Dinàdaánan

sya nang isa ng malakì ng kalungkútan. A great grief is upon

him. ... nang pagkaulòl. He is under an attack of madness. Cf. daanàn,

above. Minatáan nang bágo ng táo ang aswàng. The young man looked

round for the vampire. Matáan mo ang magnanákaw. Keep an eye open

for the thief. So from: sèrmon.

syllables): Ang utusàn nang kapitàn ay tinamaàn nang bála. The

captain's orderly was hit by a bullet. Ang lulòd ni Pédro ay tinamaàn

nang bála. Pedro got shot in the shin. Tinamaàn nang kulòg (nang

lintìk) ang isa ng púnu-ng-manggà. A mango tree was struck by the

thunder (by lightning). Tamaàn ka nang lintìk! May the lightning

strike you! (curse.)

375. The local passive is formed from the root with pag- when it

corresponds to an active in which mag- is contrasted with -um-

(§ 351) or when the local relation, especially of person for whom,

is highly explicit: pag-putúl-an, pag-pù-putúl-an, p-in-ag-putúl-an,

p-in-ag-pù-putúl-an. Examples: Ang pagsakày sa kabáyo ay hindí magaà

ng pagarálan kung salbáhe ang kabáyo. Riding horseback is not easy

to learn if the horse is unruly. Hindí káya ni Hwàn ang kanya ng

pinagàarálan. Juan's studies are too hard for him. Pagbàbalikàn

kità. I will come back to you. Pagbalikàn mo akò. Come back to

me. Ang útang ni Maryà ay pinagbayáran nang kanya ng kapatìd na

babáye. Maria's debt was paid off by her sister. Ang áki ng kapatìd

na laláki ang pinagbilhàn ko nito ng báhay. I sold this house to my

brother. Napatìd ang lúbid na kanya ng pinagbìbiyabúhan. The rope

on which he was swinging broke. Ang pinagharángan kina Hwàn ay isa

ng lugàr na malápit sa manggáhan sa daà-ng-Balíwag. The place where

Juan and his company were held up was a spot near the mango-grove

on the Baliuag road. Pagharían mo ng mabúte ang pulò ng itò. Rule

righteously over this island. Paghasáan mo nang manga pangáhit ang

hasaà ng itò. Use this whetstone to sharpen razors on. Ang pinaghatdan

kò nang gátas ay maláyo`. The place to which I delivered the milk was a

long way off. Sa pasíga ng itò y walà ng lugàr na pinaghùhubaràn nang

damìt. At this beach there is no place for undressing. ang pinagibhàn

the point of difference, the difference. Pagingátan mo ng dalhìn ang

túbo ng kristàl na iyàn, sapagkàt baká magkàputòl-putòl iyàn kung

hindí ka maíngat nang pagdadalà. Carry that glass tube carefully,

because it might get smashed if you are not careful about the carrying

it. Pinagkabyawàn nilà ang lugàr na itò. This place is where they

pressed sugar-cane. Ang pinagkàkabyawàn námin ay isa ng lugàr na

mataàs káy sa tubúhan. The place where we press sugar-cane is a place

higher than the cane-field. Pagkabyawàn ninyò nang tubò ang bágo ng

kabyáwan. Press the cane in the new press. Pagkàbyawàn nilà ang bágo

ng tayò ng kabyáwan. They will press sugar-cane in the newly-erected

press. Ang hwátaw ang sya mò ng pagkánan. The Chinese bowl is what

you are to eat from. Si Pédro ang pinagkúnan nang manga kasangkápa

ng itò. Pedro is the one from whom we got these tools. Si Migèl ang

pinagkùkúnan nya nang kwàlta ng pangbilè nang kalabàw. Miguel is the

one from whom he gets money to buy carabao. Ang pagkúnan mo nang pálay

ay ang sáko ng may kúlang. The place for you to take rice is the sack

that is already broken. Hwag mò ng paglaruwàn, Hwàn, ang kutìng,

sapagkàt baká mo iyàn màbúlag. Don't play with the kitten, Juan,

for you might inadvertently blind it. Paglarwan mò ang bóla. Play

(with the) ball. Ang kutìng ay nàbálot sa pinaglàlaruwàn nya ng

damìt. The kitten got wrapped up in the piece of cloth with which it

was playing. Pagmasdan mò ang bwàn. Look carefully at the moon. Hwag

mò ng pagputúlan nang ano màn ang sangkála ng iyàn. Don't cut anything

on that cutting-block. Pinagsalitaàn ni Hwàn ang kanyà ng manga báta

ng kapatìd. Juan gave his little brothers a talking-to.

Similarly: bintàng, daàn, daràs, dasàl, háti`, hinála`, katàm, kublì,

patày, pílit, sábi, silbì, sísi, tagpò`, tipàn, úsap.

(a) From a phrase: pinagsa-ulàn (sa ulè`).

(b) From a derived word: Mangà pinagpìpìtagánan ko ng ginoò! Respected

sirs, Dear sirs (in oral or written address).

(d) With extra accent shift, corresponding to active with mag- (1):

Pagputulàn mo, Hwàn, nang manga usbòng ang kalabása. Cut a bundle of

shoots from the pumpkin, Juan.

As bitìw lacks the accent shift before -an (§ 374,b), the form with

pag- and shift of one syllable belongs here: Pinagbitiwan nyà ang

manga manùk na kanya ng tángan. She let go of all the chickens she

was holding.

(e) With reduplication of the root, corresponding to the active with

mag- r (§ 354): pinagsisiglàn (silìd).

(f) With both extra accent shift and reduplication, corresponding to §

355: Pinagdàdadagukàn nya ang manga kaáway niyà. He was dealing blows

to his enemies right and left (dágok a blow with the fist).

(g) From doubled root (cf. the active, § 356): pinagtùtulùng-tulúngan

(túlong).

376. The local passive with pang- corresponds to actives with mang-:

pa-mutúl-an, pa-mù-mutúl-an, p-in-a-mutúl-an, p-in-a-mù-mutúl-an.

Saàn ang pinanggalíngan mo?--Ang pinanggalíngan ko ay an

báya-ng-Mayníla`. Where have you come from?--I come from Manila. Ang

manga pinítak na kadátig nang sápa` ay sya nyà ng pinanggágapásan

(or: sya nyà ng pinamùmutúlan nang pálay). The sections of the

rice-field bordering on the ditch are the ones he is cutting rice

from. Pinangitlugàn nang manòk ang kahò ng itò. The hen laid its eggs

in this box. Hwag mò ng pamitasàn nang búnga ang átis na nása tabì

nang balòn. Don't pick the fruits from the atis tree by the side of

the well. Siya kò ng pamìmitasàn nang búnga ang byábas na nása gitná

nang bakúran. I shall pick fruits from the guava tree in the middle

of the yard. Ali ng lugàr ang iyo ng pinamutúlan nang damò? Which

place did you cut grass from? Sinundó ni Pédro ang kapatìd na babáye

sa báhay na pinanànahían. Pedro fetched his sister from the house

where she was working as seamstress. So also from: tálo, tiwála`.

(a) With pang-hin- the local passive corresponds to the active

with mang-hin- (§ 357,b); the reduplication affects the hin- which,

theoretically, we may regard as part of the underlying word. "Magáral

ka ng mabúti at panghinayángan mo ang mahalagà ng panahòn," sinábi ni

Hwàn sa kanya ng anàk. "Study hard and take account of the precious

time," said Juan to his son. Káylan pa kayá panghìhinayángan nang

manga táo ang manga áni ng taòn-taò y nàsìsírà nang luktòn o nang

túyot? When will the people at last regret the harvests that are

every year destroyed by locusts or by drought? Pinanghinayángan nilà

ang nálubog na bangkà`. They were sorry about the canoe that had

sunk. Pinanghìhinayángan námin ang marámi ng búhay na ginúgol nang

báyan sa pagtatanggòl sa katwíran. We regret the many lives lost by

the country in the defense of its rights. (sáyang); similarly from

gantì: panghigantihàn.

(10) Special static words.

377. With S -an special static words are formed from oxytone roots,

without the irregularities described in § 334. In meaning they fall

into two types, which, however, are not always clearly distinct.

(a) They express an action by two or more actors, a kind of plural of

root words of the type described at § 341,3,a. Ang àlísan nang manga

aluwáge ay sa lúnes nang hápon. The leaving of the carpenters is

fixed for Monday afternoon. ang ìnúman a drinking party. Ang ìyákan

nang manga báta` ay nárinig ko sa kalsáda. I heard on the street

the crying of the children. Ang kàlabúgan nang manga nalaglàg na

nyòg dahilàn sa malakàs na hángin ay nárinig hanggàng sa maláyo ng

lugàr. The thud of the cocoanuts that were thrown down by the strong

wind was audible for some distance away. Ang kàlasíngan nang manga

kwaltà ng laglàg sa bulsà ni Hwàn ay sya ng nakàgísing kay Pédro. The

rattling of the coins falling from Juan's purse was what woke Pedro

up. Ang kantáhan nang manga íbon ay ginágawà nila kung umága. The

birds sing together in the morning. Ang kùrútan nilà sa nilúto ko ng

isdà` ay lubhà ng madalàs. They often pinched pieces out of the fish

I had cooked. Ang litsúnan nila Hwàn ay hindí nátulòy. The barbecue

of Juan and his friends did not come off. Ang luksúhan nang manga

luktòn ay totoò ng maiiklè`. The leaps of the small grasshoppers are

very short. Ang pàgakpákan nang manga táo pagkaraàn nang talumpáte`

ay lubhà ng mahába`. The applause of the people after the speech

was very long. Ang pintásan ni Hwána at ni Maryà ay parého ng hindí

totoò. The criticisms of Juana and Maria make of each other are

equally untrue. Ang kanyà ng manga lalagyàn nang tuba` ay pùnúa ng

lahàt. His containers for the sap are all full. Ang kanila ng sàkáyan

sa trèn ay sa linggò nang umága. They are all to take the train Sunday

morning. Naparoòn akò kagabè sa isa ng sàyáwan. I went to a dance last

night. Ang sìgáwan nang manga báta` sa kalsáda ay nakabíbingì. The

shouting of the children on the street is deafening. ang tàhúlan

nang manga áso the baying together of the dogs. ang tàyáan a staking,

a putting up of stakes (ang tayà` a stake in a bet or game). Nárinig

sa isa ng ùpúan nang manga Intsèk ang kwènto ng itò. This story was

heard in a gathering of Chinamen.

Similarly, from: kaluskòs, patày, pustà, putàk, salità`, sugàl, takbò,

tipàn, tugtòg, umpòk.

From derived word: Ang hìmagsíkan sa Filipínas ay natápus nà. The

fighting in the Philippines is over. (as though from a form -himagsìk,

see § 518).

This formation underlies further derivatives, see §§ 352,d. 357,a.

272. gáya like, resembling, in the manner of; for the disjunctive