(b) The other meaning of the formation S_Tagalog Texts with Grammatical Analysis

viewed, rather explicitly (cf. § 380), as the scene of plural action

or the place of things. So: ang bìgásan the place where hulled rice

is made, threshing floor for rice, rice-mill. Si Hwàn ang bìgáyan

nilà nang kanilà ng manga ninákaw na aláhas. Juan is the one to whom

they give the jewelry they have stolen. ang bìlangúan a prison (ang

bilanggò` a prisoner). Ang kanila ng bìlíhan nang pálay ay sa kamálig

ni Hwàn. The place where they buy rice is in Juan's storehouse. Ang

dàánan nang manga sundálo ay ang landàs na itò. The usual route of

the soldiers is this path. ang hampásan the whipping-bench. Ang manga

magkakápit-báhay na si Andrès, Kulàs, at Pédro ay nagtàtálo tungkùl

sa kaní-kanilà ng hanggáhan nang bakúran. The neighbors Andrés,

Nicolás, and Pedro are disputing about the boundaries of their

grounds. Sa pagítan nang báya-ng-Balíwag at báya-ng-San-Migèl ay

máy-roo ng isa lámang na hintúan ang manga naglálakad. Pedestrians

have only one stopping-place between the towns of Baliuag and San

Miguel. Si Pédro ay sya ng hìráman nang salapì` nang manga táo sa

báyan. Pedro is the one from whom the people in the town borrow

money. ang hungkúyan a machine for fanning the pounded rice. Ang isa

ng taburéte lámang ang ginawá nila ng làgáyan nang kanila ng manga

sombréro, sapagkàt ang sabitàn ay punú nà. A chair was all they had

to lay their hats on, for the hat-rack was already full. Ang làngúyan

sa ílog ay bumábaw. The swimming-place in the river grew shallow. ang

làrúan the playground. Ang lìbángan sa manga báta` sa manga bapòr na

naglálayag sa dágat nang Pasífiko ay lubhà ng malilínis na lugàr. The

play-rooms for children on the steamers that ply on the Pacific Ocean

are very neat places. ang nyúgan a cocoanut grove. Ang pàtáyan nang

bábuy ay nasúnog. The pork slaughter-house burned down. ang pàtísan

a factory for shrimp-sauce (patìs, made of the small shrimp called

hípon). Ang báro ng punìt-punìt ay sya nyà ng ginawà ng tagpían nang

manga retáso. She sewed the patches all on to the ragged blouse. Ang

kanila ng tagpúan ay ang daà-ng-Balíwag. Their meeting-place is the

Baliuag road. ang tanyágan an exhibition, exposition. ang timbángan

a pair of scales. ang tindáhan a shop, store (ang tindà the goods

for sale in a store).

Similarly, from: aklàt, bantày, bigtì, biniyàg, bukàs, buntòt, dasàl,

gawà`, hagdàn, higà`, hukòm, kabiyàw, kublì, kulòng, libìng, luksò,

manggà, pintà, pintò, pitàg, punlà`, sampày, sanglà`, simbà, sahàn,

tanggàp, tarangkà, tirà, upò`.

A very few show irregularities: eskwèl-han, paá-nan, tòto-hánan the

truth (totoò); the secondary accent is lacking in damú-han, tubú-han;

irregular in kumpìsál-an.

From a compound word: úbus-làkásan (úbos-lakàs).

From a phrase: sà-lawáhan changeable, fickle, as though from sa lawà;

for the latter see § 345.

From derived words: ang ìnumínan place for drinking-water, water-shelf

(inum-ìn, § 367,a); ang sìlangán-an the east (silang-àn, § 379.

378. The formation (1) S -an is made from barytone roots and

corresponds in meaning to (a) in the preceding type; the suffix is

added as a rule without irregularity.

Ang ìbígan ni Maryà at ni Hwàn ay natápus sa pagtatampúhan. The

love-affair of Maria and Juan ended through their contrariness. Ang

làyásan nang manga sundálo ay hindí maampàt nang kanila ng manga

pinúno`. The deserting of the soldiers could not be stopped by their

officers. Sa miyèrkules ang lùlánan nilà sa trèn. On Wednesday they

are to embark on the train. Ang pùlútan nilà nang kwaltà ay náhintò`

nang márinig nilà ang putòk. Their scrambling for money ceased when

they heard the crash. ang tìpúnan a meeting.

So: háyag, húni, káin, kílos, sáma, túloy.

Irregular in form is: Ang tàwánan nila Hwàn ay náhinto dahilàn sa

kanila ng pagkàgúlat. The laughter of Juan's crowd stopped on account

of their surprise (táwa).

Irregular in meaning, as though local instead of plural, is: Ang

gulòd na itò ay sya ng sìlángan nang áraw. This hill is the place

where the sun rises (sílang).

379. The form from barytone roots corresponding to the type in §

377,b and often also to type a, is: (2) -an, without irregularities:

Ang agawàn nang manga unggò` ay magulò. The grabbing by the monkeys

was confused. ang basahàn a reading-room, library. Bulakàn Bulacán

(name of a province, if from búlak a cluster of capoc cotton). Ang

maliìt na úna ng itò ay sya kò ng duruàn nang manga aspilè. This little

cushion is where I stick my needles. ang haluàn a mixing-vessel. ang

hugasàn a place for washing dishes. ang hulihàn nang isdà` a

fishing-expedition. Si Hwána ay isa ng babáye ng kutuhàn. Juana is a

lousy woman. Ang labanàn nang manga Tùrkos at Inggléses ay kasulukúyan

pa lámang. The warfare between the Turks and the English is only now

taking place. Ang kanila ng lakaràn ay lubhà ng masayà. Their walking

party is very merry. Ang kanila ng lusungàn ay hindí natápus na mabúte,

sapagkàt marámi sa manga táo ay matamàd. Their cooperative scheme did

not turn out well, because most of the people were lazy. Ang murahàn

ni Hwána at ni Maryà ay nárinig nang boò ng báyan. The revilings of

Juana and Maria were heard by the whole town. Sa báya-ng-San-Migèl

ay nangyáre ang isa ng nakawàn. In the town of San Miguel a robbery

took place. Ang tablà ng itò ay ginawà ng pakuàn nang manga báta`

sa manga páku ng aspilè na kinúha nilà. The children used this board

for hammering in the tacks they had taken. Ang bútas nang bangka`

ay sya ng ginawà ng pasakàn ni Pédro nang pagkìt. The leak in the

canoe was where Pedro calked in the wax. ang putikàn a clay-pit; a

person or thing covered with mud. Ang isà ng labangàn ay syà ng nagìng

silangàn kay Hesùs. Jesus was born in a manger; ang kátri ng silangàn

ni Hwána the bed in which Juana's children were born. Sya y sugatàn

He is wounded; ang sugatàn the wounded (as, after a battle). ang

sulatàn a writing-desk. Ang sílong nang báhay ay sya nyà ng taguàn

nang manga kasangkápan sa pagaalwáge. The ground-floor of his house

is where he keeps his carpentry tools. Ang kuwàrto ng itò ay sya kò

ng tulugàn. This room is my sleeping-place. Ang tulugàn nang báhay

ni Hwàn ay nása bubungàn. The sleeping-quarters in Juan's house are

on the roof. ang utusàn a servant, a waiter, an orderly.

Similarly: áral, búkol, dáhil, hárang, hása`, íhaw, ílaw, káin, lúto`,

sábit, sábong, tápon, túlis, úlo, úpa, óras.

With irregularities: hàlamanàn garden, flower-pot (haláman) has

secondary accent on the first of three syllables; angkàn the members of

a given person's immediate family, not including himself: ang angkàn

ni Hwàn Krùs Juan Cruz' wife and children (from -ának, cf. mag-ának,

§ 358,a); kwayanàn, beside kawayanàn (kawáyan).

With irregularity and reduplication: ka-kan-àn (-káin).

380. (1) -an with irregularities forms static words denoting objects by

the action for which they are locally used or by the things they are

the place of; the local meaning is less explicit, and the object has

more fixed identity apart from its local relation than is the case in

the preceding forms. This distinction is very clear where both forms

occur from the same root (cf. kulòng, lagày); it may disappear where

only one form is made (sagíngan, atísan have the same value as nyúgan).

ang atísan a grove of atis trees. Ang asuhàn nang báhay ni Pédro ay

nasúnog. The chimney in Pedro's house burned out. Bigasàn ang kanya ng

sináing. Her boiled rice has raw rice in it, is not done. Ang kanya ng

damìt ay pulahàn. Her clothes are all red. Sya y isà ng pulahàn. He

is a Red, a member of the Red party. ang silángan the east, also

Silángan Silangan (name of a town). ang taanàn a fugitive. ang manòk

na talúnan the defeated game-cock; lúto ng talúnan a dish in which the

defeated game-cock is cooked with ginger. Similarly: bákod, bubòng,

dúlo, gawà`, hanggà, haràp, kulòng, labàng, larò`, likòd, lulòd, paà,

ságing, tintéro.

(a) Some roots which begin with l and most of those whose irregularity

involves contraction, have reduplication in this form: Ang lalagyàn

ko nang librò ay ang mésa ng itò. This table is my bookstand. Ang

uupà ng itò ay gàgamítin nang manga panaúhin. The guests will sit

on these seats. Ang uupà ng itò ay sa háre`. This seat is for the

king. luluràn shin. Similarly: hihigàn (higà`), lalamúnan (lámon),

lalawígan (láwig), sasakyàn (sakày), titirhàn (tirà).

(b) From derived words: Napútol nilà ang púno-ng-káhoy sa

kalahatían. They cut the tree at the middle. Nalagòt ang lúbid sa

kalahatían. The rope broke at the middle. (kalaháti`, § 519). Ang

bútas nang bangkà` ay nása tagilíran. The leak in the canoe is in

the side. Nilagyàn ni Hwàn nang tagilíran ang kanya ng báhay. Juan

put side-walls on his house. (tagílid, § 523).

381. D -an, with accent shift if the root is barytone, forms words

denoting an object which is an imitation or miniature of such and

such: ang dagat-dagátan a lake; ang kabá-kabayúhan a play-horse; ang

tao-taúhan a manikin, doll; the pupil of the eye; ang baril-barílan

a toy-gun. Further derivatives from this formation, see § 352,d.

382. Many roots here treated, because felt, as simple, end in -an:

bangàn, batalàn, dalandàn, hagdàn, haláman, kánan, kápitan, kapitàn,

kawáyan, laráwan, pagítan, pakuwàn, pangnàn a hand-basket, pasígan

(Pásig is the name of a river), pinggàn, saguwàn a paddle, sangkálan,

tampalásan, tahílan.

383. Similar formations with pang- prefixed add the element of

meaning present in the transient formations with mang- and pang-;

they have secondary accent on the prefix, as though it formed part

of the underlying word:

(a) pàng- -an (cf. § 377): Ang kahò ng itò ay sya ng pàngitlúgan nang

manòk. This box is the place where the hen lays its eggs.

(b) pàng- (1) -an (cf. § 378): Si Hwàn ay sya ng paráti ng pàmunúan

nang básag-úlo. Juan is the one who always starts the fighting.

II. Secondary groups.

1. Prefix si-.

384. The prefix si- is used only in active transient forms, and

is always preceded by mag- or nag-: mag-si-pútol, mag-sì-si-pútol,

nag-si-pútol, nag-sì-si-pútol. In meaning these forms are explicit

plurals of the primary active forms. Occasionally the plural value

is emphasized by infixation of -ang- into the mag- or nag-.

385. From the simple root the explicit plural with si- corresponds to

the primary actives with -um- or, in many cases, with mag-. Nagsiílag

sila sa báyan nang itò y pasúkin nang manga kaáway. They all fled from

the town when the enemy entered it. Ang manga áso ay nagsìsilámon. The

dogs are eating. Magsiligáya kayò. Rejoice, Be glad. Ang manga langgàm

ay nagsìsilipumpòn (or: nagsìsilípon) sa nápatay nila ng gagambà. The

ants are crowding all over the spider they have killed. Nagsìsipútol

sila ng lahàt nang tubò nang kamì ay dumatìng. They were cutting

sugar-cane when we arrived. Magsipútol kayò nang tubò. Do you all

cut sugar-cane.

So from: akiyàt, alìs, dálaw, dalò, datìng, húli, húsay, iyàk, kantà,

kápit, lakì, lípat, lúlan, pígil, puntà, pustà, sáyad, tindìg, tugtòg,

túlong, túngo, uwì`.

(a) Plurality emphasized: Nangagsiúrong ang manga sundálo. The soldiers

retreated. So also from alìs.

386. This formation is made from the root with pag- prefixed when

it corresponds to primary actives with mag- in contrast with -um-

(§ 351). Nagsìsipagáral silà. They are studying. Magsipagáral

kayò. Study. Ang manga báta` ay áyaw magsipagbíhis. The children don't

want to change their clothes, get dressed up. Ang manga langgàm ay

nagsìsipagípon (or: nagsìsipaglípon) nang pagkáin kung tagáraw. The

ants store up food in the hot season. Magsipagpútol kayò, Pédro, nang

káhoy na gàgamítin sa paglilitsòn. Pedro, do you folks cut some wood

to be used in the barbecue. "Magsìsipagpútol dàw sila nang dikóla,"

ang sábi ni Hwána. "They say they are going to cut off the trains

of their skirts," said Juana. Napsipagpútol nang buhòk ang manga

Intsèk. The Chinamen cut off their queues. Nagsìsipagpútol nang buhòk

ang manga Intsèk na si Yèng at Tsàng, nang sila y datnàn ko sa kanila

ng tindáhan. The Chinamen Yeng and Chang were cutting their queues

when I came upon them in their shop. Nagsipagtipìd ang sundálo. The

soldiers economized.

So from: basà`, dasàl, hintò`, larò`, pasiyàl, sísi, sugàl, takbò,

tindìg, yukayòk.

(a) Plurality emphasized: nangagsipagtakbò.

(b) The pag- is used when the underlying word is a derived word: Ang

manga sundálo ng Tagálog ay nagsipaghimagsìk. The Tagalog soldiers

revolted (-himagsìk, § 518). Nagsipaghìmagsíkan silà. They fought each

other (hìmagsíkan, § 377,a). So from: agawàn (§ 379), -bugtúngan (§

377,a), labanàn (§ 379), takbúhan (§ 377,a). Cf. § 406.

to primary actives with mag- (1), § 353. It occurs from: bálot,

lákad, líbot.

387. With pang- prefixed to the root, this formation corresponds to

the primary active with mang- (§ 357). Magsipamangká táyo. Let's all

go canoeing. Magsìsipamiyábas kamì sa manga gúbat na malápit. We are

going guava-picking in the jungles near here. Si Pédro at si Hwàn ay

umáhon sa bundòk úpang magsipamútol nang káhoy na asanà`. Pedro and

Juan went up into the mountains to cut asana. Àáhon kamì sa bundòk at

magsìsipamútol kamì nang muláwin. We are going up into the mountains

to cut molave.

So from: barìl, hína`, hingì`, noòd, tahímik, tálo.

(a) With pang-hin-, cf. § 357,b: Silà y nagsipanghimagsìk. They made

a revolution.

2. The prefix paki-.

388. The prefix paki-, which forms simple static forms, transients,

and abstracts, expresses that the subject of the sentence performs

or undergoes the action along with others that were involved in it

before,--this either through interference or by favor of someone else.

389. Simple static form: ang pakikinábang the obtaining of profit

(kinábang) in trade with others; also: holy communion. So pakipútol,

in command (cf. § 341,3,c), cut as a favor.

390. The active transient and the abstract have the forms: maki-pútol,

makì-ki-pútol, naki-pútol, nakì-ki-pútol, paki-ki-pútol, i. e. the

reduplication affects the syllable -ki-.

Ang kapitàn ay nagpadalà nang isa ng sekréta sa lúpà nang kaáway

úpang makiramdàm nang kanila ng kìlúsan. The captain sent a spy to

the enemy's country to spy out (literally: perceive along) their

movements. Makìkikáin akò kina Lílay. I am going to Lilay's for a

meal. Si Pédro ay nakikáin kina Hwàn. Pedro took a meal at Juan's

house. Nakipútol akò nang damò sa lúpà ni Mariyáno. I obtained

permission to cut grass from Mariano's land. Sila y nàròroòn sa búkid

ni Pédro at nakìkipútol nang damò. They have gone to Pedro's field

and are cutting grass there by his permission. Pumaroòn ka t makipútol

nang damò. Go and ask them to let you cut some grass. Pakikipútol díto

ni Hwàn nang damò ay singilìn mo ang útang nya. When Juan asks to be

allowed to cut grass here, dun him for his debt. Sila y nakisúno kay

Mariyà. They had Maria let them live in her house with her.

So: sakày, sáma, túloy, túlog.

(a) With accent shift of the root (§ 337): makialàm look after someone,

nose into others' affairs (álam).

391. The root has pag- when the formation corresponds to a primary

active with mag- in contrast with -um- (§ 351): Nakìkipagáway ang

báta ng itò, kanyà` hindí dápat pahintulúta ng madalàs na manáog

nang báhay. As this boy gets into fights, he should not often be

allowed to leave the house. Nakipagáway si Pédro. Pedro got into the

fight. Nasaktàn si Hwàn sa kanya ng pakikipaglarò`. Juan got hurt

when he joined into the game. So from: bunò`, dalamháti`, lában,

tagpò`, úsap.

(a) From derived words: Hwag kà ng makipaglàngúyan, Hwàn, at baká

ka malúnod. Don't go swimming with the crowd, Juan, I am afraid

you might get drowned. Makìkipaglàngúyan ka bà, Pédro? Are you

going along swimming, Pedro? Nakipagluksúhan si Hwàn nang idáos ang

manga larò`. Juan entered in the jumping-contest when the games were

held. Similarly, from: pustá-han, siksík-an, takbú-han. All these

belong under § 377,a. See also § 427,b.

(b) Corresponding to primary active with mag- (1) § 353: Nakipagbabàg

si Pédro. Pedro got into a free fight (bábag).

392. The root has pang-, corresponding to a primary active with mang-:

Sya y hindí pinahintulútan sa kanya ng pakikipamútol nang tubò. His

request to be allowed to cut cane was not granted.

393. In the passive the paki- expresses that the subject undergoes the

action along with others, often as a favor on the part of the actor. So

direct passive: paki-putúl-in be cut, as a favor on the part of the

one who does the cutting; the recipient of the favor is the speaker.

394. In the instrumental passive the meaning is similar; sometimes,

however, the instrumental passive is used with the person asking the

favor as agent.

Maárì mo ngà ng ipakihúlog sa kuréyo ang súlat? Will you please

mail my letter for me? (literally: Can my letter please be

thrown-along-with-yours or thrown-as-a-favor into the mail by

you?). Ipinakihúlog ni Pédro ang áki ng súlat. Pedro mailed my letter

(along with his or as a favor) for me. Ipinakìkihúlog ko lámang kay

Pédro ang áki ng manga súlat. I am asking Pedro to mail my letters

for me; here ipinakìkihúlog is not that thrown as a favor, but that

asked to be thrown as a favor. Ipakìkipútol daw ni Hwàn ang buhòk

nang alílà nya ng Intsèk. Juan says he will ask someone to cut his

Chinese servant's hair; ipakìkipútol is here that asked to be cut as

a favor, and the relation of asking is the only thing expressed by

the instrumental (rather than the direct) passive.

395. The root has pag-, corresponding to § 351: Ipakipagpútol mo ngà`

nang buhòk ang guntìng na itò, úpang áti ng masubúkan ang húsay nang

talìm. Please use this shears in cutting hair, so that we may test the

quality of the edge (genuine instrumental passive). Ipakìkipagpútol

daw nya akò nang búhò` pagáhon nya sa bundòk. He says he will cut

some bamboo for me when he goes up into the mountains. (genuine

instrumental passive). Ipinakipagpútol akò ni Hwàn nang tubò. Juan had

someone cut me some sugar-cane (literally: I was asked to be cut for

as a favor). Ipinakìkipagpútol daw ni Hwàn si Pédro nang labòng. Juan

says he is having someone cut bamboo-shoots for Pedro.

396. Local passive with paki-: pinakibalitáan was ascertained by the

actor getting people to tell him as a favor.

(a) From shifted root: pinakialamàn.

(b) With pag- (cf. § 352): pinakìkipagtakbuhàn.

3. The prefix ka-.

397. Secondary forms with the prefix ka- are of most varied meaning;

the principal types express association of two individuals or groups

and involuntary action. In accented form the prefix kà- expresses

chiefly accidental occurrence. In certain passives associated with

this group the prefix itself does not appear.

(1) Simple static forms.

398. Words with prefix ka- denote objects (or groups) standing in

such and such a relation to another object (or group). Sya y áki

ng nagìng kabaláe. He (she) has become my fellow-parent-in-law,

i. e. Our children have intermarried; the form ka-baláe merely

makes explicit the element of relation present in the simple word:

Si Bantùg ay áki ng baláe. Bantug's son (daughter) has married my

daughter (son). Ang manga áso ay nása kabilá nang bákod. The dogs

are on the other side of the fence (the simple -bilà` does not occur;

the idea of other side is always envisaged as relative). Ang búkid ni

Hwàn ay karátig nang kay Pédro. Juan's field borders on Pedro's. Ang

mésa ng itò y kakúlay nang kahòn. This table is of the same color

as the chest. Si Hwàn ang kalában ny Andrès sa larò ng dáma. Juan is

Andres' opponent at checkers. Kamatà si Hwàn ni Pédro. Juan and Pedro

took to each other from first sight. Ang tagpí nang báro ni Pédro ay

hindí kamukhá nang báro`. The patch on Juan's blouse does not match

the blouse. ang áki ng kapatìd na si Hwàn my brother Juan. ang áki

ng kapútol na si Hwàn my brother Juan; ang kapútol nang tubò a piece

(broken off) of the sugar-cane. Ang kasánib nang áki ng banìg ay ang

banìg ni Manuwèl. Manuel's sleeping-mat and mine overlap (kasánib

one of two things of which one overlaps the other). walà ng kasangkàp

without accompaniments, trimmings, affixes. Si Mariyáno ang kasunod kò

ng lumàlákad sa kalsáda. Mariano was the one who was walking behind

me on the street; ang kasunod kò ng naparoòn sa simbáhan the one who

followed me in going to church (kasunòd one of two persons one of whom

is following the other). ang katúngo the person one is dealing with,

the other party. Si Pédro ang kaugáli nang kanya ng kaybíga ng si

Hwàn. Pedro has the same habits as his friend Juan.

Similarly from: áway, báyan, biyàk, bunò`, ribàl, haràp, kilála, kláse,

lákip, larò`, pantày, partè, sabuwàt, sáli, sálo, sáma, súno`, tapàt,

timbà`, untì`, úsap, walà`.

Divergent in meaning are katáo (§ 255), kagabì, kahápon (§

259). Cf. also § 520.

(a) From derived words: Syà y isa kò ng kamagának. He is a relative

of mine (mag-ának, § 358,a), and kamakalawà (§ 259, from maka-lawà,

§ 453).

(b) From a phrase: ang kasa-ng-báhay a person dwelling in the same

house with another, a housemate (isà ng báhay).

Kulàs. Juan is at odds with Pedro and Nicolás. ang kanyà ng kagalìt

the person or persons with whom he is at odds. Si Pédro ang nagìng

kasirá ni Hwàn. It is Pedro with whom Juan is angry. Hindí ko katalò

si Párì Hwàn. I don't play winning-and-losing games with Father

Juan. Similarly from álam, sáma.

(d) The root is reduplicated in a few cases: Si Pédro ang áki ng

kababáyan. Pedro is my fellow-townsman (beside kabáyan); katutúbo`

native, ingrown, inborn, inherited.

399. kà-ka-. With accented reduplication of the prefix these forms

emphasize the incompleteness of the correlative object: Kàkapútol

lámang na tubò ang áki ng nàkúha. I got only a little piece of the

sugar-cane. So also kákauntè`.

400. ka- R. With accented reduplication of the underlying word ka-

forms words expressing the recent completion of an act; they are

used impersonally (§ 77) or as conjunctive attributes. Kaàáway pa

lámang ni Hwàn sa kanya ng kalarò`. Juan has only just now quarreled

with his playmate. Kabàbángon ko. I have just got up. Kagàgáling sa

báyan nang kapatìd ko ng babáye. My sister has just come back from

town. Kahíhiga ko pa lámang. I had just then lain down. Kalàlarú ku pa

lámang sa báta`. I have just finished playing with the child. Kapùpútol

ko pa lámang nang yantòk. I have only just now cut some rattan. So

gísing, káin.

(a) ka-pag- R, with the usual value of pag- (§ 369, etc.): Kapagpùpútol

lámang ni Hwàn nang kawáyan. Juan has just come from cutting bamboo.

(b) ka-pang- R, corresponding to active with mang- (§ 357): kapamùmútol

(pútol).

401. ka- D. With doubling of the root ka- has causative value: it

expresses that which causes such and such an involuntary action,

specifically, such and such an emotion: Ang dumatìng na bálang

ay katákot-tákot ang dámi. The locusts that came were frightful in

quantity. So from hiyà`, takà. Vowel-contraction in kàwáwa` pitiable,

piteous (for ka-áwa-áwa`). Slightly divergent in meaning is karáka-ráka

(§ 265,5).

402. In a different use ka- has the form kay- in some words; these

formations express a remarkable degree of a quality; they are used

impersonally (§ 76), as predicate (§ 247), occasionally as conjunctive

attributes: kaálat kayálat what saltiness! (of water); kay-asùl what

blueness! Katáyog nang púno-ng-niyòg na iyòn! How tall that cocoanut

tree is! Kayuntì` nang ibinigày nya ng laruwàn sa ákin! How few toys

he gave me! So: kay-dámot, ka-rámot, ka-rúnong, ka-itìm, kakínis,

ka-láyo`, ka-muntì`, ka-pulà, ka-tabà`, kay-tipìd.

(a) With reduplication of the root, this form refers to the quality

in an explicit plurality of objects: kaiitèm what blackness! (of

several things); Kalalamìg nang paà nang manga báta`! How cold the

children's feet are!

(b) With doubled root these forms intensify the quality: Kaydámot-dámot

nang báta ng itò! What a terribly stingy child! (kaydámot, karámot

what stinginess! ang dámot stinginess).

403. A few forms with accented ka- prefixed to the root envisage the

accidental nature of the reciprocal relation: Ang manga damìt na

itò ay kásiya sa baòl. These clothes will fit into the trunk. Akò

ang kásundo` ni Pépe sa pagpapalarò` nang bèsbol sa manga báta`. I

am at one with Pepe as to letting the children play baseball. Hábang

akò y nagdádaàn, kátaon namà ng isinábuy nya ang túbig. He threw out

the water at the very time, it happened, that I was passing by. ang

kàtiwála` a confidential agent, manager, overseer.

The words káluluwà and kápuwà`, which resemble this formation, seem

to be felt as simple roots and have been so treated here.

(2) Normal transients, abstracts, and special static forms.

404. k-um-a-. An active with -um- is made from ka-úsap as underlying

word: Si Hwàn ay kumàkaúsap sa ákin. Juan was talking at me,

haranguing me.

405. mag-ka- pag-ka-ka-. Actives with mag- and abstracts with pag-

r from underlying words with ka- express a partial affection of the

actor or of a group of actors; ka- here has its involuntary force:

the actor is not a rational and voluntary agent. Nagkaroòn ako nang

trabáho kanína ng umága, sapagkàt nagpasakày akò sa trèn nang manga

kamátis nang tátay ko. I was kept busy this morning, for I attended

to the shipping by train of my father's tomatoes. Nagkaroòn sya

nang gálit. He harbored ill-feeling. Nagkagulò ang manga Amerikáno

sa pagdatìng nang Dòytsland. The Americans were surprised at the

coming of the "Deutschland". Nagkagustò sya ng kumáin nang súha`. He

conceived a desire of eating grape-fruit. Nagkàkalípon ang manga

langgàm sa púto. The ants are getting all over the cake. Akò y

nagkamálay pagkaraàn nang ilà ng sandalì ng paghihimatày. I returned

to consciousness after a few moments' fainting-spell. Nagkapálad si

Hwàn na makaratìng díto ng maluwalháti`. Juan was fortunate enough to

get back here safe and sound. Ang pakwàn ay nagkasíra`. The watermelon

got partly spoiled. Ang manga ságing ay nagkasíra` sa kalaúnan nang

pagkàtágo` sa lalagyàn. Some of the bananas got spoiled on account

of the long time they were kept stored. Nása simbáhan. silà nang

magkasúnog. They were at church when a fire occurred. Twi ng papasúkin

ko sa kuràl ang manga kalabàw ay nagkákawalá silà. Every time I put

the carabao into the corral, they get away.

So: búkol, hinòg.

406. mag-ka- (1) pag-ka-ka- (1). Accent shift in this formation serves

various uses:

(a) It may be due to the root: Si Hwàn ay nagkasakìt noo ng bwà ng

nagdaàn. Juan had a sickness last month. Si Hwàn ay hindí makapútol

nang káhoy, sapagkàt mahínà pa sya dahilàn sa pagkakasakìt. Juan cannot

cut wood, because he is still weak on account of his recent illness.

(b) It expresses plurality: Magkákaputòl ang manga tubò. The sugar-cane

will get broken in numbers. Nagkaputòl ang manga tubò sa lakàs nang

hángin. The sugar-cane broke in quantity under the violence of the

wind. Nagkákaputòl ang manga tubò sa kalakasàn nang hángin. Much

sugar-cane is breaking under the force of the wind.

So also from lúnod.

word of the form ka- (1), § 398,c; three words of this kind occur:

Sila y nagkagalìt. They quarreled. ang pagkakagalìt the quarrel. Ang

Hapòn at ang Tsína ay nagkasirà`. Japan and China had a break. Silà

y nagkatalò. They played a winning-and-losing game. Nagkatalu nà ang

manga nagsúsugàl. The gamblers have lost and won, have finished their

winning-and-losing game.

In accordance with § 356, the underlying word is doubled with

distributive plural meaning: Sila ng ápat ay nagkagá-kagalìt. The

four of them all got angry at one another.

Similarly, an explicit plural with mag-si-pag- is formed (cf. §

386,b): Nagsipagkasirá silà. They had a falling out.

407. (a) mag-ka- r pag-ka-ka- r. The reduplication of the root

expresses repeated action in a form with retraction of accent and

irregular insertion of ng after the prefix: Sya y nagkàkangdadápa`. He

kept falling on his face.

(b) mag-ka- D pag-ka-ka- D. Doubling of the root seems a more regular

expression of the same value: nagkàkaumpòg-umpòg.

408. Special static words with mag-ka- are simply dual collectives with

mag- (§ 358,a) from underlying words with ka- (§ 398): Ang banìg ni

Hwàn at ni Pédro ay magkaánib (or: magkasánib) sa pagkàlátag. Juan's

and Pedro's sleeping-mats overlap each other as they are spread. ang

magkabaláe a pair of persons related by intermarriage of their

children (more insistent on the relational element, but practically

equal to magbaláe, § 358,a). Ang dalawa ng manòk ay magkabukòd nang

kulungàn. The two chickens were in separate crates. Ang búkid ni Hwàn

at ni Pédro ay magkarátig. Juan's field and Pedro's border on each

other. Si Pédro at si Hwàn ay magkapantày. Pedro and Juan are of the

same height. ang magkapatìd two brothers or sisters, a brother and

a sister. ang magkapútol na si Andrès at si Rafayèl the brothers

Andrés and Rafael. Magkapútol kamì ni Hwàn nang báro`. Juan and I

have blouses made of the same cloth. dalawà ng bágay na gàgawi ng

magkasunòd two things that are to be done one after the other.

(a) From kababáyan (§ 398,d): dalawà ng estudyànte ng magkababáyan

two students from the same town.

409. mag-ka-ka. As the explicit plural corresponding to these duals

reduplicates the underlying word (§ 358,b), the syllable ka- is

repeated in this meaning: ang magkakapatìd a group of three or more

brothers and (or) sisters; in the same meaning ang magkakapútol. So

also from: bukòd, sáma, súno`.

(a) The form magkababáyan (§ 408,a) rejects the extra reduplication,

and is therefore plural as well as dual: tatlo ng estudyànte ng

magkababáyan three students from the same town.

410. mag-kà- pag-ka-kà-. The transient with mag- and abstract with

pag- r from underlying words with kà- have the accidental value of

the latter prefix, usually with a dual reciprocal meaning. Sa kabilà

ng bandà mo ibwàl ang púno ng iyàn, sapagkàt kung irè ay ibuwal kò y

baká magkádagan ang dalawa ng púno`. Fell your tree in the direction

away from me, so that if I fell this one, the two trees won't fall one

on top of the other. Magkàkàdagàn ang dalawa ng púno ng itò, kapag

hindí mo ibinwàl sa kabilà ng bandà iya ng pinùpútol mo. These two

trees will fall one on top of the other, if you don't make the one you

are cutting down fall the other way. Nagkádagan ang dalawa ng báta`

nang mahúlog sila sa hagdàn. The two children landed one on top of

the other when they fell from the ladder. Ilabas mò sa búkid, Kulàs,

ang dalawa ng sáko ng pálay na nagkàkàdagàn na nása bangàn. Nicolás,

take out to the field the two bags of rice that are lying one on top

of the other in the granary. Ang pagkakáiba nang ugáli ni Pédro at ni

Hwàn ay gáya nang pagkakáiba nang túbig at nang apòy. The difference

in character between Pedro and Juan is like the difference between

water and fire. magkáhiwalày part from each other (by force of

circumstances, of two people). Ang ikinahátì nang palayòk ay ang

masamà ng pagkakálagay nitò. What caused the rice-pot to break was

the bad way it was placed. magkàmáyaw harmonize. ang pagkakásabày the

happening at the same time of two events. Sya y nagkàsála. He sinned

(against the moral order, God, etc.) Ang pagkakàsála kay Bathála`

ay pinarùrusáhan sa infiyèrno. Sinning against God is punished in

hell. Bìbilhin kò ang kabáyo ng iyòn, kung magkàkàsya ang áki ng

kwaltà. I shall buy this horse, if my money is sufficient. Walá sila

ng pagkakásundò`. The two don't agree on anything. ang pagkakátaòn

the coincidence in time of one event with another, of two events. ang

pagkakátayò` the standing up together (even of more than two people).

(a) Somewhat different are kung magkàbihíra` at odd times; kung

magkágayòn when things turn out thus, when this is the state of

affairs. So also, with static value: Ang magkábila ng dúlo nang lápis

ay matúlis. Both ends of the pencil are sharpened.

411. mag-kà- D pag-ka-kà- D. With doubled root plurality is expressed:

Nagkàhiwá-hiwalày ang manga dáhun nang librò. The leaves of the book

came apart. Ang manga ginágawá nya ng pangísip nang manga makabuluhà

ng fétsa nang istòriya ay ang pagkakàsunòd-sunòd at pagítan nilà. He

remembers the important dates of history by their sequence and their

intervals.

(a) With accent shift, from a barytone root: Nagkàputol-putòl ang

katawàn nang táo ng nàsagasáan nang trèn. The body of the man who

was run over by the train got all mangled. Nagkàkàputol-putòl ang

katawàn nang bála ng táo ng màsagasáan nang trèn. The body of a person

run over by a train is cut to pieces. Magkàkàputol-putòl ang túbo ng

kristàl na iyàn kapag iyo ng ibinagsàk. If you drop that glass tube,

it will break into a thousand pieces.

412. ka- (1) -in, k-in-a-. The simple direct passive is formed from

an underlying derived word with ka- with normal meaning. So from

ka-lában, ka-úsap.

(a) A special static word corresponding to those in § 366 is ang

kinákapatìd the child of one's godparents (from ka-patìd).

From it are derived the dual collective (§ 358,a) magkinákapatìd a

pair of such, and the plural (§ 358,b) magkikinákapatìd three or more,

as a group.

413. i-ka- i-k-in-a-. The instrumental passive with prefix ka-

has a specialized meaning: it expresses transiently, an inanimate,

or at least irrational and involuntary, object or circumstance which

causes such and such an action: and this latter action is in turn

also involuntary or out of control of the actor (as, for instance,

the ability to do a thing), see § 432 ff.

Ang kawalàn ni Andrès nang hánap-búhay sa báya ng itò ay sya nyà ng

ikinaalìs. Andrés' inability to make a living in this town is what

forced him to leave. Ang malì ng anyò nang pulúbe ay siyà ng ikinaáwa`

sa kanya ni Hwàn. The bad condition of the beggar was what made Juan

pity him. Ang pagsasakày nang kutséro nang manga táo ng may sakìt

na nakàhàháwa ay sya ng ikinabáwì nang kanya ng pahintúlot. The

driver's taking people with contagious diseases into his carriage

was what caused his license to be withdrawn. Ang ikinahárang nang

mangà naglálakàd ay ang pagkáalam nang manga tulisàn na silà y may

dalà ng kwaltà. What caused the wayfarers to be held up was the

robbers' happening to know that they had money with them. Ikinaháte

ni Hwàn sa búnga ang kanya ng laséta. Juan's knife enabled him to

cut the betel fruit. Ang pagkasála nya sa singsìng ay ang hindí niya

ikinakúha nang ganti ng pála`. His missing the ring is what kept him

from winning the prize. Yòn ay áki ng ikinalúlungkòt. I am sorry,

I am sorry to hear that. Ang pangungublì nang manga sundálo ay sya

nilà ng hindí ikinamatày. The soldiers' keeping in hiding is what

saved their lives. Ikinapútol nang yantòk na pamálo` ang pagkàpálu

kay Hwàn. The caning Juan got broke the rattan that was used on

him. Ikinapùpútol nang marámi ng tubò ang malakàs na hángin. The

strong wind is making much sugar-cane break. Ikapùpútol nang manga

sangà nang káhoy ang malakàs na hángi ng itò. This strong wind will

cause many branches of trees to break off. Ikapùpútol nya sa manga

kawáyan ang paggúlang nitò. The aging of the bamboo plants will force

him to cut them down. Ang pagkalúnod nang Kastíla` ay ikinatákot nang

tatlò ng magkakaybígan. The drowning of the Spaniard frightened the

three friends. Ang kanyà ng pagmamasìd sa manga tála` sa gabì ay sya

nyà ng malakì ng ikinatútuwà`. His observation of the stars at night

is his great source of pleasure.

Similarly, from: bingì, búhay, búti, gálit, hángo`, húlog, káya,

lípat, lúgi, túlong, walà`.

414. i-pag-ka- i-p-in-ag-ka. With pag- this instrumental passive

corresponds to the active with magka- (§ 405). The reduplication of

the durative forms affects the ka-.

Ang ipinagkagusto nyà ng kumáin nang sorbétes ay ang kainítan. It

is the heat which makes him want to eat ices. Ipagkákamatày nang

manga manòk ang masamà ng túbig. The bad water will make the chickens

die. Ang kalamigàn sa tagulàn ay sya ng ipinagkàkamuò nang túbig sa

ílog. The cold weather in winter is what makes the water in the river

congeal. Baká ipagkawalá nang manga manòk sa kulungàn ang pagpapapások

mo doòn niyà ng áso. See that your putting that dog into the enclosure

doesn't make the chickens try to get away. Ipagkákawalà nang bíhag

ang pagkàbalíta` sa kanyà nang parúsa ng kàkamtan nyà. The captive's

being told of the punishment he will get, will make him try to

escape. Ipinagkawalá nya sa kùlúngan ang pagpapahírap sa kanyà. Their

torturing him made him escape from his confinement. Ipinagkákawalà

nya sa bìlanggúan ang masamà ng pagpapakáin sa kanya díto. The bad

food they gave him in the jail made him try to escape.

415. Similarly, with accent shift this passive corresponds to the

active with mag-ka- (1), § 406,b. Ipinagkàkabalè` (or: ipinagkàkaputòl)

nang manga sangà nang káhoy ang bagyò ng itò. This hurricane is

breaking off many branches of trees. Nang ipagkaputòl nang áki ng

manga tubò ang hángin ay nalungkùt akò. When the wind broke down my

sugar-cane I was dismayed. Ipinagkaputòl nang manga tubò ang malakàs

na hángi ng nagdaàn. The recent strong wind broke down much sugar-cane.

Similarly: ipinagkasakìt (sákit).

416. Special static forms with i-ka- are made from the numerals,

with occasional contraction, forming ordinals and fractions: ikaánim

ikánim the sixth; ikaápat ikápat the fourth, a fourth, a quarter;

ikalawà the second; ikalimà the fifth; ikapitò the seventh; ikatlò

the third. Cf. § 347,a.

(a) The ordinal corresponding to isà one is however the independent

root úna first; half is kalaháte`, § 519.

(b) From phrases, of course, the higher numbers: ikaisa-ng-daàn

hundredth; ikaisa-ng-laksà` millionth; ikaisa-ng-líbo thousandth;

ikasa-m-pù` tenth; ikalabi-ng-isà eleventh; ikadalawa-ng-pù` twentieth;

ikadalawa-ng-pù-t-isà twenty-first.

417. i-kà- i-k-in-à-. The instrumental passive from the root with

accented kà- differs from that with unaccented ka- (§ 413) in that

the action or occurrence caused is not only involuntary but accidental

and entirely out of the control of the actor (see § 458 ff.).

Ang ikinàgùgusto kò sa kayibígan ko ng si Hwàn ay ang kanya ng mabaìt

na ugáli`. What makes me have a liking for my friend Juan is his

lovable character. Ang ginawá nya ng paggugupìt sa manga retáso ng

itinàtágo nang kanya ng nánay ay sya nyà ng ikinàpálo`. His cutting up

the patches his mother was saving is what made it necessary to thrash

him. Ang ikinásakay nyà sa kabáyo ng bara-barà ay ang kawalàn nya

nang iba ng kabáyo. What made him get on the wild horse was his lack

of other horses. Ikinátahol nang áso ang pagkádapá ni Hwan. Juan's

falling down made the dog bark.

So also from: iyàk, pátag.

(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Ang pagkátahol nang áso ay sya ng

ikinágising nang natùtúlug na báta`. The barking of the dog was what

made the sleeping child wake up. Ikàtàtawa nyà ang iyo ng sàsabíhin. He

won't be able to keep from laughing when you say that. Ikinàtàtawà ni

Hwàn ang sinábi ni Pédro. What Pedro said makes Juan laugh in spite

of himself.

418. Corresponding to primary actives with mag- contrasted with -um-,

and with mang-, we should expect pag- and pang- to be retained before

the root in these formations; the only example is: ikinápagtirà,

corresponding to magtirà, in contrast with tumirà (§§ 348. 351).

419. ka- (1) -an, k-in-a- (1) -an. The local passive with ka- is

used when the action is an involuntary one, especially an emotion,

of a rational actor, or when the actor is inanimate or irrational.

Ang hulihàn nang manga kinagalítan ni Patúpat ay idináos nang manga

gwàrdiya-sibìl kagabè. The arrest of the people who have incurred

Patupat's anger was carried out by the gendarmes last night. Kahiyaàn

mò ang táo ng matandà`. Reverence the aged. ang kinahulúgan nang báta`

the place from which the child fell. Ang bintána ng iyàn ang syà ng

kahùhulúgan nang báta`, pag hindí mo isinarà. The child will fall

out of that window, if you don't shut it. Baká ninyo kalunúran ang

ílog, manga báta`. See that you don't get drowned in that river,

children. Ang kanya ng kalùlunúran ay ang ílog na itò. He will

get drowned in this river some day. ang báhay na kinamatayàn the

house where someone died, ang báhay nang kinamatayàn the house in

which someone died, the house of the bereaved family. Kinapatiràn

nang lúbid ang lugàr na malápit sa dúlo-ng-bandà-ng-kaliwà`. The

rope broke at a point near the left-hand end. Ang kapàpatiràn nang

sinúlid ay malápit sa buhòl. The place where the thread will break

is near the knot there. Kinatakútan nya ang báhay na pinagpatayàn sa

kúra`. He was afraid of the house where the priest was killed. Ang

kinatàtakútan nang manga báta` ay ang núno`. The children are afraid

of the ghost. Katakútan ninyò ang núno`. You had better be afraid

of ghosts. Kinatamaràn ni Hwàn ang kanyà ng pagaáral. Juan became

neglectful about his studying. Nang katamaràn ni Hwàn ang kanya

ng pagaáral ay malápit na syà ng makatápos nang karéra. When Juan

became lazy about his studies, he was already near the end of his

course. Katàtamaran nyà ang kanyà ng pagaáral, pag binigyàn mo syà

nang marámi ng salapè`. He will be lazy about his studies, if you

give him too much money.

Similarly from: buwísit, íwan, kíta, walà`.

(a) With shifted root: Isa ng pulúbe ang kinaàawaàn ni Hwàn. It was

a beggar who aroused Juan's pity.

420. pag-ka- (1) -an, p-in-ag-ka- (1) -an; pag-ka- (2) -an, p-in-ag-ka-

(2) -an. Local passives with pag- before the ka- involve a plurality

of actors. The durative reduplication affects the ka-; barytone roots

have an extra accent-shift.

Ang kináin nang usà ay malakì ng pinagkàkagustuhàn nang

manga Ilóko. The Iloco are very fond of the contents of deers'

stomachs. Pinagkàkalipumpunàn nang manga langgàm ang púto. The ants

are swarming all over the cake. Ang pinagkamatayàn nang manga kambèng

ay ang lugàr na itò. This is the place where the goats perished. Hwag

mò ng dalhìn sa bundòk ang manga manòk, sapagkàt iyò y kanilà ng

pagkàkamatayàn. Don't take the chickens into the hills, for they

would die there.

Barytone roots: Pinagkatakutàn nilà ang báhay na pinagpatayàn

sa kúra`. They were afraid of the house where the priest was

killed. Pinagkàkatakutàn nilà ang manga mababagsìk na háyop. They

are afraid of wild animals. Hwag mò ng ipamalíta` ang nàkíta nátin

díto, sapagkàt baká ang lugàr na itò y pagkatakutàn. Don't tell what

we have seen here, for this place would be feared. Pagkàkatakutàn

nilà ang lugàr na itò, pag nàláman nilà ang nangyári ng paghaharangàn

díto. They will be afraid of this place when they know of the hold-ups

that occurred here. ang pinagkatalunàn that which was the occasion

of winning by many (tálo).

421. ka- S -an. Special static words, corresponding to those with S

-an (§ 377) are formed with prefix ka- from oxytone roots; in meaning

they are collectives and abstracts of quality: ang kasàyáhan gladness;

Ang katàmáran ni Patrísiyo ay katutúbo` sa kanya ng láhi`. Patricio's

laziness is inborn in his family. So from the roots: baìt, banàl,

damdàm, dangàl, duwàg, lagày, lungkòt, luwàng, mahàl, malì`, matày,

pintàs, sangkàp, tungkòl, tuwà`, tuwìd.

Divergent in meaning is ang Kapampángan a Pampanga, if from pangpàng.

The secondary accent is lacking, irregularly, in kalayáan (layà`); with

contraction in kayilángan, kaylángan (beside kailángan, from ilàng).

(a) This latter word underlies an active with mang-, an abstract with

pang- r, and a simple direct passive: nangàngayilángan requires; ang

pangangayilángan need, necessity; Kàkayilangáni ng magdaàn si Pédro

ríto bágu sya umalìs. Pedro will have to come here before he leaves.

(b) From a derived word, with the secondary accent irregularly

placed: Boo ng báyan ay nagdíwang sa kapangànákan ni Risàl. The whole

country celebrated Rizal's birthday; also: ang áraw nang kapangànákan

birthday,--from panganàk (§ 347).

422. ka- (2) -an. Barytone roots have, in the same sense, an accent

shift of two syllables, corresponding to § 379. Boò ng kabahayàn ang

nàkíta námin sa gitnà nang daàn. We saw a whole set of household goods

in the middle of the road; also: ang kabahayàn a house containing

several dwellings. Marámi sa manga táo ang nakàkìkilála nang kanila

ng karapatàn, dátapuwat nakalìlímot nang kanila ng katungkúlan. Many

are the people who know their rights but forget their duties. Ang

karamútan nang páre` ay nagìng kasabihàn. The stinginess of the priest

is proverbial. Ang katakutàn sa Dyòs ay isa ng kabàítan. Fear of

the Lord is a virtue. Ang pagbibigày nang sigarìlyo ay isa sa manga

matatandà ng kaugaliàn sa Filipínas. Giving cigarettes is one of the

old customs in the Philippines. ang kawikaàn a proverb.

So from abála, áraw, búlo, gámit, húlog, íbig, lángit, payápa`, síra`,

tápos, útos.

With contraction: kahariyàn, kaharyàn (hári`), and, if from táo,

katawàn body.

(a) From the latter word there is an abstract of action, with pang-

r: ang pangangatawàn physique (cf. pananamìt, etc., § 357).

423. ka- (1) -an. Corresponding to the formation (1) -an (§ 378), the

collective-abstracts of this type with ka- have formal irregularities

and, where there is any contrast (e. g. mahàl), less explicit and

more specialized meaning than the preceding two groups.

ang kaalátan saltiness (of water). Sa gabì ng itò ang kabilúgan nang

buwàn. The fullness of the moon is tonight. Ang kadalamhatían ay

isa ng damdámi ng hindí nàràrápat sa táo. Grief is an emotion not

becoming to a man or woman. ang karunúngan wisdom. ang kahangalàn

foolishness (ang hangàl a fool). ang kaibhàn the difference. ang

kalinísan cleanness, cleanliness. ang kamatsingàn monkey-tricks,

naughtiness. ang kamuráhan cheapness. Sawì` ang kanya ng kapaláran. His

luck is bad. Sa kapanayàn nang ulàn kung tagulàn ay hindí masiglà ang

báyan. The town is not cheerful during the unabated rains of the rainy

season. Ang manga táo y marámi ng kasalánan. People have many sins. ang

kasamaàn badness. kasawiàn poor position, awkwardness. kasinungalíngan

falsehood, a lie. kasipágan diligence. Ang desgrásya ng nangyári

kay Hwàn ay isa ng hampàs nang katalagahàn. The misfortune which

has come to Juan is a blow of fate. Ang kanila ng pagílag ay hindí

katapángan. Their fleeing was not a brave act. ang boò ng kataúhan

all mankind. ang katipúnan a meeting, Katipúnan a secret society

organized against the Spaniards; a member of this. kayabángan pride.

So from: bába`, bábaw, bigàt, buhángin, búhay, búti, dalàs, dámi,

dámot, dániw (if karaniyúwan is so to be analyzed), dilìm, ginháwa,

gúbat, hába`, hína`, hírap, iklì`, ínit, lakàs, lakì, lamìg, lápad,

láon, liìt, lóko, lúnod, lupìt, mahàl, mangmàng, párang, fiyèsta,

pulò`, sakìm, salàt, salbáhi, salúkoy, taàs, Tagálog, tahímik, tákaw,

tákot, talíno, tampalásan, tangháli`, túlin, túnay, totoò, ulòl,

walà`, yáman.

(a) From a phrase: Iyò y kawala-ng-hyaàn ni Pédro. That was a shameless

action of Pedro's (walà ng hiyà`).

(b) From derived words: ang Kakapampangánan the Pampanga country

(Kapampángan, § 421).

ang boò ng kamaganákan nina Krùs, Bantòg, at iba pà the whole

relationship of the Cruz's, Bantogs, and so on; ang boò ng kamaganákan

ni Pédro Vyóla the whole family of Pedro Viola (magának, § 358,a).

ang kapangyaríhan power (-pangyári, as though by § 347).

424. ka- r (1) -an, ka- r (2) -an. With reduplication of the root and

accent shift of one syllable for an oxytone root, of two in barytone

roots, ka- and -an form special static words denoting something

surprising or provocative of such and such an emotion.

Itù y kagagawàn ni Hwàn! This is some of Juan's work! cf. Itù y gawá

ni Hwàn. Juan did this, made this. Ang pagkáupo ni Pédro sa sùgálan ay

kagagawàn nang isa nyà ng kaybígan. Pedro's sitting at the gaming-table

was the work of one of his fine friends. Ang pàtáya ng nangyári kagabì

ay kagagawàn ni Pédro. The killing which occurred last night was some

of Pedro's doing. So: katuturàn a correct outcome (tuwìd).

Barytone roots: Ang katatakutàn nang báta` ay ang núno`. The thing

that arouses the child's fear is a ghost. Ang kanya ng katatawanàn

ay ang unggò`. His source of laughter is the monkey. ang salità ng

katatawanàn a jest-word, a funny expression.

425. With secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying

word, ka- and -an form also words denoting one of two reciprocal

actors. This is the form for oxytone roots, ang kabìgáyan a person

with whom one exchanges gifts. Si Hwána ay siya ng kabùlúngan ni

Maryà. Juana is the one Maria whispers with. ang kahampásan one of

two who perform mutual flagellation, kahìráman one of two who borrow

from each other. kaìnúman person one drinks with. kakàlabítan one of

two who touch each other. Ang kapàtáyan ni Hwàn ay si Pédro. Juan is

engaged in a mortal conflict with Pedro. Ang kapàtíran ni Hwána nang

sinúlid ay ang kanya ng kaybíga ng si Maryà. Juana cuts thread with

her friend Maria. ang kasàlitáan the person with whom one converses. Si

Hwàn ay kaùlúlan ni Pédro. Juan and Pedro fool each other. ang kaùpúan

one of two who sit together.

426. Barytone roots add accent shift of one syllable. Ang kahùlúgan nya

nang súha` ay ang kanyà ng kapatìd. The one with whom he takes turns at

dropping down grape-fruit from the tree is his brother. ang kahùníhan

one of two birds that chirp at each other. ang kaìbígan one of two

who love each other. ang kakàínan one of two who eat together. Si

Hwána ay siya ng kapùtúlan ni Maryà nang kukò. Juana and Maria cut

each other's fingernails. ang kasùlátan one's correspondent. ang

katàlúnan one's opponent in a dispute.

(a) The shift is due to the root in: Si Maryà ay syà ng kaàbútan ni

Hwána nang manga mabangù ng bulaklàk. Maria and Juana hand each other

fragrant flowers (as in some ceremony or game).

(b) With contraction and lack of secondary accent: ang kayibígan,

kaybígan a friend (contrast kaìbígan above).

syllables without secondary accent. Si Maryáno ay kahatakàn ni Kulàs

nang lúbid. Mariano is pulling at the rope against Nicolás. ang

kamurahàn one of two who curse at each other (with meaning ordinarily

peculiar to the shifted root, § 337). Sumúlong at Kasamahàn Sumulong

and Company. kasulatàn one's correspondent (equal to kasùlátan,

above). Ang katuruàn ni Pédro ay ang báta ng si Hwàn. Pedro and little

Juan are pointing at each other.

427. These formations serve as underlying words of a few derivatives:

(a) Active with mag- and abstract with pag- r (§ 352): ang

pagkakayibígan the joining in friendship of two people.

(b) Secondary active with maki- from the preceding: makipagkayibígan

win one's way into someone's friendship, become friends with someone.

magkahìráman nang sambalílo at sandàlyas. Pedro and Juan lend each

other hats and sandals. magkaìbígan a pair of lovers. magkaybígan a

pair of friends.

(d) Where the dual value of the underlying form is weak, explicit

plurals of the preceding with mag- r (§ 358,b) occur: ang magkakaybígan

a group of three or more friends. ang magkakasamahà ng si Pédro, si

Hwàn, at si Andrès the party consisting of Pedro, Juan, and Andrés. ang

magkakasamahà ng sina Pédro the party of Pedro and his followers. Ang

magkakasamahà ng nagsipagpasyàl ay sina Maryà, Hwána, Pédro,

at Kulàs. The party that went for a walk consisted of Maria, Juana,

Pedro, and Nicolás. Ang magkakasamahà ng napasa húlo` at napaluwásan

ay sinà Mariyáno, Pépe, at Kulàs at sina Pédro, Húlyo, at Andrès. The

groups that went upstream and downstream were, respectively, Mariano,

Pepe, and Nicolás and Pedro, Julio, and Andrès. Ang tatlo ng manòk na

ytò y magkakasamahà ng inihatid díto, ang ibà y magkakabukòd. These

three chickens were brought here together, the others each by itself.

428. kà- (1) -an, k-in-à- (1) -an. Local passives with kà- denote the

place where someone or something happens to be. Hwag kà ng kumibò`

sa iyò ng kinàdòroonàn. Don't stir from the spot (where you happen

to be). Sa alì ng bandà ang kinàdòroonàn nang báya-ng-Kamálig?--Sa

bandà ng kaliwà`. In which direction is the town of Camalig?--Toward

the left. Ang báya-ng-Balíwag ay ang kinàmahalà ng úna ng úna nang

pálay. The town of Baliuag was the first place where rice got dear. Ang

kàpàpatayàn sa táo ng iyàn ay ang bigtíhan. This man will end on the

gallows. Ang báya-ng-Balíwag ang iyu ng kàtùtungúhan pag tinuntùn mo

ang landàs na iyàn. You will get to the town of Baliuag if you follow

that path.

Similarly from: bíngit, búrol, kulòng, lagày, tágo`, tayò`, tirà, upò`.

Divergent in meaning are kinàbukásan (§ 260) and, from a phrase,

kinàháti-ng-gabihàn (§ 260, háti ng gabì).

429. pag-kà- (1) -an, p-in-ag-kà- (1) -an. Local passives of this

type with pag- reduplicate the kà-; they refer to other local passive

relations than place in which; so: pagkàkilanlàn be the occasion of

showing something; pagkàsyahàn be the container of something that

fits in; pagkàsunduwàn, pagkàsunduàn be agreed upon.

430. Special static words with kà- and -an are few and differ in

meaning.

(a) Ang kàgalítan nila Andrès, Hwàn, at Mariyáno ay napáwì na. The

quarrel between Andrés, Juan, and Mariano has been appeased; this

is no doubt merely a plural with S -an (§ 377,a) from the underlying

word kagalìt (§ 398,c).

It forms the underlying word of a simple active with mag- and abstract

with pag- r: ang pagkakàgalítan a quarrel (of two or more people).

(b) Si Pédro ay kàibígan ni Maryà. Pedro is liked by Maria. Sina

Pédro, Kulàs, at Hwàn ay sya ng manga kàibígan ni Mariyáno. Pedro,

Nicolàs, and Juan are the ones whom Mariano likes. This is probably

a real special static word corresponding to the transient with kà-

(1) -an (§ 428).

Derived active with mag-: Nagkàkàibígan si Pédro at si Hwána. Pedro

and Juana are in love with each other, have come to like each other.

rejoicing was stopped by the coming of a robber. This is, in form

at least, a plural with S -an from an underlying -katuwà`, which is

not known.

Derived active with mag-: magkàtwáan rejoice together, be merry

together.

The same form is seen in kàlingkíngan; little finger, fifth finger;

if this is from a root -lingkìng.

431. ka- (1) D -an. With doubling of the root and radical accent shift:

Kàunà-unáha ng dumatìng si Hwàn. Juan got there the very first. So:

kàhulì-hulíhan the very last.

(3) Additional transients, abstracts, and special static forms.

432. The prefix ka- in its involuntary meaning and the prefix kà- in

its accidental meaning appear in an additional set of transients and

abstracts with maka-, makà- prefixed for the active, ma-, mà- for the

passives, and pagka-, pagkà- for the abstract. The meanings of these

forms are most varied; especially in the direct passive, where the

involuntary or accidental character of the actor sometimes reaches

the point where an actor is entirely left out of view or lacking,

and the passive borders closely on active meaning. For this reason

it will be convenient to divide the uses into a number of somewhat

arbitrarily defined groups. The forms are as follows:

433. The active forms with ka- are: maka-, maka- R, naka-, naka- R;

abstract pagka-.

The active expresses an inanimate object or circumstance causing an

emotion or feeling; the meaning, then, is the same as in the forms

with i-ka- (§ 413), except that here the thing causing the emotion is

viewed as an actor. Nakabùbúlag ang ílaw. The light is blinding. Ang

gamòt na itò ang nakaginháwa sa máy sakìt. This medicine is what

relieved the patient. Itò y makapàpáwì nang gútom (úhaw, ginàw,

ínit, págod). This will relieve the hunger (thirst, cold feeling,

hot feeling, fatigue). Ang áwit nang manga íbon ay nakatútuwà`. The

song of the birds is gladdening. Similarly from: bigàt, bingì, búti,

lasìng, ligáya, síra`, tákot.

434. The active expresses, further, an inanimate object which has got

(in the past) into such and such a condition or position.

Ang bangkà` ay nakaáyon sa ágos. The canoe is righted with the

stream. Ang pagkáin ay nakahandá nà. Dinner is served. Nakasábit sa

páko` ang áki ng amerikána. My coat is hanging on the nail. Nakasigàng

ang palayùk nang sináing. The rice-pot is on the fire. Hindí

ko bìbilhìn ang kabáyo ng iyòn, káhit na makasísiya ang áki ng

kwaltà. I would not buy this horse, even if my money should be

sufficient. Similarly: daàn, lawìt, táli`, túlong.

435. Very similar is the use of the active to describe an animate

actor in such and such a position (into which he has got): Nakadapà`

ang manga táo sa kanila ng báhay hábang lumílindòl. The people lay

prone in their houses during the earthquake. Si Pédro ay nakaháwak

sa taburéte nang sya y retratúhan. Pedro had hold of a chair when

he was photographed. Nakasakày ang báta ng si Hwàn sa áso nang

sya y màkíta ko sa bakúran. Little Juan was mounted (i. e. riding)

on the dog when I saw him in the yard. Nakatayó si Pédro nang ákin

sya ng màkíta. Pedro was standing up when I saw him. Nakaupó sya sa

bangkò`. He was seated on the bench. So from: abàng, hiléra, íkid,

kápit, luhòd, pangàw, talungkò`, tindìg.

436. The active may denote an animate actor who is able, succeeds

in doing so and so; the involuntary element inheres in the matter of

ability, which is not dependent on the actor's will: Sa gana ng ákin

sya y makaáalìs. So far as I am concerned, he may go. Sa tigàs nang

kanya ng loòb ay walà ng makabále`. There is no one (or, under the type

in § 433, nothing) can break the firmness of his will. Nakagágawà` ang

alílà nang páyong. The servant is able to make umbrellas. Nakagupìt

sya nang makapàl na damìt. He succeeded in cutting thick cloth. Si

Pédro ay hindí makaháwak nang palakòl, sapagkàt masakìt ang kanya ng

kamày. Pedro cannot hold an ax, because his hand is sore. Naàári ng

sya y makahigà`. He may lie down. Hindí ako makahingí nang kwaltà kay

Hwàn. I cannot (bring myself to) ask Juan for money. Nakahúlog sya nang

isa ng nyòg sa kanya ng pagpukòl sa kumpòl. He succeeded in bringing

down a cocoanut, in his throwing at the cluster. Ang báta` ay hindí

makakáin, sapagkàt kumáin sya nang marámi ng kakanìn. The child can't

eat because he has eaten so many sweets. Si Pédro ay hindí nakapùpútol

nang káhoy, sapagkàt bágu ng gáling sya sa sakìt. Pedro cannot cut any

wood, for he has just recovered from sickness. Sa tantyà raw nyà ay

makapùpútol na sya nang káhoy, sapagkàt sya y malakas nà. He reckons

he will be able to cut wood, for he is strong again. Nakasásakay

syà sa kabáyo. He is able to mount the horse. Ang báta y nakasùsúlat

nà. The child is already able to write. Hindí ako makasúlat. I can't

write. Ang máy sakit ay nakatátayú nà. The patient is already able

to stand up. Hindí ako nakatípon nang manga dáhon, sapagkàt walá ako

ng kalaykày. I was not able to pile up the leaves, because I had no

rake. Ang húle ng isdá ni Hwàn ay nakawalà`. The fish Juan caught got

away. Similarly from: akiyàt, balìk, báyad, dalà, datìng, kílos, kúha,

lákad, pások, sagòt, sigàw, suwày, tahòl, takbò, tirà, úbos, úsap.

Abstracts: Ang mákina ay syà ng dahilàn nang pagkagawá ni Pédro

nang páyong. The machine is the cause of Pedro's ability to make

umbrellas. Ang pagkasakáy nyà sa kabáyo ng bara-barà ay hindí dahilàn

sa kanya ng tápang, dátapuwat dahilàn sa marámi ng iba ng táo ng

nagsipígil sa kabáyo. His ability to get on the wild horse was not

due to his courage, but to the many other people who controlled the

horse. Ang kanya ng pagkatípon sa manga kalabàw ay nanyári dáhil sa

marámi ng túlong. His success in rounding up the carabao was due to

much aid.

437. Closely bordering on the preceding type is the active,

mostly with the particle nà, expressing the actor of a completed

action. Nakaalìs na siyà. He has already (succeeded in going,

i. e.) gone away. Nakapútul nà si Pédro nang káhoy. Pedro has now

finished cutting wood. Si Pédro ay nakapútul nà nang káhoy, bágo ko

ng inutúsa ng mangigìb. Pedro had already cut the wood, before I asked

him to fetch water. Similarly from: bútas, datìng, kúha, límot, tápos.

The abstract lends itself especially to the use as absolute attribute

(§ 274): Pagkagawá nya nang bákod ay naglasìng siyà. When he had

finished making the fence, he got drunk. Pagkahárang nang manga

tulisàn sa koréyo ay nagsitúngo silà sa bundòk. When the bandits

had robbed the mail, they took to the hills. Pagkaháte ni Hwàn nang

manga mansánas ay umalìs sya. When Juan had distributed the apples,

he went away. Pagkahúli nang pulìs sa magnanákaw ay dinala nyà itò sa

bìlanggúan. When the policeman had caught the thief, he took him to the

jail. Pagkapatày nya sa táo ng kanyà ng hinárang ay tumakbo syà. When

he had killed the man he had held up, he ran away. Pagkapútol ni Hwàn

nang tahìd nang kátyaw ay nagdudugò` ang paà nitò. When Juan had cut

the spur of the rooster, its foot kept bleeding. Pagkasakày sa kabáyo

ay naparoòn akò sa hàlamanàn at pumitàs ako nang isa ng pakwàn úpang

áki ng kánin. When I had had my horseback ride, I went to the garden

and picked a melon to eat. Pagkasakày ni Hwàn sa trèn ay lumákad ito

ng agàd. When Juan had got on the train, it soon started to move. Ang

pagkasúnog nang báyan ay ikinalungkòt nang marámi. The people grieved

at their town having burned down. Pagkatanàw nang unggò` sa pagòng

ay nagbalik syà sa púno-ng-ságing. When the monkey had looked at the

turtle, he went back to the banana tree. Pagkatáwag nang pagòng sa

unggò` ay sumunòd itò agàd. When the turtle had called the monkey,

the latter came at once. Pagkatayó nya sa kanya ng ùpúan ay minulàn

nya agàd ang pagtatalumpáte`. When he had stood up from his seat he

at once began making his speech. Pagkatípon mo nang manga bayábas ay

umuwí ka. When you have piled up the guavas, go home. Pagkaúna nya

sa takbúhan ay naghintú sya. When he had got ahead in the running,

he stopped. Similarly from: alìs, bendisiyòn, gupìt, hápon, ísip,

káin, kúha, lagòk, lúto`, mísa, sábi, sánay, tápos, típon, tupàd.

438. The forms of the direct passive are: ma-, ma- R; na-; na- R.

The direct passive may correspond regularly to the active in § 436,

and denote the object directly affected by an action which an actor

is able to perform.

Hindí nya mabásag ang bóte. He did not succeed in breaking the

bottle. Sa kalakasàn ni Páblo ay nadala nyà ang kabà ng bákal. Pablo,

with his strength, managed to lift the iron chest. Nadalà nang báta`

ang káhoy. The boy managed to carry the wood. Hindí madalà ni Pédro ang

kahòn sa kabigatàn. Pedro cannot lift the box; it is too heavy. Hindí

ku magámit ang páyong na itò. I can't use this umbrella. Hindí nakáin

nang báta` ang matigàs na tinápay na iyàn. The child was not able

to eat that hard bread of yours. Nakáya ko ng buhátin ang isà ng

maliìt na púno-ng-káhoy. I managed to lift one small tree. Nakàkáya

ko ang pagaáral nang Ingglès. I manage to get along with the study of

English. Nakáyas ni Pédro ang báo. Pedro managed to smooth the cocoanut

shell. Nalákad námin ang lahàt nang daàn. We managed to walk the whole

way. Nalìlípon nang manga langgàm ang kanila ng pagkáin. The ants

succeed in amassing their food. Hindí ko mapatày ang báta ng itò. I

cannot (get myself to) kill this child. Hindí ko mapútol nang kamày ang

bákal na itò. I can't break this iron with my hand. Mapùpútol daw nyà

ng wala ng túlong ang lahàt nang kawáya ng magúlang. He says he will

be able to cut all the old bamboo without any help. Hindí nya masíra`

ang kandáro nang pintò`, káhit na iniyúbus nya ang kanya ng lakàs. He

did not succeed in breaking the lock of the door, although he used up

all his strength. Natátalastàs mo bà ang sinàsábi ko sa iyò? Do you

understand what I am saying to you? Similarly: ágaw, akiyàt, alaála,

ampàt, gawà`, hángo`, híla.

439. Similarly, the direct passive may correspond regularly to the

active of the type in § 437 and denote an object directly affected

by an action which has been (successfully) completed by an actor.

Naáso ko nà sa boo ng báyan ang báta`. I have hunted and called the

child all over town. Nabálot ko nà ang manga librò. I have already

wrapped up the books. Nabása ku nà ang diyáriyo. I have finished

reading the paper. Nahampàs ko nà ang báta`. I have already whipped

the child. Nahánap na nyà ang librò. He has already looked for the

book. Napatày ku nà ang manòk. I have already killed the chicken. Kapag

napùpútol na nyà ang púno-ng-káhoy ay saká mo hatákin ang lúbid na

nakatáli sa sangà nitò. When he is getting the tree cut, then do you

pull at the rope that is tied to the branch. Natipìd nya ang pagkáin

nang kánin. He has been saving of the rice. Natípon ko nà ang manga

dáhon. I have already heaped up the leaves. Natísod ku nà ang bakyà`. I

have kicked off the sandal. Naúnat ku nà ang baluktòt na káwad na

ibinigày mu sa ákin. I have straightened the bent wire you gave

me. Nausísà ku nà si Hwàn. I have already questioned Juan. Similarly

from: ágaw, gawà`, ípon, íwan, líbot, sákop, siyásat.

440. We come now to direct passives which do not correspond regularly

to any active; these have their own abstracts with pagka-.

The commonest type expresses an object which undergoes or has

undergone a process due to an inanimate actor or to no actor

in particular; it differs from the simple direct passive in the

involuntary and often perfectic nature of the action. Nabále` ang

sangà nang káhoy. The branch of the tree is broken. Ang túlis nang

lápis ay nabále`. The point of the pencil is broken. Hwag mò ng

ilagay dyàn ang palatòn, sapagkàt baká mabásag. Don't put the plate

there, for it might get broken. Ang kanila ng kàínan ay nagambála

sa pagdatìng nang manga pulìs. Their dinner-party broke up when the

police arrived. Ang boo ng báyan ay nagulò. The whole town became

riotous. Naháte` ang mansánas. The apple is in halves. Nalagòt ang

lúbid. The rope broke. Ang kanya ng dalíri` ay napáso`. His finger

is blistered. Napatìd ang lúbid. The rope broke. Ang batò ng hasaàn

ay napiráso. The whetstone went to pieces. Napitas nà ang manga

bulaklàk. The flowers have been picked. Napùpútol ang manga sangà

nang káhoy sa lakàs nang hángin. The branches of the trees are being

broken off by the force of the wind. Napútol nà ang káhoy. The tree

has been cut down. Napútol ang dúlo nang káhoy. The end of the log is

cut off. Napútol ang sangà nang káhoy. The branch of the tree broke

off. Nasáyang ang trabáho ni Hwàn. Juan's work went for naught. Ang

búkid ay nasíra`. The field is waste. Similarly, from: ári`, bágo,

buwàl, dílat, gúmon, hinòg, laglàg, lamòg, láon, páwi`, punò`, puròl,

súnog, tápos, úbos, utàs, walà`, yári`.

The abstract is regular: daàn, hinòg, lagòt, pások, súnog, walà`.

441. The passive is used, further, to denote the animate performer

of an involuntary act, which, then, is looked upon rather as an

undergoing than as a performing.

This is the clearest where the subject is undergoing an emotion or

sensation: Naáwà si Hwàn sa pulúbe. Juan pitied the beggar. Ang báta

ng si Hwàn ay nadúdungò. Little Juan is bashful. Naginàw sya sa kanya

ng pagpalígo`. He got cold while taking his bath. Akú y nagùgútom. I am

hungry; isa ng táo ng nagùgútom a hungry person. Nahàhápis siyà. He is

sad. Nahíhiyá ka bà? Are you ashamed? Nahíhiyá sya. He is ashamed. Akù

y nailàng. I was nonplussed, I didn't know what to do. Akò y naíinip nà

nang paghihintày kay Hwàn. I am impatient with waiting for Juan. Sya y

nalímang sa kanya ng pagbílang. He got confused in his reckoning. Sya

nalúlungkòt. He is sorry. Akò y naùúhaw. I am thirsty. So: bagábag,

gálit, libàng, tákot, tuwà`.

This form is used also of processes of life, especially physiological

and morbid: Nalumpò syà. He got lame. Napípe sya. He got dumb. So:

naári` got the ability, nabáo got widowed, nabúhay lived, naíngay was

noisy, nakinìg heard, nalúnod got drowned, namatày died, natúlog slept.

It is used, finally, in nahúlog fell (from a place to the ground),

and, strangely enough, for two voluntary actions which consist of a

relaxing of the muscles: Sya y nahigà` He lay down. Sya y nahíhigà`. He

was in the act of lying down. Naupó sya sa bangkò`. He sat down on

the bench. Naúupó sya sa taburéte. He was in the act of sitting down

on the stool.

Further, irregularly, in: Sya y nalígo`. He took a bath. Sya y

nanáog. He came down from the house. See § 488,c.

Abstracts: Ang pagkaáwà ni Hwàn sa pulúbe Juan's pity for the

beggar. ang pagkabáta` one's childhood. ang pagkabúhay ni Hesùs

the resurrection of Jesus. Ang pagkagúlat ni Hwána ay sya nyà ng

ipinagkasakìt. Juana's scare was what made her sick. Pagkalúnod

nang Kastíla` ay lumáyas ang manga estudyànte. When the Spaniard

had got drowned, the students hurried away. ang kanya ng pagkamatày

his death. ang kanya ng pagkasála sa singsìng. his missing the

ring. Pagkaupú nya sa bangkò` ay minulàn nya ang pagkukwènto sa manga

báta`. When she had sat down on the bench, she began her story-telling

to the children. So: ári`, hápis, húlog, litò, lóko, pípi, tákot,

tálo, ulòl.

442. An explicit plural of both active and direct passive is formed

by the infixation of -ang- into the prefix.

In the active the syllable after this infix often receives a secondary

accent: Nangàkaupú na silà sa pagkáin, nang kamì ay dumatìng. They

had already sat down to their meal when we arrived. So also from:

bitàw, biyábit.

With reduplication of the ka- instead of root initial: Nangàkàkaupó

silà sa pagkáin. They are able to sit up for their meals.

Direct passive: Ang dinala nyà ng manga manòk ay nangamatày. The

chickens he brought all died. Nangapútol ang tubò sa lakàs

nang bagyò. The sugar-cane broke under the strength of the

typhoon. Nangapùpútol ang karamíhan nang tubò nang kasalukúyan ang

bagyò. During the typhoon most of the sugar-cane got broken. So from:

bulòk, íwan, lúnod, lungkòt, tákot, tuwà`.

443. From a compound word, passive: nasawi-ng-pálad (sawì ng pálad).

From a derived word, active: makataanàn (taanàn, § 378).

444. Accent shift is due to the root. Si Pédro ay nakaayàw nà. Pedro

has left the table. So from ábot, sákit.

Passive: Naabut nyà ang ilawàn. He managed to reach the lamp. Hindí

nya maabùt ang itlòg. He can't reach the egg. Ang báta ng si Hwàn ay

nabábahày. Little Juan is shy.

Abstract: Pagkaabòt nang bátà nang kanyà ng laruwàn ay tumakbò sya

ng agàd. After reaching for his toys, the boy at once ran.

445. With pag- before the root, this active is made from roots whose

primary active has mag-. The reduplication affects either the ka-,

or the pag-, or the root initial: makà-ka-pag- or maka-pà-pag- or

maka-pag- R.

Ang báta` ay nakapagdalà nang káhoy. The boy managed to bring the

wood. Ang báta` ay nakapagdádalà (or: nakàkapagdalà, or: nakapàpagdalà)

nang káhoy. The boy is able to bring the wood. Nakàkapaglasìng

si Ánong, káhit na sya y hindí binàbayáan nang kanya ng asáwa na

makapagpabilè nang álak. Anong manages to get drunk, even though his

wife does not allow him to have liquor purchased for him. Nakapagpútol

na si Hwàn nang káhoy. Juan has finished cutting wood. Nakapagpùpútol

nà si Hwàn nang káhoy. Juan is already able to cut wood. Hindí

makapagpútol nang káhoy si Hwàn, dahilàn sa súgat nya sa kamày. Juan

cannot cut wood, on account of the wound on his hand.

Similarly: antòk, áral, bíhis, ligtàs, mísa, nákaw, pasiyàl, sábi,

salità`, tágo`, takà.

446. Direct passive: ma-pag-; ma-pag- R or ma-pà-pag-. Hindí ko

mapagáyos ang manga damìt na itò. I can't straighten out these

clothes. Mapàpagáyos nya ang manga lipàs sa úso ng damìt na itò. She

will be able to fix these out-of-date clothes. Hindí ko mapagkúro`

kung anò ang íbig nya ng sabíhin. I couldn't make out what he wanted

to say. Nang mapagkúrò ni Hwàn kung anò ang mangyàyári, ay hindí nya

itinúloy ang kanya ng bálak. When Juan saw what was going to happen,

he did not carry out his plan. Hindí ko mapagkúro ang kahulugàn nang

súlat na itò. I can't get at the meaning of this letter. Napagtalastàs

ko ang manga sinàsábi mo sa iyo ng súlat. I understand all you say

in your letter. Napagtátalastàs (or: napàpagtalastàs) kò ang íbig mo

ng sabíhin. I understand what you mean.

447. maka-pag- (1), cf. § 353. Nang nakapaghanap syà ay umuwé sya sa

kanya ng báhay. When he had finished searching, he went home. Kung

makapaghanap syà ay úuwé sya. When he has finished searching, he will

go home.

448. maka-pang-, corresponding to mang-, § 357. Nakàkapanghiràm

kamì nang kwaltà kay Áli ng Kulása. We can borrow money from

Aunt Nicolasa. Makàkapanghiràm ka ng wala ng sála kay Hwàn nang

isa ng sombréro. You will surely be able to borrow a hat from

Juan. Nakapangàngabáyo sya ng patayò`, sapagkàt hindí gulatìn ang

kanya ng kabáyo. He is able to ride standing up, because his horse

is not given to shying.

Abstract: pagkapangáko` (áko`).

(a) The root is reduplicated for plurality: Ang pagkapanghahárang

nila Hwán ay hindí nila sána magawà`, kung hindí sa karamíhan nang

táo nila na máy barìl. The highway robberies by Juan and his gang

could not have been perpetrated by them, if it had not been for the

number of them that had guns.

(b) From a derived word: makapangináin (kináin, §§ 365, 357,a).

449. ma- D; expressive of slow activity: Hindí sya mamatày-matày. He

is lingering on the death-bed. Ang pàgakpákan nang manga táo ay hindí

matápus-tápus. The applause of the people could find no end.

450. In the instrumental passive, which seems to occur only with pag-

and pang-, the i- follows the ma-: Ang pagkàtáwag nang kúra sa manga

pulìs ay hindí nya ikinabúte, sapagkàt silà y kàkauntí lámang úpang

maipagtanggòl sya sa manga magnanákaw. The priest's having called in

the police did him no good, for they were too few to defend him from

the thieves.

With pang-: naipangánganàk (anàk, cf. § 357).

451. The local passive has the prefix ma- and the suffix (1) -an.

Namatayàn sina Hwàn. Someone has died in Juan's family. Namatayàn

sa báhay ni Hwàn. There has been a death in Juan's house. Naputúlan

si Hwàn nang dalíre` sa pagpapalákad nang mákina. Juan got a finger

cut off in running the machine. Napùputúlan nang médiko ang manga táo

nang kanila ng kamày o paà kung kayilángan. When necessary, people get

their hands or feet cut off by a doctor. Mapùputúlan ka nang dalírì`,

pag hindí ka nagíngat sa iyo ng pagtatrabáho sa mákina ng iyàn. You

will get your finger cut off, if you aren't careful about the way you

work that machine. Nasakyàn ko nà ang kabáyo ng bara-barà. I have

succeeded in mounting the wild horse. Naskyàn ko nà ang bangka ng

itò. I have already been in this canoe. Nawalàn nang málay ang babáye

sa kanyà ng paghihimatày. The woman lost consciousness in her swoon.

Similarly: báli`, bukàs, halìk, hírap, láon, límot, luwàt, patìd,

pílit, sákit, síra`, siyà, súbok, súgat, sunggàb, tagàl, tandà`, úbos.

(a) bitìw lacks accent shift: mabitíwan, cf. § 374,b.

452. Local passive with explicative pag-: Hindí námin mapaglagarían

nang káhoy ang kabáyo ng káhoy na ginawá mo. We cannot saw wood on the

saw-buck you have made. Napagputúlan námin nang kawáyan ang bágo ng

gawá mo ng kabáyo ng káhoy. We were able to cut bamboo on the sawbuck

you have just made.

453. Special static words resembling the active; the following occur:

Si Bantùg ay isa ng táo ng makabáyan. Bantog is a patriotic man. damò

ng makahyà` the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica.

Of irregular use are makalawà (§ 262,8), and makatuwìd (tuwìd).

(a) From a word of this kind an active with mag- is derived in:

nagmàmakaáwa` provoking pity (as though from makaáwa`).

(b) The abstract is like a special static word in: Ang bigàs ay sya ng

pinakamahalagà ng pagkabúhay nang táo sa Filipínas. Rice is the most

important staple food in the Philippines. Cf. also pagkaráka, § 265,9.

454. ma- forms special static words denoting that which by nature or

circumstance possesses such and such, usually a quality. Maalikabok

nà ang mésa. The table is dusty already. Maásim ang súka ng itò. This

wine is sour. ang púno-ng-káhoy na mabába` a low tree; isa ng mabába ng

táo a humble person. Ang labàng ay mabábaw. The trough of the manger is

shallow. Madálang ang manga lindòl díto. Earthquakes are rare here. Sya

y isa ng ginoò ng magálang. He is a polite gentleman. Maginháwa ang

umupó sa sìlya ng itò. This chair is comfortable to sit in. Si Maryà

ay isa ng babáye ng mapúri. Maria is a decent woman. Maluwàng ang

báro ng itò. This blouse is too loose. matamìs sweet, ang matamìs

sugar. Matipìd na báta` si Hwàn. Juan is a saving child.

The plural is made with ma- r: Ang manga táo sa báyan ay mahuhúsay

sumunòd sa kautusàn. The people of the town are all good law-abiders.

These forms are made from so many roots that the Index will be as

convenient as a list.

Derivatives: §§ 352,c. 353,a.b. 370. 499,a. 500,b.

(a) Note masiyádo excessive, extreme, as though from a root -siyádo

(and so listed), still felt by Mr. Santiago to be from Spanish

demasiado.

(b) Accent shift due to the root in masakìt.

dangerous to stand on the roof. So from kasalánan (§ 423), kabuluhàn

(§ 422).

455. ma-pag- someone given to doing so and so: Ang inà ni Pédro ay

mapagbigày sa kanya ng manga kaululàn. Pedro's mother always gives in

to his foolishness. Sya y mapagtipìd. He is very economical. So from:

gawà`, kumpisàl, simbà, siyásat, usísa`.

(a) From a phrase, probably: Ang táo ng si Hwàn ay

mapagpáku-m-babà`. That man Juan is overmodest (páko ng babà`

low peg?).

(b) With accent shift: Mapaghunì ang manga kabáyo ng itò, kanya

hindí dápat dalhìn sa labanàn. These horses are given to neighing

and therefore should not be taken to war. So also: mapagawày.

456. In the same sense, but transitive in value, ma-pang-: mapanggúlat

given to surprising or frightening people, mapanghágis given to

flinging things; Ang táo ng si Hwàn ay mapanghiràm. The fellow Juan is

a great borrower. mapanghiyà` given to embarrassing people. mapamukòl

given to throwing things. So from: hilìng, matà.

457. In similar meanings, with suffix -in:

(a) ma- S -in: So magustúhin, masùnúrin.

(b) ma- (2) -in: Ang manga táo y hindí maibigìn sa pagkakàsála. People

are not fond of sinning.

matutulugìn. He is a sleepy-head. So also: magugulatìn.

458. The transients with kà- refer to accidental actions. The active

has the forms: makà-, makà- R, nakà-, nakà- R, but the reduplication

sometimes affects the kà- instead of the root initial. The abstract

has pagkà-. The meanings are various, much like those of maka-.

459. The active sometimes expresses an inanimate object as the agent

of an accidental action: Ang guntìng nang manggagamòt ay nakágupit

nang isa ng ugàt na malakè, kanyà` namatày ang kanya ng ginágamòt. The

physician's scissors accidentally cut a large artery, in consequence

of which his patient died. Similarly, from gísing, háwa.

460. More frequent is a rational actor of an accidental action; as such

is viewed any action the exact form of which is out of the actor's

control. Si Pédro ay nakàháwak nang káwad na mày elektrisidàd. Pedro

got hold of a charged wire. Hindí nya kilalà ang manga kwayanà ng

iyòn, kaniyà nakàpútol sya nang sa iba ng táwo ng kawáyan. As he

did not know those bamboo-groves, he inadvertently cut some bamboo

that belonged to other people. Sundan mò silà sa kawayanàn, sapagkàt

baká sila nakàpùpútol nang kawáya ng hindí nasàsákop nang áti ng

lúpa`. Follow them to the bamboo-grove, for they may be cutting some

bamboo that is not included in our land. Hwàn, usisáin mo ng mabúti

ang hanggáhan nang kawayanàn, bágo ka tumagá nang kawáyan, sapagkàt

baká ka makàpútol nang kawáya ng hindí átin. Juan, find out exactly

the borders of the bamboo-grove before you cut any bamboo, for else

you might cut some bamboo that is not ours. Pího ng makàpùpútol

silà nang kawáya ng hindí sakòp nang lúpa`, kapag hindí mo sila

pinakialamàn, sapagkàt ang hanggáhan nang lúpa ng iyòn ay lubhà ng

balú-baluktòt. They will surely cut some bamboo not included in the

piece of ground, if you don't look after them, for the boundary of

the land is very irregular. Nakàtísod akò nang isa ng áhas. I hit a

snake with my foot. Nakàtúlog si Hwàn sa báhay na gibà-gibà`. Juan

hit upon a broken-down house as a place to sleep in, was constrained

by circumstances to sleep in a broken-down house. Nakàusísà sya nang

nawalà ng kwaltà. It came to her mind to inquire about the lost

money. Nakàusísà sya nang isa ng táo ng nakààalàm nang líhim. He

happened to ask a man who knew the secret. Similarly: bilì, daàn,

inòm, káin, súlat, tagpò`.

Abstract: In the abstract the element of accident often takes the form

of expressing the way something turned out. Limàng ang pagkàbílang

nya sa manga itlòg na itò. His count of these eggs has turned out

wrong. Ang pagkágawá ni Hwána sa páyong ay masamà`. The umbrella Juana

made turned out poorly. Ang pagkágupìt sa úlo nang báta` ay hindí

pantày-pantày. The boy's hair-cut isn't (hasn't turned out) even. Ang

pagkàháti nang mansánas ay hindí parého. The halving of the apple is

not exact. Ang pagkàísip nya sa bugtòng ay hindi táma`. His guess

at the riddle is not correct. Ang pagkálagok nyà sa itlòg ay kanya

ng pinagsisíhan. He repented his having (in a moment of weakness)

swallowed the egg. Ang pagkàpások ni Hwàn nang tapòn sa bóte ay

malálim. Juan got the cork too deep into the bottle. Ang pagkápatay

sa magnanákaw ay hindí sinadyà`. The killing of the thief was not

done on purpose. Ang pagkápatay sa manòk ay masamà`. This chicken has

not been slaughtered in the proper manner. Ang pagkàpútol nang pálong

nang kátiyaw ay hindí sagàd. The cock's comb is not cut off clean. Ang

pagkátahul nang áso ay sya ng inilalá nang sakìt nya sa lalamúnan. The

dog's barking made the pain in its throat worse. Ang pagkátanaw kò sa

púno-ng-káhoy ay itò y may madidilàw na dáhon. The way I looked at that

tree made it seem as if it had yellow leaves. Ang kanya ng pagkátayò`

(or: pagkátindìg) ay dahilàn sa kanya ng pagkàgúlat. He jumped to his

feet because of his surprise. Ang pagkàtípon nang manga dáho ng itò

ay hindí mabúte. These leaves have not been well heaped up. So from:

bendisiyòn, bitbìt, hampàs, higà`, pálo`, tágo`, tirà, upò`.

461. The active may denote a rational actor successful, thanks to outer

circumstances, in such and such an action. Nakáhampas ang báta ng si

Hwàn nang isa ng tutubè. Little Juan succeeded in hitting a dragon-fly

with his whip. Nakàháte si Hwàn nang manga mansánas. Juan got a chance

to divide up the apples. Nakàkàkapá sya nang isa ng palakà`. He has

got hold of a frog (as, in grasping for frogs in mud-holes). Nakàpána

akò nang usà. I hit a deer with an arrow. Nakàtípun nà akò nang

manga dáhon, nang pumaròn si Tátay. By the time Father got there,

I had already had time to get some leaves heaped up. So also: ágaw,

hingì`, sáli.

Abstract: Ang pagkàbúhay nang médiko sa kay Hwàn ay isà ng malakì ng

ikinatwá nang kanya ng kababáyan. The doctor's saving of Juan's life

was a cause of great gladness to his fellow-townsmen. Ang pagkàtáwag

nyà sa médiko ng nagligtàs nang búhay nang kanya ng anàk ay dahilàn

sa pagkàgámit nya nang teléfono. His chance of calling the doctor who

saved his child's life was due to the use he was enabled to make of the

telephone. Ang nagìng pagkágupit nyà sa makapàl na damìt ay nangyáre

dahilàn sa paggámit nya nang guntìng nang láta. The fact that he was

able to cut the thick cloth was due to his using the tin-shears. Ang

pagkáhampas nyà sa manga bátà` ay dahilàn sa kahabáan nang kanya

ng pamálo`. He can hit the children because of the length of his

stick. Ang pagkàhárang kina Hwàn ay sya nilà ng ikinawalá nang kanila

ng salapè`. Juan and his party's having been held up was what deprived

them of their money. Ang pagkàháti nya sa tubù ay hindí mangyàyáre

kung gumámit sya nang mapurùl na gúlok. He would not have been able

to slice the sugar-cane down its length (as a game or trick), if he

had used a dull bolo. Pagkàísip nya kung anò ang dápat nya ng gawìn

sa magnanákaw na nàhúli nya, ay ginawá nya iyòn agàd. When he had at

last hit upon the idea of what to do with the thief he had caught,

he immediately carried it out. Nanghináyang ang boo ng báyan sa

pagkápatay kay Risàl nang manga Kastíla`. The whole country mourned

over the killing of Rizal by the Spaniards. Ang ámi ng pagkásakay sa

bangkà` ay syà ng nagligtàs sa ámi ng búhay. Our having been able

to get into the canoe is what saved our lives. Ang pagkàsúnog nang

manga magnanákaw sa báyan ay pinarusáhan nang gubyèrno. The thieves'

burning the town was punished by the government. Ang pagkátayo nang

isa ng báhay-pàmahaláa ng batò ay dahilàn sa pagpapaalaála ni Hwàn

nang pangánib sa súnog. The fact that a stone government-building

came after all to be built, was due to Juan's calling attention to

the danger from fire. Anu ng pagkátipid ni Hwàn! How saving Juan has

been! So from: sábi, táwag.

462. The active is used of certain acts of sensation whose

occurrence is out of the control of the subject: ang nakàkìkilála,

ang nakàkàkilála one who has got knowledge of a person or thing,

has come to know his habits, recognizes his nature. Ang pagkàgúlat

ni Hwána ay syà ng ikinátawà nang marámi ng nakàkàkíta. Juana's

astonishment amused many who saw it. With kilála compare nakáramdàm

felt; with kíta, nakàmálay, nakátanàw, and nakárinìg heard.

Abstract: Malínaw ang pagkàkíta ko sa nangyáre. I had a clear view

of what took place. So: dinìg, masìd, tanàw.

463. The direct passive has the forms mà-, mà- R, nà-, nà- R.

It may correspond regularly to the active type in § 460, and denote

an object undergoing an accidental action of a rational actor.

Nàáso ko sa boo ng báyan ang báta`, káhit na hindí ko gustò. I

was forced to go shouting after the child all over town, though I

didn't like to do it. Hindí mu ba nàbása sa diyáriyo ang tungkùl

sa súnog? Haven't you come across the details of the fire in

the paper? Baká mo màbásag, Hwána, iyà ng pinaglàlaruwan mò ng

kandeléro. See that you don't break that candlestick you're playing

with, Juana. Nádala nyà nang hindí sinásadyà` sa kanya ng pagalìs

ang áki ng páyong. When he went away he inadvertently carried off

my umbrella. Nàgambála ku ang pagaáral ni Hwàn dahilàn sa áki ng

pagdatìng na walá sa óras. I disturbed Juan in his studying by my

untimely arrival. Nàgámit ni Hwàn ang áki ng, sombréro dahilàn sa

kanyà ng pagmamadalí nang pagalìs. Juan used my hat in the haste of

his departure. Nàgísing nya sa kanya ng pagiingày ang manga báta`. What

with his racket he woke up the children. Náhampàs nang hindí sinásadyá

ni Pédro ang bábuy nang kanya ng kápit-báhay. Pedro inadvertently hit

his neighbor's hog with his whip. Nàíwan din nyà sa ákin ang kanyà

ng anàk, káhit na itò y áyaw nya ng gawìn. She was also forced to

leave her child with me, although she disliked to do this. Nápatày

ko nang barìl-barílan ang manòk. I accidentally killed the chicken

with my toy-gun. Kánin mo ang milòn, kung iyu ng gustò, o kayà` ang

ságing, kung sya mo itò ng nàpìpíle`.--Nàpìpíli ko ang milòn. Eat the

banana, if you like, or the melon, if you prefer it.--I prefer the

melon. Nápitas nyà ang bulaklàk nang hindí sinásadyà`. She picked the

flower without intending to. Nàpútol ko nang hindí sinásadyà` ang lúbid

na itò. I chanced, without intending it, to cut this string. Baká mo

màsíra`, Hwàn, ang patágo sa iyù ng kwàlta nang iyu ng kapatìd. See

to it, Juan, that you don't do away with your brother's money that

is entrusted to you. Nàusísà ni Hwána ang inumìt na singsìng nang

kanyà ng kapatìd. Juana happened to inquire for the ring her sister

had filched. So from: angkìn, búlag, bútas, hábol, patày, púlot.

464. The direct passive may correspond regularly to the active

described in § 461, and denote an object undergoing an action which a

rational actor was enabled to perform by virtue of outer circumstances.

Ang úlo ni Hwàn ay nàbìbílog nang kanya ng kalarò`. Juan's playmates

are succeeding in making a fool of him (literally: in rounding his

head). Nágupit nyà ang makapàl na damìt. It turned out that he was

able to cut the thick cloth. Hindí ku màípon ang manga karáyum na

nangàsábug sa lúpa`. I did not succeed in gathering up all the needles

that were scattered over the floor. Hindí ko mápatay ang púsa ng

itò. I cannot kill this cat (i.e. its life is tough, it gets away,

etc.) Kapag nàpútol mo ang bákal na iyàn, ikàw ay makawáwalà`. If

you can get a chance to cut through that iron, you can make your

escape. Nàpútol nya ang káhoy. He got the wood cut all right. Hindí nya

màpútol ang leèg nang manòk. He couldn't get the chicken's neck cut

through. Màpùpútol na raw nyà ang púno nang káhoy na nabwàl. He says

he will be in a position to cut through the tree that has fallen. ang

kanyà ng násingìl the money he was able to collect. Similarly, from:

bálot, gawà`, húli, kúha, kúlam, nákaw, pitàs, sábi, taàs, táwag.

465. Similarly, the direct passive is regularly used to correspond

to the active in § 462, of objects of sensation. Nàkilála ko si Hwàn

doòn sa sàwáyan. I got acquainted with Juan at that dance. So from:

alaála, dinìg, inò, kíta, málas, pansìn.

466. Other uses of the direct passive do not regularly correspond to

any active, cf. § 440 f.; these have their own abstract with pagkà-.

The direct passive is used to denote an object which has accidentally

got into such and such a condition; the actor is either indifferent

or entirely lacking. There seems to be no abstract principle clearly

separating this form from the passive with na- described in § 440;

where position of the object is involved, the accidental form is

preferred.

Nàbúte ang kanyà ng pagkatákot. His fear reached a high point. Ang

kanya ng bangkà y patúngo sa bandà ng kalunúran, dátapuwat pagkaraàn

nang ilà ng sandalì` ay náiba ang kanya ng bandáhin. His canoe was

headed toward the west, but after a while his direction changed. Ang

ìnumínan nang báhay ay dápat málagay sa lugàr na malílim. The shelf

for drinking-water of a house should be in a shady place. Násakay

sa trèn ang ipinahatìd mo ng manga dalanghíta`. The tangerines you

sent have been shipped. Nàtúlin ang pagpapadulàs nang báta ng si Hwàn

sa pútek. Juan's sliding on the mud got faster and faster (in spite

of him).

Similarly from: bágay, balíta`, baòn, dápat, doòn, hintò`, húsay,

kápit, lapàg, látag, ligtàs, liguwàk, lípat, lubòg, lúlan, mána,

nákaw, pagítan, páko`, patày, pátung, sábog, taàn, tábon, tágo`,

talà`, tanìm, taòn, tayò`, tirà, túlos, únat.

Abstract: Pagkásakay nang manga sáko nang kamóte sa trèn ay lumákad

itò agàd. As soon as the bags of sweet-potatoes had been put on board

the train, the latter started to move. So from: balíta`, gámit, ibà,

látag, libìng, sarà.

466a. This irregular passive is used also of animate, rational

subjects, whose actions, then, are viewed rather as an accidental

undergoing; this type is not clearly definable from that with ma-

in § 441, except where both forms are used in contrast (-higà`);

the habit with regard to each root is, however, entirely fixed.

In some cases the accidental actor is imaginable: Náakyàt si Pédro

sa itaàs nang lángit dahilàn sa ginawá nya ng pagkápit sa pinalipàd

na lóbo. Pedro got carried up into the air owing to his grip on the

loosed balloon. Nàhárang sina Hwàn sa daà-ng-Balíwag. Juan and his

company chanced to get held up on the Baliuag road. Hwag kà, Hwàn,

pumásuk sa sekréta, sapagkàt baká ka máhigà` sa ihawàn, kung ikàw

ay màhúle. Don't go as a spy, Juan, for you might get laid on the

gridiron, if you got caught. Similarly: banggìt, barìl, bilanggò`,

distíno, húli, ligtàs, píli`, tanggàp, táwag.

Processes of life: Sya y nábingì. He got deaf. Nàbúte si Hwàn sa kanya

ng pagkatákot. Juan was bettered by his fright. Si Pédro at si Maryà

ay màkàkasàl. Pedro and Maria will get married some day. So: himbìng,

lóko, tahímik, tinìk, túto, wíli.

Abstract: Ang pagkàgúlat ni Hwána sa maíngay na putòk nang kanyòn ay

sya nyà ng ikinabingì. Juana's shock at the loud report of the cannon

was what made her deaf. Malakì ang kanila ng nagìng pagkàgúlat. Their

astonishment was great. Ang pagkàsúnog sa manga sundálo sa loòb

nang báhay ay nangyári dáhil sa pagkásara nang manga bintána`. The

fact that the soldiers were burned in the house was due to the

circumstance that the windows had been closed. Ang pagkátinìk sa

lalamúnan nang báta` ay sya nyà ng ikinamatày. The boy's getting a

fishbone into his throat was what killed him. Pagkátinik nang unggò`

ay sya y nagálit. When the monkey had got a spine into his foot he

got angry. Ang pagkàwíle ni Hwàn sa báhay ny Andrès ay dahilàn sa

anàk na dalága nitò. Juan's being spell-bound in Andres' house was

due to the latter's daughter. So: gustò, kasàl, manghà`.

Movements, especially the resultant position: Sya y nárapà`. He fell on

his face. Náriyan kamì sa iyo ng báhay kahápon nang umága, dátapuwat

hindí ka námin dinatnàn. We were at your house yesterday morning, but

we did not find you there. Náluhod sya sa kanyà ng harapàn. He knelt

down in front of her. Nàpàpagítan si Hwàn sa dalawà ng dalága. Juan

chanced to get placed between two young ladies. Sila y nàùupò`. They

are seated. Similarly from: ákap, alìs, bálot, díne, díto, dulàs,

doòn, haràp, kublì, kulòng, lákad, lugmòk, padpàd, panhìk, sakày,

sísid, tabì, tágo`, tayò`, tirà, tungtòng.

Abstract: Ang ikinátahol nang manga áso ay ang pagkádapá ni Hwàn. What

made the dogs bark was Juan's falling on his face. Pagkásakay ni Hwàn

sa trèn ay lumákad ito ng agàd. When Juan was on board the train,

it soon started to move. So also: dulàs, kublì, lagày, panhìk, silìd,

tabì, tayò`.

467. The passive forms an explicit plural in which -ang- is infixed

into the nà-: Tibáyan mo ang manga itátayú mo ng kúbo sa búkid,

sapagkàt baká iyo y mangágibà` kung lumakàs ang hángin. Prop up the

huts you are going to build in the fields, for otherwise they might

break down when the wind gets stronger. Mangàgìgibà` ang manga báhay na

itò, sapagkàt hindí táma` ang pagkátayò`. These houses will break down,

because they are not built right. So from: pangàw, sábog, talungkò`.

468. An irregular form is nàndon beside ná-roòn.

469. Accent shift is due to the root: Ang pagpapatahòl ni Hwàn sa

kanya ng áso ay nakàtàtawà. Juan's making his dog bark is a funny

sight. So álam, túloy.

Passive: Náabut nyà sa kanyà ng paglulundàg na may tánga ng pamálo`

ang ilawàn, kanyà` itò y nabásag. In his climbing with the stick in

hand, he accidentally reached the lamp, and so it got broken. Sya y

nábulàg. He went blind. So: gísing, háyag, húli, lápit, láyo`, túloy.

Abstract: Ang pagkáhuli nang susò` ay malakè. The snail was left way

behind. Ang pagkáabot nyà sa bóte ay hindi magálang. The way he reached

for the bottle was not polite. So: álam, áyaw, gísing, lápit, úna.

470. From phrases: Ang paánan nang hìgáan ay nàbàbandà-ng-kataasàn,

dátapwat dápat màbanda-ng-ibabà`. The foot of the bed is turned toward

the north, but should be turned to the south (bandà ng ibabà`, bandà

ng kataasàn).

From derived words: Passive: Nàtàtagílid ang bangkà`. The boat has

a list to one side (ta-gílid, § 523).

(a) Passives from words with prefix ka- (§ 398) are frequent. Ang

búkid ni Hwàn ay nàkàkarátig nang kay Pédro. Juan's field borders

on Pedro's. Nàkasále nya sa kanya ng paglalarò` ang kanya ng

pínsan. He took his cousin for playmate. Si Maryáno ay nàkatálo ni

Hwàn. Mariano was Juan's opponent. Si Narsíso ang lági ng nàkàkatálo

ni Pédro sa manga pagtatálo ng idinàdáos linggo-linggò sa kanila ng

sàmáhan. Narcisso is always Pedro's opponent in the debates which they

hold every Sunday at their club. Si Lúkas ang màkàkatálo ko. Lucas

will be my opponent. nàkàkatúngo the person one happens to be dealing

with. nàkaúsap be by chance able to be conversed with.

Underlying word non-existent: Nàkatúlog si Hwàn sa panunoòd nang

teátro. Juan fell asleep while watching the play. Umulàn kagabì at

lumamìg, kaniyà` ako nàkatúlog nang mahimbìng. Last night it rained and

got cool; in consequence I fell sound asleep, got a sound sleep. Hindí

ako màkatúlog. I couldn't get any sleep. Abstract: ang pagkàkatúlog.

(b) Explicit plural of the preceding: Nangàkàkatúlog sila ng lahàt,

nang pumások sa báhay ang magnanákaw. They had all fallen asleep,

when the thief came into the house. Pagpilítan ninyò ng hwag kayò

ng mangàkatúlog sa inyo ng pagbabantày sa manga háyop at iba pà ng

árì nang pàmahalaàn. See to it that you don't fall asleep when on

guard over the animals and other property of the government. Ngayòn

ay mangàkàkatúlog silà, dahilàn sa maláon nila ng pagpupuyàt

gabi-gabì. Now they will be able to sleep, owing to their staying up

late night after night.

471. Passive with pag- (cf. § 445): the reduplication affects the

pag-. Hindí ko màpagáway ang tamìs at ang ásim nang limonáda ng itò. I

cannot produce a balance of sweet and sour in this lemonade. Sa

kalaúnan ay nàpagkilála ni Hwàn ang kanya ng kamàlían. Finally

Juan saw where he was wrong. Hindí nya nàpagkúro` agàd kung anò ang

gàgawin nyà. He was not able to decide at once what he was going to

do. Nàpàpagkúrù mo bà ang lahàt nang sinábi ko sa iyò kahápon? Are

you able to figure out all I said to you yesterday? Hindí ko màpagkúro

kung anò ang íbig nya ng sabíhin. I simply couldn't make out what he

was trying to say.

(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Áyon sa sábi nang marámi ay

màpàpaghuli na ràw ang manga magnanákaw. According to what people say,

the thieves will soon be caught.

472. Passive with pang-: Nàpanagínip niya ng nàkíta nya ang kanya ng

amà. He dreamt he saw his father.

473. makà- D is used in prohibitions: Hwag kà ng makàláyas-láyas! Don't

ever run away! So from tungtóng.

(a) with paki-: Hwag kà ng makàpakikáin-káin kung hindí ka

inàanyáhan. Don't ever take a meal with people unless they invite you.

474. The instrumental passive is rare: badiyà, màilabàs, màipások,

màitúro`.

475. Local passive with mà-.

Nàmàmasdan kò mulá sa banda ng itò nang bintána` ang báhay ni Áli

ng Maryà. I get a view of Mistress Maria's house from this side of

the window. Pagingátan mo ang iyo ng kwaltà sa bulsà pagluwàs mo sa

Mayníla`, at nang hwag kà ng mànakáwan. Look carefully to the money in

your purse when you go to Manila, so as not to get robbed. Nàpasúkan

nya sa kwàrto ang magnanákaw. In entering the room he came upon the

thief. Nàputúlan ku nang tahìd ang kátyaw. I managed to cut the

game-cock's spur. Nàpùputúlan ko nà nang pálong ang kátyaw. I am

succeeding in cutting off the game-cock's comb. Màpùputúlan daw nyà

nang manga pálong ang manga kátyaw nya ng pangsábong. He will manage

to cut off the combs of his pit game-cocks, he says. Nàsagasáan nang

trèn ang isa ng táo. A man got run over by the train. Nàsakyan námin

ang bangká ni Hwàn. We happened to get into Juan's canoe. Ang kamàtáya

ng màtagpuàn nang isa ng magnanákaw ay lági ng hindí mabúte. The death

a robber meets is usually not good. Baká mu màtamáan ang úlu nang

báta`. See that you don't hit the child's head (and disfigure him).

Similarly: balíta`, bukàs, damdàm, datìng, gustò, intindì, kamìt,

kulápol, ligtàs, málay, pígil, tanìm, túlog, tumpàk, túto, wisìk.

(a) With contraction of prefix and initial: màláman (álam).

(b) Accent shift lacking: nàmatáan (matà).

kanya ng pukòl ang báta`. He nearly hit the child with his throw. Baká

mu màtamaàn ang báta`. See that you don't hit the child. So also:

nàalamàn (álam).

476. Local passive with mà-pag-: Nàpaghìhinaláan nang kápitan

ang mabaìt na si Hwàn. Even honest Juan falls under the mayor's

suspicion. Nàpàpaghinaláan nilà si Kulàs sa pagkawalá nang aláhas. They

are capable of suspecting Nicolás in connection with the disappearance

of the jewelry. Màpàpaghinaláan ka ng kasabuwàt nang manga sundálo sa

bundòk, kapag hindí ka tumahímik sa báhay. You will risk suspicion

as having connection with the soldiers in the mountains, if you do

not stay quietly in your house. Similarly: álam, bintàng.

(a) Extra accent shift (plural): mà-pag-alam-àn.

477. Local passive with mà-pang-; the only example lacks accent shift:

nà-pang-aginàldo-han.

478. Local passive with mà- from underlying word with ka- (cf. §

398): nàkagalítan, màkatuwaàn.

(a) with pagka-, corresponding to an active with magka- (§ 405):

màpagkalipumpunàn (lipumpòn).

479. Special static words with makà- are formed from numerals in the

sense of so many times: makàánim six times; makálawà twice; makálimà

five times; makásiyàm nine times. So: makáilàn several times.

From phrases, the higher numbers: makása-m-pù` ten times.

With irregularities: makáitlò, makáyitlò three times; makàápat,

makàípat four times.

Reduplicated: makàlìlíbo a thousand times.

4. The prefix pa-.

480. The general sense of the prefix pa- is to denote something

caused or ordered to undergo such and such an action. With accent pà-

an increase of the action is expressed.

(1) Simple static forms.

481. The root with prefix pa- denotes an object or person ordered,

caused, or allowed to undergo such and such an action. The person

caused to undergo may be the same as the person ordering or allowing.

Ang paakyàt ni Hwána na púno nang kakàw ay ang nása súlok nang

bakúran. The cocoa-tree Juana ordered climbed is the one in the corner

of the yard. Ang panyo ng itò ay paalaála sa ákin niy Áli ng Maryà sa

anàk nya ng dalága. This handkerchief is a souvenir to me from Aunt

Maria which she sent by her daughter. Inihandá nang ámi ng kaséra

ang atsára ng papáya úpang siya námi ng magìng paáyap. Our landlady

served some pickled papaws for us to use as condiment. Pabalìk ni

Hwàn ang lìbru ng itò. Juan sends this book back. Itò ang paháti` sa

ákin ni Pédro. This is what Pedro ordered me to deal out. Ang manga

tubò ng itò ay papútol sa ákin ni Pédro. Pedro ordered me to cut this

sugar-cane. Ang táo ng itò ang pasakày ni Hwàn sa karumáta ko. This

is the man whom Juan asked me to take into my carriage. Ang binása

ni Hwà ng kautusàn ay patáwag nang kúra. The ordinance Juan read was

given out for proclamation by the priest. Ang báhay na ytò y patayó

ni Hwàn. Juan had this house built. Patípon ni Hwàn sa ákin ang manga

nyòg na itò. Juan ordered me to gather up these cocoanuts. Ang pauwé

ni Hwàn sa kanya ng inà ay isa ng maínam na singsìng. What Juan sent

home to his mother was a beautiful ring.

As conjunctive attribute the word with pa- may express manner: ang

daà ng pabalìk sa Balíwag the road back to Baliuag. Papások sya ng

lumàlákad sa gitná nang báhay. He was going farther in toward the

inside of the house. Pasakày sya ng lumuksò sa kabáyo. He jumped on

the horse as if mounting to ride. Nang mahúlug ang báta` sa káhoy,

ay paupó sya ng lumagpàk sa lúpa`. When the boy fell from the tree, he

landed on the ground in a sitting position. Pauròng sya ng lumákad. He

went backwards.

With movements pa-, reflexive, is often weakened to a mere indication

of direction: Paakyàt sa púnù nang káhoy ang unggò` nang sya y abútan

nang lóbo. The monkey was just climbing the tree, when he was overtaken

by the wolf. Pabalìk si Hwàn. Juan is going back. Patúngo si Hwàn sa

báya-ng-Balíwag. Juan was headed for the town of Baliuag.

Similarly: álam, biglà`, bulòng, gawà`, hárang, kálat, lági`, lalà`,

puntà, sigàw, tágo`, takbò, talungkò`, tayò`, túloy.

(a) From a derived word: paitaàs (itaàs, § 373).

(b) The peculiar meaning is weakened in some words: ang paága a kind

of rice which matures early, ang pakinábang profit, advantage, ang

palabàs a theatrical performance, ang palígo` a bath, ang pamagàt an

appellation, a nickname. So from: bangò`, bása, bayò, bigàt, daàn,

dúsa, háyag, hintúlot, lákad, lígid, lúgit, sákit, talìm.

(d) Irregular: Ang pagkáparoon kò sa bèsbol ay paubáya` nang áki ng

gurò`. My going to the baseball game was by permission of my teacher

(báya`).

482. pa- (1) is made from barytone roots when they express manner, or,

more especially, direction: Ang bangkà` ay hindí paayòn sa ílog. The

boat is not headed with the stream. Pahagìs nya ng iniyabòt sa ákin ang

aklàt. He handed me the book by tossing it. Iníwan nya ng paharàng sa

daàn ang karitòn. He left the wagon blocking the road. Paharàng nya ng

inihágis sa ílog ang púno-ng-ságing. He threw the banana tree crosswise

into the river. Ang paglakè nang lámat nang pinggàn ay pahatè`. The

increase in the crack of the dish is going towards halving it. Ang

búnga ng itò y pahatè` kung mapiráso pagkahinòg. This fruit goes into

halves when it breaks on ripening. Similarly: líhim, pútol.

(a) The accent shift is due to the root and the value of the

formation is as in § 481, in: Ang paabòt mo ng súlat ay tinanggàp

ko. I have received the letter you sent to me. Si Hwàn ay isa ng báta

ng pabayà`. Juan is a neglectful boy.

(b) The accent shift is like that of a root word in: Paligú na ang

manga báta`. The children are bathed now (pa-lígo`).

483. pa- r, as explicit plural: see ábot.

484. pa- D. The action is repeated at short intervals; the reflexive

value is frequent. Sya y lumàlákad na pahintò-hintò`. He goes on,

stopping every little while. Pamalí-malì` ang kanya ng pagbílang. His

count contains repeated errors. Alam nyà ang manga pasíkot-síkot sa

báya-ng-Balíwag. He knows all the ins and outs of the district of

Baliuag. So from: iyàk, lígid, mínsan, pasiyàl, túlog.

(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Patúlog-túlog at pagisìng-gisìng

siyà. He sleeps and wakes by fits and starts. Patawà-tawà at

paiyàk-iyàk siyà. She giggles at one moment and weeps the next.

485. pa-pa- has durative-iterative meaning: Papaalìs sya nang akò

y dumatìng. He was just going away when I arrived. Papauròng sya ng

lumàlákad. He was going backwards. So from labàs.

(a) papáno (anò) seems equivalent to páno (§ 481,c).

486. As appears in the example of paligò` above (§ 482,b), the forms

with pa- are apparently capable of all the modifications that are

found in simple roots: Thus:

(a) with prefix pang- (§ 347): Pangpakáin sa báta` ang gátas na

itò. This milk is for the children's food. Pangpakáin sa panaúhin ang

pinatay kò ng túpa. The sheep I have slaughtered is for serving to the

guests. Pangpatukà sa manòk ang pálay na itò. These rice-grains are to

be given to the chickens to pick (tukà` the beak of a fowl). So from:

dikìt, lígo`.

(b) with ka- R (§ 400): Kapàpapútol ko pa lámang nang manga káhoy na

itò. I have just had this firewood cut.

Hwàn. I have just ordered Juan to cut up the bamboo spines.

(2) Normal transients, abstracts, and special static words.

487. The root with pa- is sometimes used as a transient contingent

punctual, with the value of a reflexive passive; more commonly the

form with ma-pa- (§ 506) fulfils this function. There are three types:

(a) Genuine reflexive passive: Paábut ka sa mangà nagsìsihábul sa

iyò. Let yourself be overtaken by your pursuers. Paakyat kà kay Hwàn

sa itaàs nang káhoy. Ask Juan to take you up into the tree. Twì ng

papásuk akò sa síne sa áki ng kúyang, ay nasìsiráan ang mákina. Every

time I ask my oldest brother to take me to the moving-picture show,

something goes wrong with the machine. So: kasàl, ligàw.

(b) Reflexive of interest: one who orders that something undergo

such and such an action for him: Paakyàt ka kay Hwàn nang isa ng

búnga-ng-nyòg. Ask Juan to climb for a cocoanut for you.

the local equivalents of the demonstrative pronouns and a few other

words. Paríni ka. Come here. Tuwì ng aku y paroòn sa kanya ng báhay

ay hindí ku sya inàabútan. Every time I go to his house, I fail to

find him in.

(d) If the pa- is accented, the action is more intense: Pàága ka nang

pagparíto. Be very early in your coming here.

(e) A contingent durative is formed with pa- R. (a) Paáakyat akò kay

Hwàn sa itaàs nang káhoy. I shall ask Juan to take me up into the

tree with him. Papàpások akò sa síne sa áki ng kúyang. I shall ask

my brother to take me to the moving-picture show. (b) Paáakyat akò

kay Hwàn nang isa ng búnga-ng-nyòg. I shall ask Juan to climb for a

cocoanut for me. Papùpútol akò nang buhòk kay Hwàn. I shall ask Juan

to cut my hair.

488. For the reflexive of motion (§ 487,c) a set of transients and

an abstract are formed with -um- and pag-. These also are equivalent

to the forms with ma-pa- (§ 506).

(a) Regularly from the four roots serving as locals of the

demonstrative pronouns. Pumaríni ka! Come here! Pumaríne ka sa áki

ng tabì. Come close here to my side.

Madálang ang pagparíto nang manga bálang. Locusts come here but

rarely. Pího ako ng pàparíto sa alasìngko. I will surely come here

at five o'clock.

Pápariyàn sána kamì, dátapuwat nagkaroòn kamì nang malakì ng

kaabalahàn, kanyà hindí kami nátuloy. We were coming to you, but we

had so much trouble that we did not carry out our intention.

Pagparoòn ko ay sàsabíhin ko sa kanyà ang ibinalítà mo. When I get

there I shall tell him what you have told me. Kità ng dalawà ay

páparon sa teyátro. We two are going to the theatre.

(b) Occasionally from loòb: pumaloòb.

with ma- from the root (§ 441); and pagpatúngo, which forms its

transient with -um- from the root.

(d) Plurals: magsipalígo`, nagsìsipanáog.

489. mag-pa-, pag-pa-pa-. Active with mag- from the root with pa-

denotes one who causes, orders, or allows such and such an action to

be performed on something else or (reflexively) on himself.

Nagpaáyap ang ámi ng kaséra. Our landlady served a relish. Si

Hwàn ay nagpabáya` sa kanya ng tungkúlin. Juan grew lax about his

duties. Nagpabyày si Hwàn nang isdà` sa kanya ng palàisdáan. Juan

had some fish put into his fishpond. Ang médiko ang nagpaginháwa sa

máy sakìt. The doctor made the patient feel comfortable. Nagpagupìt

akò sa barbéro. I had the barber cut my hair. Ang pagpapagupìt ko sa

barbéro ng si Hwàn ay hindí ko lubhà ng gustò. I don't like very much

to have my hair cut by barber Juan. Paráti ang manga pagpapahárang

ni Andrès sa manga táo ng naglálakàd. Andrés often orders travellers

to be held up. Si Pédro ay nagpaháte sa ákin nang pálay. Pedro had

rice dealt out to me. Ang kàtiwála y syà ng nagpahátì nang pálay sa

manga kasamà. It was the agent who ordered rice distributed to the

field-workers. Ang pagpapaháte nang kàtiwála sa manga lariyò sa manga

magkakápit-báhay ay hindí iniyútos nang panginoòn nya ng si Hwàn. The

agent's having bricks distributed among the neighbors was not in

accordance with the orders of his master Juan. Sya y nagpahíkaw sa

kanya ng alíla`. She had her maid put her earrings on her. (híkaw an

earring). Si Pédro ay nagpápahingà. Pedro is taking a rest (literally:

allowing himself to breathe). Ang inà y nagpahubàd (or: nagpahubàd

nang damìt) sa kanya ng anàk. The mother ordered her daughter to

undress her. Sya y nagpakáin nang gúlay sa manga panaúhin. She

served vegetables to the guests. Sya y nagpàpakaséra. She keeps a

boarding-house. Sya y nagpàpalabàs nang lamòk. He is driving out

the gnats. Nagpápalabàs nang teyátro ang sàmáha-ng-ópera. The opera

company is producing a play. Nagpalígo si Hwàn nang kabáyo. Juan

bathed some of the horses. ang pagpapalígo` the bathing something or

someone. Nagpapútol si Hwàn nang labòng. Juan had some bamboo shoots

cut. Nagpàpapútol kamì nang káhoy. We are having some wood cut. Ang

pagpapapútol nya sa Intsèk nang buhòk ay hindí sinunòd nitò. When he

ordered the Chinaman to cut his queue, the latter did not obey. Ang

pagpapasakày sa trèn ni Hwàn nang manga kamátis ay hindí nautàs bágo

lumákad ang trèn. Juan had not finished having his tomatoes loaded

on the train, when the train started. Si Hwána ay nagpasákit nang

marámi ng manglilígaw sa kanyà. Juana caused grief to many who wooed

her. Si Hwána ay nagpasuklày sa kanya ng alíla`. Juana ordered her maid

to comb her hair for her. Ang pagpapasundú nya sa ákin sa alíla` ay

ikinagálit ko. His ordering me to fetch the servant made me angry. Sya

y nagpàpatalìm nang isa ng gúlok. He is sharpening a bolo. Nagpatáwag

akò nang isà ng kasamà. I had a workman called. Ang pagpapatáwag ko

sa manga alíla ay hindí sinunòd nang báta ng si Hwàn. Little Juan

did not obey my order to him to call some servants. Ang pagpapatáwag

nang kúra sa léyi ay hindi nátuluy, sapagkàt binatò nang manga táo

ang magtatawàg. The priest's order that the law be proclaimed was not

carried out, for the crier was stoned by the people. Nagpatayó sya nang

isa ng kúbo. He had a hut built. Ang pagpapatayó ni Hwàn nang isa ng

kúbo ay hindí natápus bágo sya nàtáwag sa pagsusundálo. The hut Juan

was having built was not finished before he was called to military

service. Nagpatipìd sya sa manga kasamà nang kanila ng pagkáin. He

had his workers be sparing with their food. Nagpatípon si Hwàn nang

káhoy sa kanya ng manga kasamà. Juan ordered his workmen to gather

wood. Ang pagpapatípon ni Hwàn sa manga kalabàw ay hindí sinunòd

nang kanya ng kàtiwála`. Juan's order that the carabao be gathered

together was not obeyed by his overseer. Sya y nagpatotoò sa úsap ni

Maryà at ni Hwána. She gave testimony in the lawsuit between Maria

and Juana. Si Hwána ay naparoòn sa ákin at siyà ng nagpatotoò na ikàw

ay dumalò sa isa ng sabungàn. Juana came to me and assured me that you

had attended a cock-fight. Ang pagpapatotoò nyà ay hindí tinanggàp nang

hukòm. The judge did not accept his testimony. Sya y nagpaupò` nang ilà

ng eskwéla. He had a few of the pupils sit down. Ang pagpapaupò nang

maèstro sa manga eskwéla ay hindí nila sinunòd agàd. The teacher's

order to the pupils to sit down was not promptly obeyed. Magpaútang

ka nang kwaltà sa manga mahihírap. Lend money to the poor. Nagpauwí

ba si Hwàn nang sìlya sa kanya ng inà?--Hindì`. Ang kanya ipinauwè`

ay isa ng singsìng. Did Juan send a chair home to his mother?--No,

he sent home a ring.

Similarly: ábot, alaála, balìk, baòn, dalà, dulàs, dúnong, dúsa,

galìng, gálit, gandà, gawà`, háyag, hírap, húli, ísip, iyàk, kilála,

kinábang, kintàb, kíta, kulò`, kumpisàl, lagày, lákad, larò`, láyas,

láyaw, limòs, lípas, lúto`, magàt, mísa, pások, siglà, singkàw, sísid,

tahòl, tugtòg, túlog, túlos, ulàn.

(a) Plural with magsi- (§ 386); nagsìsipagpalimòs.

(b) From a derived word: Huwag kayò ng magpaumága sa inyo ng

pagsasàlitáan. Don't let yourselves be overtaken by the morning in

your conversation (umága, § 358).

had a letter handed to me.

(d) The pa- is accented, expressing extreme degree of action; from

shifted root: Nagpáuna si Hwàn sa lakaràn. Juan managed to get himself

into the very first place in the walking-party. So from: íwan.

(e) Doubled root, shifted: Nagpáuna-unà si Hwàn sa lakaràn nang manga

magkakasáma. Juan got himself too far ahead in the boys' walking-party.

(f) Special static word (of the kind in § 358,d): ang magpapatawàg

a town-crier.

490. pa- (1) -in, p-in-a. The direct passive from words with pa-

denotes the person ordered to do so and so, the thing caused to be

so and so.

Padalángin mo ang iyo ng pagparíto. Make your coming here

infrequent. Pagka pinapútol ka nyà nang káhoy ay sumunòd

ka ng agàd. When he orders you to cut wood, do you obey at

once. Pinapùpútol námin nang tubò si Pédro. We are having Pedro cut

some sugar-cane. Paputúlin mo si Hwàn nang kúgon. Have Juan cut the

cugon-weeds. Papùputúlin námin kayò nang yantòk. We shall ask you to

cut some rattan. Pinatahòl ni Hwàn ang kanya ng áso. Juan made his dog

bark. Pinatalìm nya itò. He made this sharp. Pinatayó ni Hwàn sa kanya

ng pálad ang kapatìd nya ng maliìt na si Maryáno. Juan stood his little

brother Mariano up on his open hand. Hindí ako pinatúlog nang pagtahòl

nang áso. The barking of the dog kept me from sleeping. Patulúgin mo

ang báta`. Put the child to sleep. Pinaupú nya ang manga eskwéla. He

had the pupils sit down. Pinaupú ko ang áki ng bisíta. I asked my

visitors to be seated.

Similarly: alìs, balìk, bilì, bútas, díto, hintò`, inòm, káin,

kápit, lákad, láyas, lípad, pások, tahàn, takbò, táwad, túlin, túloy,

untì`, yáman.

(a) With accented pà-: Pàbusugin mò ang manga háyop. Feed the animals

till they have had enough. Pàhampasìn mo siyà. Whip him harder. Hwag

mò ng pàputiìn ang pintà nang báhay. Don't paint the house too white.

(b) pà- with accent shift: Pàdalangin mò ang iyo ng pagparíto. Come

here very rarely.

491. pa-pag- (1) -in, p-in-a-pag-. The direct passive has pag- before

the root when it corresponds to simple actives with characteristic

mag- (§ 351). Màpàpahámak lámang ang báta ng ito, kapag hindí nátin

pinapagáral nang sapàt. This boy will turn out a mere good-for-nothing,

if we do not make him study enough. Pinapaghubàd nang inà ang kanya ng

manga anàk. The mother ordered her children to undress. Pinapagpútol

námin nang ságing sina Hwàn. We asked Juan and his people to cut

bananas. Papagputúlin mo si Hwàn nang buhòk. Tell Juan to get a

hair-cut. Papagpùputúlin nila kamì nang kanila ng manga kawáyan. They

will order us to cut all their bamboo. Pinapagsuklày ni Hwána ang

kanya ng alíla`. Juana told her maid to comb her (the maid's) hair.

Similarly, from: bíhis, hintò`, trabáho.

(a) From a derived word: Sya y pinapagkalatimbà`. He was forced to

do the well-bucket exercise (kalatimbà`, § 519).

(b) With extra accent shift: papagtùtuluyìn (túloy).

492. With pang-: Paráti ng pinapanghàhárang ni Andrès ang kanya ng

manga kampòn. Andrés often orders his companions to commit highway

robberies. Papanghiramìn mo si Pédro nang lúbid. Have Pedro go and

borrow some rope. Papamutúlin mo nang damò si Pédro. Have Pedro cut

grass. Papamùmutúlin silà ni Hwàn nang damò. Juan will order them to

cut grass.

493. pa-pag-pa- (1) -in, p-in-a-pag-pa-. With both pag- and pa-

preceding the root the direct passive with pa- denotes someone caused

to cause something: Pinapagpatotoò nang tagapagtanggòl ni Andrès ang

táo ng si Mariyáno na syà ng nakàkíta sa nangyáre. Andrés' lawyer

called as a witness the man Mariano, who had seen the occurrence

(cf. magpatotoò, § 489).

494. i-pa-, i-p-in-a-. The instrumental passive with pa- denotes the

object ordered, caused, or allowed to undergo such and such an action.

Ipinaálam ko sa kanyà ang manga báta`. I made known to him the

departure of the children with me. Ipinaalìs nila ang hárang nang

daàn. They ordered the obstruction of the road to be removed. Ang

ipinadala mò ng súlat ay tinanggàp ku nà. I have received the letter

you sent me. Ang sapátos na may lapàd na suwélas na yitò ay syà ng

ipinagàgámit na pangtayò` sa báta`. This flat-soled shoe is given

children to be used in learning to stand up. Ang mayáma ng taga iba

ng báyan na pàparíto ay ipinahárang nang púno nang tulisàn. The rich

stranger who was going to come here was held up by order of the chief

of the bandits. Ipinahátì sa ákin ni Pédro ang mansánas. Pedro ordered

me to divide the apples. Itò y ipinaháte ni Pédro parà sa ákin. This

was ordered by Pedro to be dealt out to me as my share. Isinakày

sa trèn ang ipinahatìd mo ng manga dalanghíta`. The tangerines you

shipped were put on board the train. Ipinaísip nya sa manga eskwéla

ang fétsa nang pagaáway nang manga Rúso at Hapunès sa Port-Àrtur. He

asked his pupils to think of the date of the fighting between the

Russians and the Japanese at Port Arthur. Ipakíta mo ang díla` sa

manggagamòt. Show the doctor your tongue. Ipinapùpútol ni Hwàn ang

manga káhoy sa kanya ng bakúran. Juan is having the trees in his yard

cut down. Ipapùpútol ko ang manggàs nang áki ng báro`. I am going

to have the sleeves of my blouse cut off. Ipapútol mo, Hwàn, ang iyo

ng kukò. Have your fingernails cut, Juan. Ang ipinasakày ni Tátay na

manga súha` sa trèn ay nangabúlok sa daàn. The grape-fruit Father sent

by train got spoiled on the way. Ipinasundú ko kay Hwàn ang médiko. I

told Juan to fetch the doctor. Ipinatáwag ko sa alíla` si Hwàn. I had

Juan called by a servant. Ipinatayó ni Hwàn ang báhay na itò. Juan had

this house built. Ipinatipìd nya sa bátà ang pagkáin nang lansónes. He

made the child eat sparingly of the lansones. Ipinatípon ni Hwàn sa

kanya ng kàtiwála` ang manga kalabàw. Juan had his agent gather the

carabao. Ipinatúluy nya ang pagkantà, káhit na maíngay ang mangà

nakíkinìg. He went on with his singing although the audience was noisy.

So: áhon, balìk, baòn, bilanggò`, bítay, dápit, dúsa, gamòt, gawà`,

gupìt, hábol, háyag, hintò`, hintúlot, kasàl, kilála, lákad, libàng,

mána, patày, sákit, tápon, uwì`.

(a) Different in meaning is the corresponding form from díto; it is the

primary instrumental passive corresponding to pumaríto, etc. (§ 488):

Ang pagsákop niyà nang táu ng makasalánan ay sya nyà ng ipinaríto. His

saving of sinful man is what he came here for.

(b) Accent shift is due to the root: Ipaalàm ka sa kanyà ang áki ng

patùtungúhan. Let him know where I am going. Ipinaalam nyà sa ákin

ang kanya ng nilóloòb. He made his intentions known to me. Ipinatulòy

ni Pédro ang pagpapatayò nang báhay. Pedro had them go on with the

construction of the house. Similarly: ábot.

(d) With pa- prefixed to the root, the instrumental passive with pa-

denotes that ordered to be caused. The only example has radical accent

shift: Ipinapatulòy ni Hwàn sa kanya ng kàtiwála` ang pagtatanìm

nang manga kasamà. Juan had his agent order the field-workers to go

on with the planting.

495. i-pag-pa-, i-p-in-ag-pa-. When the relation of the object ordered

to undergo an action is explicitly that of a thing given forth (§

368), a kind of double instrumental passive is made by prefixing

pag- to the pa- (cf. the explicit use of pag- in primary passives,

§§ 369. 375): Ipinagpaháte` sa ákin ni Pédro ang pálay. The rice was

ordered by Pedro to be dealt out to me. Ang kwàlta ng nàpangaginàldohan

ni Hwàn ay sya nyà ng ipinagpasakày sa tiyobíbo sa kanya ng kapatìd

na maliìt. Juan used his Christmas money to treat his little brother

to a ride on the merry-go-round. Ang kautusàn ay ipinagpàpatáwag nang

kúra. The law is being called out by order of the priest.

(a) With additional pa- (as in § 494,d): ipinagpapadalà.

496. i-paki-pa-, i-p-in-aki-pa-. Before a word with pa- the

instrumental passive with paki- denotes the thing asked (as a favor) to

be caused to undergo such and such an action. Hwag mò ng ipakipapútol

ang púno-ng-káhoy, dátapuwat pakiputúlin mo na mìsmo. Don't ask

someone else to cut down the tree for me, but cut it down for me

yourself. Ipakìkipapútol ni Hwàn sa inyò ang manga tinibàn sa kanya

ng bakúran. Juan will ask you to have the banana-stumps in his yard

cut down. Ipinakipapútol nya kay Hwàn ang manga damò sa bakúran. He

asked Juan to have the grass cut in his yard.

(a) The thing asked (as a favor) to be caused to do so and

so: Ipinakipakáin lámang niya ang kanya ng anàk hábang sya y

walà`. She asked someone else to feed her child while she was

away. Ipinakìkipasúso lámang nya kay Maryà ang kanya ng anàk, sapagkàt

walá sya ng gátas. She is asking Maria to nurse her child for her,

because she has no milk.

497. pa- (1) -an, p-in-a- (1) -an. The local passive with pa- denotes

that caused to undergo an action as local object.

Paaláman mo sa kanyà kung saàn ka páparon. Let him know where you

are going. Pinaasuhàn ni Pédro ang manga púno-ng-manggà. Pedro smoked

(i.e. warmed, so as to speed flowering) the mango trees. Pinabayáan ni

Hwàn ang kanya ng manga tungkúlin. Juan neglected his duties. Pabayáan

mo syà. Leave him alone. Ang pagpatày sa manga magnanákaw ay hindí

pinarùrusáhan nang hukòm. The judge does not punish one for killing

robbers. Pinahatían akò ni Pédro nang pálay sa kàtiwála`. Pedro had

the agent give me my share of rice. Pinahubaràn nang inà ang manga

báta`. The mother had her children undressed. Pakinggàn nawá ninyò

ang áki ng pagtáwag. Pray give hearing to my call. Pinalìligúan

nang pagòng ang ílog. The turtle bathed in the river. Pinalìligúan

nang babáye ang báta`. The woman was bathing the child. Hwag mò ng

pamaláyan sa marámi na ikàw ay marámi ng kayamánan sa báhay, úpang

hwag kà ng nakáwan. Don't let people know that you have many valuables

in your house, lest you be robbed. Pinanaúgan nya ang báhay. He went

down from the house. Pinaputúlan ni Hwàn nang taínga ang kanya ng

manga biìk, úpang hwag máangkin nang iba ng táo. Juan had the ears

of his little pigs cut, so that they might not be inadvertently

taken by anyone else. Pinapùputúlan ni Hwàn nang buntòt ang lahàt

nang kanya ng manga manòk. Juan has all his chickens' tails clipped

(for identification). Paputúlan mo nang kaunti` ang mahábà mo ng

buhòk. Have your long hair cut a little. Papùputúlan ko nang buntòt

ang manga manòk na bágo ng bilè. I shall have the tails clipped of the

chickens I have just bought. Ang bangka ng itò ay pinasakyàn ko kay

Hwàn. I allowed Juan to ride in this canoe. Pinatunáyan sa ákin ni Hwàn

na ikàw ay nagsúsugàl. Juan proved to me that you are gambling. Ano ng

bandà ang kanilà ng pinatùtungúhan? What direction are they headed for?

So also: bendisiyòn, dalà, hintúlot, hírap, doòn, kinábang, magàt,

mána, panhìk, sákit, tábon, tigàs, walà`.

(a) Accent shift, due to the root: pabayaàn, equivalent, however,

to pabayáan.

(b) pà-: Pàagáhan mo ang pagsúlong. Get away very early. Pàináman mo

ang súlat. Write very neatly. Pàitiman mò ang kúlay nang túbig. Make

the color of the water very black. Hwag mò ng pàputian ang pintà nang

báhay. Don't put too much white into the paint for the house.

pálay sa kàtiwála`. Pedro told the agent to have me given my share

of rice. Pinapahatían ni Pédro nang pálay ang manga kasamà. Pedro

ordered that the laborers be given their share of rice.

498. Special static words are formed with pà- and -an to denote place

or plurality of habitual causative action; barytone roots have accent

shift of two syllables, sometimes optionally of one syllable:

Ang maliìt na sápa ng itò ay sya ng pàbiyáyan ni Alfònso nang maliliìt

na isdà ng nàhùhúli nya sa ílog. This little pool is where Andrés

turns loose the little fish he catches in the river. Ang pàlangúyan

nang manga páto ni Hwàn ay malálim. Juan's duck-pond is deep. Ang

kanila ng pàtagálan nang pagsísid ay ginawá nila sa Sibùl. Their

diving-contest took place at Sibol.

ang pàrusahàn penitentiary; hell. ang pàliguàn bathroom, bathtub.

So also: pàkumpisálan, pàaralàn, pàhayagàn pàhayágan, pàmahalaàn

pàmahaláan.

(a) Derived from these a transient and abstract in mag-: ang

pagpapàtagálan a contesting for endurance.

(3) Transients and abstracts with pa- and ka-.

499. mag-pa-ka-, pag-pa-pa-ka-. The active with mag-pa- (§ 489) from

words with ka- expresses a reflexive actor: Ang pagpapakahírap sa

pagaáral ay máy ganti ng pála`. Exerting oneself at studies has its

reward. Nagpakamatày si Lúkas. Lucas committed suicide. Magpápakamatày

si Lúkas. Lucas will commit suicide. ang pagpapakamatày the act of

suicide. So also from: walà`.

(a) From forms with ma-, in more intensive sense than mag- alone (§

352,c): Ang pagpapakamarúnong serious effort at learning things.

With irregularities of accent, as in § 353,a.b.: Sya y

nagpakamápuri. He praised himself very much. Sya y nagpakamayabàng. He

boasted much.

500. pa-ka- (1) -in, p-in-a-ka-. The direct passive with pa-ka- denotes

something caused to be too much so and so: Hwag mò ng pakalalímin ang

gawi ng húkay. Don't make the hole you are to dig too deep. Hwag mò

ng pakalàlalímin ang hùhukáin mo ng balòn. Don't make the well you

are going to dig too deep. Pinakalálim ni Hwàn ang húkay. Juan made

the ditch too deep.

(a) The form with p-in-a-ka- occurs as special static word: pinakamahàl

most expensive, dearest; pinakamúra cheapest.

(b) More commonly from words with ma- (§ 454): Si Risàl ay syà ng

naging pinakamarúnong na táo sa kapulua-ng-Filipínas. Rizal was

the most learned man in the Philippines. pinakamalakàs strongest;

pinakamalínis cleanest. So from: búti, hába`, halagà, húsay, kínis.

501. i-kà-pa-, i-k-in-à-pa-. The instrumental passive with i-kà- (§

417) from words with pa- expresses the thing or circumstance causing

someone to be made to do so and so. Ikinàpaalìs sa kanyà sa báhay

ni Hwàn ang kanya ng pangungumìt. His petty thievery caused him

to be ordered to leave Juan's house, to be dismissed from Juan's

house. Ikinàpàpaalìs nila sa kanyà ang kanya ng pinaggagawà ng

katampalasánan sa manga háyop. His constant cruelty to the animals is

forcing them to dismiss him. Ang kaibigàn nya ng màtúto ay sya nyà

ng ikináparoon sa Espánya. His desire to get an education is what

made him go to Spain. Baká mo ikàpahámak ang iyo ng pagparoòn. I am

afraid your going there may cause you to be unfortunate. Ikàpàpahámak

nya ang kanya ng pagsusundálo. His military service will cause him

to fall into bad ways.

(a) With pag- either before or after the kà- a voluntary actor is

implied who is caused to make someone or something do or be so and

so. Ang ipinagkàpasakày ni Hwàn sa kanya ng máy sakit na kapatìd sa

trèn sa lugàr nang sa karumáta ay ang katulínan nang trèn. What made

Juan have his brother ride on the train rather than in a carriage was

the speed of the train. Nagpaísip sya sa kanya ng manga eskwéla nang

manga paraà ng ikàpagpàpalakè nilà sa kanila ng aklátan. He had his

students think of means that would help them to make their library

(get) larger.

502. pa-ka- (1) -an. Local passive with pa- (§ 497) from a word with

ka- (§ 398): pinakawalàn was allowed to go free.

503. ka-pa- (1) -an. Local passive with ka- (§ 419) from a word with

pa- (§ 481): kapàpatungúhan the place one will be headed for.

(a) Static words with ka-pa- -an are forms with ka- -an from words

with pa-:

With S (§ 421): Si Hwàn ang kapàtagálan ni Maryáno sa pagsísid sa

túbig. Juan contends with Mariano in staying under water as long

as possible.

With S (1), (§ 423); accent irregularly placed: Ang báta ng si Pédro

ang sya ng kàpakitáan ni Maryà nang kanyà ng larwàn. Little Pedro is

the child to whom Maria showed her toys and who showed her his.

With (2), (§ 422): Ang kapabayaàn nya sa manga tungkúlin ay syà ng

malakì nya ng kapintásan. His neglectfulness of his duties is his

great fault.

504. maka-pa-. With maka- in the usual meanings (§ 433 ff.) a few

transients are made from words pa-. Nakapahingà sa lílim ang manga

kalabàw. The carabao rested in the shade (irrational actor). Bayáan

mo ng makapahingà ang manga dalà mo ng kalabàw bágu ka bumalìk sa

búkid. Let the carabao that brought you rest before you go back to

the country. Makapàpahinga nà ang manga háyop bágo sya dumatìng. The

carabao will have rested before he arrives. So from: doòn, lígo`.

505. Commoner is maka-pag-pa- (corresponding to mag-pa-); the abstract

has pagkapa-. Nakapagpapútol na akò nang káhoy na gàgamítin ko sa boò

ng tagulàn. I have already had wood cut for the entire rainy season. Si

Lílay ay nakàkapagpapútol nang káhoy sa alílà ni Kíka`. Lilay

has permission to order Kika's servant to cut the wood. Hindí ako

makapagpapútol nang tubò kay Hwàn, sapagkàt marámi sya ng trabáho sa

ibà. I cannot have Juan cut sugar-cane, because he has already too

much work to do for other people. Makàkapagpapútol akò nang labòng,

kung iyò ng gustò. I can have some bamboo-shoots cut, if you wish.

So from: bilì, kínis, tápon.

506. The passive with ma- from words with pa- varies in meaning,

owing chiefly to the various values of words with pa-.

(a) Genuine passive: Hindí nya napahinòg ang manga ságing. He did

not succeed in getting the bananas to ripen. Mapahíhiram mo ba

akò nang lima ng píso ng gintò? Can you let me borrow five dollars

gold? Napapások ko sa kuràl ang manga kalabàw. I succeeded in bringing

the carabao into the corral. Napatátalim ni Pédro ang mapuròl na

gúlok. Pedro is able to sharpen dull bolos. So from: alìs, puntà,

sáboy, túlog.

(b) Reflexive passive: Ang máy sakit ay napadapà` sa manga nagàalágà

sa kanyà, sapagkàt sya hindí makakílos. The sick man had the people

who were caring for him lay him on his face, because he could not

move. Napagísing si Hwàn sa kanya ng kapatìd sa óras nang alaskwátro

nang umága. Juan had his brother wake him up at four o'clock in the

morning. Napapások akò sa síne sa áki ng kúyang. I asked my oldest

brother to take me to the moving-picture show. Mapapàpások.... I shall

ask to be taken in. Silà y napatùtúlong. They are asking for help. So:

álam, hatìd, tawìd.

ng búnga-ng-nyòg. I asked Juan to climb for a cocoanut for

me. Napapútol silà nang káhoy. They asked to have wood cut for

them. Napapùpútol ang manga anàk nang kanila ng kukò kay Nánay. The

children ask Mother to cut their fingernails. Napapùpútol akò nang

gàgawi ng pípa kay Hwàn. I am asking Juan to cut me some wood for

a cigarette-mouthpiece. Napatilàd akò nang tubò kay Nánay. I asked

Mother to slice me some sugar-cane.

(d) Movement: Napabíngit sya sa malaki ng pangánib. He got into a

very dangerous situation. Naparíne sa tabi kò ang báta`. The child

came up close to me. Ang magkaybíga ng si Pédro at si Maryáno ay

naparoòn sa Mayníla`. The two friends, Pedro and Mariano, have gone

to Manila. Sya y napaóo. He assented. So from: díto, loòb, salámat,

túngo. Also from the derived word luwásan: napaluwásan.

507. Instrumental passive only in: maipabarìl.

508. Passive with mà- (§ 463 ff.) from words with pa-. Bumitìw ang

bátà sa lúbid, kanyá nàparapà` ang kanyà ng kahatakàn. As the child

let go of the rope, the one who was pulling against him fell on his

face. Nàparíto si Hwàn sa kanyà ng pagtatagò` sa manga tiktèk. Juan

happened to come here in his hiding from the spies. Nàpàparíto sya

ng madalàs. He often gets round here. Màpàparíto raw syà sa báya

ng itò. He will get round to our town, he says. Nàpahámak sya sa

ginawá nya ng pagsusugàl at pagsasábong. He became good-for-nothing

through his gambling and cock-fighting. Nàpàpahámak ang báta ng

si Hwàn, dahilàn sa lubòs na pagpapaláyaw sa kanyà nang kanya ng

manga magúlang. Little Juan is getting spoiled through his parents'

complete indulgence. Hwag kà ng duwàg, Hwàn, at nang hwàg ka ng

màpahámak lámang sa iyo ng pagsusundálo. Don't be a coward, Juan,

so that you may not merely come to misfortune through your military

service. Màpàpahámak lámang ang báta ng itò, kapag hindí nátin

pinapagáral nang sapàt. This boy will turn out a good-for-nothing,

if we don't make him study enough. Hindí nàpahinòg na maága ni Hwàn

ang manga ságing. Juan didn't get his bananas ripe early enough. Hindí

nya nàpahinòg ang manga ságing, sapagkàt naúbus agàd. He did not get

his bananas ripe, because they were all eaten up too soon. Si Pédro ay

nàpàpahingà. Pedro is resting. Nàpatayó si Pédro dahilàn sa kanya ng

pagkàgúlat. Pedro leaped to his feet in his surprise. Dahilàn sa kanya

ng pagkàgúlat ay nàpaupú siya. In his surprise he fell into his chair.

So from: gúlat, halakhàk, hitsà, iyàk, kasàl, lagày, lagpàk, luksò,

sigàw, tindìg.

(a) Plural with -ang-: Ang manga kalabàw ay nangàpàpahingà. The

carabao are resting. So: nangápamanghà`.

(b) Accent shift: Nàpagisìng si Hwàn sa kalakasàn nang putòk nang

barìl. The report of the gun was so loud that Juan woke up. So: táwa.

pagkàparíto ay ang paniningìl. What brought him here was the collecting

of debts. Ang pagkàpalígo nang kabáyo ay marumè. The horse has not

been bathed clean. So from: alíla`, doòn.

(d) With makà- D (§ 473) from -paríto: Hwag kà ng

makàparí-paríto. Don't you ever come round here!

509. Instrumental passive, mà-i-pa-, from: dalà, kilála, kíta, túlos.

510. Local passive, mà-pa- (1) -an. Màpàparusáhan kità. I shall have

to punish you. So: kinìg.

511. Special static words with nà-pa-ka- denote something having a high

degree of such and such a quality. Ang sákit na iyo ng ipinarùrúsa sa

ákin ay nápakabigàt. The grief you cause me is very severe. Nàpakabúte

ang kanya ng pagkatákot. Her fear reached a high degree. Ang sakày

na táo nang kutséro sa karumáta ay nàpakatabà`. The man the driver

has taken into his carriage is very stout. So also: iklì`.

(a) From a phrase: nàpakawala-ng-hiyà`.

5. The prefix pati-.

512. pati- before a root expresses that such and such a movement

(of one's own person) is suddenly performed.

513. With mag- it denotes the voluntary performer. Barytone roots seem

to have accent shift. Ang báta y nagpatihigà` sa sahìg. The child

suddenly lay down on the floor. Nagpatihulòg si Pédro sa bintána`

sa isa ng pagsumpòng nang kanya ng pagkalóko. Pedro suddenly threw

himself from the window in an attack of his madness. Nagpàpatihulòg si

Hwàn sa hagdánan kung sinúsumpòng nang kalokóhan, kaniyà` sya y itináli

nilà sa isa ng halígi nang báhay. They tied Juan to one of the posts of

the house, because when he is assailed by a fit of insanity he throws

himself down the stairs. Magpàpatihulòg daw sya mulá sa ituktòk nang

kanya ng bìlanggúan úpang sya y makataanàn. He says he will throw

himself from the roof of his prison so as to make an escape. Sya y

nagpatiluhòd. He suddenly knelt down. Ang pagpapatiluhòd nang báta`

ay sya ng nakasakìt sa kanya ng túhod. The boy's throwing himself on

his knees is what injured his knee.

514. The passive with mà- denotes the involuntary

performer. Nàpàpatihigà` ang báwat mádulàs sa lugàr na itò. Every one

who slips at this place falls on his back. Hwag kà ng magpadulàs,

sapagkàt baká ka màpatihigà`. Don't slide, for you might fall

on your back. Sya y nàpatiluhòd. He fell, landing in a kneeling

position. Nàpatiupú sya sa kanya ng pagkádulàs. He fell into a sitting

position when he slipped. Nàpàpatiupò` ang báwat táo ng magdaàn sa

lugàr na itò, dahilàn sa madulàs na lúmot nang lúpa`. Everyone who

comes through this place falls and lands in a sitting position,

owing to the slippery moss on the ground.

III. Irregular Derivatives.

(1) Transients and abstracts of the particles sa and -ging.

515. The particle sa has transient forms as follows:

(a) A normal transient: with pà-sa, pá-pà-sa, ná-sa, ná-sà-sa. Nása

simbáhan silà. They are (were) at church. Násàsa simbáhan silà nang

mangyáre ang súnog. They were at church when the fire occurred. Nang

pása simbáhan silà.... When they went to church.... Pápàsa simbáhan

silà. They will go to church.

Plural: Nangása simbáhan silà. They are (were) at church.

(b) An accidental passive (of movement): má-pa-sa, má-pà-pa-sa,

ná-pa-sa-, ná-pà-pa-sa-; abstract: pagká-pa-sa. Nang mápasa simbáhan

silà ay malálim nà ang gabì. When they got to the church, it was

already late at night. Mápàpasa simbáhan silà sa gabì. They will strike

the church at nightfall. ang pagkápasa simbáhan a chance coming upon

the church.

516. The (transient) forms of -ging are ma-gìng, ma-gí-ging, na-gìng,

na-gí-ging; abstract: pa-gi-gìng. Magpùpútol daw nang buhòk ang Intsèk

na si Yèng pagigìng binyágan nya. The Chinaman Yeng says he will have

his queue cut when he gets baptized.

(2) Odd affixes.

517. ba- seems to appear in ba-lasìng.

518. hin-, with irregular nasalization of initials, in one simple

derivative: Ang kanya ng himatày ay hindí nalaúnan. Her fainting-fit

did not last long (matày). -himagsìk (bagsìk) does not occur, but

underlies many derivatives, especially maghimagsìk (§ 352,c) and

hìmagsíkan (§ 377,a). Many such underlying forms can be postulated

from the various transients with manghin- (§ 357,b).

(a) With r: ang hintutúro` the forefinger (túro`).

519. kala- in ang kalaháte` a half; ang kalatimbà` dipping on the

heels and rising, hands holding opposite ears (as trick or imposed

as a punishment), from háti` and timbà` a well-bucket; these have

various further derivatives, see Index.

520. kasing- having such and such a quality in common with something

else; hence partly equivalent with ka-: Kasingkúlay nang áki ng

báro` ang kanya ng salawàl. His trousers are of the same color as my

blouse. Ang bóla ng itò ay kasinglakì nang itlòg. This ball is the

same size as an egg. Si Hwàn ay kasingpantày ni Pédro. Juan is of

the same height as Pedro.

521. mala- (Spanish ?) derogatory: ang malasutsòt a young lout,

a half-grown boy (literally: a bad whistler).

522. pala- expresses extreme tendency to such and such an action:

(a) pala- S -in, from oxytone roots: Sya y isa ng palabintángin. He

is very distrustful. Ang manga isdà y palabùlúkin sa tagáraw. Fish

easily spoil in the hot season. ang palalungkútin a melancholy person,

palapùtákin a fowl given to cackling, palasumbúngin tattle-tale,

palasutsútin one who is always whistling, palatuntúnin one who is

always trying to follow up his stolen property, palatuwáin palatwáin

one who is easily amused.

From root with shifted accent: palasàkítin person who is always

getting sick. Irregularly: palahùníhin an animal given to neighing,

chirping, etc.

Lack of secondary accent: palaiyákin a cry-baby.

(b) pala- (2) -in, from barytone roots: palagalitìn a hot-head,

palagisingìn a poor sleeper, palagutumìn one who is always getting

hungry, palagulatìn nervous person, palahilawìn a kind of rice that

is hard to cook through; Palaputulìn ang manga tingtìng nang walìs

na ytò. The fibres of this broom are very brittle. palatakutìn a

timorous person.

a fish-pond, palàsingsíngan the ring-finger, the fourth finger,

palàtuntúnan a set of rules, rules of order.

523. ta- in ta-gílid the side; with retraction of accent: -talíkod.

524. tag- in names of seasons: tagáraw, tagulàn, the two Philippine

seasons; ang taglamìg cold weather, the (American) winter. With

accent-shift: taginìt the hot season.

525. taga- person whose duty it is to do so and so, especially upon

some particular occasion: ang tagaalìs nang gwarnisyòn nang kabáyo

the one detailed to unharness the horses, tagabílang accountant,

counter, tagaíkid sa gawaàn nang lúbid the one who rolls up a rope

in the rope-factory; Ikàw ay tagainùm lámang. Your job here is only

to drink; so: tagakáin one whose only duty is to eat. Tagapútol nang

káhoy ang katungkúlan niyà. He is delegated to cut wood. tagasúlat the

one who does the writing; tagatahè` one who does the sewing. So from:

húli, sulsì.

(a) With pag-: tagapagbigày, tagapagtanggòl.

(b) With pag-pa- one whose duty it is to oversee the doing of so and

so: ang tagapagpaalìs nang tapòn nang manga bóte head bottle-opener;

tagapagpainùm sa fiyèsta bartender at a fiesta; Isa ng tagapagpainùm ay

isa ng tagapagbigày nang inumìn sa manga háyop o manga báta`. So: ang

tagapagpakáin who gives food to animals or children, tagapagpalígo` who

bathes children or horses, tagapagpasúlat head writer, tagapagpatotoò

witness.

526. tara-, tra- is felt to be a prefix in: ang táo ng tarabúko,

trabúko a bald-headed person, felt as derivative from búko smooth,

unripe cocoanut.

527. -éro (Spanish) as suffix of agent; final vowel (or vowel plus

n or glottal stop) is lost: bangkéro, sabungéro, sipéro (sipéros,

plural); from derived word: Katipunéros (ka-tipún-an, § 423); from

compound word: básag-uléro a brawler, ruffian (básag-úlo).

(b) The other meaning of the formation S -an is that of an object