_Latonia_, ii. 421
_Latrunculus_, ii. 430
_Layardia_, ii. 261
Lea, Dr. Isaac, on N. American Unionidæ, ii. 125
_Lebia_, ii. 489
_Lebiasina_, ii. 445
_Legatus_, ii. 101
_Leiocephalus_, ii. 401
_Leiolæmus_, ii. 401
_Leistes_, ii. 282
_Leistus_, ii. 489
_Leiuperus_, ii. 420
_Leiyla_, ii. 419
_Lemonias_, ii. 476
_Lemur_, ii. 176
Lemur, fossil, ii. 178
_Lemuravidæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Lemuravus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Lemuria, a hypothetical land, i. 76
_Lemuridæ_, European Eocene, i. 124
LEMURIDÆ, ii. 176
Lemuroidea, range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300
range of Oriental genera of, i. 371
LEMUROIDEA, ii. 176
Lemurs, ii. 176
_Leonia_, ii. 521
_Lepadogaster_, ii. 436
_Lepictis_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Lepidocepalichthys_, ii. 453
_Lepidocephalus_, ii. 453
_Lepidogrammas_, ii. 309
_Lepidolarynx_, ii. 108
Lepidoptera, cosmopolitan families of, i. 177
table of Palæarctic families of, i. 238
S. African, i. 268
table of Ethiopian families of, i. 299
of the Oriental region, i. 318
table of Oriental families of, i. 369
of the Australian region, i. 404
table of Australian families of, i. 472
of the Neotropical region, ii. 13
of the Antilles, ii. 73
table of Neotropical families of, ii. 90
of the Nearctic region, ii. 122
Nearctic families of, ii. 143
LEPIDOPTERA, ii. 470
_Lepidosiren_, ii. 458
LEPIDOSTEIDÆ, ii. 459
_Lepidosteus_, ii. 459
LEPIDOSTERNIDÆ, ii. 389
_Lepidosternon_, ii. 389
_Lepilemur_, ii. 176
_Lepistes_, ii. 450
LEPORIDÆ, ii. 242
_Leporinus_, ii. 445
_Lepricornis_, ii. 476
_Leprodera_, ii. 501
_Leptalis_, ii. 478
_Leptarchus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
ii. 202
_Leptasthenura_, ii. 103
_Leptauchenia_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
_Leptobarbina_, ii. 452
_Leptobrachium_, ii. 421
LEPTOCARDII, ii. 464
_Leptocera_, ii. 502
_Leptochoerus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
ii. 215
_Leptocircus_, ii. 479
_Leptodeira_, ii. 379
_Leptodon_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
ii. 214
ii. 349
_Leptognathus_, ii. 381
_Leptomantis_, ii. 419
_Leptomeryx_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 220
_Lepton_, ii. 535
_Leptoneura_, ii. 471
_Leptonyx_, ii. 204
_Leptopogon_, ii. 101
_Leptoma_, ii. 520
_Leptoptila_, ii. 333
_Leptoptilus_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 361
_Leptorhytaon_, ii. 380
_Leptornis_, ii. 276
LEPTOSOMIDÆ, ii. 310
_Leptosomus_, allied form in European Eocene,
i. 168
ii. 310
Leptosomus of Madagascar, i. 278
figure of, i. 279
_Leptotherium_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 226
_Leptotriccus_, ii. 101
_Leptura_, ii. 502
_Lepus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
_Lerista_, ii. 395
_Lerwa_, ii. 339
_Lesbia_, ii. 108
_Lestodon_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
_Leucippus_, ii. 109
_Leuciscus_, ii. 452
_Leucochroa_, ii. 516
_Leucocyon_, ii. 197
_Leucomelæna_, ii. 332
_Leuconerpes_, ii. 304
_Leucophantes_, ii. 270
_Leucophasia_, ii. 478
_Leucopleurus_, ii. 209
_Leucosarcia_, ii. 333
_Leucosomus_, ii. 452
_Leucosticte_, ii. 285
Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan insects, i. 228
LIALIDÆ, ii. 396
_Lialis_, ii. 396
_Liasis_, ii. 381
_Libellula_, from the Lias, i. 167
_Libythea_, ii. 475
LIBYTHEIDÆ, ii. 475
_Lichanotus_, ii. 381
_Lichenops_, ii. 101
_Licina_, ii. 521
_Licmetis_, ii. 325
Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the Rodentia, i. 90
LIMACIDÆ, ii. 517
LIMACINIDÆ, ii. 531
_Limax_, ii. 517
_Limenitis_, ii. 474
_Limnæa_, Eocene, i. 169
European Secondary, i. 169
ii. 518
LIMNÆIDÆ, ii. 518
_Limnatornis_, European Miocene, i. 161
_Limnocharis_, ii. 420
_Limnocyon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Limnodynastes_, ii. 420
_Limnohyus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
_Limnophis_, ii. 376
_Limnornis_, ii. 103
_Limnotheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Limnotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Limnurgus_, ii. 450
_Limosa_, ii. 353
Limpets, ii. 511
_Lingula_, ii. 538
LINGULIDÆ, ii. 532
_Linota_, ii. 285
_Linsang_, ii. 195
_Liocassis_, ii. 442
_Liopelma_, ii. 417
_Liopis_, ii. 375
_Lioptilus_, ii. 267
_Lioscelis_, ii. 297
LIOTRICHIDÆ, ii. 266
_Liothrix_, ii. 266
_Lipaugus_, ii. 102
_Liparis_, ii. 430
_Liphyra_, ii. 477
_Lipinia_, ii. 397
_Lipoa_, ii. 342
_Liposarcus_, ii. 444
_Liptala_, ii. 477
_Lissolepis_, ii. 397
_Listriodon_, European Miocene, i. 119
_Lithiodon_, ii. 521
_Lithomys_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 236
_Lithornis_, European Eocene, i. 163
_Litoria_, ii. 418
_Littorina_, ii. 510
LITTORINIDÆ, ii. 510
Lizards, classification of, i. 90
Tertiary, i. 165
wide range of a species in Polynesia, i. 448
distribution and lines of migration of, ii. 547
_Lobodon_, ii. 204
_Lochmias_, ii. 103
_Locustella_, ii. 258
_Loddigesia_, ii. 108
_Loncheres_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 239
_Lonchophorus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 239
LONGICORNIA, ii. 498
Longicornia, Palæarctic, i. 188
Ethiopian, i. 257
Oriental, i. 320
Australian, i. 407
Neotropical, ii. 17
of Chili, ii. 46
Nearctic, ii. 123
_Lontra_, ii. 199
_Lophiodon_, European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Tertiary, i. 136
ii. 212
_Lophiomeryx_, ii. 218
_Lophiotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
_Lophius_, ii. 431
_Lophoaëtus_, ii. 348
LOPHOBRANCHII, ii. 456
_Lophocitta_, ii. 273
_Lophogyps_, ii. 346
_Lophoictinia_, ii. 349
_Lopholaimus_, ii. 362
_Lophiomys_, ii. 230
_Lophophaps_, ii. 333
_Lophophanes_, ii. 266
LOPHOPHORINÆ, ii. 340
_Lophophorus_, ii. 340
_Lophorhina_, ii. 274
_Lophornis_, ii. 107
_Lophortix_, ii. 339
_Lophostrix_, ii. 350
LOPHOTIDÆ, ii. 432
Lophotragus, ii. 220
_Lophotriorchis_, ii. 348
_Lophura_, ii. 402
Lord Howe's Island, birds of, i. 453
_Loricaria_, ii. 444
_Loriculus_, ii. 326
_Loris_, ii. 176
_Lorius_, ii. 327
_Lota_, ii. 439
_Loxia_, ii. 285
_Loxigilla_, ii. 285
_Loxomylus_, Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148
ii. 237
_Loxops_, ii. 277
_Lucania_, ii. 450
LUCANIDÆ, ii. 492
_Lucanus_, ii. 493
_Lucia_, ii. 477
_Lucidella_, ii. 522
_Lucifuga_, ii. 440
LUCINIDÆ, ii. 535
_Lucinopsis_, ii. 536
LUCIOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 434
_Lucioperca_, ii. 425
_Luciotrutta_, ii. 447
_Lucisoma_, ii. 452
Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, i. 143
_Lupus_, ii. 197
_Lurocalis_, ii. 320
_Luscinia_, ii. 259
_Lusciniola_, ii. 258
_Lutra_, European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii. 199
_Lutronectes_, ii. 199
_Lycæna_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
ii. 196
LYCÆNIDÆ, ii. 477
_Lycalopex_, i. 197
LYCODIDÆ, ii. 439
_Lycodon_, ii. 380
LYCODONTIDÆ, ii. 380
_Lycophidion_, ii. 380
_Lycorea_, ii. 470
_Lygosoma_, ii. 397
_Lygosomella_, ii. 397
_Lymanopoda_, ii. 471
_Lymnas_, ii. 476
_Lyncornis_, ii. 320
_Lyncus_, ii. 193
_Lytorhynchus_, ii. 376
Lyre-bird, figure of, i. 441
ii. 298
M.
_Mabouya_, ii. 397
_Macacus_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
Indian Miocene, i. 121
supposed in European Eocene, i. 125
ii. 173
ii. 178
Macaws, ii. 327
_Machairodus_, i. 110, 111
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
N. American Tertiary, i. 134
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
ii. 193
_Machetornis_, ii. 101
_Machærhamphus_, ii. 349
_Machærirhynchus_, ii. 271
_Machæropterus_, ii. 102
_Machetes_, ii. 353
_Macrauchenia_, S. American Pliocene, i. 146
_Macrocalamus_, ii. 374
_Macroceramus_, ii. 516
_Macrochilus_, ii. 491
_Macrocyclis_, ii. 516
_Macrodipteryx_, ii. 320
_Macrodon_, ii. 445
_Macroglossa_, ii. 482
_Macrones_, ii. 442
_Macronus_, ii. 261
_Macronyx_, ii. 290
MACROPODIDÆ, ii. 250
_Macropus_, ii. 251
_Macropygia_, ii. 332
_Macrorhamphus_, ii. 353
MACROSCELIDIDÆ, ii. 186
_Macroscelides_, ii. 186
_Macrosila_, ii. 482
_Macrotherium_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 121
ii. 246
_Macrotus californicus_, ii. 182
MACROURIDÆ, ii. 440
MACTRIDÆ, ii. 443
Madagascar, extinct birds of, i. 164
description of, i. 272
mammalia of, i. 272
birds of, i. 274
reptiles of, i. 279
amphibia of, i. 280
extinct fauna of, i. 282
general remarks on insect fauna of, i. 284
Madeira, birds of, i. 208
land-shells of, i. 208
beetles of, i. 210
wingless insects numerous in, i. 211
how stocked with animals, i. 213
MALACANTHIDÆ, ii. 433
Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological unity of, i. 353
comparison of mammalia, i. 354
of birds, i. 355
_Malacocircus_, ii. 261
_Malacopteron_, ii. 261
_Malacoptila_, ii. 310
_Malacorhynchus_, ii. 364
_Malacothrix_, ii. 230
Malagasy sub-region, description of, i. 272
mammalia of, i. 272
birds of, i. 274
illustration of zoology of, i. 278
reptiles of, i. 279
amphibia of, i. 280
extinct fauna of, i. 282, 289
insects of, i. 282
early history of, i. 286
_Malapterurus_, ii. 443
Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, i. 345 (_note_)
Malaya, meaning of term, ii. 261
Malay Archipelago, distribution of butterflies in, ii. 484
distribution of Cicindelidæ in, ii. 487
distribution of Longicorns in, ii. 500
Malayan forms of life reappearing in West Africa, i. 263
fauna, probable origin of, i. 359
resemblances to that of Madagascar and Ceylon explained, i. 361
_Malimbus_, ii. 286
_Mallodon_, ii. 501
_Mallotus_, ii. 447
Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, i. 114
formerly joined to Africa, i. 201
fossil elephants of, i. 201
birds of, i. 206 (_note_)
_Malurus_, ii. 258
Mammal, the most ancient American, i. 134
Mammalia, means of dispersal of, i. 10
as limited by climate, i. 11
as limited by rivers, i. 12
how far limited by the sea, i. 13
dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, i. 14
means of dispersal of aquatic, i. 15
of most importance in determining zoological regions, i. 57
classification of, i. 85
birthplace and migrations of some families of, i. 142, 153
cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176
of the Palæarctic region, i. 181
of the European sub-region, i. 192
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 202
of the Siberian sub-region, i. 217
characteristic of Western Tartary, i. 218
of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 222
Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, i. 222
Oriental genera of, on borders of same sub-region, i. 223
peculiar to Japan, i. 223
characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, i. 226
table of Palæarctic families of, i. 234
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239
of the Ethiopian region, i. 253
absence of certain important groups, i. 253
of the E. African sub-region, i. 260
of W. Africa, i. 262
of S. Africa, i. 267
of Madagascar, i. 272
table of Ethiopian families of, i. 294
table of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300
of the Oriental region, i. 315
range of the genera inhabiting the Indian sub-region, i. 322
of Ceylon, i. 327
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 330
of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, i. 336
illustration of characteristic Malayan, i. 336
of the Philippine Islands, i. 345
table of Oriental families of, i. 365
table of Oriental genera of, i. 371
of Australian region, i. 390
of the Papuan Islands, i. 410
of the Moluccas, i. 417
of the Timor group, i. 422
of Celebes, i. 427
of Australia, i. 439
illustration of, i. 439
of New Zealand, i. 450
table of families of Australian, i. 470
table of genera of Australian, i. 475
destinctive characters of Neotropical, ii. 6
of S. Temperate America, ii. 36
of Straits of Magellan, ii. 37
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 52
of the Antilles, ii. 62
table of Neotropical families of, ii. 85
table of Neotropical genera of, ii. 91
of the Nearctic region, ii. 115
of California, ii. 127
of N. American central plains, ii. 129
of E. United States, ii. 132
of Canada, ii. 135
table of Nearctic families of, ii. 140
table of Nearctic genera of, ii. 145
_Mammalia_, extinct, of Old World, i. 107
extinct, of historic period, i. 110
extinct, comparative age of in Europe, i. 127
extinct, of the New World, i. 129
extinct, of N. America and Europe, compared, i. 141
original birthplace of some families and genera, i. 142, 153
of the secondary period, i. 160
MAMMALIA, summary and conclusion, ii. 540
lines of migration of, ii. 544
Manakins, ii. 102
MANATIDÆ, ii. 210
_Manatus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 210
Manchurian sub-region, description of, i. 220
mammalia of, i. 222
birds of, i. 223
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 227
fresh-water fish of, i. 227
insects of, i. 227
coleoptera of, i. 228
MANIDIDÆ, ii. 245
_Manis_, ii. 245
_Manorhina_, ii. 276
_Manticora_, ii. 487
_Manucodia_, ii. 274
_Mareca_, ii. 363
_Margaroperdix_, ii. 338
_Margarops_, ii. 256
_Margarornis_, ii. 103
_Marginella_, ii. 508
Marine Mollusca, general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 537
Marine shells of the Neotropical region, ii. 20
Marmosets, ii. 175
Marquesas Islands, birds of, i. 443
Marsh, Mr., on improvability of Asiatic and African deserts, i. 200
on camels and goats as destructive to vegetation, i. 200
MARSUPIALIA, ii. 248
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 253
Marsupials, classification of, i. 91
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
European Miocene, i. 121
first migration to America, i. 155
diversified forms of, i. 391
of America prove no connection with Australia, i. 399
list of Australian genera of, i. 476
MARSUPIALIA and MONOTREMATA, summary and conclusion, ii. 543
_Martes_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
ii. 198
Mascarene Islands, zoology of, i. 280
extinct fauna of, i. 282
gigantic land-tortoises of, i. 289
_Masius_, ii. 102
MASTACEMBELIDÆ, ii. 437
_Mastodon_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Indian Miocene, i. 123
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 227, 228
Mauritius, zoology of, i. 280
reptiles of, i. 281
McCoy, Professor, on Palæontology of Victoria, i. 466
_Mechanitis_, ii. 470
_Meda_, ii. 452
Mediterranean, recent changes in, i. 39
sub-region, description of, i. 199
mammalia of, i. 202
birds of, i. 203
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 204
fresh-water fish of, i. 205
insects of, i. 205
islands of, i. 206
sea not separating distinct faunas, i. 201
_Megabias_, ii. 270
_Megablabes_, ii. 376
_Magacephala_, ii. 478
_Megacephalon_, ii. 342
_Megacerops_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
_Megaderma_, ii. 182
_Megærophis_, ii. 383
_Megalæma_, ii. 306
MEGALÆMIDÆ, ii. 305
MEGALÆMINÆ, ii. 306
_Megalixalus_, ii. 419
_Megalocnus_, fossil in Cuba, i. 148
_Megalomastoma_, ii. 521
_Megalomeryx_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
_Megalomma_, ii. 487
_Megalonyx_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
_Megalophrys_, ii. 421
_Megalostoma_, Eocene, i. 169
_Megalurus_, ii. 258
_Megalophonus_, ii. 289
_Megamys_, S. American Eocene, i. 148
ii. 238
_Meganostoma_, ii. 478
MEGAPODIIDÆ, ii. 341
_Megapodius_, ii. 342
_Megaptera_, ii. 207
_Megarhynchus_, ii. 101
_Megaspira_, European Tertiary, i. 169
ii. 527
_Megatheridæ_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
_Megatherium_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 245
_Meiornis_, ii. 369
_Melampitta_, ii. 298
_Melampus_, ii. 519
_Melanerpes_, ii. 303
_Melania_, European Secondary, i. 169
MELANIADÆ, ii. 509
_Melanitis_, ii. 471
_Melanochlora_, ii. 266
_Melanocorypha_, ii. 289
_Melanophidium_, ii. 374
_Melanoptila_, ii. 256
_Melanotis_, ii. 256
MELEAGRINÆ, ii. 340
_Meleagris_, N. American Miocene, i. 163
ii. 340
_Meles_, ii. 199
_Melidectes_, ii. 276
_Melidora_, ii. 316
_Melierax_, ii. 348
_Melinæa_, ii. 470
_Meliornis_, ii. 275
_Meliphaga_, ii. 275
MELIPHAGIDÆ, ii. 275
_Melipotes_, ii. 276
_Melirrhophetes_, ii. 276
_Melitæa_, ii. 474
_Melithreptus_, ii. 276
_Melittophagus_, ii. 312
_Melizophilus_, ii. 259
_Mellisuga_, ii. 108
_Mellivora_, Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii. 199
_Melolonthidium_, Oolitic insect, i. 167
_Melopelia_, ii. 333
_Melopsittacus_, ii. 325
_Melopyrrha_, ii. 285
_Melospiza_, ii. 284
_Melursus_, ii. 202
_Menetia_, ii. 395
_Meniceros_, ii. 317
_Meniscotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
_Menobranchus_, ii. 412
_Menopoma_, ii. 412
MENOPOMIDÆ, ii. 412
_Menotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Menura_, ii. 298
MENURIDÆ, ii. 298
_Mephitis_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 199
_Merganetta_, ii. 364
_Mergulus_, ii. 367
_Mergus_, ii. 364
_Meriones_, ii. 232
ii. 230
_Meristes_, ii. 272
_Merluccius_, ii. 439
_Meroe_, ii. 536
MEROPIDÆ, ii. 312
_Meropiscus_, ii. 312
_Meropogon_, ii. 312
_Merops_, ii. 312
_Merulaxis_, ii. 297
_Merychus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
_Merychippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
_Merychochoerus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
_Merycodus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 220
_Merycopotamus_, Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 214
_Merycotherium_, of Siberian drift, i. 112
ii. 217
_Mesacodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Mesapia_, ii. 479
_Mesites_, ii. 263
_Mesohippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
_Mesomys_, ii. 239
_Mesonauta_, ii. 438
_Mesonyx_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Mesopithecus_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
ii. 178
_Mesoprion_, ii. 425
_Mesops_, ii. 439
_Mesosemia_, ii. 475
_Messalina_, ii. 391
_Messaras_, ii. 474
_Metallura_, ii. 108
_Metapheles_, ii. 476
_Methonella_, ii. 476
_Metius_, ii. 492
_Metopia_, ii. 102
_Metopiana_, ii. 364
_Metoponia_, ii. 283
_Metopothrix_, ii. 102
_Metriopelia_, ii. 333
Mexican sub-region, ii. 51
mammalia of, ii. 52
birds of, ii. 52
reptiles of, ii. 54
amphibia of, ii. 54
fresh-water fish of, ii. 54
insects of, ii. 55
land-shells of, ii. 57
its relations to the N. and S. American continents, ii. 57
islands of, ii. 59
Meyer, Dr. A.B., on reptiles and amphibia of New Guinea, i. 415¨
_Micræca_, ii. 270
_Micracantha_, ii. 501
_Micrastur_, ii. 347
_Micrathene_, ii. 350
_Micrhyla_, ii. 414
_Microbates_, ii. 104
_Microcebus_, ii. 176
_Microcerculus_, ii. 264
_Microchæra_, ii. 107
_Microglossus_, ii. 325
_Microhierax_, ii. 349
_Microlestes_, oldest European mammal, i. 160
_Micromeryx_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 220
_Micropelama_, ii. 353
_Micropternus_, ii. 304
_Micropterus_, ii. 364
_Microscelis_, ii. 267
_Microstoma_, ii. 448
_Microsyops_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Microtherium_, European Miocene, i. 120
_Midas_, ii. 176
Middendorf, on extreme northern birds, i. 219
_Midea_, ii. 478
_Miglyptes_, ii. 304
Migrating birds, in which region to be placed, i. 185
Migration of animals, i. 10
general phenomena of, i. 18
of birds, i. 19
of birds in Europe, i. 19
probable origin of, i. 22
of birds in India and China, i. 23
of birds in N. America, i. 23
changes in extent of, i. 24
of birds in S. Temperate America, i. 25
general remarks on, i. 25
_Miletus_, ii. 477
_Milvulus_, ii. 102, 291
_Milvus_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 349
_Mimeta_, ii. 268
_Mimetes_, ii. 170
_Mimocichla_, ii. 256
_Mimus_, ii. 256
_Minla_, ii. 266
Miocene fauna of the Old World, i. 114
fauna of Geece, i. 115
fauna of Greece, summary of, i. 116
fauna of Central Europe, i. 117
deposits of Siwalik Hills, i. 121
faunas of Europe and Asia, general observations on, i. 123
_Miohippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
_Mionectes_, ii. 101
_Mirafra_, ii. 289
_Miro_, ii. 260
_Misgurnus_, ii. 453
_Mitra_, ii. 508
_Mitrephorus_, ii. 102
_Mitua_, ii. 343
Mivart, Professor, on classification of primates, i. 86
on classification of insectivora, i. 87
on classification of amphibia, i. 101
of classification of lemurs, ii. 176
_Mixornis_, ii. 261
_Mniotilta_, ii. 279
MNIOTILTIDÆ, ii. 278
_Mochocus_, ii. 443
_Mocoa_, ii. 397
_Moho_, ii. 276
Mole-rat of W. Tartary, i. 218
Mole-rats, ii. 231
Moles, almost wholly Palæarctic, i. 181
ii. 190
_Mollienesia_, ii. 450
Mollusca, means of dispersal of, i. 30
classification of, i. 104
groups selected for study, i. 104
MOLLUSCA, distribution of, ii. 504
range of families of, in time, ii. 538
Moluccas, zoology of, i. 417
birds of, i. 419
reptiles of, i. 420
insects of, i. 420
peculiarities of fauna of, i. 421
_Molossus_, ii. 184
_Molothrus_, ii. 282
_Molva_, ii. 439
MOMOTIDÆ, ii. 313
_Momotus_, ii. 313
_Monachalcyon_, ii. 316
_Monarcha_, ii. 270
_Monasa_, ii. 311
_Monitor_, ii. 389
Monkeys on the high Himalayas, i. 12
fossil in N. American Miocene, i. 133
in E. Thibet, i. 222
abundance of in the Oriental region, i. 315
_Monoceros_, ii. 507
_Monodon_, ii. 208
MONODONTIDÆ, ii. 208
_Monoplocus_, ii. 390
_Monopterus_, ii. 455
Monotremata, classification of, i. 91
list of Australian genera of, i. 477
MONOTREMATA, ii. 253
remarks on the distribution of, ii. 254
_Monotrophis_, ii. 289
_Montacuta_, ii. 535
_Monticola_, ii. 256
_Montifringilla_, ii. 284
Mörch, Dr., on Panama shells, ii. 20
_Morelia_, ii. 381
"More-pork" of Australia, figure of, i. 442
_Morethria_, ii. 395
_Mormolyce_, ii. 490
MORMYRIDÆ, ii. 448
_Mormyrops_, ii. 448
_Mormyrus_, ii. 488
_Morococcyx_, ii. 309
_Morotherium_, N. American Pliocene, i. 140
MORPHIDÆ, ii. 472
_Morphnus_, ii. 348
_Morpho_, ii. 472
_Morunga_, ii. 204
_Moschus_, ii. 219
_Motacilla_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 290
MOTACILLIDÆ, ii. 290
_Motella_, ii. 439
Moths, ii. 481
Motmots, ii. 313
Mound-builders, peculiar Australian birds, i. 393
Moupin, position and zoology of, i. 221
Mouse-deer, ii. 218
_Moxostoma_, ii. 451
_Mugil_, ii. 435
MUGILLIDÆ, ii. 435
_Mulleria_, ii. 534
_Mulleripicus_, ii. 303
MULLIDÆ, ii. 426
_Mullus_, ii. 426
_Mungos_, ii. 195
_Munia_, ii. 287
MURÆNIDÆ, ii. 456
_Murænopsis_, ii. 412
_Murex_, ii. 507
MURICIDÆ, ii. 507
_Muridæ_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
MURIDÆ, ii. 229
Murray, Mr. Andrew, on zoological region, i. 60
_Mus_, ii. 229
_Muscardinus_, ii. 232
_Muscicapa_, ii. 270
MUSCICAPIDÆ, ii. 270
_Muscicapula_, ii. 270
_Muscigralla_, ii. 101
_Muscipipra_, ii. 101
_Muscisaxicola_, ii. 101, 291
_Muscitodus_, ii. 271
_Muscivora_, ii. 101
_Musophaga_, ii. 307
MUSOPHAGIDÆ, ii. 307
Mussels, ii. 533
_Mustela_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
ii. 198
_Mustelidæ_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
MUSTELIDÆ, ii. 198
_Mustelus_, ii. 460
MYACIDÆ, ii. 536
_Myadora_, ii. 536
_Mycalesis_, ii. 471
_Mycerobas_, ii. 284
_Mycetes_, ii. 175
ii. 178
_Mycetopus_, ii. 534
_Mydaus_, ii. 199
_Myiadestes_, ii. 260
_Myiagra_, ii. 271
_Myialestes_, ii. 271
_Myiarchus_, ii. 102, 291
_Myiobius_, ii. 101
_Myioceyx_, ii. 316
_Myiochanes_, ii. 102
_Myiodioctes_, ii. 279
_Myiodynastes_, ii. 101
_Myiophonus_, ii. 263
_Myiopithecus_, ii. 173
_Myiotheretes_, ii. 100
_Myiozetetes_, ii. 101
_Mylesinus_, ii. 445
_Myletes_, ii. 445
MYLIOBATIDÆ, ii. 463
_Myliobatis_, ii. 463
_Mylodon_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
_Mylopharadon_, ii. 452
_Mynes_, ii. 474
_Myochama_, ii. 536
_Myodes_, ii. 230
_Myogale_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 190, 191
_Myoictis_, ii. 249
_Myomorphus_, fossil in Cuba, i. 148
_Myopotamus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 239
_Myospalax_, ii. 230
MYOXIDÆ, ii. 232
_Myoxus_, European Miocene, i. 120
European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 232
_Myxomys_, ii. 230
_Myrina_, ii. 477
_Myrmeciza_, ii. 104
MYRMECOBIIDÆ, ii. 250
_Myrmecobius_, ii. 250
_Myrmecophaga_, ii. 247
MYRMECOPHAGIDÆ, ii. 247
_Myrmotherula_, ii. 104
_Myron_, ii. 376
_Myrtis_, ii. 108
_Mysarachne_, European Miocene, i. 118
_Mysops_, N. American Eocene, i. 140
ii. 231
_Mystacina tuberculata_, ii. 184
_Mystacoleucus_, ii. 452
_Mystacornis_, ii. 258
_Mystromys_, ii. 230
MYTILIDÆ, ii. 533
_Mytilus_, ii. 539
MYXINIDÆ, ii. 464
_Myxophagus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
_Myxophyes_, ii. 420
_Myxus_, ii. 435
_Myzomela_, ii. 275
_Myzornis_, ii. 266
N.
_Nænia_, ii. 365
_Naja_, ii. 383
NANDIDÆ, ii. 433
_Nandinia_, ii. 195
_Nandus_, ii. 433
_Nanina_, ii. 513
_Nannophryne_, ii. 417
_Nannophrys_, ii. 421
_Nanodes_, ii. 327
_Nanohyus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
ii. 215
_Nanotragus_, ii. 224
_Napeogenes_, ii. 470
_Napothera_, ii. 261
_Nardoa_, ii. 381
Narwhal, ii. 208
_Narope_, ii. 472
_Nasica_, ii. 103
_Nasiterna_, ii. 325
_Nasua_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 200
_Nathalis_, ii. 478
_Natica_, ii. 539
NATICIDÆ, ii. 508
_Nautilus_, ii. 539
NATRICINÆ, ii. 375
_Nattereria_, ii. 417
_Nauclerus_, ii. 349
_Naucrates_, ii. 429
_Naultinus_ ii. 400
NAUTILIDÆ, ii. 506
_Navicella_, ii. 510
Nearctic region, defined, i. 79
subdivisions of, i. 80
distinct from Palæarctic, i. 79
ii. 114
zoological characteristics of, ii. 115
mammalia of, ii. 115
birds of, ii. 116
reptiles of, ii. 119
amphibia of, ii. 120
fresh-water fishes of, ii. 120
summary of vertebrata of, ii. 120
insects of, ii. 122
land and fresh-water shells of, ii. 124
sub-regions of, ii. 125
concluding remarks on, ii. 138
tables of distribution of animals of, ii. 139
Nearctic and Neotropical regions, no decided boundary between, ii. 117
_Nebria_, ii. 489
_Necrornis_, European Miocene, i. 161
NECTARINIIDÆ, ii. 276
_Nectarinia_, ii. 276
_Nectarophila_, ii. 276
_Nectogale_, ii. 190
_Necydalis_, ii. 502
_Necyria_, ii. 476
_Nelicurvius_, ii. 286
_Nemachilus_, ii. 453
_Nematogenys_, ii. 444
NEMEOBIIDÆ, ii. 475
_Nemeobius_, ii. 475
NEMORHEDINÆ, ii. 224
_Nemorhedus_, ii. 224
_Nemoricola_, ii. 290
_Nemosia_, ii. 99
_Neobatrachus_, ii. 420
_Neochloe_, ii. 280
_Neocorys_, ii. 290
_Neoctantes_, ii. 104
_Neomeris_, ii. 209
_Neomorphus_, ii. 309
_Neophasia_, ii. 478
_Neophron_, ii. 346
_Neopipo_, ii. 102
_Neopus_, ii. 348
_Neorhynchus_, ii. 285
_Neosorex_, ii. 191
_Neotoma_, ii. 230
_Neotomys_, ii. 230
_Neotragus_, ii. 224
Neotropical region, defined, i. 78
subdivisions of, i. 78
relations of W. African sub-region with, i. 265
description of, ii. 1
zoological features of, ii. 5
birds of, ii. 6, 7
distinctive features of mammalia of, ii. 6
reptiles of, ii. 9
amphibia of, ii. 11
fresh-water fishes of, ii. 12
summary of vertebrates of, ii. 13
insects of, ii. 13
land-shells of, ii. 19
marine shells of, ii. 20
summary of past history of, ii. 80
tables of distribution of animals of, ii. 84
Neotropical sub-regions, ii. 21
_Neoziphius_, ii. 208
_Nephæcetes_, ii. 320
_Neptis_, ii. 474
NERITIDÆ, ii. 510
_Neritina_, ii. 510
_Nerophis_, ii. 457
_Nesoceleus_, ii. 303
_Nesocichla_, ii. 256
_Nesodon_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
_Nesomys_, ii. 230
_Nesonetta_, ii. 364
_Nesopsar_, ii. 282
_Nessia_, ii. 399
_Nestor_, ii. 329
NESTORIDÆ, ii. 329
_Nettapus_, ii. 363
_Neusterophis_, ii. 376
Newberry, Dr., on Cretaceous and Tertiary floras of N. America, ii. 155
Newton, Professor, on position of _Menuridæ_ and _Atrichiidæ_, i. 95
on birds of Iceland, i. 198
on Neotropical sub-regions, ii. 25
on genus _Camptolæmus_, ii. 39
on peculiar genera of Nearctic and Neotropical birds, ii. 118
on family _Panuridæ_, ii. 262
_Newtonia_, ii. 270
Newts, ii. 413
New Caledonia, birds of, i. 444
New Guinea, zoology of, i. 409
mammalia of, i. 410
birds of, i. 411
peculiarities of its ornithology, i. 413
illustration of ornithology of, i. 414
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 415
insects of, i. 416
New Zealand, objections to making a primary zoological region, i. 62
extinct birds of, i. 164
sub region, description of, i. 449
compared with British Isles, i. 449
mammalia of, i. 451
islets of, i. 453
illustration of ornithology of, i. 455
reptiles of, i. 456
amphibia of, i. 457
fresh-water fish of, i. 457
insects of, i. 458
Longicorns of, i. 458
Myriapoda of, i. 458
land-shells of, i. 459
ancient fauna of, i. 460
origin of fauna of, i. 460
poverty of insects in, i. 462
relations of insect-fauna and flora of, i. 472
_Nicator_, ii. 272
Nicobar Islands, their zoological relations, i. 332
Nightingale, migration of the, i. 21
Night-jars, ii. 319
_Nigidius_, ii. 493
_Nigrita_, ii. 286
_Nilaus_, ii. 272
_Niltava_, ii. 270
_Ninox_, ii. 350
_Nisaëtus_, ii. 348
_Nisoides_, ii. 348
_Nisoniades_, ii. 480
NOCTILIONIDÆ, ii. 184
Nocturnal tree-snakes, ii. 379
_Nonnula_, ii. 311
_Norbea_, ii. 397
Norfolk Island, birds of, i. 453
North Africa, zoological relations of, i. 202
North America, remarks on Post-Pliocene, fauna of, i. 130
Post-Pliocene fauna of, partly derived from S. America, i. 131
extinct birds of, i. 163
Northern Hemisphere, zoological importance of, ii. 155
NOTACANTHI, ii. 437
_Notaden_, ii. 415
_Notharctos_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Nothocerus_, ii. 344
_Nothocrax_, ii. 343
_Nothoprocta_, ii. 344
_Nothura_, ii. 344
NOTIDANIDÆ, ii. 461
_Notiophilus_, ii. 489
_Notodela_, ii. 259
_Notoglanis_, ii. 443
_Notonomus_, ii. 490
NOTOPTERIDÆ, ii. 455
_Notopholis_, ii. 391
Notornis of New Zealand, i. 455
_Notornis_, ii. 352
_Nototherium_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 251
_Nototrema_, ii. 418
_Noturus_, ii. 442
_Nucifraga_, ii. 273
NUCLEO-BRANCHIATA. ii. 531
_Nucras_, ii. 391
_Numenius_, ii. 353
NUMIDINÆ, ii. 340
_Numida_, ii. 340
_Nuria_, ii. 452
Nuthatches, ii. 265
_Nutria_, ii. 199
_Nyctala_, ii. 350
_Nyctalatinus_, ii. 350
_Nyctalemon_, ii. 482
_Nyctalops_, ii. 350
_Nyctea_, ii. 350
_Nyctereutes_, ii. 197
_Nycteris_, ii. 182
_Nyctibius_, ii. 319
_Nycticorax_, ii. 359
_Nyctidromius_, ii. 320
_Nyctiornis_, ii. 312
_Nyctipithecus_, ii. 175
_Nyctiprogne_, ii. 320
_Nymphalis_, ii. 474
NYMPHALIDÆ, ii. 473
_Nymphicus_, ii. 325
_Nymphidium_, ii. 476
O.
_Ochetobius_, ii. 452
_Ochotherium_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 245
_Ochthæca_, ii. 100
_Ochthodiæta_, ii. 100
_Octodontidæ_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
OCTODONTIDÆ, ii. 237
_Octodon_, ii. 238
OCTOPODIDÆ, ii. 505
_Ocyalus_, ii. 282
_Ocydromus_, ii. 352
_Ocyphaps_, ii. 333
_Odontochila_, ii. 486
_Odontolabris_, ii. 493
_Odontophorus_, ii. 339
_Odontophrynus_, ii. 420
_Oedemia_, ii. 364
_Oedicnemis_, ii. 355
_Oëdura_, ii. 399
_Oena_, ii. 332
_Ogmodon_, ii. 383
_Ogyris_, ii. 477
_Oligdon_, ii. 375
OLIGODONTIDÆ, ii. 374
_Oligosarcus_, ii. 445
_Olisthopus_, ii. 489
_Olylogon_, ii. 418
_Olyra_, ii. 442
_Omaseus_, ii. 489
_Ommatophoca_, ii. 204
_Omolepida_, ii. 397
_Omostenus_, ii. 492
_Omphalotropis_, ii. 521
_Omus_, ii. 487
ONCIDIADÆ, ii. 517
_Oncidium_, ii. 518
_Onychodactylus_, ii. 413
_Onychogale_, ii. 195
_Onychogalea_, ii. 251
_Onychognathus_, ii. 288
_Onchorhynchus_, ii. 447
_Oncostoma_, ii. 101
Ophidia, classification of, i. 99
OPHIDIA, ii. 372
remarks on the general distribution of, ii. 386
fossil, ii. 387
OPHIDIIDÆ, ii. 440
_Ophidium_, ii. 440
OPHIOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 435
_Ophiodes_, ii. 397
OPHIOMORIDÆ, ii. 398
_Ophiomorus_, ii. 398
_Ophiophagus_, ii. 383
_Ophiops_, ii. 391
_Ophioscincus_, ii. 397
_Ophisaurus_, ii. 392
_Ophites_, ii. 380
_Ophonus_, ii. 489
_Ophryodera_, ii. 487
_Ophysia_, ii. 209
OPISTHO-BRANCHIATA, ii. 529
OPISTHOCOMI, ii. 345
_Opisthocomus_, Brazilian caves, i. 164
ii. 345
_Opisthodelphys_, ii. 418
_Opisthostoma_, ii. 520
_Opisthoporus_, ii. 520
_Oporornis_, ii. 279
_Opossum_, extinct in European Miocene, i. 121
Opossums, ii. 248
_Opsariichthys_, ii. 452
_Opsiphanes_, ii. 472
Orang-utan, ii. 171
_Orca_, ii. 209
_Orcaella_, ii. 209
_Orchesticus_, ii. 99
_Orchilus_, ii. 101
_Oreas_, ii. 223
_Oreicola_, ii. 260
_Oreinus_, ii. 452
_Oreocephalus_, ii. 401
_Oreocincla_, ii. 256
_Oreodeira_, ii. 401
_Oreodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
_Oreodontidæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
_Oreoeca_, ii. 271
_Oreomanes_, ii. 278
_Oreonectes_, ii. 453
_Oreonympha_, ii. 108
_Oreoperdix_, ii. 338
OREOPHASINÆ, ii. 343
_Oreophasis_, ii. 343
_Oreophilus_, ii. 356
_Oreopyra_, ii. 107
_Oreortyx_, ii. 339
_Oreoscoptes_, ii. 256
_Oreothraupis_, ii. 99
_Oreotrochilus_, ii. 107
_Orestias_, ii. 450
Oriental region, defined, i. 75
subdivisions of, i. 75
description of, i. 314
zoological features of, i. 315
mammalia of, i. 315
birds of, i. 316
reptiles of, i. 317
amphibia of, i. 317
fresh-water fishes of, i. 318
summary of vertebrata of, i. 318
insects of, i. 318
sub-regions of, i. 321
concluding remarks on, i. 362
tables of distribution of animals of, i. 364
Oriental relations of W. African sub-region, i. 265
Oriental and Palæarctic faunas once identical, i. 362
Oriental and Ethiopian faunas, cause of their resemblances, i. 363
_Origma_, ii. 260
_Oriocalotes_, ii. 402
Orioles, ii. 268
ORIOLIDÆ, ii. 268
_Oriolus_, ii. 268
_Orites_, ii. 266
_Ornithion_, ii. 101
ORNITHORHYNCHIDÆ, ii. 253
_Ornithorhynchus_, ii. 253
_Orocætes_, ii. 256
_Orohippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
_Ortalida_, ii. 343
_Orthagoriscus_, ii. 457
_Orthalicus_, ii. 516
ORTHIDÆ, ii. 532
ORTHOCERATIDÆ, ii. 506
_Orthodon_, ii. 452
_Orthogonius_, ii. 491
_Orthogonys_, ii. 98
_Orthonyx_, ii. 260
_Orthorhynchus_, ii. 108
_Orthotomus_, ii. 257
_Ortygometra_, ii. 352
_Ortygornis_, ii. 338
_Ortyx_, ii. 339
_Ortyxelos_, ii. 341
ORYCTEROPODIDÆ, ii. 246
_Orycteropus_, ii. 246
_Orycterus_, ii. 231
ORYGINÆ, ii. 223
_Oryx_, ii. 223
_Oryzoborus_, ii. 285
_Oryzorictes_, ii. 188
_Osmerus_, ii. 447
_Osphranter_, ii. 251
_Osteobrama_, ii. 453
_Osteochilus_, ii. 451
_Osteogeniosus_, ii. 443
OSTEOGLOSSIDÆ, ii. 454
_Osteoglossum_, ii. 454
_Ostinops_, ii. 282
OSTREIDÆ, ii. 533
_Ostrich_, Miocene of N. India, i. 162
Ostriches, ii. 368
_Otaria_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 202
OTARIIDÆ, ii. 202
OTIDIDÆ, ii. 356
_Otidiphaps_, ii. 333
_Otilophus_, ii. 415, 428
_Otis_, ii. 356
_Otocorys_, ii. 289
_Otocryptis_, ii. 402
_Otogyps_, ii. 346
_Otomys_, ii. 230
_Otopoma_, ii. 521
_Ovibos_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 224, 225
Owl-parrot, ii. 329
Owls, ii. 350
Oxen, birth-place and migrations of, i. 155
Palæarctic, i. 182
ii. 221
OXUDERCIDÆ, ii. 431
_Oxyæna_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Oxydoras_, ii. 443
_Oxyglossus_, ii. 421
_Oxygomphus_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 186
_Oxylabes_, ii. 262
_Oxymycterus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 230, 231
_Oxynotus_, ii. 269
_Oxypogon_, ii. 108
OXYRHAMPHIDÆ, ii. 292
_Oxyrhamphus_, ii. 292
_Oxyrhopus_, ii. 379
_Oxyurus_, ii. 103
Oysters, ii. 533
P.
_Pachybatrachus_, ii. 416
_Pachycephala_, ii. 271
PACHYCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 271
_Pachydactylus_, ii. 400
_Pachyæna_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Pachyglossa_, ii. 277
_Pachynolophus_, European Eocene, i. 126
_Pachyrhamphus_, ii. 102
_Pachyrhynchus_, ii. 391
_Pachyteles_, ii. 490, 492
_Pachytherium_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 246
_Pachyura_, ii. 191
_Pæocephalus_, ii. 328
_Pæcilus_, ii. 489
_Pagellus_, ii. 427
_Pagomys_, ii. 204
_Pagophila_, ii. 364
_Pagophilus_, ii. 204
_Paguma_, ii. 195
PAICTIDÆ, ii. 298
Palæarctic region, ancient limits of, ii. 157
defined, i. 171
subdivisions of, i. 71
general features of. i. 180
zoological charcteristics of, i. 181
has few peculiar families, i. 181
mammalia of, i. 181
birds of, i. 182
high degree of speciality of, i. 184
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 186
fresh-water fish of, i. 186
summary of vertebrata of, i. 186
insects of, i. 186
coleoptera of, i. 187
number of coleoptera of, i. 189
land-shells of, i. 190
sub-regions of, i. 190
general conclusions on the fauna of, i. 231
tables of distribution of animals of, i. 233
_Palæacodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Palæetus_, European Miocene, i. 162
_Palægithalus_, European Eocene, i. 162
_Palælodus_, European Miocene, i. 162
_Palæocastor_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
ii. 234
_Palæocercus_, European Miocene, i. 162
_Palæochoerus_, European Miocene, i. 119
ii. 215
_Palæocyon_, ii. 198
_Palæohierax_, European Miocene, i. 162
_Palæolagus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
_Palæolama_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 217
_Palæomephitis_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 200
_Palæomeryx_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 220
_Palæomys_, European Miocene, i. 121
ii. 238
_Palæontina oolitica_, Oolitic insect, i. 167
Palæontology, i. 107
how best studied in its bearing on geographical distribution, i. 168
as an introduction to the study of geographical distribution,
concluding remarks on, i. 169
_Palæonyctis_, European Eocene, i. 125
_Palæoperdix_, European Miocene, i. 161
_Palæophrynus_, European Miocene, i. 166
_Palæoreas_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
_Palæornis_, ii. 326
PALÆORNITHIDÆ, ii. 326
_Palæonyctis_, ii. 196, 206
_Palæortyx_, European Miocene, i. 161
_Palæoryx_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
_Palæospalax_, i. 111
European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 190
_Palæosyops_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
_Palæotheridæ_, European Eocene, i. 125
_Palæotherium_, Enropean Eocene, i. 125
S. American Eocene, i. 148
_Palæotragus_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
_Palæotringa_, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164
_Palamedea_, ii. 361
PALAMEDEIDÆ, ii. 361
_Palapterygidæ_ of New Zealand, i. 164
PALAPTERYGIDÆ, ii. 370
_Palapteryx_, ii. 370
Palestine, birds of, i. 203
_Pallasia_, ii. 289
_Paloplotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
European Eocene, i. 125
_Paludicola_, ii. 416
_Paludina_, Eocene, i. 169
European Secondary, i. 169
ii. 510
PALUDINIDÆ, ii. 510
Pampas, Pliocene deposits of, i. 146
_Pamphila_, ii. 480
Panda, of Nepaul and E. Thibet, i. 222
Himalayan, figure of, i. 331
ii. 201
_Pandion_, ii. 349
PANDIONIDÆ, ii. 349
_Pangasius_, ii. 442
_Pangolin_, ii. 245
_Panolax_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
_Panopoea_, ii. 536
_Panoplites_, ii. 107
_Panterpe_, ii. 109
_Panthalops_, ii. 223
PANURIDÆ, ii. 262
_Panurus_, ii. 262
_Panychlora_, ii. 109
_Panyptila_, ii. 320
Paper-Nautilus, ii. 505
_Paphia_, ii. 474
_Papilio_, ii. 479
PAPILIONIDÆ, ii. 479
Papuan Islands, zoology of, i. 409
_Paracanthobrama_, ii. 452
_Paradigalla_, ii. 275
_Paradiplomystax_, ii. 443
_Paradisea_, ii. 274
Paradise-bird, twelve-wired, figure of, i. 414
Paradise-birds, ii. 274
PARADISEIDÆ, ii. 274
PARADISEINÆ, ii. 274
_Paradoxornis_, ii. 262
_Paradoxurus_, ii. 195
_Parahippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
_Paralabraz_, ii. 425
_Paramys_, N. American Eocene, i. 140
ii. 236
_Parandra_, ii. 501
_Paraphoxinus_, ii. 452
_Pardalotus_, ii. 277
_Pareas_, ii. 380
_Parodon_, ii. 445
_Pareudiastes_, ii. 352
PARIDÆ, ii. 265
_Pariodon_, ii. 444
_Parisoma_, ii. 266
_Parmacella_, ii. 517
_Parmarion_, ii. 517
_Parmophorus_, ii. 511
_Parnassius_, ii. 479
_Paroaria_, ii. 284
_Parotia_, ii. 274
_Parra_, ii. 355
PARRIDÆ, ii. 354
Parroquet, Papuan, figure of, i. 415
Parrots, classification of, i. 96
ii. 324, 329
Partridges, ii. 338
_Partula_, ii. 515
_Parula_, ii. 279
_Parus_, ii. 265
_Pasimachus_, ii. 490
_Passerculus_, ii. 284
_Passerella_, ii. 284
Passeres, arrangement of, i. 94
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 243
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 306
range of Oriental genera of, i. 375
range of Australian genera of, i. 478
PASSERES, ii. 255
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 299
_Passerita_, ii. 379
_Pastor_, ii. 287
_Patagona_, ii. 108
_Patella_, ii. 539
PATELLIDÆ, ii. 511
_Patriofelis_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Patrobus_, ii. 489
_Pauxi_, ii. 343
_Pavo_, ii. 340
PAVONINÆ, ii. 340
_Paxillus_, ii. 520
Pearl-oysters, ii. 533
Pease, Mr. Harper, on Polynesian region of Land-shells, ii. 528
Peccaries, ii. 215
_Pectinator_, ii. 238
Peculiar groups, geographically, how defined, ii. 184
_Pedetes_, ii. 232
PEDICULATI, ii. 431
_Pediocætes_, ii. 339
_Pedionomus_, ii. 356
PEGASIDÆ, ii. 456
_Pelagius_, ii. 204
_Pelagornis_, European Miocene, i. 162
_Pelamis_, ii. 384
_Pelargopsis_, ii. 316
_Pelea_, ii. 224
PELECANIDÆ, ii. 365
_Pelecanoides_, ii. 365
_Pelecanus_, ii. 365
_Pelecium_, ii. 490
_Pelecus_, ii. 453
Pelicans, ii. 365
_Peliperdix_, ii. 338
_Pellorneum_, ii. 261
_Pelobates_, ii. 417
PELODRYADÆ, ii. 418
_Pelodryas_, ii. 418
_Pelodytes_, ii. 421
_Pelomedusa_, ii. 409
_Pelomys_, ii. 230
_Pelonax_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
_Peloperdix_, ii. 338
_Pelotrophus_, ii. 453
_Peltaphryne_, ii. 415
_Peltocephalus_, ii. 408
_Peltopelor_, ii. 385
_Peltops_, ii. 270
_Penelope_, ii. 343
_Penelopides_, ii. 317
_Penelopina_, ii. 343
PENELOPINÆ, ii. 343
_Penetes_, ii. 472
Penguins, ii. 366
_Pentadactylus_, ii. 399
_Pentila_, ii. 477
_Peragalea_, ii. 250
_Perameles_, ii. 250
PERAMELIDÆ, ii. 250
_Peratherium_, European Miocene, i. 121
European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 249
_Perca_, ii. 425
_Percarina_, i. 425
_Perchoerus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
ii. 215
_Percilia_, ii. 425
_Percichthys_, ii. 425
PERCIDÆ, ii. 425
_Percnostola_, ii. 104
PERCOPSIDÆ, ii. 448
_Percus_, ii. 489
_Perdix_, ii. 338
_Pericallus_, ii. 490
_Pericrocotus_, ii. 268
_Peridexia_, ii. 487
Perim Island, extinct mammalia of, i. 122
probable southern limit of old Palæarctic land, i. 362
character of fossils of, ii. 157
_Periopthalmus_, ii. 430
_Perisoreus_, ii. 273
_Perissodactyla_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
_Perissoglossa_, ii. 279
_Peristera_, ii. 333
_Peristethus_, ii. 428
Periwinkle, ii. 510
_Pernis_, ii. 349
_Perodicticus_, ii. 176
_Perognathus_, ii. 233
_Peropus_, ii. 399
Persia, birds of, i. 204
_Petasophora_, ii. 108
_Petaurista_, ii. 252
_Petenia_, ii. 438
_Petrochelidon_, ii. 281
_Petrodromus_, ii. 186
Petrels, ii. 365
_Petroeca_, ii. 260
_Petrogale_, ii. 251
_Petromys_, ii. 239
_Petrophassa_, ii. 333
_Petrorhynchus_, ii. 208
_Petroscirtes_, ii. 431
_Peucæa_, ii. 284
_Pezophaps_, ii. 334
_Pezoporus_, ii. 325
_Pfeifferia_, ii. 516
_Phacellodomus_, ii. 103
_Phacochoerus_, ii. 215
_Phænicophaës_, ii. 309
_Phænicophilus_, ii. 99
_Phænicothraupis_, ii. 98
_Phænopepla_, ii. 280
_Phæochroa_, ii. 107
_Phæolæma_, ii. 107
_Phæoptila_, ii. 109
_Phaëthornis_, ii. 107
_Phaeton_, ii. 365
_Phalacrocorax_, ii. 365
Phalangers, ii. 251
_Phalangista_, ii. 252
Phalangistidæ, ii. 251
_Phalaropus_, ii. 353
_Phapitreron_, ii. 333
_Phaps_, ii. 333
_Pharomacrus_, ii. 314
_Phascogale_, ii. 249
_Phascolarctos_, ii. 252
PHASCOLOMYIDÆ, ii. 252
_Phascolomys_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
PHASIANIDÆ, ii. 339
PHASIANINÆ, ii. 340
_Phasianus_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Post-Pliocene, i. 161
ii. 340
_Phasidus_, ii. 340
_Phatagin_, ii. 245
Pheasants, in European Miocene, i. 161
golden, of N. China, i. 226
eared, of Mongolia, i. 226
ii. 339
_Phedina_, ii. 281
_Phelsuma_, ii. 400
_Phenacodus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
_Pheropsophus_, ii. 489
_Pheucticus_, ii. 285
_Phibalura_, ii. 102
_Philagetes_, ii. 502
_Philemon_, ii. 276
_Philentoma_, ii. 271
_Philepitta_, ii. 298
_Philetærus_, ii. 286
_Philodryas_, ii. 376
Philippine Islands, mammals of, i. 345
birds of, i. 346
origin of peculiar fauna of, i. 448
_Philohela_, ii. 353
_Philomycus_, ii. 517
_Philydor_, ii. 103
PHILYDORINÆ, ii. 295
_Phlæomys_, ii. 230
_Phlæocryptes_, ii. 103
_Phlogoenas_, ii. 333
_Phlogophilus_, ii. 108
_Phlogopsis_, ii. 104
_Phlogothraupis_, ii. 98, 283
_Phoca_, ii. 204
_Phocæna_, ii. 209
_Phocidæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
PHOCIDÆ, ii. 203
_Phodilus_, ii. 350
_Phoenicocercus_, ii. 102, 293
_Phoenicophaës_, ii. 309
PHOENICOPTERIDÆ, ii. 361
_Phoenicopterus_, ii. 361
PHOLADIDÆ, ii. 537
_Pholadomya_, ii. 536
_Pholeoptynx_, ii. 350
_Pholidotus_, ii. 245
_Pholidotus_, ii. 493
_Phonipara_, ii. 284
_Phorus_, ii. 510
_Phos_, ii. 507
_Phractocephalus_, ii. 442
_Phrygilus_, ii. 284
PHRYNISCIDÆ, ii. 414
_Phryniscus_, ii. 414
_Phrynobatrachus_, ii. 421
_Phrynocephalus_, ii. 402
_Phrynoglossus_, ii. 421
_Phrynorhombus_, ii. 441
_Phrynosoma_, ii. 401
_Phycis_, ii. 439
_Phyllastrephus_, ii. 267
PHYLLIDIADÆ, ii. 530
_Phyllobates_, ii. 419
_Phyllodactylus_, ii. 399
_Phyllomedusa_, ii. 418
_Phyllomyias_, ii. 101
_Phyllomys_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 239
_Phyllornis_, ii. 267
PHYLLORNITHIDÆ, ii. 267
_Phylloscartes_, ii. 101
PHYLLOSCOPINÆ, ii. 257
_Phylloscopus_, ii. 258
_Phyllostomidæ_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
PHYLLOSTOMIDÆ, ii. 181
_Phyllurus_, ii. 400
PHYLLYRHOIDÆ, ii. 530
_Phymaturus_, ii. 401
_Physa_, ii. 518
_Physalus_, ii. 207
_Physeter_, European Pliocene, i. 112
ii. 208
Physical changes affecting distribution, i. 7
_Physignathus_, ii. 402
PHYSOSTOMI, ii. 441
_Phytala_, ii. 477
_Phytotoma_, ii. 294
PHYTOTOMIDÆ, ii. 294
_Phyton_, ii. 502
_Piabuca_, ii. 445
_Piabucina_, ii. 445
_Piaya_, ii. 309
_Pica_, ii. 273
Picariæ, arrangement of, i. 95
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 247
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 309
range of Oriental genera of, i. 381
range of Australian genera of, i. 482
PICARIÆ, ii. 302
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 322
_Picathartes_, ii. 274
_Picicorvus_, ii. 273
PICIDÆ, ii. 302
_Picoides_, ii. 303
_Picolaptes_, ii. 103
_Picumnus_, ii. 303
_Picus_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 303
PIERIDÆ, ii. 478
_Pieris_, ii. 478
_Piezia_, ii. 491
Pigeons, classification of, i. 96
remarkable development of, in the Australian region, i. 395
crested, of Australia, figure of, i. 441
ii. 331
abundant in islands, ii. 335
Pigs, power of swimming, i. 13
Pikas, ii. 242
Pike, ii. 449
Pikermi, Miocene fauna of, i. 115
Pilchard, ii. 454
_Pileoma_, ii. 425
_Pimelodus_, ii. 443
_Pimephales_, ii. 452
_Pinacodera_, ii. 490
_Pinicola_, ii. 285
_Pinulia_, ii. 191
_Pionus_, ii. 328
_Pipa_, ii. 422
PIPIDÆ, ii. 421
_Pipile_, i. 343
_Pipilo_, ii. 284
Piping crows, ii. 273
_Pipra_, ii. 102, 292
_Pipreola_, ii. 102
PIPRIDÆ, ii. 102
_Pipridea_, ii. 98
_Piprisoma_, ii. 277
_Piprites_, ii. 102, 292
_Piramutana_, ii. 442
_Piratinga_, ii. 443
_Pirinampus_, ii. 443
_Pitangus_, ii. 101
_Pithecia_, ii. 175
_Pithecopsis_, ii. 420
_Pithys_, ii. 104
_Pitta_, ii. 298
Pittas, ii. 297
_Pittasoma_, ii. 104
Pittidæ, abundant in Borneo, i. 355
PITTIDÆ, ii. 297
_Pituophis_, ii. 375
Pit-vipers, ii. 384
_Pitylus_, ii. 99
_Pityriasis_, ii. 273
_Plagiodontia_, ii. 238
_Plagiolophus_, European Eocene, i. 126
_Plagiotelium_, ii. 492
PLAGIOSTOMATA, ii. 460
_Planetes_, ii. 490
_Planorbis_, European Secondary, i. 169
Eocene, i. 169
ii. 518
Plantain-eaters, ii. 307
Plant-cutters, ii. 294
Plants, distribution of, probably the same fundamentally as that of
animals, ii. 162
_Platacanthomys_, ii. 230
_Platalea_, ii. 360
PLATALEIDÆ, ii. 360
_Platanista_, ii. 209
_Platemys_, ii. 408
_Platurus_, ii. 384
_Platycercidæ_, gorgeously-coloured Australian parrots, i. 394
PLATYCERCIDÆ, ii. 325
_Platycercus_, ii. 325
_Platychile_, ii. 487
_Platygonus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 215
_Platylophus_, ii. 273
_Platymantis_, ii. 419
_Platynematichthys_, ii. 442
_Platynus_, ii. 489
_Platypoecilus_, ii. 450
PLATYRHYNCHINÆ, ii. 291
_Platyrhynchus_, ii. 101
_Platysaurus_, ii. 392
_Platysoma_, ii. 489
_Platystira_, ii. 271
_Platystoma_, ii. 442
_Platystomatichthys_, ii. 442
_Plecoglossus_, ii. 447
_Plecostomus_, ii. 444
_Plecotus_, ii. 183
PLECTOGNATHI, ii. 457
PLECTROMANTIDÆ, ii. 417
_Plectromantis_, ii. 417
_Plectrophanes_, ii. 286
_Plectropterus_, ii. 363
_Plectrotrema_, ii. 519
_Plecturus_, ii. 374
_Plesiarctomys_, European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 236
_Plesiomeryx_, European Eocene, i. 126
_Plesiosorex_, European Miocene, i. 118
_Plestiodon_, ii. 397
_Plethodon_, ii. 413
PLEUROBRANCHIDÆ, ii. 530
_Pleurodeles_, ii. 413
_Pleurodema_, ii. 420
_Pleuronectes_, ii. 441
PLEURONECTIDÆ, ii. 440
_Pleurostrichus_, ii. 392
_Pleurotoma_, ii. 508
_Pleurotomaria_, ii. 539
Pliocene period, Old World, mammalia of, i. 112
Pliocene and Post-Pliocene faunas of Europe, general conclusions from, i.
113
of N. America, i. 132
of S. America, i. 146
of Australia, i. 157