_Pliolophus_, European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 216
_Pliopithecus_, European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 178
PLOCEIDÆ, ii. 286
_Plocepasser_, ii. 286
_Ploceus_, ii. 286
_Plotosus_, ii. 441
_Plotus_, ii. 365
Plovers, ii. 355
_Pluvianellus_, ii. 356
_Pluvianus_, ii. 355
PLYCTOLOPHIDÆ, ii. 324
_Pnoepyga_, ii. 263
_Podabrus_, ii. 249
_Podager_, ii. 320
PODARGIDÆ, ii. 318
_Podargus_, ii. 318
_Podica_, ii. 352
_Podiceps_, ii. 367
PODICIPIDÆ, ii. 366
_Podilymbus_, ii. 367
_Podocnemis_, ii. 408
_Poebrotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 217
_Poecilia_, ii. 450
_Poecilophis_, ii. 383
_Poecilothraupis_, ii. 98
_Poephagus_, ii. 222
_Poephila_, ii. 287
_Pogonocichla_, ii. 271
POGONORHYNCHINÆ, ii. 306
_Pogonorhynchus_, ii. 306
_Pogonornis_, ii. 275
_Pogonostoma_, ii. 487
_Pogonotriccus_, ii. 101
_Pohlia_, ii. 418
_Poiana_, ii. 195
_Polemistria_, ii. 107
_Polioaëtus_, ii. 349
_Poliococcyx_, ii. 309
_Poliohierax_, ii. 349
_Poliopsitta_, ii. 328
_Polioptila_, ii. 258
_Pollanisus_, ii. 481
POLYBORINÆ, ii. 347
_Polyboroides_, ii. 347
_Polyborus_, ii. 347
_Polybothris_, ii. 497
POLYCENTRIDÆ, ii. 434
_Polycesta_, ii. 479
POLYDONTIDÆ, ii. 459
_Polyhirma_, ii. 491
POLYNEMIDÆ, ii. 429
_Polyommatus_, ii. 477
Polynesian sub-region, description of, i. 442
birds of, i. 443
reptiles of, i. 447
_Polypedates_, ii. 419
POLYPEDATIDÆ, ii. 419
_Polypi_, ii. 505
_Polyplectron_, ii. 340
_Polyprion_, ii. 425
POLYPTERIDÆ, ii. 458
_Polypterus_, ii. 458
_Polytelis_, ii. 325
_Pomacanthus_, ii. 427
POMACENTRIDÆ, ii. 437
_Pomacentrus_, ii. 437
_Pomatias_, ii. 521
_Pomatorhinus_, ii. 261
_Pomotis_, ii. 425
_Pompholyx_, ii. 518
_Pontia_, ii. 478
_Pontoporia_, ii. 209
_Pooecetes_, ii. 284
_Poodytes_, ii. 258
_Poospiza_, ii. 284
Porcupines, ii. 240
_Poritia_, ii. 477
_Porphyrio_, ii. 352
Porpoises, ii. 208
_Portax_, ii. 223
_Porzana_, ii. 352
Post-Pliocene, mammalia of Europe, i. 110
remains imply changes of physical geography in Europe, i. 111
fauna of N. America, i. 129
fauna of N. America, remarks on, i. 130
_Potamides_, ii. 509
_Potamochoerus_, ii. 215
_Potamodus_, ii. 258
Potamogale of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264
_Potamogale_, ii. 189
POTAMOGALIDÆ, ii. 189
_Potamotherium_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 200
Potto of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264
ii. 176
Pouched Rats, ii. 233
_Praotherium_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
_Pratincola_, ii. 260
Pratincoles, ii. 355
_Presbytes_, ii. 171
_Prepona_, ii. 474
Primates, classification of, i. 86
probable birthplace of, i. 153
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300
range of Oriental genera of, i. 371
range of Australian genera of, i. 475
_Primates_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 117
Indian Miocene, i. 121
European Eocene, i. 124
N. American Tertiary, i. 132
of Brazilian caves, i. 144
PRIMATES, distribution of, ii. 170-180
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 179
summary and conclusion, ii. 540
Prince's Island, birds of, i. 206
_Prinia_, ii. 257
_Prion_, ii. 365
_Prioneris_, ii. 478
PRIONIDÆ, ii. 498
_Prionidium_, Oolitic insects, i. 167
_Prionirhynchus_, ii. 313
_Prioniturus_, ii. 326
_Prionochilus_, ii. 277
_Prionodontes_, ii. 246
_Prionops_, ii. 272
_Prionoteles_, ii. 314
PRISTIDÆ, ii. 462
_Pristimantis_, ii. 419
PRISTIOPHORIDÆ, ii. 462
_Pristiphoca_, in European Pliocene, i. 112
ii. 204
PRISTIPOMATIDÆ, ii. 426
_Pristiurus_, ii. 461
_Pristonychus_, ii. 489
_Proboscidea_, classification of, i. 90
range of Ethiopian genus, i. 303
range of Oriental genus, i. 374
_Proboscidea_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
Indian Miocene, i. 122
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary i. 138
of Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
PROBOSCIDEA, ii. 227
summary and conclusion, ii. 542
_Procamelus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 217
_Procapra_, ii. 223
_Procarduelis_, ii. 283
_Procellaria_, ii. 365
PROCELLARIIDÆ, ii. 365
_Procerus_, ii. 488
ii. 489
_Prochilodus_, ii. 445
_Prochilus_, ii. 202
_Procnias_, ii. 98
_Procris_, ii. 481
_Procrustes_, ii. 488
ii. 489
_Proctotretus_, ii. 401
_Procyon_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 200
_Procyonidæ_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
PROCYONIDÆ, ii. 200
PRODUCTIDÆ, ii. 532
_Progne_, ii. 281
_Promecoderus_, ii. 490
_Promephitis_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 200
Promerops of East Africa, figure of, i. 261
_Promerops_, ii. 276
_Pronophilia_, ii. 471
_Propalæotherium_, European Eocene, i. 126
_Proparus_, ii. 266
_Propyrrhula_, ii. 285
_Prorastomus_, ii. 211
_Proserpina_, ii. 527
PROSOBRANCHIATA, ii. 507
_Prosthemadera_, ii. 275
PROTEIDÆ, ii. 412
_Proteles_, ii. 196
PROTELIDÆ, ii. 196
_Protemnodon_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 251
_Proteus_, ii. 412
_Prothoe_, ii. 474
_Protohippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
_Protomeryx_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 217
_Protonopsis_, ii. 412
_Protonotaria_, ii. 279
_Protopithecus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 178
_Protopterus_, ii. 458
_Protornis_, European Eocene, i. 162
_Prototomus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Prototroctes_, ii. 446
_Psalidoprogne_, ii. 281
_Psaltria_, ii. 266
_Psaltriparus_, ii. 266
_Psammodromus_, ii. 391
_Psammodynastes_, ii. 377
_Psammomys_, ii. 230
PSAMMOPHIDÆ, ii. 377
_Psammophis_, ii. 377
_Psammosaurus_, ii. 389
_Psarisomus_, ii. 295
_Psephotus_, ii. 325
_Pseudacris_, ii. 418
_Pseudælurus_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 194
_Pseudalopex_, ii. 197
_Pseudecheneis_, ii. 444
_Pseudechis_, ii. 383
_Pseudeutropius_, ii. 442
_Pseudis_, ii. 420
_Pseudobagrus_, ii. 442
_Pseudobias_, ii. 270
_Pseudobufo_, ii. 415
_Pseudochalceus_, ii. 445
_Pseudochelidon_, ii. 312
_Pseudocolaptes_, ii. 103
_Pseudocordylus_, ii. 392
_Pseudocyon_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 198
_Pseudodipsas_, ii. 477
_Pseudogobio_, ii. 452
_Pseudogryphis_, ii. 346
_Pseudogyps_, ii. 346
_Pseudohage_, ii. 383
_Pseudolabuca_, ii. 453
_Pseudoleistes_, ii. 282
_Pseudomorpha_, ii. 490
_Pseudomys_, ii. 230
_Pseudonaje_, ii. 383
_Pseudoperilampus_, ii. 452
PSEUDOPHIDIA, ii. 411
_Pseudophryne_, ii. 414
_Pseudopontia_, ii. 478
_Pseudopus_, ii. 392
_Pseudorasbora_, ii. 452
_Pseudorca_, ii. 209
_Pseudoscops_, ii. 350
_Pseudoxiphophorus_, ii. 450
_Psilopogon_, ii. 306
_Psiloptera_, ii. 497
_Psilorhamphus_, ii. 104
_Psilorhinus_, ii. 273
_Psilorhynchus_, ii. 453
Psittaci, classification of, i. 96
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 311
range of Oriental genera of, i. 383
range of Australian genera of, i. 484
PSITTACI, ii. 324
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 329
PSITTACIDÆ, ii. 328
_Psittacula_, ii. 328
_Psittacus_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 328
_Psittinus_, ii. 326
_Psittirostra_, ii. 277
_Psittospiza_, ii. 99
_Psophia_, ii. 358
PSOPHIIDÆ, ii. 358
_Psophodes_, ii. 262
PSYCHROLUTIDÆ, ii. 436
_Pterocles_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 337
PTEROCLIDÆ, ii. 337
_Pterocyclos_, ii. 520
_Pterodon_, European Miocene, i. 125
_Pteroglossus_, ii. 307
_Pteromys_, ii. 235
_Pteromyzon_, ii. 463
PTEROMYZONTIDÆ, ii. 463
_Pteronura_, ii. 199
_Pterophanes_, ii. 108
_Pterophyllum_, ii. 439
PTEROPIDÆ, ii. 181
PTEROPODA, ii. 531
_Pteropodocys_, ii. 269
PTEROPTOCHIDÆ, ii. 297
_Pteroptochus_, ii. 297
_Pterorhinus_, ii. 261
_Pterosarion_, ii. 452
_Pterostichus_, ii. 489
_Pteruthius_, ii. 266
_Pterygophlichthys_, ii. 444
_Ptilocerus_, ii. 186
_Ptilochloris_, ii. 102, 293
_Ptilogonys_, ii. 280
_Ptilonorhynchus_, ii. 275
_Ptilopachus_, ii. 338
_Ptilopus_, ii. 332
_Ptilorhis_, ii. 275
_Ptilostomus_, ii. 273
_Ptilotis_, ii. 275
_Ptosima_, ii. 497
_Ptyas_, ii. 375
_Ptychobarbus_, ii. 452
_Ptyonotus_, ii. 428
_Pucrasia_, ii. 340
Puff-birds, ii. 310
Puffins, ii. 367
_Puffinus_, ii. 365
PULMONIFERA, ii. 512
_Pulsatrix_, ii. 350
_Puncturella_, ii. 511
_Pupa_, Eocene, i. 169
_Pupa vetusta_, Palæozoic, i. 169
_Pupa_, ii. 514
_Pupina_, ii. 520
_Pupinella_, ii. 520
_Putorius_, ii. 198
PYCNONOTIDÆ, ii. 267
_Pycnonotus_, ii. 267
_Pycnophrys_, ii. 270
_Pyctorhis_, ii. 261
_Pygarrhicus_, ii. 103
_Pygmornis_, ii. 107
_Pygomeles_, ii. 397
PYGOPODIDÆ, ii. 395
_Pygoptila_, ii. 104
_Pygopus_, ii. 395
PYRAMIDELLIDÆ, ii. 509
_Pyrameis_, ii. 474
_Pyranga_, ii. 98
_Pyrenestes_, ii. 286
_Pyrgisoma_, ii. 284
_Pyrgita_, ii. 284
_Pyriglena_, ii. 104
_Pyrocephalus_, ii. 101, 291
_Pyroderus_, ii. 103
_Pyromelana_, ii. 286
_Pyrophthalma_, ii. 259
_Pyrrhocoma_, ii. 99
_Pyrrhospiza_, ii. 285
_Pyrrhula_, ii. 285
_Pyrrhulauda_, ii. 289
_Pyrrhulina_, ii. 445
_Pyrrhulopsis_, ii. 325
_Pyrrhuloxia_, ii. 285
_Pyrrhura_, ii. 328
_Pytelia_, ii. 287
_Python_, ii. 381
_Pythonidæ_, European Miocene, i. 165
PYTHONIDÆ, ii. 381
_Pythonodipsas_, ii. 379
_Pythonopsis_, ii. 376
Pythons, ii. 381
_Pyxicephalus_, ii. 420
_Pyxis_, ii. 408
Q.
Quadrumana, fossil, ii. 178
Quail-snipes, ii. 354
_Querquedula_, ii. 363
_Querula_, ii. 102
_Quiscalus_, ii. 282
R.
_Rachis_, ii. 524
Racoon-dog of N. China, i. 226
Racoons, ii. 200
_Raia_, ii. 462
RAIIDÆ, ii. 462
Rails, ii. 351
RALLIDÆ, ii. 351
_Rallina_, ii. 352
_Rallus_, ii. 352
_Rana_, European Miocene, i. 166
ii. 420
_Raniceps_, ii. 439
RANIDÆ, ii. 420
_Ranodon_, ii. 413
_Rappia_, ii. 419
_Rasbora_, ii. 452
_Rasborichthys_, ii. 453
Rattle-snakes, ii. 384
Rays, ii. 462
_Realia_, ii. 521
_Rectes_, ii. 272
_Recurvirostra_, ii. 353
_Regalecus_, ii. 432
Region, the best term for the primary zoological divisions, i. 68
Arctic, why not adopted, i. 69
Palæarctic, defined, i. 71
Palæarctic, subdivisions of, i. 71
Ethiopian, defined, i. 73
Ethiopian, subdivisions of, i. 73
Oriental, defined, i. 75
Oriental, subdivisions of, i. 75
Australian, defined, i. 77
Australian, subdivisions of, i. 77
Neotropical, defined, i. 78
Neotropical, subdivisions of, i. 78
Nearctic, defined, i. 79
Nearctic, distinct from Palæarctic, i. 79
Nearctic, subdivisions of, i. 80
Regions, zoological, i. 50
zoological, how they should be formed, i. 53
zoological, may be defined by negative or positive characters, i. 54
zoological, by what class of animals best determined, i. 56
for each class of animals, not advisable, i. 58
zoological, proposed since 1857, i. 58
zoological, Mr. Sclater's, i. 59
zoological, discussion of those proposed by various authors, i. 61
zoological, proportionate richness of, i. 64
temperate and tropical, well marked in northern hemisphere, i. 65
and zones, table of, i. 66
comparative richness of, i. 81
and sub-regions, table of, i. 81
order of succession of the, i. 173
_Registoma_, ii. 521
_Reguloides_, ii. 258
_Regulus_, ii. 258
_Reinwardtænas_, ii. 333
_Reinwardtipicus_, ii. 303
_Reithrodon_, ii. 230
Representative species, i. 4
Reptiles, means of dispersal of, i. 28
classification of, i. 98
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
of Indian Miocene deposits, i. 123
extinct Tertiary, i. 165
cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176
peculiar to Palæarctic region, i. 186
of Central Europe, i. 195
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 204
of the Siberian sub-region, i. 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 227
table of Palæarctic families of, i. 236
of the Ethiopian region, i. 254
of the E. African sub-region, i. 260
of W. Africa, i. 264
S. African, i. 268
of Madagascar, i. 279
table of Ethiopian families of, i. 297
of the Oriental region, i. 317
of the Indian sub-region, i. 326
of Ceylon, i. 327
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 331
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 340
table of Oriental families of, i. 368
of the Australian region, i. 396
of New Guinea, i. 415
of the Moluccas, i. 420
of the Polynesian sub-region, i. 447
of New Zealand, i. 456
table of Australian families of, i. 472
Neotropical, ii. 9
of S. Temperate America, ii. 40
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 54
of the Antilles, ii. 72
table of Neotropical families of, ii. 88
of the Nearctic region, ii. 119
of California, ii. 128
of Central N. America, ii. 131
of Eastern United States, ii. 133
of Canada, ii. 137
table of Nearctic families of, ii. 142
summary and conclusion, ii. 547
REPTILIA, ii. 372
_Retropinna_, ii. 447
Revillagigedo Islands, zoology of, ii. 60
_Rhabdornis_, ii. 265
_Rhabdosoma_, ii. 374
RACHIODONTIDÆ, ii. 377
_Rhacophorus_, ii. 419
_Rhamnophis_, ii. 376
RHAMPHASTIDÆ, ii. 306
_Rhamphastos_, ii. 307
_Rhamphichthys_, ii. 455
_Rhamphocænus_, ii. 104
_Rhamphococcyx_, ii. 309
_Rhamphocinclus_, ii. 256
_Rhamphocoelus_, ii. 98
_Rhamphomicron_, ii. 108
_Rhaphaulus_, ii. 520
_Rhea_, in Brazilian caves, i. 164
ii. 368
_Rhinaster_, ii. 213
_Rhinatrema_, ii. 411
_Rhinechis_, ii. 376
_Rhinelepis_, ii. 444
_Rhinichthys_, ii. 452
RHINIDÆ, ii. 462
RHINOBATIDÆ, ii. 462
_Rhinoceros_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
European Pliocene, i. 113
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
Indian Miocene, i. 122
fossil remains of, at 16,000 feet elevation in Thibet, i. 122
fossil in N. China, i. 123
N. American Tertiary, i. 136
ii. 213
Rhinoceros-hornbill, figure of, i. 339
_Rhinocerotidæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
RHINOCEROTIDÆ, ii. 213
RHINOCHETIDÆ, ii. 359
_Rhinochetus_, ii. 359
_Rhinococcyx_, ii. 309
_Rhinocrypta_, ii. 297
_Rhinoderma_, ii. 416
RHINODONTIDÆ, ii. 461
_Rhinodoras_, ii. 443
_Rhinogale_, ii. 195
_Rhinoglanis_, ii. 443
RHINOLOPHIDÆ, ii. 182
_Rhinolophus_, ii. 183
_Rhinophis_, ii. 374
RHINOPHRYNIDÆ, ii. 414
_Rhinophrynus_, ii. 414
_Rhinoplax_, ii. 317
_Rhinopoma_, ii. 183
_Rhinortha_, ii. 309
_Rhipidura_, ii. 271
_Rhizomys_, ii. 231
_Rhodeus_, ii. 452
_Rhodinocincla_, ii. 256
_Rhodona_, ii. 397
_Rhodopis_, ii. 108
_Rhodosttehia_, ii. 364
_Rhombomys_, ii. 230
_Rhombus_, ii. 441
_Rhopodytes_, ii. 309
_Rhopoterpe_, ii. 104
_Rhynchæa_, ii. 353
RHYNCHOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 405
RHYNCHOCEPHALINA, ii. 405
_Rhynchocyon_, ii. 186
_Rhynchocyclus_, ii. 101
_Rhynchonella_, ii. 539
RHYNCHONELLIDÆ, ii. 532
_Rhynchops_, ii. 365
_Rhynchopsitta_, ii. 328
_Rhynchotus_, ii. 344
_Rhytina_, ii. 210, 211
_Rhytiodus_, ii. 445
_Ricinula_, ii. 507
_Rimator_, ii. 263
_Rimula_, ii. 511
_Rissa_, ii. 364
_Rissoa_, ii. 510
_Rita_, ii. 442
River-hog, of West Africa, figure of, i. 264
of Madagascar, figure of, i. 278
Rivers, limiting the range of mammalia, i. 12
limiting the range of birds, i. 17
River-scene in West Africa, i. 264
River-snails, ii. 510
_Rivulus_, ii. 450
Rock-snakes, ii. 381
Rocky mountain sub-region, ii. 129
mammalia of, ii. 129
birds of, ii. 130
reptiles, amphibia, and fishes of, ii. 130
Rodentia, classification of, i. 90
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 242
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 304
range of Oriental genera of, i. 374
range of Australian genera of, i. 476
_Rodentia_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
European Eocene, i. 126
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 139
of Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
of S. American Eocene, i. 148
RODENTIA, ii. 229
Rodentia, general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 243
_Rodentia_, summary and conclusion, ii. 543
_Rohteichthys_, ii. 452
Rollers, ii. 311
_Rollulus_, ii. 339
_Romaleosoma_, ii. 474
Rose-chafers, ii. 494
_Rostrhamus_, ii. 349
Rough-tailed burrowing snakes, ii. 374
Ruff, figure of, i. 195
_Rupicapra_, ii. 224, 225
RUPICAPRINÆ, ii. 224
_Rupicola_, ii. 102, 293
RUPICOLINÆ, ii. 293
_Ruticilla_, ii. 259
RUTICILLINÆ, ii. 257
S.
_Saccobranchus_, ii. 441
_Saccodon_, ii. 445
SACCOMYIDÆ, ii. 233
_Saccomys_, ii. 233
_Saccostomus_, ii. 230
_Sagda_, ii. 516
Sahara, a debatable land, i. 251
Saiga, antelope of W. Tartary, i. 218
_Saiga_, ii. 223
_Saimiris_, ii. 175
Sakis, ii. 175
_Salamandra_, ii. 413
SALAMANDRIDÆ, ii. 413
_Salamandrina_, ii. 413
_Salarix_, ii. 448
_Salminus_, ii. 445
_Salmo_, ii. 447
SALMONIDÆ, ii. 447
_Salpinctes_, ii. 264
_Salpornis_, ii. 264
_Saltator_, ii. 99
Salvin, Mr., on birds of Galapagos, ii. 30
_Sambus_, ii. 496
Samoa Islands, birds of, i. 443
Sand-grouse, Pallas', of Mongolia, i. 226
ii. 337
Sand-lizards, ii. 398
Sandpipers, ii. 353
Sandwich Islands, birds of, i. 445
probable past history of, i. 446
mountain plants of, i. 446
depth of ocean around, i. 447
_Sanzinia_, ii. 381
_Saperda_, ii. 501
_Sapphironia_, ii. 109
_Sarcodaces_, ii. 445
_Sarcophilus_, ii. 249
SARCORHAMPHINÆ, ii. 346
_Sarcorhamphus_, ii. 346
_Sargus_, ii. 427
_Sarkidiornis_, ii. 363
_Saroglossa_, ii. 288
_Sarotherodon_, ii. 438
_Sasia_, ii. 303
_Satanoperca_, ii. 439
SATYRIDÆ, ii. 471
_Satyrites Reynesii_, European Cretaceous insect, i. 167
_Satyrus_, ii. 471
_Saucerottia_, ii. 109
Saunders, Mr. Edward, on the Buprestidæ of Japan, i. 229
_Saurocetes_, ii. 210
_Saurophis_, ii. 392
_Saurothera_, ii. 309
_Saxicola_, ii. 260
_Saxicolinæ_, ii. 257
_Sayornis_, ii. 100, 291
Scallops, ii. 533
_Scalops_, ii. 190
_Scapanus_, ii. 190
_Scaphiopus_, ii. 417
_Scaphirhynchus_, ii. 459
_Scaptochirus_, ii. 190
_Scaptonyx_, ii. 190
_Scaraphites_, ii. 490
_Scardafella_, ii. 333
_Scarites_, ii. 489
_Scelidotherium_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 245
_Scelodontis_, ii. 490
_Sceloporus_, ii. 401
_Scelotes_, ii. 398
_Schacra_, ii. 452
_Schasicheila_, ii. 522
_Schiffornis_, ii. 102
_Schilbe_, ii. 442
_Schilbichthys_, ii. 442
_Schismaderma_, ii. 415
_Schistes_, ii. 108
_Schistopleurum_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
_Schizodon_, ii. 238
_Schizogenius_, ii. 490
_Schizopygopsis_, ii. 452
_Schizorhina_, ii. 494
_Schizorhis_, ii. 307
_Schizothorax_, ii. 452
_Schoenionta_, ii. 502
Schweinfurth, Dr., on natural history of Central Africa, i. 252
on limits of W. African sub-region, i. 262 (_note_)
_Sciades_, ii. 443
_Sciæna_, ii. 428
SCIÆNIDÆ, ii. 428
SCINCIDÆ, ii. 396
_Scincus_, ii. 397
Scinks, ii. 396
_Scissirostrum_, ii. 288
_Scissor_, ii. 445
_Sciuravus_, N. American Eocene, i. 140
_Sciuravus_, ii. 236
SCIURIDÆ, ii. 234
_Sciuropterus_, ii. 235
_Sciurus_, European Miocene, i. 120
European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 235, 236
Sclater, Mr., on zoological regions, i. 59
why his six regions are adopted, i. 63
on birds of Sandwich Islands, i. 445
on systematic position of _Certhidea_, ii. 31
Sclater and Salvin, Messrs., on Neotropical sub-regions, ii. 25
SCLERODERMI, ii. 457
_Sclerognathus_, ii. 451
SCLERURINÆ, ii. 295
_Sclerurus_, ii. 103
_Scolecophagus_, ii. 282
SCOLOPACIDÆ, ii. 353
_Scolopax_, ii. 353
_Scomber_, ii. 429
SCOMBRESOCIDÆ, ii. 449
_Scombresox_, ii. 449
SCOMBRIDÆ, ii. 429
SCOPELIDÆ, ii. 446
_Scops_, ii. 350
_Scopus_, ii. 360
_Scortornis_, ii. 320
_Scotopelia_, ii. 350
_Scotophilus_, ii. 183
_Scrapteira_, ii. 391
Screamers, ii. 361
Scrub-birds, ii. 299
SCYLLIDÆ, ii. 461
_Scyllium_, ii. 461
_Scytale_, ii. 379
SCYTALIDÆ, ii. 379
_Scytalopus_, ii. 297
_Scythrops_, ii. 310
Sea, as a barrier to mammalia, i. 13
Sea-devils, ii. 463
Seals, fossil in European Miocene, i. 118
of Lake Baikal, i. 218
ii. 203
Sea-pens, ii. 505
Sea-snails, ii. 508
Sea-snakes, ii. 384
_Sebastes_, ii. 428
Secondary formations, mammalian remains in, i. 169
Secretary bird, of Africa, figure of, i. 261
ii. 346
Seemann, Dr., on protective resemblance of sloths, ii. 24
_Seisura_, ii. 270
_Selache_, ii. 460
_Selasphorus_, ii. 108
_Selenidera_, ii. 307
_Selenophorus_, ii. 490
_Seleucides_, ii. 275
_Semioptera_, ii. 275
_Semiplotus_, ii. 452
SEMNOPITHECIDÆ, ii. 171
_Semnopithecus_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 117
Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii. 171
ii. 178
Semper, Dr., on Philippine mammalia, i. 345
_Senira_, ii. 397
SEPIADÆ, ii. 505
SEPIDÆ, ii. 398
_Seps_, ii. 398
_Sepsina_, ii. 398
_Sericinus_, ii. 479
_Sericornis_, ii. 258
_Sericulus_, ii. 275
_Serilophus_, ii. 295
SERPENTARIIDÆ, ii. 346
_Serpentarius_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 346
_Serphophaga_, ii. 101
_Serranus_, ii. 425
_Serrasalmo_, ii. 445
_Sesia_, ii. 482
_Setophaga_, ii. 279
_Setornis_, ii. 267
Seychelle Islands, zoology of, i. 281
amphibia of, i. 281
Shad, ii. 454
Sharks, ii. 460
Sharp, Dr., on Japan beetles, i. 229
Sharpe, Mr. R. B., his arrangement of Accipitres, i. 97
on birds of Cape Verd Islands, i. 215
on classification of Cuckoos, ii. 309
Sheath-bills, ii. 354
Sheep, Palæarctic, i. 182
ii. 221
Short-tailed burrowing snakes, ii. 373
Shrikes, ii. 272
_Sialia_, ii. 260
_Siamanga_, ii. 171
_Siaphos_, ii. 397
Siberia, climate of, i. 217
Siberian sub-region, description of, i. 216
mammalia of, i. 217
birds of, i. 219
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 220
insects of, i. 220
_Sibia_, ii. 262
_Siderone_, ii. 474
_Sieboldia_, ii. 412
_Sigmodon_, ii. 230
_Silondia_, ii. 442
_Silphomorpha_, ii. 490
_Silubosaurus_, ii. 397
_Siluranodon_, ii. 442
_Silurichthys_, ii. 441
SILURIDÆ, ii. 441
_Silurus_, ii. 441
_Silybura_, ii. 374
_Simenia_, ii. 197
_Simia_, ii. 171
SIMIIDÆ, ii. 170
_Simocephalus_, ii. 380
_Simocyon_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
ii. 198
_Simorhynchus_, ii. 367
_Simotes_, ii. 375
_Simpulopsis_, ii. 516
_Sinopa_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Siphia_, ii. 270
_Siphneus_, ii. 230
_Siphonopsis_, ii. 411
_Siphonorhis_, ii. 320
_Siphonostoma_, ii. 457
_Siren_, ii. 411
Sirenia, classification of, i. 89
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 303
range of Oriental genus, i. 374
range of Australian genus of, i. 476
_Sirenia_, European Pliocene, i. 112
European Miocene, i. 119
SIRENIA, ii. 210
SIRENIDÆ, ii. 411
SIRENOIDEI, ii. 458
_Sirystes_, ii. 101
_Sisor_, ii. 444
_Sitana_, ii. 402
_Sitta_, ii. 265
_Sittasomus_, ii. 103
_Sittella_, ii. 265
SITTIDÆ, ii. 265
_Siurus_, ii. 279
_Siva_, ii. 266
_Sivatherium_, Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 226
Siwalik Hills, Miocene deposits of, i. 121
_Skenea_, ii. 510
Sloths, ii. 244
Slugs, ii. 517
_Smaragdochrysis_, ii. 109
_Smerinthus_, ii. 483
_Smiliogaster_, ii. 453
_Sminthus_, ii. 230
Smith, Mr. Frederick, on Hymenoptera of Japan, i. 230
_Smithornis_, ii. 270
_Smutsia_, ii. 245
Snails, ii. 512
Snake, at great elevation in Himalayas, i. 220
Snakes, classification of, i. 99
Eocene, i. 165
large proportion of venomous species in Australia, i. 396
of New Zealand, i. 457
distribution and lines of migration of, ii. 547
Snipes, ii. 353
Society Islands, birds of, i. 443
Socorro, zoology of, ii. 60
Soft-tortoises, ii. 409
_Solarium_, ii. 510
_Solea_, ii. 441
SOLENIDÆ, ii. 536
_Solenodon_, ii. 188
SOLENOSTOMIDÆ, ii. 456
Solitaire, ii. 334
_Somateria_, ii. 364
_Soricictis_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 196
_Soricidæ_, European Miocene, i. 118
SORICIDÆ, ii. 191
_Soridia_, ii. 397
_Sorubim_, ii. 442
_Sotalia_, ii. 209
South African sub-region, description of, i. 266
mammalia of, i. 267
birds of, i. 267
reptiles of, i. 268
amphibia of, i. 268
fresh-water fish of, i. 268
butterflies of, i. 268
coleoptera of, i. 268
summary of its zoology, i. 269
South America, fossil fauna of, i. 143
Pliocene deposits of, i. 146
supposed land connection with Australia, i. 398
South America and Africa, parallelism of their past zoological history,
ii. 83
South Australia, peculiar birds of, i. 441
SPALACIDÆ, ii. 231
_Spalacomys_, ii. 230
_Spalacopus_, ii. 238
_Spalax_, ii. 231
_Sparganura_, ii. 108
SPARIDÆ, ii. 426
_Spatula_, ii. 364
Species, representative, i. 4
_Spelerpes_, ii. 413
_Speothos_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
_Spermestes_, ii. 287
_Spermophila_, ii. 285
_Spermophilus_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 235, 236
_Spermospiza_, ii. 286
Sperm Whales, ii. 207
_Sphærocephalus_, ii. 209
_Sphærodactylus_, ii. 400
_Sphæroderus_, ii. 490
_Sphallomorpha_, ii. 490
_Sphecotheres_, ii. 268
_Sphenæacus_, ii. 258
SPHENISCIDÆ, ii. 366
_Spheniscus_, ii. 366
_Sphenocephalus_, ii. 398
_Sphenodon_, in Brazilian caves, i. 115
ii. 245
_Sphenognathus_, ii. 493
_Sphenoproctus_, ii. 107
_Sphenops_, ii. 398
_Sphenostoma_, ii. 266
_Sphenura_, ii. 258
SPHINGIDÆ, ii. 482
Sphingidea, distribution of, ii. 483
SPHINGINA, ii. 481
_Sphingnotus_, ii. 501
_Sphinx_, in European Oolite, i. 167
ii. 482
Sphinx Moths, ii. 482
_Sphyrapicus_, ii. 303
SPHYRENIDÆ, ii. 429
Spider monkeys, ii. 174
_Spilornis_, ii. 348
_Spilotes_, ii. 376
SPINACIDÆ, ii. 461
_Spindalis_, ii. 98, 284
_Spiraxis_, ii. 515
SPIRIFERIDÆ, ii. 532
SPIRULIDÆ, ii. 505
_Spizaëtus_, ii. 348
_Spizella_, ii. 284
_Spiziapteryx_, ii. 349
_Spiziastur_, ii. 348
_Spodiornis_, ii. 285
_Sponsor_, ii. 497
Spoonbills, ii. 360
_Sporadinus_, ii. 109
_Sporopipes_, ii. 286
Sprat, ii. 454
_Spreo_, ii. 288
_Squalodon_, ii. 210
_Squaliobarbus_, ii. 452
SQUAMIPENNES, ii. 427
_Squatarola_, ii. 356
Squirrel monkeys, ii. 175
Squirrels, ii. 234
St. Helena, zoological features of, i. 269
coleoptera of, i. 270
landshells of, i. 271
St. Thomas's Island, birds of, i. 266
_Stachyris_, ii. 261
_Stactolæma_, ii. 306
Stag-beetles, ii. 492
_Stalagmosoma_, ii. 495
Starlings, ii. 287
_Starnoenas_, ii. 33
Stations, definition of, i. 4
_Staurotypus_, ii. 408
_Steatomys_, ii. 230
_Steatornis_, ii. 319
STEATORNITHIDÆ, ii. 319
_Steganura_, ii. 108
_Stegnolæma_, ii. 343
_Stegophilus_, ii. 444
_Stelgidopteryx_, ii. 281
_Stellio_, ii. 402
_Stellula_, ii. 108
_Steneofiber_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 234
_Steno_, ii. 209
_Stenodactylus_, ii. 400
_Stenogyra_, ii. 515
_Stenopsis_, ii. 320
_Stenopus_, ii. 516
_Stenorhina_, ii. 375
_Stenorhynchus_, ii. 204
ii. 421
_Stephanophorus_, ii. 98
_Stercorarius_, ii. 304
_Sterna_, ii. 364
_Sternarchus_, ii. 455
_Sternocera_, ii. 496
_Sternoclyta_, ii. 107
STERNOPTYCHIDÆ, ii. 446
_Sternopygus_, ii. 455
_Sternotheres_, ii. 408
_Steropus_, ii. 489
_Stesilea_, ii. 501
_Stethodesma_, ii. 495
_Sthenurus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 251
_Stichæus_, ii. 431
Sticklebacks, ii. 424
_Stigmatura_, ii. 101
_Stigmodera_, ii. 496
STOMIATIDÆ, ii. 447
Storks, ii. 360
_Stabomantis_, ii. 419
Straits of Magellan, mammalia of, ii. 37
birds of, ii. 39
_Strepera_, ii. 273
_Strepsilas_, ii. 356
_Streptaulus_, ii. 520
_Streptaxis_, ii. 515
_Streptocerus_, ii. 493
_Streptocitta_, ii. 274
_Streptophorus_, ii. 374
STRIGIDÆ, ii. 350
_Stringops_, ii. 329
STRINGOPIDÆ, ii. 329
_Strix_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 350
STROMBIDÆ, ii. 507
_Struthio_, ii. 368
Struthiones, arrangement of, i. 98
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 313
range of Australian genera of, i. 485
STRUTHIONES, ii. 368
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 370
STRUTHIONIDÆ, ii. 368
Struthious birds, probable origin of, i. 287
Sturgeons, ii. 459
_Sturnella_, ii. 282
_Sturnia_, ii. 287
STURNIDÆ, ii. 287
_Sturnopastor_, ii. 287
_Sturnus_, ii. 287
STYGIIDÆ, ii. 482
_Stygogenes_, ii. 444
_Stylinodontia_, N. American Eocene, i. 139
_Stylinodontidæ_, N. American Eocene, i. 139
_Styporhynchus_, ii. 376
_Sublegatus_, ii. 101
Sub-regions, on what principle formed, i. 180
Palæarctic, i. 191
Ethiopian, i. 258
Oriental, i. 321
Australian, i. 408
Neotropical, ii. 21
Nearctic, ii. 125
_Succinea_, ii. 515
Sugar-birds, ii. 278
_Suidæ_, European Miocene, i. 119
SUIDÆ, ii. 214
Sula Islands, fauna of, i. 433
_Sula_, ii. 365
Summary of relations of regions, ii. 155
Sun-birds, ii. 276
Sun-bitterns, ii. 358
_Suricata_, ii. 195
_Surnia_, ii. 350
_Surniculus_, ii. 310
_Sus_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 119
Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 215
_Suthora_, ii. 262
_Suya_, ii. 258
Swallows, ii. 281
Swallow-shrikes, ii. 288
Swifts, ii. 320
Swine, ii. 214
Swinhoe, Mr., on zoology of Formosa and Hainan, i. 332
_Sycalis_, ii. 284
_Sylvia_, ii. 259
_Sylvietta_, ii. 264
SYLVIIDÆ, ii. 256
SYLVIINÆ, ii. 257
_Sylviorthorhynchus_, ii. 103
_Sylviparus_, ii. 266
_Syma_, ii. 316
_Symborodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
SYMBRANCHIDÆ, ii. 455
_Symbranchus_, ii. 455
_Symmachia_, ii. 476
_Symmorphus_, ii. 269
_Symphædra_, ii. 474
_Symphysodon_, ii. 439
_Symplectes_, ii. 286
SYNALLAXINÆ, ii. 295
_Synallaxis_, ii. 103
_Synaphodus_, European Miocene, i. 119
_Synaptura_, ii. 441
_Synchloe_, ii. 474
_Syndesus_, ii. 493
_Synemon_, ii. 481
_Syngnathus_, ii. 457
SYNGNATHIDÆ, ii. 457
_Synodontis_, ii. 443
_Synoplotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Syntomis_, ii. 481
_Syrnium_, ii. 350
_Syrrhaptes_, ii. 337
_Sysopygis_, ii. 101
T.
Tables of distribution of families and genera explained, i. 177
_Taccocoua_, ii. 309
_Tachydromus_, ii. 391
_Tachyphonus_, ii. 99
_Tachyris_, ii. 478
_Tachytriorchis_, ii. 348
_Tadorna_, ii. 363
_Tæniogale_, ii. 195
_Tænioptera_, ii. 100, 291
TÆNIOPTERINÆ, ii. 291
_Tæniura_, ii. 463
_Talegallus_, ii. 342
_Talpa_, European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 190
TALPIDÆ, ii. 190
_Tamandua_, ii. 247
_Tamias_, ii. 235, 236
_Tanæcia_, ii. 474
Tanagers, ii. 283
_Tanagra_, ii. 98
_Tanagrella_, ii. 98
TANAGRIDÆ, ii. 283
_Tantalus_, ii. 361
_Tanygnathus_, ii. 326
_Tanysiptera_, ii. 316
_Taoniscus_, ii. 344
_Taphozous_, ii. 183
_Tapir_, fossil in N. China, i. 123
Tapir, Malayan figure of, i. 337
_Tapiridæ_, European Eocene, i. 125
TAPIRIDÆ, ii. 212
Tapirs, birthplace and migrations of, i. 154
ii. 212
_Tapirus_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Indian Miocene, i. 122
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
_Tarandus_, ii. 219
_Tarentola_, ii. 400
Tarsier, Malayan, figure of, i. 337
_Tarsiger_, ii. 259
TARSIIDÆ, ii. 177
_Tarsipes_, ii. 252
_Tarsius_, ii. 177
Tasmania, comparative zoological poverty of, i. 441
_Tatare_, ii. 258
_Tatusia_, ii. 246
_Taxidea_, ii. 199
_Taxila_, ii. 475
_Taxodon_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 200
_Taygetis_, ii. 471
_Tchitrea_, ii. 271
TECTONARCHINÆ, ii. 275
Teguexius, ii. 390
TEIDÆ, ii. 390
_Teinopalpus_, ii. 479
_Teira_, ii. 391
_Teius_, ii. 390
_Teleopis_, ii. 375
TELEOSTEI, ii. 424
_Telephonus_, ii. 272
_Tellia_, ii. 450
TELLINIDÆ, ii. 506
_Telmatobius_, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164
ii. 417
_Telmatolestes_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Temnotrogon_, ii. 314
_Temnurus_, ii. 273
_Tephrocorys_, ii. 289
_Tephrodornis_, ii. 272
_Teracolus_, ii. 478
_Terebratula_, ii. 539
TEREBRATULIDÆ, ii. 532
_Terekia_, ii. 353
_Terenura_, ii. 104
_Teretristis_, ii. 279
_Terias_, ii. 478
_Terinos_, ii. 474
Terns, ii. 364
_Terrapene_, ii. 408
Terrestrial Molluscs, ii. 512
Terrestrial Mollusca, summary and conclusion, ii. 551
lines of migration of, ii. 552
_Tesia_, ii. 263
_Testacella_, ii. 516
ii. 517
TESTUDINIDÆ, ii. 407
_Testudo_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
Indian Miocene, i. 123
great antiquity of the genus, i. 289
_Testudo_, ii. 408
_Tethionea_, ii. 501
TETRABRANCHIATA, ii. 506
_Tetracha_, ii. 486, 487
_Tetrachus_, European Miocene, i. 117
_Tetraceros_, ii. 224
_Tetracus_, ii. 188
_Tetradactylus_, ii. 397
_Tetragonoderus_, ii. 490
_Tetragonops_, ii. 306
_Tetragonopterus_, ii. 445
_Tetragonosoma, ii. 380_
_Tetranematichthys_, ii. 443
_Tetrao albus_, in Italian caverns, i. 161
_Tetrao_, ii. 339
_Tetraogallus_, ii. 339
TETRAONIDÆ, ii. 338
_Tetraophasis_, ii. 340
_Tetrodon_, ii. 457
TEUTHIDÆ, ii. 505
TEUTHIDIDÆ, ii. 433
_Textor_, ii. 286
_Thais_, ii. 479
_Thalassarctos_, ii. 201
_Thalassictis_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 195
ii. 197
_Thalassornis_, ii. 364
_Thaleichthys_, ii. 447
_Thalurania_, ii. 107
_Thamnistes_, ii. 104
_Thamnobia_, ii. 260
_Thamnodyastes_, ii. 379
_Thamnomanes_, ii. 104
THAMNOPHILINÆ, ii. 297
_Thamnophilus_, ii. 104
_Thaumalea_, ii. 340
_Thaumantis_, ii. 472
_Thaumastura_, ii. 108
_Thaumatias_, ii. 109
_Thecla_, ii. 477
_Theloderma_, ii. 419
_Theope_, ii. 476
_Theorema_, ii. 477
_Theraps_, ii. 438
_Therates_, ii. 486
_Theridomys_, European Miocene, i. 126
European Eocene, i. 126
S. American Eocene, i. 148
ii. 239
_Theropithecus_, ii. 173
_Thestias_, ii. 478
_Thestor_, ii. 477
_Thetia_, ii. 391
THINOCORIDÆ, ii. 354
_Thinocorus_, ii. 354
_Thinohyus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
ii. 215
_Thinolestes_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Thinornis_, ii. 356
_Thomomys_, ii. 233
_Thous_, ii. 197
_Thrasaëtus_, ii. 348
_Threnetes_, ii. 107
_Thripadectes_, ii. 103
_Thripophaga_, ii. 103
_Thryophilus_, ii. 263
_Thryothorus_, ii. 263
Thrushes, ii. 255
_Thyca_, ii. 471
_Thylacinus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 249
_Thylacoleo_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 252
_Thymallus_, ii. 447
_Thynnichthys_, ii. 452
_Thynnus_, ii. 429
_Thyreopterus_, ii. 491
_Thyrus_, ii. 398
_Tiaris_, ii. 284
ii. 402
_Tichodroma_, ii. 264
_Tiga_, ii. 303
Tiger-beetles, ii. 486
_Tigrisoma_, ii. 359
_Tijuca_, ii. 102
_Tillodontia_, N. American Eocene, i. 139
_Tillotheridæ_, N. American Eocene, i. 139
_Tillotherium_, N. American Eocene, i. 139
_Tilmatura_, ii. 108
_Timalia_, ii. 261
TIMALIIDÆ, ii. 260
_Timetes_, ii. 474
Timor, physical features of, i. 389
group, mammalia of, i. 422
birds of, i. 422
origin of fauna of, i. 424
insects of, i. 426
TINAMIDÆ, ii. 343
TINAMINÆ, ii. 344
Tinamous, ii. 343
TINAMOTINÆ, ii. 344
_Tinamotis_, ii. 344
_Tinamus_, ii. 344
_Tinca_, ii. 452
_Tinoceras_, N. American Eocene, i. 139
_Titanomys_, European Miocene, i. 121
ii. 242
_Titanotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
Tits, ii. 265
_Tityra_, ii. 102
TITYRINÆ, ii. 293
_Tmesisternus_, ii. 501
Toads, ii. 415
_Tockus_, ii. 317
TODIDÆ, ii. 313
Todies, ii. 313
_Todirhamphus_, ii. 316
_Todirostrum_, ii. 101
_Todopsis_, ii. 271
_Todus_, ii. 313
_Tolypeutes_, ii. 246
_Tomarctos_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
_Tomistoma_, ii. 405
_Tomodon_, ii. 175
Tonga Islands, birds of, i. 443
_Topaza_, ii. 107
TORNATELLIDÆ, ii. 530
TORPEDINIDÆ, ii. 462
Tortoises, classification of, i. 100
of Mascarene Islands and Galapagos, i. 289
ii. 407
TORTRICIDÆ, ii. 373
_Tortrix_, ii. 373
_Totanus_, ii. 353
Toucans, ii. 306
Touraco of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264
_Toxodon_, S. American Pliocene, i. 137
_Toxodontidæ_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
_Toxotus_, ii. 502
_Trachelyopterus_, ii. 443
TRACHINIDÆ, ii. 428
_Trachinus_, ii. 428
_Trachurus_, ii. 429
_Trachycephalus_, ii. 401
ii. 418
_Trachydosaurus_, ii. 397
_Trachyphonus_, ii. 306
TRACHYPTERIDÆ, ii. 432
_Trachytherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
TRAGELAPHINÆ, ii. 223
_Tragelaphus_, ii. 223
_Tragocerus_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
Tragopan, Himalayan, figure of, i. 331
_Tragops_, ii. 379
TRAGULIDÆ, ii. 218
_Tragulus_, ii. 218
_Trapelus_, ii. 402
_Trechus_, ii. 489
Tree-crows, ii. 273
Tree-kangaroo, figure of, i. 415
Tree-shrew of Borneo, figure of, i. 337
Tree-snakes, ii. 378
_Tremarctos_, ii. 202
_Treron_, ii. 332
Tres Marias, zoology of, ii. 59
_Tribolonotus_, ii. 397
_Triboniophorus_, ii. 517
_Tribonyx_, ii. 352
_Trichastoma_, ii. 261
TRICHECHIDÆ, ii. 203
_Trichechus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 203
TRICHIURIDÆ, ii. 429
_Trichixos_, ii. 262
TRICHOGLOSSIDÆ, ii. 327
Trichoglossidæ, birds specially adapted to Australia, i. 393
_Trichoglossus_, ii. 327
_Tricholæma_, ii. 306
_Trichomycterus_, ii. 444
_Trycondyla_, ii. 486
_Trichonis_, ii. 477
TRICHONOTIDÆ, ii. 435
_Trichothraupis_, ii. 99
_Trichotropis_, ii. 507
_Triclaria_, ii. 328
TRIDACNIDÆ, ii. 535
_Trigla_, ii. 428
TRIGLIDÆ, ii. 427
_Trigona_, ii. 536
TRIGONIADÆ, ii. 534
_Trigonoptera_, ii. 501
_Trimeresurus_, ii. 385
_Tringa_, ii. 353
_Tringoides_, ii. 353
TRIONYCHIDÆ, ii. 409
_Trionyx_, Indian Miocene, i. 123
Miocene and Eocene, i. 165
ii. 409
_Triprion_, ii. 418
_Triptorhinus_, ii. 297
Tristan d'Acunha, zoology of, i. 271
Tristram, Canon, summary of the birds of Palestine, i. 203
on the arrangement of the Sylviidæ, ii. 257
_Triton_, ii. 413
TRITONIADÆ, ii. 530
_Trochalopteron_, ii. 261
_Trochatella_, ii. 522
TROCHILIDÆ, ii. 321
_Trochilus_, ii. 108
_Trochus_, ii. 510
_Troglodytes_, ii. 170
ii. 263
TROGLODYTIDÆ, ii. 263
Trogon, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 314
_Trogon_, ii. 314
TROGONIDÆ, ii. 314
TROGONOPHIDÆ, ii. 388
Trogonophis, ii. 388
_Trogontherium_, Post-Pliocene of Europe, i. 111
ii. 234
_Tropidechis_, ii. 383
_Tropidococcyx_, ii. 379
_Tropidodipsas_, ii. 379
_Tropidolepis_, ii. 401
_Tropidolepisma_, ii. 397
_Tropidonotus_, ii. 375
_Tropidophorus_, ii. 397
_Tropidopterus_, ii. 490
_Tropidorhynchus_, ii. 276
_Trucifelis_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129
_Trugon_, ii. 333
Trumpeters, ii. 358
_Truncatella_, ii. 519
_Trgyon_, ii. 463
TRYGONIDÆ, ii. 463
Tuatara, ii. 405
_Tudora_, ii. 521
Tundras of Siberia, greatest extent of, i. 216
_Tupaia_, ii. 186
TUPAIIDÆ, ii. 186
_Tupaiidæ_, European Miocene, i. 118
_Turacoena_, ii. 333
Turacos, ii. 307
_Turacus_, ii. 307
TURBINIDÆ, ii. 510
TURDIDÆ, ii. 255
_Turdinus_, ii. 262
_Turdus_, ii. 256
_Turnagra_, ii. 262
Turner, Mr., on classification of Edentata, i. 90
TURNICIDÆ, ii. 341
_Turnix_, ii. 341
TURRITELLIDÆ, ii. 509
_Tursio_, ii. 209
Turtles, ii. 409
_Turtur_, ii. 333
_Tylas_, ii. 267
_Tylodon_, European Eocene, i. 125
ii. 196
_Tylognathus_, ii. 451
_Tylotriton_, ii. 413
_Typhlina_, ii. 372
_Typhline_, ii. 372
_Typhlocalamus_, ii. 374
TYPHLOPIDÆ, ii. 372
_Typhlops_, ii. 372
_Typhloscincus_, ii. 399
_Typotherium_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
TYRANNIDÆ, ii. 290
TYRANNINÆ, ii. 291
_Tyranniscus_, ii. 101
_Tyrannulus_, ii. 101
_Tyrannus_, ii. 102, 291
Tyrant-Shrikes, ii. 290
U.
_Uaru_, ii. 439
_Uintacyon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Uintatherium_, N. American Eocene, i. 139
_Uintornis_, N. American Eocene, i. 163
_Uma_, ii. 401
UMBRIDÆ, ii. 449
_Umbrina_, ii. 428
_Ungalia_, ii. 381
Ungulata, classification of, i. 89
antiquity of, i. 154
of the Palæarctic region, i. 182
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 241
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 303
range of Oriental genera of, i. 374
range of Australian genera of, i. 476
_Ungulata_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 119
Indian Miocene, i. 121
European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 135
of Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
UNGULATA, ii. 211
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 226
summary and conclusion, ii. 542
_Unio_, European Secondary, i. 169
ii. 534
UNIONIDÆ, ii. 534
_Upucerthia_, ii. 103
UPUPIDÆ, ii. 317
_Uragus_, ii. 285
Urania of Madagascar, i. 282
_Urania_, ii. 482
URANIIDÆ, ii. 482
_Uria_, ii. 367
_Uroaëtus_, ii. 348
_Urocissa_, ii. 273
_Urochroa_, ii. 107
_Urochroma_, ii. 328
_Urocyon_, ii. 197
URODELA, ii. 411
_Urogalba_, ii. 311
_Urolestes_, ii. 272
_Uromastix_, ii. 402
UROPELTIDÆ, ii. 373
_Uuropeltis_, ii. 374
_Uropsila_, ii. 264
_Uropsilus_, ii. 190
_Uropsophorus_, ii. 385
_Urospatha_, ii. 313
_Urospizias_, ii. 348
_Urosticte_, ii. 108
_Urotrichus_, ii. 190
_Urotriorchis_, ii. 347
_Ursidæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
URSIDÆ, ii. 201
_Ursitaxus_, Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii. 200
_Ursus_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii. 201
_Urubutinga_, ii. 348
_Urva_, ii. 195
_Uta_, ii. 401
_Utica_, ii. 477
V.
_Vaginulus_, ii. 518
_Valgus_, ii. 495
_Valvata_, ii. 510
Vanga of Madagascar, figure of, i. 278
_Vanga_, ii. 272
_Vandellia_, ii. 444
_Vanellus_, ii. 356
_Vanessa_, ii. 474
VARANIDÆ, ii. 389
_Varanus_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
Indian Miocene, i. 123
VENERIDÆ, ii. 536
_Venilia_, ii. 303
_Vermicella_, ii. 383
_Verreauxia_, ii. 303
Vertebrata, summary of Palæarctic, i. 186
summary of Ethiopian, i. 255
summary of Oriental, i. 318
summary of Australian, i. 397
summary of Neotropical, ii. 13
summary of Nearctic, ii. 120
_Vespertilio_, European Eocene, i. 125
ii. 183
VESPERTILIONIDÆ, ii. 183
_Vidua_, ii. 286
_Vipera_, ii. 385
VIPERIDÆ, ii. 385
_Viperus_, European Miocene, i. 165
Vipers, ii. 385
_Vireo_, ii. 280
VIREONIDÆ, ii. 279
_Vireolanius_, ii. 280
_Vireosylvia_, ii. 280
Viscacha, ii. 237
_Vitrina_, ii. 516
_Viverra_, European Pliocene, i. 112
European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 195
_Viverricula_, ii. 195
_Viverridæ_, European Miocene, i. 118
European Eocene, i. 125
VIVERRIDÆ, ii. 194
_Vivia_, ii. 303
_Volatinia_, ii. 284
_Voluta_, ii. 508
Volutes, ii. 508
VOLUTIDÆ, ii. 508
_Volvocivora_, ii. 269
_Vulpes_, ii. 197
_Vultur_, ii. 346
VULTURIDÆ, ii. 345
VULTURINÆ, ii. 346
W.
Wagtails, ii. 290
Walden, Viscount, on birds of Philippine islands, i. 346
on birds of Celebes, i. 428
on arrangement of the Timaliidæ, ii. 261
_Wallago_, ii. 441
Wall-lizards, ii. 399
Walrus, ii. 203
Wart-snakes, ii. 382
_Washakius_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Waterhouse, Mr. G. R., on classification of rodentia, i. 90
on classification of marsupials, i. 91
Water-lizards, ii. 389
Weaver-finches, ii. 286
West African sub-region, description of, i. 262
mammalia of, i. 262
birds of, i. 262
Oriental or Malayan element in, i. 263
river scene with characteristic animals, i. 264
reptiles of, i. 264
amphibia of, i. 264
Oriental and Neotropical relations of, i. 265
insects of, i. 265
land-shells of, i. 265
islands of, i. 265
West Australia, peculiar birds of, i. 441
Whelks, ii. 507
Whip-snakes, ii. 379
Whydah finch of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264
Wing-shells, ii. 507
ii. 533
Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on the Coleoptera of the Atlantic Islands, i. 209
on the wings of the Madeiran beetles, i. 211
on the origin of the insect fauna of the Atlantic Islands, i. 214
on the Coleoptera of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215
on the beetles of St. Helena, i. 270
Wombats, ii. 253
Woodpeckers, ii. 302
Wood-warblers, ii. 278
Woolly monkeys, ii. 174
Wrens, ii. 263
Wrynecks, ii. 304
X.
_Xanthocephalus_, ii. 282
_Xantholæma_, ii. 306
_Xanthomelus_, ii. 275
_Xanthopygia_, ii. 270
_Xanthosomus_, ii. 282
_Xanthotis_, ii. 275
_Xema_, ii. 364
_Xenelaphis_, ii. 376
_Xenica_, ii. 471
_Xenicus_, ii. 265
_Xenochrophys_, ii. 375
_Xenocypris_, ii. 452
_Xenodermus_, ii. 376
_Xenodon_, ii. 375
XENOPELTIDÆ, ii. 373
_Xenopeltis_, ii. 373
_Xenophrys_, ii. 421
_Xenopipo_, ii. 102
_Xenops_, ii. 103
_Xenorhina_, ii. 415
XENORHINIDÆ, ii. 415
_Xenospingus_, ii. 284
_Xenurelaps_, ii. 383
_Xenurus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 246
_Xiphias_, ii. 430
_Xiphidiopicus_, ii. 303
XIPHIIDÆ, ii. 430
_Xiphius_, ii. 208
_Xiphocolaptes_, ii. 103
_Xiphodontidæ_, European Miocene, i. 119
_Xipholena_, ii. 102
_Xiphorhampus_, ii. 445
_Xiphorhynchus_, ii. 103
_Xiphostoma_, ii. 445
_Xystrocera_, ii. 501
Y.
_Ypthima_, ii. 471
_Yuhina_, ii. 266
YUNGIDÆ, ii. 304
_Yungipicus_, ii. 303
_Yunx_, ii. 304
Z.
_Zabrus_, ii. 489
_Zalophus_, ii. 203
_Zamenis_, ii. 375
_Zanclostomus_, ii. 309
_Zaocys_, ii. 375
Zebras, ii. 211
_Zegris_, ii. 478
_Zemeros_, ii. 475
_Zenaida_, ii. 333
_Zenaidura_, ii. 332
_Zephyrus_, ii. 477
_Zeuglodon_, ii. 210
_Zeuglodontidæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
ii. 210
_Zeus_, ii. 429
_Zeuxidia_, ii. 472
_Zoarces_, ii. 431
_Zonites_, ii. 516
_Zonites priscus_, Palæozoic, i. 169
_Zonotrichia_, ii. 284
ZONURIDÆ, ii. 391
_Zonurus_, ii. 392
Zoological characteristics of Palæarctic region, i. 181
Ethiopian region, i. 252
Oriental region, i. 315
Australian region, i. 390
of Neotropical region, ii. 5
of Nearctic region, ii. 115
Zoological regions, discussion on, i. 50
their origin and relations, ii. 155-161
_Zoothera_, ii. 256
_Zootoca_, ii. 391
_Zosterops_, ii. 277
_Zygæna_, ii. 481
ZYGÆNIDÆ, ii. 481
_Zygnopsis_, ii. 398
THE END.
LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS.
Notes
[1] Messrs. Sclater and Salvin, and Professor Newton, divide the
Neotropical Region into six sub-regions, of which our "Brazilian
sub-region" comprises three--the "Brazilian," the "Amazonian," and the
"Columbian;" but, after due consideration, it does not seem advisable
to adopt this subdivision in a general work which treats of all the
classes of terrestrial animals. (See p. 27.)
[2] Mr. Salvin, who has critically examined the ornithological fauna of
these islands, has kindly corrected my MS. List of the Birds, his
valuable paper in the _Transactions of the Zoological Society_ not
having been published in time for me to make use of it.
[3] This name will be used for the whole island of St. Domingo, as being
both shorter and more euphonious, and avoiding all confusion with
Dominica, one of the Lesser Antilles. It is also better known than
"Hispaniola," which is perhaps the most correct name.
[4] Myospalax has hitherto formed part of the next family, Spalacidæ; but a
recent examination of its anatomy by M. Milne-Edwards shows that it
belongs to the Muridæ, and comes near Arvicola.
[5] The species of the genera _Phylloscopus_ and _Hypolais_ are so mixed up
in the _Hand List_, that Mr. Tristram has furnished me with the
following enumeration of the species which in his view properly belong
to them, by the numbers in that work:--
_Phylloscopus._
3032
3033
3048 = 3038
3039
3063 = 3047 = 3054 = 3061
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3056 = 3081
3057
3059
3060
_Hypolais._
3026
3028
3029
3054 = 3031 = 3036
3042
3043
304
3062 = 3047
3046 = 2932
3035
2976
[6] The term "Malaya" is used here to include the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Borneo, and Java, a district to which many species and genera are
confined. "Malay Archipelago" will be used to include both Indo-Malaya
and Austro-Malaya.