_Custa_, ii. 390
_Cutia_, ii. 266
Cuttle fish, ii. 505
_Cyanecula_, ii. 259
_Cyanocorax_, ii. 273
_Cyanomyia_, ii. 109
_Cyanopica_, ii. 273
_Cyanoptila_, ii. 270
_Cyanorhamphus_, ii. 325
_Cyanospiza_, ii. 284
_Cyanotis_, ii. 101
_Cyanurus_, ii. 273
_Cybernetes_, ii. 101
_Cychloris_, ii. 280
_Cychrus_, ii. 489
CYCLADIDÆ, ii. 535
_Cyclas_, ii. 535
_Cyclocorus_, ii. 380
_Cycloderma_, ii. 409
_Cyclodina_, ii. 397
_Cyclodus_, ii. 397
_Cyclophis_, ii. 376
_Cyclophorus_, ii. 520
_Cyclopterus_, ii. 430
_Cyclopsitta_, ii. 326
_Cyclorhamphus_, ii. 420
_Cyclostoma_, Eocene, i. 169
CYCLOSTOMATA, ii. 463
CYCLOSTOMIDÆ, ii. 520
_Cyclostomus_, ii. 521
_Cyclothorus_, ii. 247
_Cyclotopsis_, ii. 521
_Cyclotus_, ii. 521
_Cyclusa_, ii. 401
_Cygnus_, ii. 363
_Cylindrella_, ii. 515
_Cylindrophis_, ii. 373
_Cyllo sepulta_, European Cretaceous, i. 167
_Cymba_, ii. 508
_Cymbilanius_, ii. 104
_Cymbirhynchus_, ii. 295
_Cymindis_, ii. 489
_Cynælurus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 193
_Cynanthus_, ii. 108
_Cynictis_, ii. 195
_Cynocephalus_, ii. 173
_Cynodictis_, ii. 198
_Cynodon_, ii. 445
_Cynogale_, ii. 195
CYNOPITHECIDÆ, ii. 172
Cynopithecus of Celebes, affinities of, i. 427
_Cynopithecus_, ii. 173
_Cynomys_, ii. 235
_Cyornis_, ii. 270
_Cyotherium_, European Eocene, i. 125
ii. 198
_Cyphogastra_, ii. 496
_Cyphorhinus_, ii. 264
CYPRÆIDÆ, ii. 508
_Cyprina_, ii. 535
CYPRINIDÆ, ii. 451
ii. 535
_Cyprinus_, ii. 451
_Cyprinion_, ii. 452
_Cyprinodon_, ii. 450
CYPRINODONTIDÆ, ii. 450
CYPSELIDÆ, ii. 320
_Cypseloides_, ii. 320
_Cypselus_, ii. 320
_Cypsnagra_, ii. 99
_Cyrena_, ii. 535
_Cyrestis_, ii. 474
_Cyrtonotus_, ii. 489
_Cyrtonyx_, ii. 339
_Cyrtophis_, ii. 383
_Cystignathus_, ii. 420
_Cystophora_, ii. 204
D.
_Dacelo_, ii. 316
_Dacnis_, ii. 278
_Dactylethra_, ii. 422
DACTYLETHRIDÆ, ii. 422
_Dactylomys_, ii. 239
_Dactylopsila_, ii. 249
_Dactylozodes_, ii. 496
_Dafila_, ii. 363
_Dama_, ii. 219
_Damias_, ii. 481
_Damophila_, ii. 109
DANAIDÆ, ii. 470
_Danais_, ii. 470
_Dangila_, ii. 451
_Danio_, ii. 452
_Daptophilus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Darters, ii. 365
Darwin, Mr., his explanation of the cause of the abundance of apterous
insects in Madeira, i. 211
on the relation of flowers and insects, i. 463
amphibia collected by, in S. Temperate America, ii. 41
mice collected by, in S. Temperate America, ii. 37
on physical geography of the Galapagos, ii. 33
_Dasia_, ii. 397
_Dasylophus_, ii. 309
_Dasyopthalma_, ii. 472
_Dasypeltis_, ii. 377
DASYPODIDÆ, ii. 245
_Dasyprocta_, European Miocene, i. 121
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 241
_Dasyptilus_, ii. 329
_Dasypus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 246
DASYURIDÆ, ii. 249
_Dasyurus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 249
_Daudebardia_, ii. 516
David, Père, his researches in China and Thibet, i. 221, 222
on birds of N. China, i. 226
_Debis_, ii. 471
Deer, fossil in N. American Tertiary formations, i. 138
Palæarctic, i. 182
probable cause of absence from tropical Africa, i. 291
ii. 218
_Deilephila_, ii. 482
_Deltatria_, ii. 107
_Delma_, ii. 395
_Deloneura_, ii. 477
_Delphinapterus_, ii. 209
DELPHINIDÆ, ii. 208
_Delphinus_, European Pliocene, i. 112
ii. 209
DENDRASPIDIDÆ, ii. 383
_Dendraspis_, ii. 383
_Dendrexetastes_, ii. 104
_Dendrochelidon_, ii. 320
_Dendrocitta_, ii. 273
_Dendrocolaptes_, ii. 103
DENDROCOLAPTIDÆ, ii. 295
DENDROCOLAPTINÆ, ii. 295
_Dendrocincla_, ii. 103
_Dendrocygna_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 363
_Dendroeca_, ii. 279
_Dendrohyrax_, ii. 229
_Dendrolagus_, ii. 251
_Dendromus_, ii. 303
_Dendromys_, ii. 230
_Dendrophila_, ii. 265
DENDROPHIDÆ, ii. 378
_Dendrophis_, ii. 378
_Dendropicus_, ii. 303
_Dendroplex_, ii. 103
_Dendrornis_, ii. 103
_Dendrortyx_, ii. 339
_Denisonia_, ii. 383
DENTALIADÆ, ii. 512
_Dentalium_, ii. 512
ii. 539
_Dentex_, ii. 426
_Dercas_, ii. 478
_Dermatemys_, ii. 408
_Dermatocera_, ii. 520
_Dermatochelys_, ii. 409
_Deroptyus_, ii. 328
_Dermognathus_, ii. 413
Desert-snakes, ii. 377
Desman of S. Russia, figure of, i. 219
_Desmodus_, ii. 182
_Deudorix_, ii. 477
_Diadema_, ii. 474
_Diagramma_, ii. 426
_Dibamus_, ii. 372
DIBRANCHIATA, ii. 505
DICÆIDÆ, ii. 277
_Dicælus_, ii. 490
_Dicæum_, ii. 277
_Dicallaneura_, ii. 475
_Dicamptodon_, ii. 413
_Diceratherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
_Dicerca_, ii. 496
_Dicerobatis_, ii. 463
_Dichobune_, European Eocene, i. 126
_Dicotyles_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 137
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
birthplace and migrations of, i. 155
ii. 215
_Dicotylinæ_, ii. 214
_Dicrocerus_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 220
_Dicrodon_, ii. 390
_Dicroglossus_, ii. 421
_Dicrorrhagia_, ii. 474
DICRURIDÆ, ii. 269
_Dicrurus_, ii. 269
DIDELPHYIDÆ, ii. 248
_Didelphys_, European Eocene, i. 126
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 248
_Dididæ_, i. 164
DIDIDÆ, ii. 334
_Didocus_, ii. 417
DIDUNCULIDÆ, ii. 333
_Didunculus_, ii. 334
_Didus_, ii. 334
_Dieba_, ii. 197
_Diemenia_, ii. 383
_Diglossa_, ii. 278
_Diglossopis_, ii. 278
_Dilophus_, ii. 287
_Dilophyrus_, ii. 402
_Dimodes_, ii. 377
_Dimylus_, ii. 190
_Dinictis_, ii. 194
_Dinoceras_, N. American Eocene, i. 139
_Dinocerata_, N. American Tertiary, i. 139
_Dinornis_, allied form in European Eocene, i. 163
of New Zealand and Australia, i. 164
ii. 369
_Dinornithidæ_ of New Zealand, i. 164
DINORNITHIDÆ, ii. 269
_Dinotherium_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
Miocene of Perim Island, i. 123
_Dinyctis_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Dinylus_, European Miocene, i. 117
_Diomedia_, ii. 365
_Dioplodon_, ii. 208
_Diorhina_, ii. 476
_Diphlogæna_, ii. 108
_Diphylla_, ii. 182
_Diphyllodes_, ii. 274
_Diplacodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
_Diplodactylus_, ii. 399
_Diploglossus_, ii. 397
_Diplolæmus_, ii. 401
_Diplomesodon_, ii. 191
DIPLOMMATINIDÆ, ii. 519
_Diplommatina_, ii. 520
_Diplomystax_, ii. 443
_Diplopelma_, ii. 416
_Diplopoma_, ii. 521
_Diplopterus_, ii. 309
DIPNOI, ii. 458
DIPODIDÆ, ii. 231
_Dipodomys_, ii. 233
Dippers, ii. 263
_Diprotodon_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 251
DIPSADIDÆ, ii. 379
_Dipsadoboa_, ii. 379
_Dipsas_, ii. 379
_Diptychus_, ii. 452
_Dipus_, ii. 232
_Dircenna_, ii. 470
_Discina_, ii. 539
DISCINIDÆ, ii. 532
_Discoboli_, ii. 430
DISCOGLOSSIDÆ, ii. 421
_Discoglossus_, ii. 421
_Discognathus_, ii. 451
_Discophora_, ii. 472
_Discura_, ii. 107
Dispersal of animals, i. 10
of mammalia, i. 10
of reptiles and amphibia, i. 28
_Disteira_, ii. 384
_Distichodus_, ii. 445
Distribution, affected by climate, i. 5
affected by physical features, i. 5
contrasts of, in similar climates, i. 5
similarities of, in diverse climates, i. 6
barriers as affecting, i. 6
study of, dependent on a good classification, i. 83
of animals an adjunct to geology, i. 8
of animals requires certain preliminary studies, i. 8
of animals dependent on physical geography, i. 35
of animals, as affected by the glacial epoch, i. 40
of animals, as affected by changes of vegetation, i. 43
of animals, as affected by organic changes, i. 44
of animals, hypothetical illustration of, i. 46
of animals, complexity of the causes affecting the, i. 49
of animals, problems in, i. 51
of plants, as affected by the glacial epoch, i. 42
_Distrigus_, ii. 490
_Diuca_, ii. 284
_Diucopis_, ii. 99
_Diva_, ii. 98
Divers, ii. 366
_Docimastes_, ii. 108
Dodo of Mauritius, i. 282
ii. 334
_Dodona_, ii. 475
_Dolerisca_, ii. 107
_Dolichodon_, ii. 208
_Dolichonyx_, ii. 282
_Dolichopterus_, European Miocene, i. 162
_Dolichotis_, ii. 241
_Doliophis_, ii. 383
_Dolium_, ii. 507
_Dommina_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Donacobius_, ii. 264
_Donacola_, ii. 287
_Donacospiza_, ii. 284
_Doras_, ii. 443
_Dorcatherium_, European Miocene, i. 120
_Dorcopsis_, ii. 251
_Dorcus_, ii. 493
_Doricha_, ii. 108
DORIDÆ, ii. 530
_Doritis_, ii. 479
Dormice, ii. 232
_Doryichthys_, ii. 457
_Doryphora_, ii. 107
Douroucoulis, ii. 175
_Draco_, ii. 402
_Dremotherium_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 218
DREPANIDIDÆ, ii. 277
_Drepanis_, ii. 277
_Drepanornis_, ii. 275
ii. 276
Dresser, Mr. H. E., on northern range of European birds, i. 193
_Drimostoma_, ii. 489
_Dromæus_, ii. 368
_Dromas_, ii. 356
_Dromatherium_, N. American Triassic, i. 134
oldest American mammal, i. 160
_Dromica_, ii. 486, 487
_Dromicia_, ii. 252
_Dromicus_, ii. 375
_Dromius_, ii. 489
_Dromococcyx_, ii. 309
_Dromolæa_, ii. 260
_Dromophis_, ii. 377
Drongo-shrike, Malayan, figure of, i. 340
ii. 269
DRYADINÆ, ii. 375
DRYIOPHIDÆ, ii. 379
_Dryiophis_, ii. 379
_Drymocataphus_, ii. 261
_Drymodes_, ii. 259
_Drymoeca_, ii. 257
DRYMOECINÆ, ii. 257
_Drymomys_, ii. 230
_Drymornis_, ii. 103
_Dryocopus_, ii. 303
_Dryopithecus_, European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 178
_Dryospiza_, ii. 284
_Dryotriorchis_, ii. 348
_Dubusia_, ii. 98
Ducks, ii. 363
_Dulus_, ii. 280
_Dumerilia_, ii. 408
_Dumetia_, ii. 261
_Dumeticola_, ii. 258
Duncan, Dr., on fossil corals of the Antilles, ii. 21
_D'Urbania_, ii. 477
Dwarf-ground snakes, ii. 374
_Dynastor_, ii. 472
_Dyschirus_, ii. 489
_Dysauxis_, ii. 481
_Dysithamnus_, ii. 104
_Dysopes_, ii. 184
E.
Eagles, ii. 347
Eared Seals, ii. 202
Ear-shells, ii. 511
East Africa, geographical features of, i. 258
wide range of genera and species over, i. 259
few special types in, i. 260
East African sub-region, description of, i. 258
genera and species ranging over the whole of, i. 259
mammalia of, i. 260
birds of, i. 260
reptiles of, i. 260
amphibia and fishes of, i. 260
insects of, i. 260
few peculiar types in, i. 260
illustration of zoology of, i. 261
East Australia, peculiar birds of, i. 440
East Thibet, mammalia of, i. 222
Eaton, Rev., A. E., on insects of Kerguelen Island, i. 211
_Eburna_, ii. 507
_Echidna_, ii. 254
ECHIDNIDÆ, ii. 254
_Echimyidæ_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ECHIMYIDÆ, ii. 238
_Echimys_, ii. 239
_Echinogale_, European Miocene, i. 118
_Echinops_, ii. 188, 189
_Echinorhinus_, ii. 461
_Echiothrix_, ii. 230
_Echis_, ii. 386
_Eclectus_, ii. 326
_Ectognathus_, N. American Eocene, i. 139
_Ectopistes_, ii. 332
_Edentata_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Pliocene, i. 140
of Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Edentata, classification of, i. 90
probable birthplace of, i. 155
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 305
range of Oriental genus of, i. 375
EDENTATA, ii. 244
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 247
summary and conclusion, ii. 543
_Ega_, ii. 490
_Egerina_, ii. 397
_Elainea_, ii. 101, 291
ELAINEINÆ, ii. 291
_Elania_, ii. 397
_Elanoides_, ii. 349
_Elanus_, ii. 349
_Elaphodus_, ii. 220
_Elaphrus_, ii. 489
ELAPIDÆ, ii. 382
_Elapochrus_, ii. 375
_Elaps_, ii. 383
_Elapsoidea_, ii. 383
_Elasmognathus_, ii. 212
_Electra_, ii. 209
ELEPHANTIDÆ, ii. 227
Elephants, fossil, of Indian Miocene, i. 123
fossil in N. American Post-Pliocene formations, i. 130
birthplace and migrations of, i. 155
ii. 227
Elephant shrews, S. African, i. 267
ii. 186
_Elephas_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
fossil in N. China, i. 123
N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 227
_Eliomys_, ii. 232
Elliot, Mr., his great work on the birds of paradise, i. 415
on classification of the birds of paradise, ii. 274
_Ellipesurus_, ii. 463
_Ellipsoglossa_, ii. 413
_Ellisia_, ii. 258
_Ellobius_, ii. 231
_Elminia_, ii. 271
_Elodina_, ii. 478
_Elopichthys_, ii. 453
_Elornis_, European Miocene, i. 162
_Elosia_, ii. 419
_Elotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137, 139
ii. 215, 216
_Elseya_, ii. 408
Elwes, Mr., on birds of Persia, i. 204
on true relations of the birds of Central India, i. 323
_Elymnias_, ii. 471
ELYMNIIDÆ, ii. 471
ELSIADÆ, ii. 530
_Embasis_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Emberiza_, ii. 285
EMBERIZINÆ, ii. 285
_Emberizoides_, ii. 284
_Emblema_, ii. 287
_Embernagra_, ii. 284
EMBROTOCIDÆ, ii. 438
_Emesis_, ii. 476
Emeu, figure of, i. 441
Emeus, ii. 368
_Emminia_, ii. 390
_Empidagra_, ii. 101
_Empidias_, ii. 102, 291
_Empidochanes_, ii. 102
_Empidonax_, ii. 102, 291
_Empidonomus_, ii. 102
_Emyda_, ii. 409
_Emydida_, Indian Miocene, i. 123
_Emydocephalus_, ii. 384
_Emys_, Indian Miocene, i. 123
Miocene and Eocene, i. 165
ii. 408
_Enes_, ii. 501
_Engystoma_, ii. 416
ENGYSTOMIDÆ, ii. 416
_Enhydrina_, ii. 384
_Enhydrion_, Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii. 200
_Enhydris_, ii. 199
_Enicurus_, ii. 263
_Enispe_, ii. 472
_Enodes_, ii. 288
_Enophrys_, ii. 375
_Ensophleus_, ii. 420
_Entelopes_, ii. 501
_Entomiza_, ii. 276
_Entomophila_, ii. 275
_Enygrus_, ii. 381
_Eobasileus_, N. American Eocene, i. 139
Eocene period, i. 124
fauna of S. America, i. 148
_Eophona_, ii. 284
_Eopsaltria_, ii. 271
_Eos_, ii. 327
_Epalzeorhynchus_, ii. 451
_Ephemera_, from the Lias, i. 167
_Ephthianura_, ii. 260
_Epicalia_, ii. 474
_Epicrates_, ii. 381
EPIMACHINÆ, ii. 275
_Epimachus_, ii. 275
_Epiodon_, ii. 208
_Epirhixis_, ii. 419
_Epitola_, ii. 477
_Eporeodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
EQUIDÆ, ii. 211
_Equidæ_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Eocene, i. 125
_Equus_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Post-Pliocene, i. 112
Indian Miocene, i. 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 135
Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
ii. 211
_Erebia_, ii. 471
_Eremias_, ii. 391
_Eremomela_, ii. 258
_Eremophilus_, ii. 444
_Ereptodon_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
_Eresia_, ii. 474
_Erethistes_, ii. 444
_Erethizon_, ii. 239
_Ereunetes_, ii. 353
_Ergaticus_, ii. 279
_Ergolis_, ii. 474
_Ericulus_, ii. 188
_Ericymba_, ii. 452
ERINACEIDÆ, ii. 187
_Erinaceus_, European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 187
_Eriocnemis_, ii. 109
_Eriodes_, ii. 174
_Erismatura_, ii. 364
_Erithacus_, ii. 259
_Eroessa_, ii. 258
_Eronia_, ii. 478
_Erpornis_, ii. 267
ERYCIDÆ, ii. 381
ERYCINIDÆ, ii. 476
_Erynnis_, ii. 480
_Erythrinus_, ii. 445
_Erythrocercus_, ii. 270
_Erythrocnema_, ii. 347
_Erythrogonys_, ii. 356
_Erythrolampus_, ii. 375
_Erythromachus_ of Rodriguez, i. 164
ii. 352
_Erythrospiza_, ii. 285
_Erythrosterna_, ii. 270
_Erythrura_, ii. 387
_Eryx_, ii. 382
ESOCIDÆ, ii. 449
_Esox_, ii. 449
_Esthemopsis_, ii. 476
_Esthonyx_, N. American Eocene, i. 139
_Estrilda_, ii. 286
_Etheria_, ii. 534
Ethiopian region should not include any part of India, i. 63
defined, i. 73
subdivisions of, i. 73
general features of, i. 251
zoological characteristics of, i. 252
mammalia of, i. 253
great speciality of, i. 253
birds of, i. 253
reptiles of, i. 254
amphibia of, i. 255
fresh-water fish of, i. 255
summary of vertebrates of, i. 255
insects of, i. 255
coleoptera of, i. 256
terrestrial mollusca of, i. 257
sub-regions of, i. 258
Atlantic islands of, i. 269
the probable past history of, i. 285
tables of distribution of animals of, i. 293
_Euanemus_, ii. 443
_Eubagis_, ii. 474
_Eucephala_, ii. 109
_Euchætes_, ii. 98
_Eucometis_, ii. 99
_Euchromia_, ii. 481
_Eucichla_, ii. 298
_Euclyptosternum_, ii. 443
_Eudromias_, ii. 356
_Eudynamis_, ii. 310
_Eudyptes_, ii. 366
_Eueides_, ii. 473
_Eugenes_, ii. 107
_Eugenia_, ii. 107
_Euhyrax_, ii. 229
_Eulabeornis_, ii. 352
_Eulabes_, ii. 287
_Eulampis_, ii. 107
_Eumæus_, ii. 477
_Eumeces_, ii. 397
_Eumetopias_, ii. 203
_Eumomota_, ii. 313
_Eumys_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
ii. 231
_Eumyias_, ii. 270
_Eunectes_, ii. 381
_Eunica_, ii. 474
_Eunogyra_, ii. 475
_Eupetes_, ii. 263
_Eupetomena_, ii. 107
_Euphema_, ii. 325
_Eupherusa_, ii. 109
_Euphonia_, ii. 98
_Euphractus_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
_Euphryne_, ii. 401
_Euphysetes_, ii. 208
_Eupleres_, ii. 195
_Euploea_, ii. 470
EUPLOCAMINÆ, ii. 340
_Euplocamus_, ii. 340
_Eupodotis_, ii. 356
_Euprepes_, ii. 397
_Eupsychortyx_, ii. 339
_Euptilotis_, ii. 314
_Euptychia_, ii. 471
_Eurinorhynchus_, ii. 353
_Eurocephalus_, ii. 272
Europe, recent changes in physical geography of, i. 39
Miocene fauna of Central, i. 117
Miocene fauna of, allied to existing fauna of tropical Asia and Africa,
i. 124
European sub-region, description of, i. 191
forests of, i. 192
mammalia of, i. 192
birds of, i. 193
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 195
fresh-water fish of, i. 196
insects of, i. 196
islands of, i. 197
_Eurostopodus_, ii. 320
_Euryades_, ii. 479
_Euryapteryx_, ii. 370
_Euryarthrium_, ii. 501
_Eurybia_, ii. 475
Euryceros of Madagascar, figure of, i. 278
_Euryceros_, ii. 288
_Eurycus_, ii. 479
_Eurygona_, ii. 476
EURYGONIDÆ, ii. 476
EURYLÆMIDÆ, ii. 294
_Eurylæmus_, ii. 295
_Euryodon_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 246
_Euryphene_, ii. 474
_Eurypyga_, ii. 358
EURYPYGIDÆ, ii. 358
_Eurystomus_, ii. 312
_Eurytela_, ii. 474
_Eurytherium_, European Eocene, i. 126
_Eurytrichus_, ii. 490
_Euscarthmus_, ii. 101
_Euschemon_, ii. 480
ii. 481
_Eusemia_, ii. 482
_Euspiza_, ii. 285
_Eustephanus_, ii. 108
_Eustira_, ii. 453
_Eutatus_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 246
_Eutelodon_, European Eocene, i. 126
_Eutemnodus_, S. American Eocene, i. 148
_Euterpe_, ii. 285
_Euthyrhynchus_, ii. 276
_Eutoxeres_, ii. 107
_Eutriorchis_, ii. 348
_Eutropia_, ii. 209
_Eutropiichthys_, ii. 441
_Eutropius_, ii. 442
_Eutroplus_, ii. 438
_Exocetus_, ii. 449
_Exoglossum_, ii. 452
_Exostoma_, ii. 444
Extinct mammalian fauna of Europe, general considerations on, i. 126
mammalia of N. America and Europe, comparison of, i. 140
mammalia of the Antilles, i. 148
mammalia of the Old and New Worlds, general remarks on, i. 148
fauna of New Zealand, i. 459
Amphibia, ii. 423
Ant-eaters, ii. 247
Armadillos, ii. 246
Bovidæ, ii. 225
Bradypodidæ, ii. 245
Camelidæ, ii. 217
Camelopardalidæ, ii. 221
Canidæ, ii. 197
Castoridæ, ii. 234
Caviidæ, ii. 241
Centetidæ, ii. 189
Cercolabidæ, ii. 240
Cetacea, ii. 209
Chinchillidæ, ii. 237
Chiroptera, ii. 185
Crocodiles, ii. 407
Deer, ii. 220
Didelphyidæ, ii. 249
Dipodidæ, ii. 232
Echidnidæ, ii. 254
Echimyidæ, ii. 239
Elephants, ii. 227
Equidæ, ii. 211
Erinaceidæ, ii. 188
Felidæ, ii. 193
Hippopotami, ii. 214
Hyænas, ii. 196
Hystricidæ, ii. 240
Insectivora, ii. 192
Lacertilia, ii. 404
Lagomyidæ, ii. 242
Leporidæ, ii. 243
Macropodidæ, ii. 251
Muridæ, ii. 230
Mustelidæ, ii. 199
Myoxidæ, ii. 232
Octodontidæ, ii. 238
Ophidia, ii. 387
Orycteropodidæ, ii. 246
Otariidæ, ii. 203
Procyonidæ, ii. 201
Quadrumana, ii. 178
Rallidæ, ii. 252
Rhinocerotidæ, ii. 213
Sciuridæ, ii. 236
Seals, ii. 204
Sirenia, ii. 210
Struthionidæ, ii. 369
Suidæ, ii. 215
Talpidæ, ii. 190
Tapirs, ii. 212
Tortoises, ii. 410
Tragulidæ, ii. 218
Tupaiidæ, ii. 186
Ursidæ, ii. 202
Viverridæ, ii. 195
Extinction of large animals, causes of, i. 158
F.
_Falcinellus_, ii. 360
_Falco_, ii. 349
FALCONIDÆ, ii. 347
FALCONINÆ, ii. 349
Falcons, ii. 347
_Falculia_, ii. 228
Falkland Islands, zoology of, ii. 49
Fanged ground-snakes, ii. 380
_Farancia_, ii. 377
Fauna of Japan, general character and affinities of, i. 230
of Palæarctic region, general conclusions as to, i. 231
extinct, of Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, i. 282
Malayan, probable origin of, i. 359
Moluccan, peculiarities of, i. 419
Timorese, origin of, i. 422
of Celebes, origin of, i. 436
of New Zealand, origin of, i. 460
of Galapagos, origin of, ii. 33
of Central America, origin of, ii. 57
of Antilles, origin of, ii. 78
of Neotropical region, origin of, ii. 80
FELIDÆ, ii. 192
_Felis_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 193
_Felis spelæa_, i. 110
_Feniseca_, ii. 477
_Fennecus_, ii. 197
_Ferania_, ii. 376
Fernando Po, zoological features of, i. 265
_Feroculus_, ii. 191
_Fiber_, ii. 230
_Figulus_, ii. 493
Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands, birds of, i. 443
Finches, ii. 283
FIROLIDÆ, ii. 531
Fishes, means of dispersal of, i. 29
classification of, i. 101
cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176
of the Palæarctic region, i. 186
of the European sub-region, i. 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205
of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 227
fresh-water, table of Palæarctic families of, i. 227
of the Ethiopian region, i. 255
of South Africa, i. 268
fresh-water, table of Ethiopian families of, i. 298
fresh-water, of the Oriental region, i. 318
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 341
fresh-water, table of Oriental families of i. 369
fresh-water, of the Australian region, i. 397
fresh-water, resemblance of Australian and S. American, i. 400
how the transmission may have taken place, i. 401
fresh-water, of New Zealand, i. 457
fresh-water, table of Neotropical families of, ii. 89
of Central N. America, ii. 131
of Eastern United States, ii. 134
of Canada, ii. 137
fresh-water, table of Nearctic families of, ii. 143
remarks on the distribution of, ii. 464
fossil, ii. 466
Fishing-hawks, ii. 349
FISSURELLIDÆ, ii. 511
FISTULARIDÆ, ii. 436
_Fitzroya_, ii. 450
Flamingoes, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 361
Flora, of New Zealand, as influenced by scarcity of insects, i. 462
fossil of Australia, i. 467
Floras, cretaceous and tertiary, of North America, ii. 155
_Florisuga_, ii. 107
Flower-peckers, ii. 277
Flower, Professor, on classification of mammalia, i. 85
classification of carnivora, i. 87
_Fluvicola_, ii. 100
Flycatchers, ii. 270
Flying Lemur, Malayan, figure of, i. 337
ii. 186
Flying Lizards, ii. 401
Flying Opossum, figure of, i. 442
_Fordonia_, ii. 376
Forests, essential to existence of many European animals, i. 192
Siberian, greatest extent of, i. 216
FORMICARIIDÆ, ii. 297
FORMICARIINÆ, ii. 298
_Formicarius_, ii. 104
_Formicivora_, ii. 104
FORMICIVORINÆ, ii. 297
Formosa, zoology of, i. 332
_Fossa_, ii. 195
_Foudia_, ii. 286
_Francolinus_, ii. 338
_Fraseria_, ii. 272
_Fratercula_, ii. 367
_Fregetta_, ii. 365
_Fregilupus_, ii. 288
_Fregilus_, ii. 274
Fresh-water fishes, Neotropical, ii. 12
of S. Temperate America, ii. 42
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 54
of the Antilles, ii. 73
of the Nearctic region, ii. 120
of California, ii. 128
summary and conclusion, ii. 549
Fresh-water mussels, ii. 534
shell, the most Arctic, ii. 518
snakes, ii. 376
snails, ii. 518
_Fringilla_, ii. 283
_Fringillaria_, ii. 285
_Fringillauda_, ii. 282
FRINGILLIDÆ, ii. 284
Frog-mouths, ii. 318
Frogs, ii. 420
_Fulica_, ii. 352
_Fuligula_, ii. 364
_Fulmarus_, ii. 365
_Fundulus_, ii. 450
FURNARIINÆ, ii. 295
_Furnarius_, ii. 103
_Fusus_, ii. 507
G.
GADIDÆ, ii. 439
GADOPSIDÆ, ii. 439
_Gadus_, ii. 439
_Galago_, ii. 177
Galapagos, scarcity of insects in, i. 463
Galapagos islands, ii. 29
mammalia of, ii. 29
birds of, ii. 30
reptiles of, ii. 32
insects of, ii. 33
land-shells of, ii. 33
conclusions as to the origin of their fauna, ii. 33
_Galatea_, ii. 536
_Galaxias_, ii. 448
GALAXIDÆ, ii. 448
_Galbalcyrhynchus_, ii. 311
_Galbula_, ii. 311
GALBULIDÆ, ii. 311
_Galecynus_, in European Pliocene, i. 112
ii. 198
_Galeichthys_, ii. 443
GALEOPITHECIDÆ, ii. 186
_Galeoscoptes_, ii. 256
_Galeospalax_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 190
_Galeotherium_, Post-Pliocene, i. 111
_Galera_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
_Galerella_, ii. 195
_Galerita_, ii. 289
ii. 490
_Galerix_, ii. 188
_Galethylax_, European Eocene, i. 125
ii. 198
_Galeus_, ii. 460
_Galictis_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 199
_Galidia_, ii. 195
_Galidictis_, ii. 195
Gallinæ, classification of, i. 96
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 311
range of Oriental genera of, i. 384
range of Australian genera of, i. 485
GALLINÆ, ii. 337
ii. 340
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 344
_Gallinago_, ii. 353
_Gallinula_, ii. 352
_Gallus_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
ii. 340
_Gallus bravardi_, European Pliocene, i. 161
_Galogale_, ii. 195
_Gambusia_, ii. 450
_Gampsonyx_, ii. 349
_Gampsorhynchus_, ii. 261
Gannets, ii. 365
GANOIDEI, ii. 458
Gape-eyed Scinks, ii. 395
Gar-fish, ii. 459
Garrod, Professor, on the Classification of Parrots, ii. 324
_Garrulax_, ii. 261
_Garrulus_, ii. 273
GASTEROPODA, ii. 507
GASTEROSTEIDÆ, ii. 424
_Gasterosteus_, ii. 424
_Gastornis_, European Eocene, i. 163
GASTROCHÆNIDÆ, ii. 537
_Gastropelecus_, ii. 445
GAVIALIDÆ, ii. 405
_Gavialis_, ii. 405
Gavials, ii. 405
_Gazella_, ii. 223
GAZELLINÆ, ii. 223
_Gazera_, ii. 481
_Gecinulus_, ii. 303
_Gecinus_, ii. 303
_Gecko_, ii. 399
GECKOTIDÆ, ii. 399
Geese, ii. 363
_Gehyra_, ii. 400
Genera common to Post-Pliocene and Pliocene faunas of N. America, i. 132
_Genetta_, ii. 195
_Genidens_, ii. 443
_Geobates_, ii. 103
_Geobiastes_, ii. 312
_Geocichla_, ii. 256
_Geococcyx_, ii. 309
_Geocolaptes_, ii. 304
GEODEPHAGA, ii. 486
_Geoffroyus_, ii. 326
Geographical zoology, introduction, ii. 167
materials for, ii. 168
Geological history of Oriental region, i. 362
Geology and Physical Geography of the Antilles, ii. 62, 79
_Geomelania_, ii. 519
_Geomys_, ii. 233
_Geopelia_, ii. 332
_Geophaps_, ii. 333
_Geophagus_, ii. 439
_Geopsittacus_, ii. 325
_Georissa_, ii. 522
_Georychus_, ii. 231
_Geositta_, ii. 103
_Geospiza_, ii. 284
_Geothlypis_, ii. 279
_Geotrochus_, ii. 523
_Geotryon_, ii. 333
_Geotrypus_, ii. 190
_Geranospiza_, ii. 347
_Gerbillus_, ii. 230
ii. 232
_Geronticus_, ii. 360
_Gerrhonotus_, ii. 392
_Gerrhosaurus_, ii. 392
GERRIDÆ, ii. 438
_Gervasia_, ii. 260
_Gerygone_, ii. 258
Giant-Clams, ii. 534
Gibbon, ii. 171
Gibraltar, cave fauna of, i. 114
Giraffes, ii. 221
_Girardinus_, ii. 450
Glacial epoch, as affecting the distribution of animals, i. 40
as a cause of the great change in the fauna of the temperate zones,
since Pliocene times, i. 151
probably simultaneous in both hemispheres, i. 151
causing a general subsidence of the ocean, i. 152
_Glandina_, Eocene, i. 169
ii. 515
_Glareola_, ii. 355
GLAREOLIDÆ, ii. 355
_Glaucis_, ii. 107
_Glaucidium_, ii. 350
_Glauconeza_, ii. 536
_Glaucopis_, ii. 481
_Gliciphila_, ii. 275
_Glis_, ii. 232
_Globiocephalus_, ii. 209
_Glossoptila_, ii. 278
_Glossotherium_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 247
_Glycimeris_, ii. 536
_Glyphidodon_, ii. 437
_Glyphoglossus_, ii. 416
_Glyphorhynchus_, ii. 103
_Glyptodon_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
_Glyptosternum_, ii. 443
_Gnaphodes_, ii. 471
_Gnathodon_, ii. 536
_Gnathopsis_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Goats, Palæarctic, i. 182
ii. 221
Goat-suckers, ii. 519
GOBIESOCIDÆ, ii. 436
GOBIIDÆ, ii. 430
_Gobio_, ii. 452
_Gobius_, ii. 430
Godman, Mr., on Natural History of the Azores, i. 207
Golden Moles, S. African, i. 267
_Goliathi_, ii. 494
_Gonepteryx_, ii. 478
_Goniodactylus_, ii. 400
_Gongylophis_, ii. 382
_Gonorhynchidæ_, ii. 453
_Gonyocephalus_, ii. 402
_Gonyosoma_, ii. 379
_Gouldia_, ii. 107
_Goura_, ii. 333
_Graculavus_, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164
Grallæ, arrangement of, i. 97
peculiar or characteristic Palæarctic genera, i. 249
peculiar Ethiopian genera of, i. 31
peculiar Oriental genera of, i. 386
peculiar Australian genera of, i. 484
GRALLÆ, ii. 351
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 362
_Grallaria_, ii. 104
_Grallaricula_, ii. 104
_Grallina_, ii. 273
_Grammatophorus_, ii. 402
_Grammatoptila_, ii. 261
_Grampus_, ii. 209
_Granatellus_, ii. 279
_Grandala_, ii. 259
_Graphidurus_, ii. 232
_Graphipterus_, ii. 491
_Graucalus_, ii. 268
Gray, Dr. J. E., on classification of Cetacea, i. 88
_Grayia_, ii. 376
Grayson, Col, on birds of Tres Marias, ii. 59
Grebes, ii. 367
Greece, Upper Miocene deposits of, i. 115
summary of Miocene fauna of, i. 116
Green Bulbuls, ii. 267
Greenland, zoology of, ii. 138
Greenlets, ii. 280
Groups peculiar to a region, how defined, ii. 184
Grouse, ii. 328
GRUIDÆ, ii. 356
_Grus_, ii. 357
_Grypsicus_, ii. 421
_Grypus_, ii. 107
Guacharo, ii. 107
Guans, ii. 342
Guaraunas, ii. 357
_Gubernatrix_, ii. 285
_Guillemots_, ii. 267
_Guira_, ii. 309
_Guiraca_, ii. 285
Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellidæ of the Sandwich Islands, i. 446
Gulls, ii. 364
_Gulo_, ii. 199
Günther, Dr., his classification of reptiles, i. 98
his classification of fishes, i. 101
on gigantic tortoises of Galapagos and the Mascarene Islands, i. 289
on range of Indian reptiles in the Himalayas, i. 329
on identical Atlantiic and Pacific fishes, ii. 21
on fresh-water fishes of Central America, ii. 54
_Gygis_, ii. 365
GYMNARCHIDÆ, ii. 449
_Gymnarchus_, ii. 449
GYMNETINÆ, ii. 494
_Gymnobucco_, ii. 306
_Gymnocephalus_, ii. 103
_Gymnocichla_, ii. 104
_Gymnocorvus_, ii. 274
_Gymnocypris_, ii. 452
_Gymnodactylus_, ii. 400
GYMNODERINÆ, ii. 293
_Gymnoderus_, ii. 103
GYMNODONTES, ii. 457
_Gymnoglaux_, ii. 350
_Gymnokitta_, ii. 273
_Gymnomystax_, ii. 282
_Gymnopelia_, ii. 333
_Gymnops_, ii. 287
GYMNOPHTHALMIDÆ, ii. 395
_Gymnophthalmus_, ii. 395
_Gymnopus_, ii. 199
_Gymnorhina_, ii. 273
_Gymnostomus_, ii. 451
GYMNOTIDÆ, ii. 455
_Gymnotus_, ii. 455
_Gymnura_, ii. 188
_Gypaëtus_, ii. 348
_Gypohierax_, ii. 348
_Gypoictinia_, ii. 349
_Gyps_, ii. 346
H.
Haast, Dr., on extinct birds of New Zealand, i. 460
Habitat, definition of, i. 4
_Habrocomus_, ii. 238
_Habroptila_, ii. 352
_Habrura_, ii. 101
_Hadrostomus_, ii. 102, 293
_Hæmatoderus_, ii. 103
_Hæmatopus_, ii. 356
_Hæmatospiza_, ii. 285
_Hæmophila_, ii. 284
_Hæmulon_, ii. 426
_Hætera_, ii. 471
_Hagria_, ii. 397
Hainan, zoology of, i. 334
_Halcyon_, ii. 316
_Halcyornis_, European Eocene, i. 103
_Halicyon_, ii. 204
_Haliæetus_, ii. 348
_Haliastur_, ii. 348
_Halichærus_, ii. 204
_Halicore_, ii. 210
HALIOTIDÆ, ii. 511
_Halitherium_, European Pliocene, i. 112
European Miocene, i. 119
ii. 211
_Halmaturus_, ii. 251
HALOSAURIDÆ, ii. 455
_Halys_, ii. 385
_Hamadryas_, ii. 470
Hang-nests, ii. 281
_Hapale_, ii. 176
ii. 178
_Hapalemur_, ii. 176
HAPALIDÆ, ii. 175
_Hapalotis_, ii. 230
_Hapalus_, ii. 524
_Haplocerus_, ii. 374
_Haplochilus_, ii. 450
_Haplochiton_, ii. 446
HAPLOCHITONIDÆ, ii. 446
_Haplodactylus_, ii. 427
_Haploodon_, ii. 236
HAPLOODONTIDÆ, ii. 236
_Haplospiza_, ii. 284
_Hapsidrophis_, ii. 379
_Harelda_, ii. 364
Hares, ii. 242
_Harma_, ii. 474
_Harpa_, ii. 349
ii. 507
_Harpactes_, ii. 314
_Harpagus_, ii. 349
_Harpalus_, ii. 489
_Harporhynchus_, ii. 256
_Harpyhaliæetus_, ii. 348
_Hartlaubius_, ii. 288
_Hathliodes_, ii. 502
Hatteria of New Zealand, i. 456
_Hatteria_, ii. 405
Hawks, ii. 347
Hedgehogs, ii. 187
_Hedymeles_, ii. 285
_Helarctos_, ii. 202
_Helcyra_, ii. 474
_Heleothreptus_, ii. 320
_Heliactin_, ii. 108
_Heliangelus_, ii. 108
_Helianthea_, ii. 108
_Heliastes_, ii. 437
HELICIDÆ, ii. 512
_Helicina_, ii. 522
HELICONIDÆ, ii. 473
ii. 522
_Heliconius_, ii. 473
_Helicophagus_, ii. 442
_Helicops_, ii. 377
Helictis, Himalayan, figure of, i. 331
_Helictis_, ii. 199
_Heliobletus_, ii. 103
_Heliochæra_, ii. 102
_Heliodoxa_, ii. 107
_Heliomastes_, ii. 108
_Heliopædica_, ii. 107
_Heliophobus_, ii. 231
_Helioporus_, ii. 417
_Heliornis_, ii. 352
_Heliothrix_, ii. 108
_Heliotrypha_, ii. 108
_Helix_, Eocene, i. 169
ii. 513
_Helladotherium_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 221
_Helluomorpha_, ii. 490
_Helmintherus_, ii. 279
_Helminthophaga_, ii. 279
_Heloderma_, ii. 390
HELODERMIDÆ, ii. 390
_Helodromas_, ii. 353
_Helogale_, ii. 195
_Helogenes_, ii. 442
HELORNITHINÆ, ii. 352
_Helotarsus_, ii. 348
_Hemibos_, Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 225
_Hemicentetes_, ii. 188
_Hemicercus_, ii. 303
_Hemichelidon_, ii. 290
_Hemichromis_, ii. 438
_Hemicyon_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 198
_Hemidacnis_, ii. 278
_Hemidactylium_, ii. 413
_Hemidactylus_, ii. 399
_Hemierges_, ii. 397
_Hemigalea_, ii. 195
_Hemignathus_, ii. 277
_Hemimantis_, ii. 419
_Hemiodus_, ii. 445
_Hemiphractus_, ii. 420
_Hemipimelodus_, ii. 443
_Hemiprocne_, ii. 320
_Hemipus_, ii. 270
_Hemirhamphus_, ii. 450
_Hemisilurus_, ii. 442
_Hemisorubim_, ii. 442
_Hemistilbon_, ii. 109
_Hemisus_, ii. 414
_Hemitriccus_, ii. 101
_Hemixus_, ii. 267
_Henicognathus_, ii. 328
_Henicopernis_, ii. 349
_Henicophaps_, ii. 333
_Henicorhina_, ii. 264
_Henicornis_, ii. 103
_Heptapterus_, ii. 444
_Heredia_, ii. 413
Herons, ii. 359
_Heros_, ii. 438
_Herpestes_, ii. 195
_Herpetethiops_, ii. 376
_Herpetodryas_, ii. 376
_Herpeton_, ii. 376
_Herpetoreas_, ii. 375
_Herpetotheres_, ii. 348
_Herpetotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Herpsilochmus_, ii. 104
Herring, ii. 454
_Hesperia_, ii. 480
HESPERIDÆ, ii. 480
_Hesperomys_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 230, 231
_Hesperornis_, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164
_Hestia_, ii. 470
_Hestima_, ii. 501
_Heterobranchus_, ii. 441
_Heterocephalus_, ii. 231
_Heterocercus_, ii. 102
_Heterochroa_, ii. 474
_Heterocnemis_, ii. 104
_Heterocorys_, ii. 289
_Heterodactylus_, ii. 393
_Heterodon_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 246
ii. 376
_Heterogynis_, ii. 481
_Heterolocha_, ii. 287
_Heteromorpha_, ii. 262
_Heteromys_, ii. 233
_Heteronota_, ii. 400
_Heteronympha_, ii. 471
_Heteropelma_, ii. 102, 292
_Heteropus_, ii. 397
HETEROPYGII, ii. 450
_Heterospizias_, ii. 348
_Heterotis_, ii. 454
_Heterura_, ii. 290
_Hewitsonia_, ii. 477
_Hexagonia_, ii. 491
_Hexaprotodon_, Indian Miocene, i. 122
Hickman, Mr. John, on a cause of the extinction of large animals, i. 158
_Hieracidea_, ii. 349
_Hierax_, ii. 349
_Hierococcyx_, ii. 310
_Hierofalco_, ii. 349
Hill-Tits, ii. 266
Himalayas, altitude reached by various groups in the, i. 329, 333
_Himantornis_, ii. 352
_Himantopus_, ii. 353
_Hinulia_, ii. 397
_Hipistes_, ii. 376
_Hipparchia_, ii. 471
_Hipparion_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 119
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 135
ii. 211
_Hippocampus_, ii. 457
_Hippoglossoides_, ii. 441
_Hippoglossus_, ii. 441
HIPPOPOTAMIDÆ, ii. 214
_Hippopotamus_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
European Pliocene, i. 113
Indian Pliocene, i. 122
ii. 214
_Hipposyus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Hippotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
Indian Miocene, i. 122
HIPPOTRAGINÆ, ii. 223
_Hippotragus_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 223
HIPPURITIDÆ, ii. 534
_Hirundinea_, ii. 101
HIRUNDINIDÆ, ii. 280
_Hirundo_, ii. 281
_Hoazin_, ii. 345
_Holocanthus_, ii. 427
_Holbrookia_, ii. 401
_Holochilus_, ii. 230
_Hologerrhum_, ii. 379
HOLOSTEI, ii. 458
_Holurophis_, ii. 380
_Homalodontotherium_, S. American Pliocene, i. 146
_Homalophis_, ii. 376
_Homalophus_, European Miocene, i. 161
HOMALOPSIDÆ, ii. 376
_Homalopsis_, ii. 376
_Homaloptera_, ii. 453
_Homalosoma_, ii. 490
_Hombronia_, ii. 397
_Homocamelus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 217
_Homorus_, ii. 103
ii. 524
Honey-guides, ii. 304
Honeysuckers, birds specially adapted to Australia, i. 392
ii. 275
Hooker, Dr., on deficiency of odours in New Zealand plants, i. 464
Hoopoes, ii. 317
_Hopladelus_, ii. 442
HOPLEGNATHIDÆ, ii. 433
_Hoplobatrachus_, ii. 421
HOPLOCEPHALA, ii. 460
_Hoplocephalus_, ii. 383
_Hoplocetus_, European Pliocene, i. 112
_Hoplophoneus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Hoplophorus_, ii. 246
_Hoplopterus_, ii. 356
_Horites_, ii. 258
Hornbills, ii. 316
Horses, fossil, in Indian Miocene, i. 121
perfect series of ancestral, in N. America, i. 136
probable birthplace of, i. 154
ii. 211
Horse-shoe bats, ii. 182
_Hortulia_, ii. 381
Howling monkeys, ii. 175
Hudson, Mr., on land-birds of Patagonia, ii. 39
Humming-birds, ii. 321
_Huro_, ii. 425
Hutton, Capt. F. W., on origin of New Zealand fauna, i. 461
Huxley, Professor, on zoological regions, i. 59
division of animal kingdom by, i. 85
_Hyades_, ii. 472
_Hyæna_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
fossil in N. China, i. 123
ii. 196
_Hyænarctos_ in European Pliocene, i. 112
European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
_Hyænictis_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 196
_Hyænidæ_, European Miocene, i. 118
HYÆNIDÆ, ii. 196
_Hyænodon_, European Miocene, i. 118
European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Hyænodontidæ_, European Miocene, i. 118
HYALEIDÆ, ii. 531
_Hyalimax_, ii. 517
_Hyalina_, ii. 515
_Hyalosaurus_, ii. 392
_Hyantis_, ii. 472
_Hybocystis_, ii. 520
_Hyborhynchus_, ii. 452
_Hydrocena_, ii. 521
_Hydrochelidon_, ii. 364
_Hydrochoerus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
_Hydrochoerus_, ii. 241
_Hydrocissa_, ii. 317
_Hydrocyon_, ii. 445
_Hydrogale_, ii. 199
_Hydromedusa_, ii. 408
_Hydromys_, ii. 230
_Hydrophasianus_, ii. 355
HYDROPHIDÆ, ii. 384
_Hydrophis_, ii. 384
_Hydropotes_, ii. 219
_Hydropsalis_, ii. 319
_Hydrornis_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 298
_Hydrosaurus_, ii. 389
_Hyetornis_, ii. 309
_Hygrogonus_, ii. 439
_Hyla_, ii. 418
_Hylactes_, ii. 297
_Hylambates_, ii. 419
_Hylaplesia_, ii. 415
HYLAPLESIDÆ, ii. 414
_Hylarana_, ii. 419
_Hylatomus_, ii. 303
_Hylella_, ii. 418
HYLIDÆ, ii. 418
_Hyliota_, ii. 270
_Hylobates_, ii. 171
_Hylocharis_, ii. 109
ii. 271
_Hylodes_, ii. 419
_Hylomanes_, ii. 313
_Hylomys_, ii. 186
_Hylophilus_, ii. 280
_Hylorhina_, ii. 420
_Hylotrupes_, ii. 502
_Hyloxalus_, ii. 419
_Hymenolaimus_, ii. 364
HYODONTIDÆ, ii. 453
_Hyohippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
_Hyomoschus_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 218
_Hyopicus_, ii. 303
_Hyopotamus_, European Miocene, i. 119
N. American Tertiary, i. 137
ii. 216
_Hyopsodus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Hyotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
ii. 215
_Hypargos_, ii. 287
_Hyperantha_, ii. 496
_Hypergerus_, ii. 261
_Hypermnestra_, ii. 479
_Hyperodapedon_, ii. 405
_Hyperolius_, ii. 417
_Hyperoodon_, ii. 208
HYPEROODONTIDÆ, ii. 208
_Hyperopsius_, ii. 448
_Hypertragulus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
_Hyphantornis_, ii. 286
_Hypherpes_, ii. 265
_Hypisodus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
_Hypna_, ii. 474
_Hypnale_, ii. 385
_Hypochera_, ii. 287
_Hypochrysops_, ii. 477
_Hypocista_, ii. 471
_Hypocnemis_, ii. 104
_Hypocolius_, ii. 272
_Hypodes_, ii. 272
_Hypogeomys_, ii. 230
_Hypolais_, ii. 258
_Hypolithus_, ii. 491
_Hypolycæna_, ii. 477
_Hypomesus_, ii. 477
_Hypopachus_, ii. 416
_Hypophthalmichthys_, ii. 453
_Hypophthalmus_, ii. 442
_Hypopyrrhus_, ii. 282
_Hyporissus_, ii. 190
_Hypothymis_, ii. 271
_Hypoxanthus_, ii. 304
_Hypsipetes_, ii. 267
_Hypsiprymnus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 251
_Hypsirhina_, ii. 376
_Hypsirhynchus_, ii. 375
_Hyrachyus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
HYRACIDÆ, ii. 228
_Hyracodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
ii. 214
ii. 248
_Hyracoidea_, classification of, i. 90
Palæarctic, i. 242
Ethiopian, i. 304
HYRACOIDEA, ii. 228
_Hyracotherium_, supposed, in European Eocene, i. 125
European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 216
ii. 229
_Hyrax_, ii. 228
HYSTRICIDÆ, ii. 240
_Hystricodon_, ii. 445
_Hystrix_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
N. American Tertiary, i. 140
ii. 240
I.
_Ialmenus_, ii. 477
_Ianthoenas_, ii. 332
_Ianthina_, ii. 511
_Ibidipodia_, European Miocene, i. 162
_Ibidorhynchus_, ii. 353
Ibidorhynchus, figure of, i. 331
_Ibis_, ii. 360
Ibises, ii. 360
_Ibycter_, ii. 347
Iceland, zoology of, i. 198
_Ichneumia_, ii. 195
_Ichthyoborus_, ii. 445
_Ichthyopsis_, ii. 411
_Icteria_, ii. 279
ICTERIDÆ, ii. 281
_Icterus_, ii. 282
_Icthyornis_, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164
_Icticyon_ in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 197
_Ictinia_, ii. 349
_Ictitherium_, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 195
ii. 197
_Ictonyx_, ii. 199
_Ictops_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Ideopsis_, ii. 470
_Idmais_, ii. 478
_Iguana_, ii. 401
Iguanas, ii. 400
IGUANIDÆ, ii. 400
_Ilerda_, ii. 477
_Ilicura_, ii. 102
India, Miocene fauna of, allied to that of Europe, i. 123
geological features of, i. 328
Indian sub-region, description of, i. 321
supposed relation to Ethiopian region, i. 321
mammalia of, i. 322
birds of, i. 323
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 326
_Indicator_, ii. 304
INDICATORIDÆ, ii. 304
Indo-Chinese sub-region, description of, i. 329
zoological characteristics of, i. 330
illustration of, i. 331
reptiles of, i. 331
amphibia of, i. 331
insects of, i. 332
islands belonging to, i. 333
Indo-Malayan sub-region, description of, i. 334
mammalia of, i. 336
illustrations of, i. 336, 339
birds of, i. 337
remote geographical relations of, i. 339
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 340
fishes of, i. 341
insects of, i. 341
coleoptera of, i. 342
terrestrial mollusca of, i. 343
zoological relations of islands of, i. 345
recent geographical changes in, i. 357
probable origin of fauna of, i. 359
_Inia_, ii. 209
_Insectivora_, European Miocene, i. 117
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129
N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Insectivora, classification of, i. 87
of the Palæarctic region, i. 181
of N. China and E. Thibet, i. 222
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239
of Madagascar, i. 273
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 301
of the Oriental region, i. 315
range of Oriental genera of, i. 372
range of Australian genera of, i. 476
INSECTIVORA, ii. 186
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 191
summary and conclusion, ii. 541
Insects, means of dispersal of, i. 32
tenacity of life of, i. 33
adapted to special conditions, i. 33
groups selected for the study of their geographical distribution, i.
102
antiquity of the genera of, i. 166
fossil of European Miocene, i. 166
European Cretaceous, i. 167
European Wealden, i. 167
Palæozoic, i. 168
Palæarctic, i. 187
of Central Europe, i. 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205
of the Siberian sub-region, i. 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 227
of the Ethiopian region, i. 255
of the E. African sub-region, i. 260
of W. African, i. 265
S. African, i. 268
of Madagascar, i. 282
general remarks on, i. 284
of tropical Africa and America, probable cause of similarities in, i.
291
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 332
of the Oriental region, i. 318
of Ceylon, i. 327
of Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 341
statistics of collecting in the various islands of the Malay
Archipelago, i. 343
of the Australian region, i. 403
of New Guinea, i. 417
of the Moluccas, i. 420
of the Timor group, i. 426
of Celebes, i. 454
of New Zealand, i. 458
scarcity of, in New Zealand, i. 462
influence of, on the flora, i. 463
of the Neotropical region, ii. 13
of S. Temperate America, ii. 42
of S. Temperate America, Palæarctic affinity of, ii. 45
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 55
of the Antilles, ii. 73
of the Nearctic region, ii. 122
of Canada, ii. 137
distribution of, ii. 468
range of, in time, ii. 469
summary and conclusion, ii. 550
lines of migration of, ii. 551
_Iodopleura_, ii. 102
_Iolæma_, ii. 107
_Iolaus_, ii. 477
_Iole_, ii. 267
_Iora_, ii. 267
_Iphias_, ii. 478
ii. 394
IPHISADÆ, ii. 394
_Irena_, ii. 269
_Iridina_, ii. 534
_Iridornis_, ii. 98
_Irrisor_, ii. 318
IRRISORIDÆ, ii. 318
_Isacis_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Ischcognathus_, ii. 375
_Ischyromys_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
ii. 236
Islands, N. European, zoology of, i. 197
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 206
of the W. African sub-region, i. 265
of the Ethiopian region, i. 269
Mascarene, i. 280
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 333
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 345
Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, i. 443
Society and Marquesas, i. 444
New Caledonia and New Hebrides, i. 445
Sandwich, i. 446
of New Zealand sub-region, i. 453
Norfolk, i. 453
Lord Howe's, i. 454
Chatham, i. 454
Auckland, i. 455
of Tropical S. America, ii. 29
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 59
of Eastern United States, ii. 134
peculiar colours of pigeons in, ii. 336
abundance of land-shells in, ii. 525
_Isodactylium_, ii. 413
_Ispidina_, ii. 316
_Issiodromys_, European Pliocene, i. 113
ii. 232
_Ithaginis_, ii. 340
_Ithomia_, ii. 470
_Ithycyphus_, ii. 379
_Ixalus_, ii. 419
_Ixonotus_, ii. 267
_Ixulus_, ii. 266
J.
_Jacamaralcyon_, ii. 311
Jacamars, ii. 311
_Jacamerops_, ii. 311
Jacanas, ii. 255
_Jacchus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
_Jaculus_, ii. 232
_Jaltris_, ii. 375
_Jamaicia_, ii. 521
_Janella_, ii. 517
_Janthocincla_, ii. 261
_Japalura_, ii. 402
Japan and North China, physical features of, i. 221
southern extremity of perhaps belongs to the Oriental region, i. 226
Japan, general character of the fauna of, i. 230
former land-connexions of, i. 231
Java, mammalia of, i. 349
productions of, well known, i. 350
birds of, i. 351
representative species of birds in, i. 352
origin of the anomalous features of its fauna, i. 352
Sumatra and Borneo, their geographical contrasts and zoological
peculiarities explained, i. 357
Jays, ii. 273
_Jenynsia_, ii. 450
Jerboas, ii. 231
Juan Fernandez, Carabidæ of, ii. 44
birds of, ii. 49
beetles and land-shells of, ii. 51
_Juida_, ii. 288
_Juliamyia_, ii. 109
_Junco_, ii. 284
_Junonia_, European Miocene, i. 167
ii. 474
K.
Kagu, ii. 359
Kakapoe, of New Zealand, i. 455
_Kalophrynus_, ii. 415
Kangaroos, extinct in Australia, i. 157
ii. 251
_Keneuxia_, ii. 397
Kerguelen Island, apterous insects of, i. 211 (_note_)
_Kerodon_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 241
_Ketingus_, ii. 443
_Ketupa_, ii. 350
King-fisher, racquet-tailed, of New Guinea, figure of, i. 415
King-fishers, ii. 315
_Kittacincla_, ii. 259
Kiwi of New Zealand, i. 455
_Kneria_, ii. 453
_Kobus_, ii. 224
Koodoo antelope, figure of, i. 261
_Kricogonia_, ii. 478
_Krynickia_, ii. 517
L.
_Labeo_, ii. 451
_Labrax_, ii. 425
LABRIDÆ, ii. 437
_Labrus_, ii. 437
LABYRINTHICI, ii. 434
_Lacerta_, ii. 391
LACERTIDÆ, ii. 390
Lacertilia, classification of, i. 99
LACERTILIA, ii. 388
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 403
fossil, ii. 404
_Lacuna_, ii. 510
Ladrone Islands, birds of, i. 444
_Læmargus_, ii. 461
_Læmosthenes_, ii. 489
_Læosopis_, ii. 477
_Lafresnaya_, ii. 107
_Lagenocetus_, ii. 208
_Lagenorhynchus_, ii. 209
_Lagidium_, ii. 237
LAGOMYIDÆ, ii. 242
_Lagomys_, European Pliocene, i. 113
European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 242
_Lagopus_, ii. 339
_Lagorchestes_, ii. 251
_Lagostomus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 237
_Lagothrix_, ii. 174
_Lais_, ii. 442
Lake Baikal, seals of, i. 218
ii. 206
_Lalage_, ii. 269
_Laletes_, ii. 280
LAMIIDÆ, ii. 498
_Lamna_, ii. 460
LAMNIDÆ, ii. 460
_Lampornis_, ii. 107
Lampreys, ii. 463
_Lamprima_, ii. 493
_Lampris_, ii. 429
_Lamprocolius_, ii. 288
_Lamprolæma_, ii. 107
_Lamrophis_, ii. 380
_Lampropsar_, ii. 282
_Lampropygia_, ii. 108
_Lamprospilus_, ii. 477
_Lamprospiza_, ii. 99
_Lamprotes_, ii. 98
Lancelet, ii. 464
Land-lizards, ii. 391
Land and water, proportions of, i. 35
Land and fresh-water shells, antiquity of the genera of, i. 168
Land-shells, Palæozoic, i. 169
Palæarctic, i. 190
of Madeira, i. 209
of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215
of the Ethiopian region, i. 257
of W. Africa, i. 265
of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, i. 285
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 344
of the Australian region, i. 407
of the Sandwich Islands, i. 466
of New Zealand, i. 459
of the Neotropical region, ii. 19
of the Antilles, ii. 75
conditions favouring development of, ii. 75
of N. America, ii. 124
general observations on the distribution of, ii. 522
richness of islands in, ii. 525
their mode of diffusion, ii. 525, 528
comparative distribution of Operculate and In-operculate, ii. 526
estimated numbers of, ii. 526
Land-snakes, ii. 382
_Langaha_, ii. 379
_Laniarius_, ii. 272
_Lanicterus_, ii. 268
_Laniellus_, ii. 272
LANIIDÆ, ii. 272
_Lanio_, ii. 99
_Lanius_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 272
_Laopithecus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Laornis_, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164
_Laprissa_, ii. 421
LARIDÆ, ii. 364
_Larimus_, ii. 428
Larks, ii. 289
_Larus_, ii. 364
_Larvivora_, ii. 259
_Lasiomys_, ii. 229
_Lasiuromys_, ii. 239
_Latax_, ii. 199
_Lates_, ii. 425