range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 312
range of Oriental genera of, i. 385
range of Australian genera of, i. 484
ACCIPITRES, ii. 345
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 351
ACCIPITRINÆ, ii. 347
_Acerina_, ii. 425
_Aceros_, ii. 317
_Acerotherium_, ii. 214
_Acerotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
N. American Tertiary, i. 136
_Acestra_, ii. 444
_Acestura_, ii. 108
_Achalinus_, ii. 375
_Acharnes_, ii. 434
_Achatina_, ii. 515
_Achatinella_, ii. 514
_Acherontia_, ii. 483
_Achilognathus_, ii. 452
_Achænodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
_Acicula_, ii. 519
ACICULIDÆ, ii. 519
_Acmæodera_, ii. 497
_Acodon_, ii. 230
ACONTIADÆ, ii. 399
_Acontias_, ii. 399
_Acotherium_, European Eocene, i. 126
_Acotherium_, ii. 215
_Acræa_, ii. 473
ACRÆIDÆ, ii. 473
_Acrantus_, ii. 390
_Acredula_, ii. 266
_Acridotheres_, ii. 287
_Acris_, ii. 419
_Acrobata_, ii. 252
_Acrocephalus_, ii. 258
_Acrochilus_, ii. 452
ACROCHORDIDÆ, ii. 382
_Acrochordonichthys_, ii. 442
_Acrochordus_, ii. 382
ACRONURIDÆ, ii. 433
_Acropternis_, ii. 297
_Acryllium_, ii. 340
_Actenodes_, ii. 497
_Actinodura_, ii. 261
_Ada_, ii. 390
_Adamsiella_, ii. 521
_Adapis_, European Eocene, i. 125
_Addax_, ii. 223
_Adelomia_, ii. 108
_Adelotopus_, ii. 490
_Adenomera_, ii. 416
_Adolias_, ii. 474
_Aedon_, ii. 259
_Ægeria_, ii. 482
ÆGERIIDÆ, ii. 482
_Ægialitis_, ii. 356
_Ægithaliscus_, ii. 266
_Ægithalus_, ii. 266
_Ægocera_, ii. 482
_Ægotheles_, ii. 318
_Æluredus_, ii. 275
_Ælurichthys_, ii. 443
ÆLURIDÆ, ii. 201
_Ælurogale_, European Eocene, i. 125
_Æluropus_, ii. 201
_Ælurus_, ii. 201
_Æmona_, ii. 472
_Ænigma_, ii. 490
_Æolidæ_, ii. 530
_Æpyceros_, ii. 223
_Æpyornis_, of Madagascar, i. 164
_Æpyornis_, ii. 370
ÆPYORNITHIDÆ, ii. 370
_Æsacus_, ii. 355
_Æshna_, from the Lias, i. 167
_Æthopyga_, ii. 276
_Æthya_, ii. 364
_Agama_, ii. 402
AGAMIDÆ, ii. 401
_Agapornis_, ii. 328
_Agarista_, ii. 482
_Agaristidæ_, ii. 482
_Agelasta_, ii. 501
AGELASTINÆ, ii. 340
_Agelæus_, ii. 282
_Ageniosus_, ii. 443
_Ageronia_, ii. 474
_Aglæactis_, ii. 108
_Agnopterus_, European Eocene, i. 163
_Agoniates_, ii. 445
_Agonostoma_, ii. 435
_Agonus_, ii. 428
Agouti, ii. 241
_Agra_, ii. 490
_Agraulis_, ii. 474
_Agrilus_, ii. 497
_Agriochoerus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
_Agrion_, from the Lias, i. 167
_Agriornis_, ii. 100
_Ahætulla_, ii. 379
_Ailia_, ii. 442
_Aipysurus_, ii. 384
_Aithurus_, ii. 107
_Aix_, ii. 363
_Akysis_, ii. 442
_Alæmon_, ii. 289
Alaska, birds of, ii. 136
_Alauda_, ii. 289
ALAUDIDÆ, ii. 289
Albatrosses, ii. 365
_Albulichthys_, ii. 452
_Alburnus_, ii. 453
_Alca_, ii. 367
_Alcadia_, ii. 522
ALCEDINIDÆ, ii. 315
_Alcedo_, ii. 316
ALCEPHALINÆ, ii. 224
_Alcephalus_, Indian Miocene, i. 122
_Alcephalus_, ii. 224
_Alces_, ii. 219
ALCIDÆ, ii. 367
_Alcippe_, ii. 261
_Alcurus_, ii. 267
_Alcyone_, ii. 316
Aldabra Islands, land-tortoises of, i. 289
_Alectorurus_, ii. 100
_Alectroenas_, ii. 332
ALEPOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 454
_Alesa_, ii. 475
_Alestes_, ii. 445
_Alethe_, ii. 262
_Aletornis_, N. American Eocene, i. 163
Aleutian Islands, birds of, ii. 137
Algeria, Post-Pliocene deposits and caves of, i. 111
_Algira_, ii. 391
Alleghany sub-region, ii. 130
mammalia of, ii. 132
birds of, ii. 132
reptiles of, ii. 133
amphibia of, ii. 134
fishes of, ii. 134
islands of, ii. 134
Allen, Mr. J. A., on Zoological regions, i. 61
objections to his system of circumpolar zones, i. 67
objections to his zoo-geographical nomenclature, i. 68
on birds of N. America, ii. 133, 136
_Alligator_, ii. 406
ALLIGATORIDÆ, ii. 406
Alligators, ii. 406
_Allotinus_, ii. 477
_Alopecias_, ii. 460
_Alsæcomus_, ii. 332
_Alsecus_, ii. 259
_Alseonax_, ii. 270
_Alsodes_, ii. 417
Altai mountains, fossils in caves, i. 111
_Alytes_, ii. 417
ALYTIDÆ, ii. 417
_Amadina_, ii. 287
_Amara_, ii. 489
_Amarynthis_, ii. 476
_Amathusia_, ii. 472
_Amauresthes_, ii. 287
_Amaurospiza_, ii. 285
_Amazilia_, ii. 109
_Amblyrhiza_, Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148
AMBLYCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 380
_Amblycephalus_, ii. 380
_Amblyceps_, ii. 443
_Amblychila_, ii. 487
_Amblymora_, ii. 501
_Amblyopsis_, ii. 450
_Amblyornis_, ii. 275
_Amblypharyngodon_, ii. 452
_Amblypodia_, ii. 477
_Amblyrhamphus_, ii. 282
_Amblyrhiza_, ii. 237
_Amblyrhynchichthys_, ii. 452
_Amblystoma_, ii. 413
_Ameiva_, ii. 390
America, recent separation of North and South, i. 40
extinct mammalia of, i. 129
N., Post-Pliocene fauna of, i. 129
American Creepers, ii. 295
AMIIDÆ, ii. 458
_Amiurus_, ii. 442
_Ammodromus_, ii. 284
_Ammodytes_, ii. 440
_Ammomanes_, ii. 289
AMMONITIDÆ, ii. 506
_Amomys_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
_Ampeliceps_, ii. 287
AMPELIDÆ, ii. 280
_Ampelio_, ii. 102
_Ampelis_, ii. 280
_Amphechinus_, European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 188
Amphibia, means of dispersal of, i. 28
classification of, i. 100
peculiar to Palæarctic region, i. 186
of Central Europe, i. 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205
of the Siberian sub-region, i. 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 226
table of Palæarctic families of, i. 237
of the Ethiopian region, i. 255
of West Africa, i. 264
S. African, i. 268
of Madagascar, i. 280
table of Ethiopian families of, i. 298
of the Oriental region, i. 317
of the Indian sub-region, i. 326
of Ceylon, i. 327
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 331
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 340
table of Oriental families of, i. 369
of the Australian region, i. 397
resemblances of Australian and South-American, i. 400
of New Guinea, i. 416
of New Zealand, i. 457
Neotropical, ii. 11
of South Temperate America, ii. 41
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 54
of the Antilles, ii. 72
table of Neotropical families of, ii. 89
of the Nearctic region, ii. 120
of California, ii. 128
of Central North America, ii. 131
of Eastern United States, ii. 134
table of Nearctic families of, ii. 143
AMPHIBIA, ii. 411
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 422
fossil, ii. 423
summary and conclusion, ii. 548
lines of migration of, ii. 548
_Amphibola_, ii. 510
_Amphibos_, Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 225
_Amphicyon_, European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
N. American Tertiary, i. 134
ii. 198
ii. 202
_Amphiglossus_, ii 398
_Amphimericidæ_, European Miocene, i. 119
_Amphimoschus_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 220
_Amphioxus_, ii. 464
_Amphipnous_, ii. 455
_Amphisbæna_, ii. 389
AMPHISBÆNIDÆ, ii. 388
_Amphisorex_, European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 191
_Amphitragulus_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 218
_Amphiuma_, ii. 412
AMPHIUMIDÆ, ii. 412
_Amphixestus_, ii. 397
_Ampullaria_, ii. 510
_Amydrus_, ii. 288
_Amytis_, ii. 258
_Anabatoides_, ii. 103
_Anabazenops_, ii. 103
_Anableps_, ii. 450
ANACANTHINI, ii. 439
_Anacyrtus_, ii. 445
_Anadenus_, ii. 517
_Anadia_, ii. 393
ANADIADÆ, ii. 393
_Anæretes_, ii. 101, 291
_Anaides_, ii. 413
_Analcipus_, ii. 268
_Anarhynchus_, ii. 356
_Anarrhichas_, ii. 431
_Anas_, ii. 363
_Anastoma_, European Tertiary, i. 169
ii. 527
_Anastomus_, ii. 361
ANATIDÆ, ii. 363
ANATINIDÆ, ii. 536
_Anatinella_, ii. 536
_Anausorex_, ii. 191
_Anchilophus_, European Eocene, i. 125
_Anchippodus_, N. American Eocene, i. 139
_Anchippus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
_Anchitheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
ii. 212
_Anchitherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Tertiary, i. 135
Ancient fauna of New Zealand, i. 459
_Ancistrops_, ii. 103
_Ancylotherium_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 121
_Ancylotherium_, ii. 246
_Ancyluris_, ii. 476
_Ancylus_, ii. 518
Andaman Islands, zoology of, i. 333
probable past history of, i. 334
_Andigena_, ii. 307
_Andrias_, European Miocene, i. 165
_Androdon_, ii. 107
_Andropadus_, ii. 267
_Aneitea_, ii. 517
_Anguilla_, ii. 456
_Anguis_, ii. 397
Angwantibo, ii. 176
Animal kingdom, primary divisions of, i. 85
Animals, development of, affecting distribution, i. 7
dispersal and migration of, i. 10
rapid multiplication of, i. 10
_Anisacodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
Anoa of Celebes, peculiarities of, i. 428
_Anoa_, ii. 222
_Anodon_, ii. 534
_Anolius_, ii. 400
_Anomalurus_, ii. 235
_Anomalpus_, ii. 397
_Anoplodipsas_, ii. 381
_Anoplotheriidæ_, European Miocene, i. 119
_Anoplotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
European Eocene, i. 126
S. American Eocene, i. 1
_Anopthalmus_, ii. 489
_Anostomus_, ii. 445
_Anous_, ii. 365
_Anser_, ii. 363
_Anseranas_, ii. 363
Anseres, arrangement of, i. 98
peculiar Palæarctic genera of, i. 250
peculiar Ethiopian genera of, i. 313
peculiar Australian genera of, i. 485
ANSERES, general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 367
_Antarctia_, ii. 490
ii. 492
Ant-eaters, ii. 247
_Antechinomys_, ii. 249
_Antechinus_, ii. 249
Antelopes in the Indian Miocene deposits, i. 122
birthplace and migrations of, i. 155
Palæarctic, i. 182
ii. 221
_Antelotherium_, Indian Miocene, i. 122
_Antennarius_, ii. 431
_Anteros_, ii. 476
_Anthia_, ii. 491
_Anthipes_, ii. 270
_Anthocharis_, ii. 478
_Anthochæra_, ii. 275
_Anthornis_, ii. 275
_Anthracotheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
_Anthracotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
ii. 215
_Anthreptes_, ii. 276
Anthropoid apes, ii. 170
_Anthropoides_, ii. 357
_Anthus_, ii. 290
_Antiacodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Antillean sub-region, ii. 61
mammalia of, ii. 62
birds of, ii. 64
illustration of zoology of, ii. 67
table of distribution of resident land-birds of, ii. 68
reptiles and amphibia of, ii. 72
fresh-water fish of, ii. 73
insects of, ii. 73
land-shells of, ii. 75
past history of, ii. 78
Antilles, Pliocene Mammalia of, i. 148
land-shells of, ii. 526
_Antilocapra_, ii. 223
ANTILOCAPRINÆ, ii. 223
_Antilope_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 223
ii. 226
Antiquity of the genera of insects, i. 166
of the genera of land and fresh-water shells, i. 168
_Antrostomus_, ii. 319
Ant-thrushes, ii. 297
_Anumbius_, ii. 103
ANURA, ii. 414
_Anurosorex_, ii. 190
_Aonyx_, ii. 199
_Apalis_, ii. 258
_Apaloderma_, ii. 314
_Apatura_, ii. 474
_Aphanapteryx_ of Mauritius, i. 164
ii. 352
_Aphantocera_, ii. 107
_Aphelotherium_, European Eocene, i. 125
_Aphneus_, ii. 477
_Aphobus_, ii. 283
APHREDODERIDÆ, ii. 425
_Aphritis_, ii. 428
ii. 549
_Aphriza_, ii. 356
_Aphysiadæ_, ii. 530
_Aphyocypris_, ii. 452
_Aplocerus_, ii. 224
_Aplodontia_, ii. 236
_Aplonis_, ii. 288
_Aplopelia_, ii. 383
_Apodemia_, ii. 476
_Apogon_, ii. 425
_Aprasia_, ii. 396
APRASIADÆ, ii. 396
_Aprosmictus_, ii. 325
_Aptenodytes_, ii. 366
APTERYGIDÆ, ii. 369
_Apteryx_, ii. 369
_Apua_, ii. 453
_Aquila_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 348
AQUILINÆ, ii. 348
_Ara_, ii. 328
_Arachnechthra_, ii. 276
_Arachnothera_, ii. 277
ARAMIDÆ, ii. 357
_Aramides_, ii. 352
_Aramus_, ii. 357
_Arapaima_, ii. 454
_Arborophila_, ii. 338
ARCADÆ, ii. 534
_Archæomys_, ii. 238
_Archæopteryx_, Bavarian Oolite, i. 163
_Archibuteo_, ii. 348
Arctic shells, ii. 518
zone not a separate region, i. 68
_Arctitis_, ii. 195
_Arctocebus_, ii. 176
_Arctocephalus_, ii. 202
_Arctocyon_, European Eocene, i. 125
ii. 206
_Arctodus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 202
_Arctogale_, ii. 195
_Arctomys_, European Pliocene, i. 113
ii. 235, 236
_Arctonyx_, ii. 199
_Arctopithecus_, ii. 244
_Arctotherium_ in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
_Ardea_, ii. 359
ARDEIDÆ, ii. 359
_Ardistomus_, ii. 490
_Argentina_, ii. 488
_Arges_, ii. 444
ARGONAUTIDÆ. ii. 505
_Argus pheasant_, figure of, i. 339
peculiarity in display of plumage, and confirmation of Mr. Darwin's
views, i. 340
_Argusianus_, ii. 340
_Argutor_, ii. 489
_Argynnis_, ii. 474
_Aricoris_, ii. 476
_Ariella_, ii. 195
_Arinia_, ii. 520
_Arion_, ii. 517
_Aristobia_, ii. 501
_Arius_, ii. 443
Armadillos, ii. 245
_Arnoglossus_, ii. 441
_Aromochelys_, ii. 408
_Arremon_, ii. 99
_Arrhenotus_, ii. 501
_Artamia_, ii. 268
ii. 271
ii. 288
ARTAMIDÆ, ii. 288
_Artamides_, ii. 269
_Artamus_, ii. 288
_Arthroleptis_, ii. 421
_Artiodactyla_, European Eocene, i. 126
N. American Tertiary, i. 137
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
_Artomyias_, ii. 270
_Arundinicola_, ii. 100
_Arvicola_, European Pliocene, i. 113
in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
S. American Eocene, i. 148
_Arvicola_, ii. 230, 231
_Asio_, ii. 350
_Aspergillum_, ii. 537
_Aspidoparia_, ii. 452
_Aspidorhinus_, ii. 391
_Aspidura_, ii. 374
_Aspius_, ii. 453
_Aspredo_, ii. 444
_Aspro_, ii. 425
_Astarte_, ii. 535
_Astathes_, ii. 501
_Asterophys_, ii. 421
_Asterophysus_, ii. 443
_Asthenodipsas_, ii. 381
_Astrapia_, ii. 274
_Astroblepus_, ii. 444
_Astur_, ii. 348
_Asturina_, ii. 348
_Asturinula_, ii. 348
ATELEOPODIDÆ, ii. 440
_Ateles_, ii. 174
_Atelopus_, ii. 416
_Atelornis_, ii. 312
_Aterica_, ii. 474
_Athene_, ii. 350
_Atherina_, ii. 434
_Atherinichthys_, ii. 434
ATHERINIDÆ, ii. 434
_Atheris_, ii. 386
_Atherura_, ii. 240
_Athylax_, ii. 195
_Athyma_, ii. 474
ATLANTIDÆ, ii. 531
_Atlapetes_, ii. 284
ATRACTASPIDIDÆ, ii. 383
_Atractaspis_, ii. 383
_Atretium_, ii. 375
_Atrichia_, ii. 299
ATRICHIIDÆ, ii. 299
_Atropos_, ii. 385
_Attagis_, ii. 354
ATTALINÆ, ii. 293
_Atthis_, ii. 108
_Atticora_, ii. 281
_Attila_, ii. 102
_Auchenaspis_, ii. 443
_Auchenia_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 217
_Auchenipterus_, ii. 443
Auckland Islands, birds of, i. 455
_Augastes_, ii. 108
_Auks_, ii. 367
_Aulia_, ii. 102
_Aulacodes_, ii. 239
_Aulacodon_, ii. 239
_Aulacorhamphus_, ii. 307
_Aulopoma_, ii. 520
_Aulopyge_, ii. 452
_Auricula_, ii. 519, 527
AURICULIDÆ, ii. 518
_Auriparus_, ii. 266
Australia, physical features of, i. 387
Australia and S. America, supposed land connection between, i. 398
Australian region, description of, i. 387
zoological characteristics of, i. 390
mammalia of, i. 390
birds of, i. 391
reptiles of, i. 396
amphibia of, i. 397
fresh-water fish of, i. 397
summary of vertebrata of, i. 397
supposed land-connection of with S. America, i. 398
insects of, i. 403
lepidoptera of, i. 404
coleoptera of, i. 405
land-shells of, i. 407
sub-regions of, i. 408
early history of, i. 465
Australian sub-region, mammalia of, i. 438
illustration of mammalia of, i. 439
birds of, i. 440
illustration of fauna of, i. 441
Australian hedgehog, ii. 254
Austro-Malayan sub-region, physical features of, i. 388
zoology of, i. 409
_Automolus_, ii. 103
AVICULIDÆ, ii. 533
_Avocettula_, ii. 107
_Avocettinus_, ii. 108
Aye-aye, figure of, i. 278
ii. 177
_Axiocerces_, ii. 477
Azores, visited by European birds, i. 17
birds of, i. 207
butterflies of, i. 207
beetles of, i. 207, 209
peculiarly modified birds of, i. 207
stragglers to, i. 208
how stocked with animal life, i. 208
B.
Babirusa of Celebes, peculiarities of, i. 428
_Babirusa_, ii. 215
Badger, figure of, i. 195
_Badis_, ii. 433
_Bæotis_, ii. 475
_Bagarius_, ii. 443
_Bagrichthys_, ii. 442
_Bagroides_, ii. 442
_Bagrus_, ii. 442
Baird, Professor, on fauna of Cape St. Lucas ii. 130
on representative birds of United States, ii. 180
_Balæna_, European Pliocene, i. 112
ii. 207
_Balæniceps_, ii. 360
BALÆNIDÆ, ii. 207
_Balænodon_, European Pliocene, i. 112
_Balænoptera_, ii. 207
_Balænopteridæ_, ii. 207
_Balea_, ii. 516
_Balearica_, ii. 357
Baly, Mr., on Phytophaga of Japan, i. 230
Banca, its peculiar species and solution of a problem in distribution, i.
356
Band-fish, ii. 435
Bandicoots, ii. 250
_Barangia_, ii. 199
_Barbatula_, ii. 306
Barbets, ii. 305
_Barbichthys_, ii. 452
_Barbus_, ii. 451
_Barilius_, ii. 452
_Barissia_, ii. 392
Barriers, as affecting distribution, i. 6
permanence of, as affecting distribution, i. 7
to the dispersal of birds, i. 17
_Baryphthengus_, ii. 313
_Barypus_, ii. 492
_Basileuterus_, ii. 279
_Basilornis_, ii. 287
_Bassaris_, ii. 200
_Batara_, ii. 104
Bates, Mr., on Carabidæ of Japan, i. 228
on Longicorns of Japan, i. 230
_Bathmodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
_Bathrodon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
_Bathyerges_, ii. 231
BATOIDEI, ii. 462
BATRACHIDÆ, ii. 431
_Batrachocephalus_, ii. 443
_Batrachoseps_, ii. 413
_Batrachostomus_, ii. 318
Bats, powers of flight of, i. 15
classification of, i. 87
of New Zealand, i. 450
_Baucis_, ii. 108
_Baza_, ii. 349
_Bdeogale_, ii. 195
Bearded Reedling, ii. 262
Bears, probable cause of absence of, from tropical Africa, i. 291
ii. 201
Beaver, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
Beavers, ii. 234
Bee-eaters, ii. 312
Beetles, families selected for study, i. 103
from the Lias, i. 167
of Azores, i. 207
of Japan, i. 228
of S. Temperate America, ii. 44
BELEMNITIDÆ, ii. 506
_Belemnoziphius_, European Pliocene, i. 112
_Belideus_, ii. 252
_Belionota_, ii. 497
_Belodontichthys_, ii. 441
_Belone_, ii. 450
_Belonesox_, ii. 450
Belt, Mr., his theory of a great Siberian lake during the glacial epoch,
i. 218; ii. 206
on change of climate caused by diminution of obliquity of ecliptic, i.
466
_Beluga_, ii. 209
_Bembecidium_, ii. 489
_Berardius_, ii. 208
_Berenicornis_, ii. 317
Bermudas, zoology of, ii. 134
_Bernicla_, ii. 363
_Bernieria_, ii. 258
BERYCIDÆ, ii. 424
_Bessonornis_, ii. 256
_Bettongia_, ii. 251
_Bhringa_, ii. 269
_Bhutanitis_, ii. 479
_Bias_, ii. 270
_Biatas_, ii. 104
_Bibos_, ii. 222
_Bison_, ii. 222, 225
Binney, Mr., on Air-breathing Molluscs of N. America, ii. 528
Birds, means of dispersal of, i. 15
dispersal of by winds, i. 16
American, found in Europe, i. 16
reaching the Azores, i. 17
barriers to dispersal of, i. 17
limited by forests, i. 17
classification of, i. 93
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
extinct, i. 160
fossil of Palæarctic region, i. 161
European of Miocene period, i. 161
Eocene of Europe, i. 162
relations of, i. 162
extinct of North America, i. 163
recently extinct in New Zealand, i. 164
Cretaceous of N. America, i. 164
remains of in Brazilian caves, i. 164
recently extinct in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, i. 164
cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176
numerous Palæarctic genera, i. 183
of the European sub-region, i. 193
northern range of in Europe, i. 193
of the zone of pine forests, i. 194
of Iceland, i. 198
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 203
of Malta, i. 206 (_note_)
of the Azores, i. 207
of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215
of the Siberian sub-region, i. 219
Oriental found in Siberia, i. 219
extreme northern Asiatic, i. 219
of northern Asiatic forests, i. 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 223
Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian
sub-region, i. 224
Oriental genera of, in the Manchurian
sub-region, i. 224
characteristic of N.W. China and Mongolia, i. 226
table of Palæarctic families of, i. 235
of West Africa, i. 243
list of Palæarctic genera of, i. 243
of the Ethiopian region, i. 253
of the East African sub-region, i. 260
S. African, i. 267
genera of, peculiar to Madagascar, i. 275
common to Madagascar and Oriental or Ethiopian regions, i. 276
species common to Madagascar and Africa or Asia, i. 277
table of Ethiopian families of, i. 295
table of Ethiopian genera of, i. 306
of the Oriental region, i. 316
of the Indian sub-region, i. 323
Oriental genera of in Central India, i. 324
Palæarctic and Ethiopian genera in Central India, i. 325
of Ceylon, i. 327
of the Indo-Chinese sub region, i. 330
of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, i. 337
illustration of peculiar Malayan, i. 339
of the Philippine Islands, i. 346
table of Oriental families of, i. 366
table of Oriental genera of, i. 375
of Australian region, i. 391
specially organized Australian families of, i. 392
of the Papuan Islands, i. 410
peculiarities of, i. 413
brilliant colours of, i. 413
remarkable forms of, i. 414
of the Moluccas, i. 418
peculiarities of, i. 421
of the Timor group, i. 423
of Celebes, i. 428
of Australia, i. 440
of New Zealand, i. 451
peculiar to New Zealand, i. 452
of Norfolk Island, i. 453
of Lord Howe's Island, i. 453
of the Chatham Islands, i. 454
of the Auckland Islands, i. 455
table of families of Australian, i. 471
table of genera of Australian, i. 478
of the Neotropical region, ii. 6
distinctive characters of Neotropical, ii. 7
of the Mexican sub region, ii. 52
of the Antilles, ii. 64
table of distribution of, ii. 68
table of families of Neotropical, ii. 86
table of genera of Neotropical, ii. 86
of the Nearctic region, ii. 116
list of typical genera of, ii. 118
of California, ii. 127
of Central N. America, ii. 130
of Eastern United States, ii. 132
of Canada, ii. 136
table of Nearctic families of, ii. 141
table of Nearctic genera of, ii. 148
and Mammals, parallelism of distribution of, ii. 545
lines of migration of, ii. 545
peculiar development of, in islands, ii. 546
contrast of distribution in tropical and
temperate oceanic islands, ii. 546
_Biziura_ , ii. 364
_Blacicus_, ii. 102
Black ape of Celebes, i. 427
Bland, Mr. Thomas, on Antillean land-shells, ii. 19
ii. 526
Blanford, Mr. W. T., on the "Indian" region, i. 60
on relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, i. 321
_Blapsidium_, Oolitic insect, i. 167
_Blarina_, ii. 191
_Blauneria_, ii. 519
BLENNIDÆ, ii. 431
_Blenniops_, ii. 431
_Blennius_, ii. 431
_Blethisa_, ii. 489
Blind burrowing snakes, ii. 372
Blunt-heads, ii. 380
Blyth, Mr., on zoological regions, i. 60
on the relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, i. 321
_Boa_, ii. 381
_Boædon_, ii. 380
Boas, ii. 381
_Bola_, ii. 452
_Bolborhynchus_, ii. 328
_Boleosoma_, ii. 425
BOMBINATORIDÆ, ii. 416
_Bombinator_, ii. 417
_Bonasa_, ii. 339
Bonnet-limpets, ii. 511
Bony Pikes, ii. 459
_Bootherium_, ii. 225
Borneo, probable recent changes in, i. 357
_Bos_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 222, 225
_Botaurus_, ii. 359
_Bothriodon_, ii. 215
_Botia_, ii. 453
Bourbon, zoology of, i. 280
reptiles of, i. 281
_Bourcieria_, ii. 108
ii. 521
_Bovidæ_, European Miocene, i. 120
BOVIDÆ, ii. 221
BOVINÆ, ii. 222
_Brachinus_, ii. 489
BRACHIOPODA, ii. 532
_Brachiurophis_, ii. 383
_Brachiurus_, ii. 175
_Brachyalestes_, ii. 445
_Brachycephalus_, ii. 414
_Brachygalba_, ii. 311
_Brachylophus_, ii. 401
_Brachymeles_, ii. 397
_Brachymerus_, ii. 416
_Brachymys_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 232
ii. 236
_Brachymystax_, ii. 447
_Brachypteryx_, ii. 256
_Brachypternus_, ii. 303
_Brachytarsomys_, ii. 230
_Brachypteracias_, ii. 312
_Brachyrhamphus_, ii. 367
_Bradybates_, ii. 413
_Bradycellus_, ii. 489
_Bradyornis_, ii. 271
BRADYPODIDÆ, ii. 244
_Bradyptetus_, ii. 258
_Bradypus_, ii. 244
_Bradytus_, ii. 489
_Brama_, ii. 429
_Bramatherium_, Miocene of Perim Island, i. 122
ii. 226
_Branchiosteus_, ii. 442
_Branta_, ii. 364
BRASSOLIDÆ, ii. 472
_Brassolis_, ii. 472
Brazilian cave-fauna, i. 143
remarks on, i. 145
Brazilian sub-region, description of, ii. 21
mammalia of, ii. 23
birds of, ii. 24
illustration of mammalia of, ii. 23
illustration of birds of, ii. 28
islands of, ii. 29
_Breviceps_, ii. 416
_Breyeria borinensis_, Carboniferous insect, i. 168
Britain, peculiar species in, i. 197
British Isles, zoology of, i. 197
Broad-bill, Malayan, figure of, i. 340
Broad-bills, ii. 294
_Bronchocela_, ii. 402
_Brontes_, ii. 444
_Brontotheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
_Brontotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
_Brotogerys_, ii. 328
Brush-turkeys, ii. 341
_Brycon_, ii. 445
_Bryconops_, ii. 445
_Bryttus_, ii. 425
_Buarremon_, ii. 99
_Bubalus_, ii. 222
_Bubo_, European Miocene, i. 162
ii. 350
BUCCINIDÆ, ii. 507
_Buccinum_, ii. 507
_Bucco_, ii. 310
BUCCONIIDÆ, ii. 310
_Bucephala_, ii. 364
_Bucephalus_, ii. 379
_Buceros_, ii. 317
BUCEROTIDÆ, ii. 316
_Bucorvus_, ii. 317
_Budorcas_, ii. 224
BUDORCINÆ, ii. 224
_Budytes_, ii. 290
Buffaloes, ii. 221
_Bufo_, ii. 415
BUFONIDÆ, ii. 415
_Bulbuls_, ii. 267
BULLIDÆ, ii. 530
_Buliminus_, ii. 514
_Bulimulus_, ii. 514
_Bulimus_, Eocene, i. 169
ii. 514, 523
_Bunælurus_, N American Tertiary, i. 134
_Bungarus_, ii. 383
_Bungia_, ii. 452
_Bunocephalichthys_, ii. 444
_Bunocephalus_, ii. 444
_Buphaga_, ii. 288
BUPRESTIDÆ, ii. 495
_Buprestidium_, Oolitic insect, i. 167
_Busarellus_, ii. 348
Bush-shrikes, ii. 297
Bustards, ii. 356
_Butalis_, ii. 270
_Butastur_, ii. 348
_Buteo_, ii. 348
_Buteogallus_, ii. 348
BUTEONINÆ, ii. 348
_Buteola_, ii. 348
_Buthraupis_, ii. 98
Butterflies, arrangement of, i. 103
Palæarctic, i. 187
of Central Europe, i. 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205
of Azores, i. 207
peculiar to Siberian sub-region, i. 220
of Japan and North China, i. 227
of the Ethiopian region, i. 255
number of Ethiopian species, i. 256
of Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 342
of the Australian region, i. 404
of the Austro-Malay sub-region, i. 404
of the Moluccas, i. 419
of Celebes, peculiarities of, i. 434
of New Zealand, i. 457
ii. 470
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 483
fossil, ii. 486
of S. Temperate America, ii. 43
_Bycanistes_, ii. 317
C.
_Cabalus_, ii. 352
_Cabrita_, ii. 391
_Cacatua_, ii. 325
CACATUIDÆ, ii. 324
_Caccabis_, ii. 339
_Cachius_, ii. 453
_Cacomantis_, ii. 309
_Cacophis_, ii. 383
_Cacopitta_, ii. 261
_Cacopus_, ii. 416
_Cacotus_, ii. 417
_Cactornis_, ii. 284
_Cadurcotherium_, European Eocene, i. 125
_Cæcilia_, ii. 411
CÆCILIADÆ, ii. 411
_Cæcum_, ii. 509
_Cælodon_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
_Cælogenys_, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 241
_Cænopithecus_, European Eocene, i. 124
ii. 178
_Cæntropus_, ii. 445
_Cainotherium_, European Miocene, i. 120
European Eocene, i. 126
_Cairina_, ii. 364
_Caica_, ii. 328
_Calamanthus_, ii. 258
_Calamaria_, ii. 374
CALAMARIIDÆ, ii. 374
_Calamodon_, N. American Eocene, i. 139
_Calamodus_, ii. 258
CALAMOHERPINÆ, ii. 287
_Calamoichthys_, ii. 458
_Calamospiza_, ii. 285
_Calandrella_, ii. 289
_Calao_, ii. 317
_Calathus_, ii. 489
_Caledonica_, ii. 487
_Calendula_, ii. 289
_Calicalicus_, ii. 271
_Calictis_, ii. 195
_Calidris_, ii. 353
_Caliecthrus_, ii. 309
California, illustration of zoology of, ii. 128
Californian sub-region, ii. 127
mammalia of, ii. 127
birds of, ii. 127
reptiles of, ii. 128
amphibia of, ii. 128
fresh-water fishes of, ii. 128
_Caligo_, ii. 472
_Calinaga_, ii. 479
_Calisto_, ii. 471
_Callæas_, ii. 287
_Callia_, ii. 521
_Callichroma_, ii. 501
_Callichrous_, ii. 442
_Callichthys_, ii. 444
_Callida_, ii. 490
_Callidryas_, ii. 478
_Callionymus_, ii. 430
_Calliope_, ii. 259
_Callipepla_, ii. 339
_Calliperidia_, ii. 108
_Calliphlox_, ii. 198
_Callirhynus_, ii. 375
_Callisaurus_, ii. 401
_Calliste_, ii. 98
_Callisthenus_, ii. 489
_Callithea_, ii. 474
_Callithrix_, in Brazilian caves, i. 184
ii. 175
ii. 178
_Callocephalus_, ii. 204
_Callochen_, ii. 363
_Callomystax_, ii. 443
_Callophis_, ii. 383
_Callophysus_, ii. 443
_Callopistes_, ii. 390
_Callorhinus_, ii. 202
_Calloselasma_, ii. 385
_Callosune_, ii. 478
_Callula_, ii. 416
_Calobates_, ii. 290
_Calocitta_, ii. 273
_Calodromas_, ii. 344
_Caloenas_, ii. 333
_Caloperdix_, ii. 339
_Calophena_, ii. 490
_Calopsitta_, ii. 325
_Caloragia_, ii. 375
_Calorhamphus_, ii. 306
_Calornis_, ii. 288
_Calosoma_, ii. 489
_Calostethus_, ii. 419
_Calotes_, ii. 402
_Calothorax_, ii. 108
_Calydna_, ii. 476
_Calypte_, ii. 108
_Calyptocephalus_, ii. 421
_Calyptomena_, ii. 295
_Calyptorhynchus_, ii. 325
CALYPTRÆIDÆ, ii. 511
_Calyptura_, ii. 102
_Camarhynchus_, ii. 284
_Camaroptera_, ii. 258
Camel, fossil in Indian Miocene, i. 122
birth-place and migrations of, i. 155
Palæarctic, i. 182
_Camelidæ_, essentially extra-tropical, i. 112
N. American Tertiary, i. 138
CAMELIDÆ, ii. 216
CAMELOPARDALIDÆ, ii. 221
_Camelopardalis_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
Indian Miocene, i. 122
ii. 221
_Camelotherium_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 217
Camels, ii. 216
_Camelus_, ii. 216
_Camena_, ii. 477
_Campephaga_, ii. 269
CAMPEPHAGIDÆ, ii. 268
_Campephilus_, ii. 303
_Campsiempis_, ii. 101
_Camptolaimus_, ii. 364
_Campylopterus_, ii. 107
_Campylorhynchus_, ii. 264
Canadian sub-region, mammalia of, ii. 135
birds of, ii. 136
reptiles and fishes of, ii. 137
insects of, ii. 137
Canaries, birds of, i. 208
beetles of, i. 209
_Cancroma_, ii. 359
_Canidæ_, European Miocene, i. 118
European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Tertiary, i. 134
remarkable S. African, i. 267
CANIDÆ, ii. 197
_Canis_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Post-Pliocene, i. 112
European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129
N. American Tertiary, i. 134, 135
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
ii. 197
_Cantharus_, ii. 427
_Cantoria_, ii. 376
Cape Ant-eater, ii. 246
Cape of Good Hope, peculiar flora and fauna of, i. 266
Cape Verd Islands, zoology of, i. 214
Cape-hare, S. African, i. 267
_Capito_, ii. 306
CAPITONINÆ, ii. 306
_Capoeta_, ii. 451
_Capra_, ii. 224, 225
_Capreolus_, ii. 219
CAPRIMULGIDÆ, ii. 319
_Caprimulgus_, ii. 319
CAPRINÆ, ii. 224
_Capromys_, ii. 238
_Capys_, ii. 477
CARABIDÆ, ii. 488
_Carabus_, ii. 488
ii. 489
CARANGIDÆ, ii. 429
_Carassius_, ii. 451
CARCHARIIDÆ, ii. 460
_Carcineutes_, ii. 316
_Cardellina_, ii. 279
CARDIADÆ, ii. 535
_Cardinalis_, ii. 285
_Cardiodus_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
_Cardiopthalmus_, ii. 492
_Cardita_, ii. 535
_Carenum_, ii. 490
_Cariama_, Brazilian caves, i. 164
ii. 357
CARIAMIDÆ, ii. 357
_Caridonax_, ii. 316
_Carlia_, ii. 397
_Carnivora_ of European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129
N. American Tertiary, i. 134
of Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
Carnivora, classification of, i. 88
antiquity of, i. 153
of the Palæarctic region, i. 182
list of Palæarctic genera of, i. 240
list of Ethiopian genera of, i. 302
range of Oriental genera of, i. 373
list of Australian genera of, i. 476
CARNIVORA, ii. 192
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 204
range of, in time, ii. 206
summary and conclusion, ii. 541
Caroline Islands, birds of, i. 444
Carpenter, Dr. Philip, on Panama shells, ii. 20
_Carpiodes_, ii. 451
_Carpococcyx_, ii. 309
_Carpodacus_, ii. 285
_Carpodectes_, ii. 102, 294
_Carpophaga_, ii. 332
_Carterodon_ in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 239
Carus, and Gerstaeker on classification of animals, i. 85
Professor, on classification of the Cetacea, i. 88
_Carychium_, ii. 519
_Casarca_, ii. 363
_Cascelius_, ii. 492
_Casiornis_, ii. 102, 293
_Casoryx_, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii. 225
_Casnonia_, ii. 489
_Cassiculus_, ii. 282
_Cassicus_, ii. 282
_Cassidaria_, ii. 507
_Cassidix_, ii. 283
_Cassinia_, ii. 270
Cassowaries, ii. 368
_Castalia_, ii. 534
_Castnia_, ii. 481
CASTNIIDÆ, ii. 481
_Castor_, European Pliocene, i. 113
European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 234
CASTORIDÆ, ii. 234
_Castoroides_, ii. 234
_Casuarius_, ii. 369
CASUARIIDÆ, ii. 368
_Catadromus_, ii. 490
_Catagramma_, ii. 474
_Catamblyrhynchus_, ii. 285
_Catamenia_, ii. 285
_Catascopus_, ii. 489
ii. 491
_Cataulus_, ii. 520
_Catharistes_, ii. 346
_Cathartes_, Brazilian caves, i. 124
ii. 346
_Catharus_, ii. 256
_Catherpes_, ii. 264
_Catla_, ii. 451
_Catoblepas_, ii. 224
_Catodon_, ii. 208
_Catodontidæ_, ii. 207
_Catopra_, ii. 433
_Catoprion_, ii. 446
_Catostomus_, ii. 451
_Catoxantha_, ii. 496
_Catriscus_, ii. 258
Cats, ii. 192
Cave-fauna of Brazil, i. 143
_Cavia_, European Miocene, i. 121
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 241
Cavies, ii. 241
CAVIIDÆ, ii. 241
CEBIDÆ, ii. 174
_Cebochoerus_, European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 215
_Cebus_ in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii. 174
ii. 178
_Cecina_, ii. 521
Celebes, physical features of, i. 389
mammalia of, i. 426
birds of, i. 428
insects of, i. 434
origin of fauna of, i. 436
_Celestus_, ii. 327
_Celeus_, ii. 303
_Celia_, ii. 489
_Cenchris_, ii. 385
_Centetes_, ii. 188
_Centetidæ_, European Miocene, i. 118
CENTETIDÆ, ii. 188
_Centrarchus_, ii. 425
CENTRISCIDÆ, ii. 436
_Centriscus_, ii. 436
_Centrites_, ii. 101, 291
_Centrocercus_, ii. 339
_Centrolabrus_, ii. 437
_Centrolophus_, ii. 429
_Centromochlus_, ii. 443
_Centronotus_, ii. 431
_Centropus_, ii. 309
_Centronyx_, ii. 286
_Centropyx_, ii. 390
_Centurus_, ii. 303
_Cephalepis_, ii. 108
_Cephalopeltis_, ii. 389
CEPHALOPHINÆ, ii. 224
_Cephalophus_, ii. 224
CEPHALOPODA, ii. 505
_Cephalopterus_, ii. 103, 294
_Cephalopyrus_, ii. 266
_Cepola_, ii. 435
CEPOLIDÆ, ii. 435
CERAMBYCIDÆ, ii. 493
_Ceratichthys_, ii. 452
_Ceratina_, ii. 470
Ceratodus, remarkable Australian fish, i. 397
_Ceratodus_, ii. 458
_Ceratohyla_, ii. 418
_Ceratophora_, ii. 402
_Ceratophorus_, ii. 501
_Ceratophrys_, ii. 420
_Ceratoptera_, ii. 463
_Ceratorhina_, ii. 367
_Ceratorhinus_, ii. 213
_Ceratotherium_, ii. 213
_Cerberus_, ii. 376
_Cercaspis_, ii. 380
_Cerchneis_, ii. 349
_Cercocebus_, ii. 173
_Cercolabes_ in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 240
CERCOLABIDÆ, ii. 239
_Cercoleptes_, ii. 200
_Cercomacra_, ii. 104
_Cercomela_, ii. 260
_Cercomys_, ii. 239
_Cercopithecus_ in European Pliocene, i. 112
ii. 173
_Cercosaura_, ii. 394
CERCOSAURIDÆ, ii. 394
_Cereopsis_, ii. 363
_Ceriornis_, ii. 340
CERITHIADÆ, ii. 509
_Certhia_, ii. 264
_Certhidea_, ii. 278
CERTHIADÆ, ii. 264
_Certhilauda_, ii. 289
_Certhiola_, ii. 278
_Certhiparus_, ii. 266
_Cervicapra_, ii. 224
CERVICAPRINÆ, ii. 224
_Cervidæ_, European Miocene, i. 120
birth-place and migrations of, i. 155
CERVIDÆ, ii. 218
_Cervulus_, ii. 219
_Cervus_, European Pliocene, i. 113
Indian Pliocene and Miocene, i. 122
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 138
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 219
_Ceryle_, ii. 316
CESTRACIONTIDÆ, ii. 461
_Cetacea_, European Pliocene, i. 112
European Miocene, i. 119
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 140
Cetacea, classification of, i. 89
range of Oriental genus, i. 374
CETACEA, ii. 207
_Cethosia_, ii. 474
CETONIIDÆ, ii. 494
_Cetopsis_, ii. 443
_Cettia_, ii. 258
_Ceuthmochares_, ii. 309
_Ceycopsis_, ii. 316
Ceylon and Malaya, resemblance of insects of, i. 327
Ceylonese sub-region, i. 326
mammalia of, i. 327
birds of, i. 327
reptiles of, i. 327
amphibia of, i. 327
insects of, i. 327
past history of, as indicated by its fauna. i. 328
_Ceyx_, ii. 316
_Chaca_, ii. 441
_Chæmarrhornis_, ii. 259
_Chæmepelia_, ii. 333
_Chærocampa_, ii. 482
_Chætobranchus_, ii. 439
_Chætocercus_, ii. 108
ii. 249
_Chætodon_, ii. 427
_Chætomys_, ii. 240
_Chætops_, ii. 256
_Chætoptila_, ii. 276
_Chætorhynchus_, ii. 269
_Chætostomus_, ii. 444
_Chætura_, ii. 320
_Chætusia_, ii. 356
_Chalceus_, ii. 445
CHALCIDÆ, ii. 393
_Chalcinopsis_, ii. 445
_Chalcinus_, ii. 445
_Chalcis_, ii. 393
_Chalcochloris_, ii. 189
_Chalcopelia_, ii. 333
_Chalcophaps_, ii. 333
_Chalcostetha_, ii. 276
_Chalicomys_, European Pliocene, i. 113
_Chalicotherium_, European Miocene, i. 119
Indian Miocene, i. 122
fossil in N. China, i. 123
_Chamæleo_, N. American Eocene, i. 165
_Chalybura_, ii. 107
_Chamæa_, ii. 264
CHAMÆIDÆ, ii. 264
CHAMÆLEONIDÆ, ii. 402
Chamæleons, ii. 402
_Chamæpetes_, ii. 343
_Chamæospiza_, ii. 284
_Chamæsaura_, ii. 394
CHAMÆSAURIDÆ, ii. 394
_Chamæza_, ii. 104
CHAMIDÆ, ii. 534
Chamois, figure of, i. 195
ii. 224
_Chamostrea_, ii. 536
_Chanodichthys_, ii. 453
CHARACINIDÆ, ii. 444
_Characodon_, ii. 450
CHARADRIIDÆ, ii. 355
_Charadrius_, ii. 356
_Charina_, ii. 373
_Charis_, ii. 476
_Charitornis_, ii. 274
_Charmosyna_, ii. 327
_Chasiempis_, ii. 271
_Chasmodes_, ii. 431
_Chasmorhynchus_, ii. 103, 294
_Chatarrhæa_, ii. 261
Chatham Islands, birds of, i. 454
Chatterers, ii. 293
_Chaulelasmus_, ii. 364
_Chauna_, ii. 361
_Chaunonotus_, ii. 272
_Chaunoproctus_, ii. 284
_Chela_, ii. 453
_Chelemys_, ii. 408
_Chelidon_, ii. 281
_Chelidoptera_, ii. 311
_Chelidorynx_, ii. 271
_Chelodina_, ii. 408
_Chelomeles_ ii. 397
_Chelone_, ii. 409
Chelonia, classification of, i. 100
CHELONIA, ii. 407
remarks on the distribution of, ii. 410
fossil, ii. 410
CHELONIIDÆ, ii. 409
CHELYDIDÆ, ii. 408
_Chelydobatrachus_, ii. 416
_Chelydra_, European Pliocene, i. 165
ii. 408
_Chelys_, ii. 408
_Chenalopex_, ii. 363
_Chera_, ii. 286
_Chersina_, ii. 408
_Chersydrus_, ii. 382
Chevrotain of Malaya, figure of, i. 336
Chevrotains, ii. 218
_Chiamela_, ii. 397
_Chiasognathus_, ii. 493
_Chibia_, ii. 269
_Chilabothrus_, ii. 381
Chili should not be placed in the Palæarctic or Nearctic regions, i. 63
Chili and Temperate S. America, distribution of Carabidæ in, ii. 492
Chilian Andes, illustration of zoology of, ii. 40
Chilian sub-region, ii. 36
mammalia of, ii. 36
birds of, ii. 37
illustration of zoology of, ii. 40
reptiles and amphibia of, ii. 40
fresh-water fishes of, ii. 42
insects of, ii. 42
origin and migrations of insects of, ii. 47
Chili, islands of, ii. 49
_Chilinia_, ii. 518
_Chilobranchus_, ii. 456
_Chilomeniscus_, ii. 375
_Chimæra_, ii. 460
CHIMÆRIDÆ, ii. 460
China, fossil mammals in, resembling those of Indian and European
Miocene, i. 362
North, mammalia of, i. 222
_Chinchilla_, ii. 237
_Chinchillidæ_ in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148
CHINCHILLIDÆ, ii. 237
_Chioglossa_, ii. 413
_Chionabas_, ii. 471
CHIONIDIDÆ, ii. 354
_Chionis_, ii. 354
CHIROCENTRIDÆ, ii. 454
CHIROCOLIDÆ, ii. 393
_Chirodon_, ii. 445
_Chirodryas_, ii. 418
_Chirogaleus_, ii. 176
_Chiroleptes_, ii. 421
_Chiromachæris_, ii. 102, 292
_Chiromantis_, ii. 419
CHIROMYIDÆ, ii. 177
_Chironectes_, ii. 248
Chiroptera, classification of, i. 87
list of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239
list of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300
range of Oriental genera of, i. 371
list of Australian genera of, i. 475
_Chiroptera_, European Eocene, i. 125
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
CHIROPTERA, ii. 181
remarks on the distribution of, ii. 185
fossil, ii. 185
summary and conclusion, ii. 441
_Chirotes_, ii. 388
CHIROTIDÆ, ii. 388
_Chiroxiphia_, ii. 102, 292
CHITONIDÆ, ii. 512
_Chittya_, ii. 519
_Chlænius_, ii. 489
_Chlamydodera_, ii. 275
_Chlamydophorus_, ii. 246
_Chlamydotherium_, ii. 246
in Brazilian caves, i. 145
_Chlenasicus_, ii. 262
_Chloëphaga_, ii. 363
_Chlorochrysa_, ii. 98
ii. 99
_Chloronerpes_, ii. 303
_Chlorophanes_, ii. 278
_Chlorophonia_, ii. 98
ii. 99
_Chloropipo_, ii. 102
_Chlorospiza_, ii. 283
_Chlorospingus_, ii. 99
ii. 100
_Chlorostilbon_, ii. 109
_Choanomphalus_, ii. 518
_Choanopoma_, ii. 521
_Choeromorus_, European Miocene, i. 119
_Choeropotamus_, European Eocene, i. 126
ii. 215
_Choeropus_, ii. 250
_Choerotherium_, Indian Miocene, i. 122
_Cholæpus_, ii. 244
_Chologastes_, ii. 450
_Cholornis_, ii. 262
_Chondestes_, ii. 285
_Chondropoma_, ii. 521
CHONDROPTERYGII, ii. 46
CHONDROSTEI, ii. 459
_Chondrostoma_, ii. 452
_Choneziphius_, European Pliocene, i. 112
_Chordeiles_, ii. 320
Chough, Alpine, figure of, i. 195
Choughs, ii. 274
CHROMIDÆ, ii. 438
_Chromis_, ii. 438
_Chrysichthys_, ii. 442
_Chrysobronchus_, ii. 108
_Chrysococcyx_, ii. 310
CHRYSOCHLORIDÆ, ii. 189
_Chrysochloris_, ii. 189
_Chrysocolaptes_, ii. 303
_Chrysocyon_, ii. 197
_Chrysolampis_, ii. 108
_Chrysomitris_, ii. 283
_Chrysopelea_, ii. 379
_Chrysophrys_, ii. 427
_Chrysoptilus_, ii. 303
_Chrysothrix_, ii. 175
_Chrysotis_, ii. 328
_Chrysuronia_, ii. 109
_Chthonicola_, ii. 258
_Ciccaba_, ii. 350
_Cichla_, ii. 439
_Cichladusa_, ii. 261
_Cichlopsis_, ii. 260
_Cicigna_, ii. 392
_Cicindela_, ii. 486
CICINDELIDÆ, ii. 486
_Cicinnurus_, ii. 275
_Ciconia_, ii. 360
_Ciconiidæ_, ii. 360
CINCLIDÆ, ii. 262
_Cinclocerthia_, ii. 256
_Cinclodes_, ii. 103
_Cinclorhamphus_, ii. 260
_Cinclosoma,_ ii. 261
_Cinclus_, ii. 263
_Cinnicerthia_, ii. 264
_Cinnyricinclus_, ii. 276
ii. 288
_Cinosternon_, ii. 408
_Cinyxis_, ii. 408
_Cionella_, ii. 515
_Circaëtus_, ii. 348
_Circe_, ii. 109
Circumpolar zones, objections to system of, i. 67
_Circus_, ii. 347
_Cirrhina_, ii. 451
CIRRHITIDÆ, ii. 427
_Cirrhochroa_, ii. 474
CIRRHOSTOMI, ii. 464
_Cissa_, ii. 273
_Cissopis_, ii. 99
_Cisticola_, ii. 257
_Cistothorus_, ii. 263
_Cistula_, ii. 521
_Cithara_, ii. 508
_Citharinus_, ii. 445
_Cittura_, ii. 316
_Cladognathus_, ii. 493
_Clais_, ii. 108
Clam-shells, ii. 535
_Clarias_, ii. 441
_Clarotes_, ii. 442
Classification as affecting the study of distribution, i. 83
_Claudius_, ii. 408
_Clausilia_, Eocene, i. 169
ii. 514
_Clerome_, ii. 472
_Clibanornis_, ii. 103
_Climacteris_, ii. 265
Climate, as a limit to the range of mammalia, i. 11
gradual change of, before the glacial epoch, i. 41
_Clinteria_, ii. 494
CLIONIDÆ, ii. 531
_Clostophis_, ii. 520
_Clupea_, ii. 454
CLUPEIDÆ, ii. 454
_Clymenia_, ii. 209
_Clypeicterus_, ii. 282
_Clytoctantes_, ii. 104
_Clytolæna_, ii. 108
_Clytus_, ii. 501
_Cnidoglanis_, ii. 441
_Cnipodectes_, ii. 101
_Cnipolegus_, ii. 101, 291
_Cobitis_, ii. 453
Cobras, ii. 382
_Coccothraustes_, ii. 284
_Coccygus_, ii. 309
_Coccystes_, ii. 310
_Cochlognathus_, ii. 452
_Cochlostyla_, ii. 514
_Cochlothraustes_, ii. 309
_Cochoa_, ii. 269
Cockatoos, ii. 324
Cockles, ii. 535
Cocos Islands, bird of, ii. 60
_Cocytia_, ii. 481
_Coeligena_, ii. 107
_Coelodon_, ii. 245
_Coelonotus_, ii. 457
_Coelopeltis_, ii. 377
_Coelosterna_, ii. 501
_Coenonympha_, ii. 471
_Coereba_, ii. 278
COEREBIDÆ, ii. 278
_Cogia_, ii. 208
_Colaptes_, ii. 304
Coleoptera, families selected for study, i. 103
Palæarctic, i. 188
number of Palæarctic species, i. 189
of Central Europe, i. 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205
of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215
of the Ethiopian region, i. 256
S. African, i. 268
of Madagascar, i. 282, 283
of the Oriental region, i. 319
of Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 342
of the Australian region, i. 405
affinity of Australian and South American, i. 406, 407
of Celebes, i. 435
of New Zealand, i. 457
of the Neotropical region, ii. 15
of S. Temperate America, ii. 44
of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 56
of the Antilles, ii. 74
of the Nearctic region, ii. 123
COLEOPTERA, ii. 486
general observations on the distribution of, ii. 502 (_see also_
Beetles)
_Colias_, ii. 478
Colies, ii. 307
COLIIDÆ, ii. 307
_Colius_, ii. 307
_Coliuspasser_, ii. 286
_Collocalia_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 320
_Colluricincla_, ii. 272
_Collyris_, ii. 486, 487
_Colobus_, European Miocene, i. 117
ii. 172
_Colænis_, ii. 474
_Colonoceras_, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
_Colopterus_, ii. 101
_Colossochelys_ of Indian Miocene, i. 123, 165
_Colpodes_, ii. 489
_Coluber_, ii. 375
COLUBRIDÆ, ii. 375
COLUBRINÆ, ii. 375
Columbæ, classification of, i. 96
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 311
range of Oriental genera of, i. 384
range of Australian genera of, i. 485
_Columba_, ii. 332
COLUMBÆ, ii. 331
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 335
COLUMBIDÆ, ii. 331
_Columbula_, ii. 333
_Columna_, ii. 516
COLYMBIDÆ, ii. 366
_Colymbus_, ii. 366
COMEPHORIDÆ, ii. 432
_Comephorus_, ii. 549
Comoro islands, zoology of, i. 281
_Compsosoma_, ii. 98, 375
CONCHIFERA, ii. 533
_Condylura_, ii. 190
Cones, ii. 508
_Conger_, ii. 456
CONIDÆ, ii. 508
_Conirostrum_, ii. 278
_Conognatha_, ii. 496
_Conophaga_, ii. 100
CONOPHAGINÆ, ii. 291
_Conophis_, ii. 375
_Conopias_, ii. 101
_Conorhynchus_, ii. 443
_Conostoma_, ii. 262
Continents, distribution of, i. 37
recent changes of, i. 38
Continental extension in Mesozoic times, i. 156
_Contopus_, ii. 102, 291
CONURIDÆ, ii. 327
_Conurus_, ii. 328
_Conus_, ii. 508
_Copea_, ii. 416
_Cophoscincus_, ii. 397
_Copidoglanis_, ii. 441
_Coptodera_, ii. 489, 492
_Copurus_, ii. 101
_Copsychus_, ii. 259
_Coracias_, ii. 311
CORACIIDÆ, ii. 311
_Coracopsis_, ii. 328
_Corades_, ii. 471
_Corallus_, ii. 381
_Corbis_, ii. 535
_Cordylosaurus_, ii. 392
_Cordylus_, ii. 392
_Coregonus_, ii. 447
_Coriphilus_, ii. 327
_Coris_, ii. 437
_Coronella_, ii. 375
CORONELLINÆ, ii. 375
_Coronis_, ii. 481
_Cornufer_, ii. 419
CORVIDÆ, ii. 272
_Corvina_, ii. 428
_Corvinella_, ii. 272
_Corvultur_, ii. 274
_Corvus_, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 274
_Corydalla_, ii. 290
_Corydon_, ii. 295
_Corynopoma_, ii. 445
_Coryphistera_, ii. 103
_Coryphodon_, European Eocene, i. 126
_Coryphospingus_, ii. 284
_Corythaix_, ii. 307
_Corythopis_, ii. 100
_Corythornis_, ii. 316
_Cosmeteira_, ii. 277
_Cosmetornis_, ii. 320
Cosmopolitan groups enumerated, i. 175
_Cossypha_, ii. 256
_Cotinga_, ii. 102, 294
COTINGIDÆ, ii. 293
_Cottus_, ii. 428
_Coturniculus_, ii. 284
_Coturnix_, ii. 338
_Cotyle_, ii. 281
_Coua_, ii. 309
_Couchia_, ii. 439
Coues, Dr., on the blue crow of the Rocky Mountains, ii. 128
Coursers, ii. 355
Cowries, ii. 508
Coypu, ii. 238
CRACIDÆ, ii. 342
CRACINÆ, ii. 343
_Cracticus_, ii. 273
Cranes, ii. 357
CRANIADÆ, ii. 532
_Cranorrhinus_, ii. 317
_Craspedocephalus_, ii. 385
_Craspedopoma_, ii. 521
_Crateropus_, ii. 261
_Crax_, ii. 343
_Creadion_, ii. 287
_Creagrus_, ii. 364
_Creagrutus_, ii. 445
Creepers, ii. 264
_Cremna_, ii. 475
_Crenicichla_, ii. 439
_Crenilabrus_, ii. 437
_Crenuchus_, ii. 445
_Creurgops_, ii. 99
_Cricetodon_, European Miocene, i. 120
ii. 230
_Cricetomys_, ii. 230
_Cricetulus_, ii. 230
_Cricetus_, European Pliocene, i. 113
ii. 230
_Cricosoma_, ii. 476
_Crinia_, ii. 420
_Criniger_, ii. 267
_Crithagra_, ii. 285
_Crocidura_, ii. 191
Crocodiles, Eocene, i. 165
ii. 406
lines of migration of, ii. 548
Crocodilia, classification of, i. 100
CROCODILIA, ii. 405
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 406
fossil, ii. 407
CROCODILIDÆ, ii. 406
_Crocodilurus_ ii. 390
_Crocodilus_, ii. 406
Crook-billed plovers of New Zealand, i. 456
_Crossarchus_, ii. 195
_Crossochilus_, ii. 451
_Crossodactylus_, ii. 419
_Crossoptilon_, ii. 340
_Crossopus_, ii. 191
CROTALIDÆ, ii. 384
_Crotalophorus_, ii. 385
_Crotalus_, ii. 385
Crotch, Mr., on beetles of the Azores, i. 209
_Crotophaga_, ii. 309
Crowned-pigeon, figure of, i. 415
Crows, ii. 273
_Crypsirhina_, ii. 273
_Cryptoblepharus_, ii. 395
_Cryptodacus_, ii. 375
_Cryptoprocta_, ii. 194
CRYPTOPROCTIDÆ, ii. 194
_Cryptopterus_, ii. 441
_Cryptornis_, European Eocene, i. 163
_Cryptotis_, ii. 421
_Crypturus_, ii. 344
_Ctenodactyla_, ii. 490
_Ctenodactylus_, ii. 238
_Ctenolabrus_, ii. 437
_Ctenomys_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii. 238
_Ctenopharyngodon_, ii. 452
_Ctenopoma_, ii. 521
_Ctenostoma_, ii. 486
Cuba, extinct mammalia of, i. 148
_Curculionidium_, Oolitic insect, i. 167
_Cubina_, ii. 400
CUCULIDÆ, ii. 308
_Cuculus_, ii. 309
Cuckoo-shrikes, ii. 268
Cuckoos, ii. 308
_Culter_, ii. 453
Cunningham, Professor, lizard discovered by, in Tierra-del-Fuego, ii. 41
_Cuniculus_, ii. 230
_Cuphopterus_, ii. 272
_Cupidonia_, ii. 339
Curassows, ii. 342
_Curæus_, ii. 282
_Curetis_, ii. 477
_Curimatus_, ii. 445
_Curruca_, ii. 259
_Cursoria_, ii. 382
_Cursorius_, ii. 355