p. 575; _Dufey_, _Résumé de l'Hist._, tom. i., p. 4; _Neighbors_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 265; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p.
230; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 308. Labor is considered
degrading by the Comanches. _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347. The
Apache men 'no cuidan de otras cosas, sino de cazar y divertirse.'
_Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv.,
p. 563; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 29, 49, 56. 'La femme (du Comanche) son
esclave absolue, doit tout faire pour lui. Souvent il n'apporte pas même
le gibier qu'il a tué, mais il envoie sa femme le chercher au loin.'
_Dubuis_, in _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 459. The Navajos 'treat their women
with great attention, consider them equals, and relieve them from the
drudgery of menial work.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203. The Navajo
women 'are the real owners of all the sheep.... They admit women into
their councils, who sometimes control their deliberations; and they also
eat with them.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 412; _Whipple, Ewbank, and
Turner's Rept._, p. 101., in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'De aquí
proviene que sean árbitros de sus mugeres, dandoles un trato
servilísimo, y algunas veces les quitan hasta la vida por celos.'
_Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 268. 'Les Comanches, obligent le
prisonnier blanc, dont ils ont admiré le valeur dans le combat, á s'unir
aux leurs pour perpétuer sa race.' _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 462.
[758] Among the Apaches, 'muchas veces suele disolverse el contrato por
unánime consentimiento de los desposados, y volviendo la mujer á su
padre, entrega este lo que recibió por ella.' _Cordero_. in _Orozco y
Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 373. When the Navajo women abandon the husband,
the latter 'asks to wipe out the disgrace by killing some one.' _Ind.
Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 334; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._,
vol. iv., p. 217.
[759] Navajo women, 'when in parturition, stand upon their feet, holding
to a rope suspended overhead, or upon the knees, the body being erect.'
_Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290. 'Previous to a birth,
the (Yuma) mother leaves her village for some short distance and lives
by herself until a month after the child is born; the band to which she
belongs then assemble and select a name for the little one, which is
given with some trivial ceremony.' _Emory's Rept._, vol. i., p. 110;
_Marcy's Army Life_, p. 31. 'Si el parto es en marcha, se hacen á un
lado del camino debajo de un árbol, en donde salen del lance con la
mayor facilidad y sin apuro ninguno, continuando la marcha con la
criatura y algun otro de sus chiquillos, dentro de una especie de red,
que á la manera de una canasta cargan en los hombros, pendiente de la
frente con una tira de cuero ó de vaqueta que la contiene, en donde
llevan ademas alunos trastos ó cosas que comer.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de
Sonora_, p. 281; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 462. 'Luego que sale á luz
esta, sale la vieja de aquel lugar con la mano puesta en los ojos, y no
se descubre hasta que no haya dado una vuelta fuera de la casa, y el
objeto que primero se le presenta á la vista, es el nombre que se le
pone á la criatura.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 335.
[760] _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 92; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die
Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 320; _Ives' Colorado River_, pp. 66, 71;
_Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 211. 'Quand les Indiennes
(Comanches) voyagent avec leurs enfants en bas âge, elles les suspendent
à la selle avec des courroies qu'elles leur passent entre les jambes et
sous les bras. Les soubresauts du cheval, les branches, les broussailles
heurtent ces pauvres petits, les déchirent, les meurtrissent: peu
importe, c'est une façon de les aguerrir.' _Domenech_, _Journ._, p. 135;
_Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 52. 'A la edad de siete años de los
apaches, ó antes, lo primero que hacen los padres, es poner á sus hijos
el carcax en la mano enseñándoles á tirar bien, cuya táctica empiezan á
aprender en la caza.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 283. The
Apaches, 'juventutem sedulo instituunt castigant quod aliis barbaris
insolitum.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 316. Male children of the
Comanches 'are even privileged to rebel against their parents, who are
not entitled to chastise them but by consent of the tribe.' _Kennedy's
Texas_, vol. i., p. 346-7. In fact a Navajo Indian has said, 'that he
was afraid to correct his own boy, lest the child should wait for a
convenient opportunity, and shoot him with an arrow.' _Letherman_, in
_Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 294.
[761] _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 354; _Cremony's Apaches_,
p. 367; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 399; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 119.
[762] 'The Navajo women are very loose, and do not look upon fornication
as a crime.' _Guyther_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 339;
_Cremony's Apaches_, p. 244. 'Prostitution is the rule among the (Yuma)
women, not the exception.' _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 301;
_Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 476; _Browne's Apache Country_,
p. 96. 'Prostitution prevails to a great extent among the Navajoes, the
Maricopas, and the Yuma Indians; and its attendant diseases, as before
stated, have more or less tainted the blood of the adults; and by
inheritance of the children.' _Carleton_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec.
Com._, 1867, p. 433. Among the Navajoes, 'the most unfortunate thing
which can befall a captive woman is to be claimed by two persons. In
this case, she is either shot or delivered up for indiscriminate
violence.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 50. The Colorado River Indians
'barter and sell their women into prostitution, with hardly an
exception.' _Safford_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 139. 'The Comanche
women are, as in many other wild tribes, the slaves of their lords, and
it is a common practice for their husbands to lend or sell them to a
visitor for one, two, or three days at a time.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 187;
_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419. 'Las faltas conyugales no se
castigan por la primera vez; pero á la segunda el marido corta la punta
de la nariz á su infiel esposa, y la despide de su lado.' _Revista
Científica_, vol. i., p. 57; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96,
p. 192. 'The squaw who has been mutilated for such a cause, is _ipso
facto_ divorced, and, it is said, for ever precluded from marrying
again. The consequence is, that she becomes a confirmed harlot in the
tribe.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 43, 308-10, 313. 'El
culpable, segun dicen, jamas es castigado por el marido con la muerte;
solamente se abroga el derecho de darle algunos golpes y cogerse sus
mulas ó caballos.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 253; _Marcy's
Army Life_, p. 49. 'These yung men may not haue carnall copulation with
any woman: but all the yung men of the countrey which are to marrie, may
company with them.... I saw likewise certaine women which liued
dishonestly among men.' _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p.
436.
[763] 'They tolde mey that ... such as remayned widowes, stayed halfe a
yeere, or a whole yeere before they married.' _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's
Voy._, vol. iii., p. 431; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary
Survey_, vol. i., p. 110; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 54; _Möllhausen_,
_Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 234; _García Conde_, in _Soc.
Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315.
[764] 'En las referidas reuniones los bailes son sus diversiones
favoritas. Los hacen de noche al son de una olla cubierta la boca con
una piel tirante, que suenan con un palo, en cuya estremidad lian un
boton de trapos. Se interpolan ambos secsos, saltan todos a un mismo
tiempo, dando alaridos y haciendo miles de ademanes, en que mueven todos
los miembros del cuerpo con una destreza extraordinaria, arremedando al
coyote y al venado. Desta manera forman diferentes grupos
simétricamente.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 269; _Marcy's Army
Life_, p. 177; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 285. 'Este lo forma una junta de
truhanes vestidos de ridiculo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo
para cometer los mayores desórdenes, y gusten tanto de estos hechos, que
ni los maridos reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las
que resultan en perjuicio de las hijas.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de
Jesus_, tom. i., p. 335. 'The females (of the Apaches) do the principal
part of the dancing.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p.
212. 'Among the Abenakis, Chactas, Comanches, and other Indian tribes,
the women dance the same dances, but after the men, and far out of their
sight ... they are seldom admitted to share any amusement, their lot
being to work.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 199, 214. 'De éstos
vinieron cinco danzas, cada una compuesta de treinta indias; de éstas,
veintiseis como de 15 à 20 años, y las cuatro restantes de mas edad, que
eran las que cuidaban y dirigian à las jóvenes.' _Museo Mex._, tom. i.,
p. 288. 'The dance (of the Tontos) is similar to that of the California
Indians; a stamp around, with clapping of hands and slapping of thighs
in time to a drawl of monotones.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867,
p. 419.
[765] _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 180. The Yumas 'sing some few
monotonous songs, and the beaux captivate the hearts of their lady-loves
by playing on a flute made of cane.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex.
Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii. 'No tienen mas orquesta que sus voces
y una olla ó casco de calabazo à que se amarra una piel tirante y se
toca con un palo.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp.
373-4; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Ives' Colorado Riv._,
pp. 71-2; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., pp. 166, 168.
[766] _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 55; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p.
133. 'Y el vicio que tienen estos Indios, es jugar en las Estufas las
Mantas, y otras Preseas con vnas Cañuelas, que hechan en alto (el qual
Juego vsaban estos Indios Mexicanos) y al que no tiene mas que vna
Manta, y la pierde, se la buelven; con condicion, que ha de andar
desnudo por todo el Pueblo, pintado, y embijado todo el cuerpo, y los
Muchachos dandole grita.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 680.
[767] _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347.
[768] 'The players generally take each about ten arrows, which they hold
with their bows in the left hand; he whose turn it is advances in front
of the judges, and lances his first arrow upwards as high as possible,
for he must send off all the others before it comes down. The victory
belongs to him who has most arrows in the air together, and he who can
make them all fly at once is a hero.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p.
198. 'The Indians amuse themselves shooting at the fruit (pitaya), and
when one misses his aim and leaves his arrow sticking in the top of the
cactus, it is a source of much laughter to his comrades.' _Browne's
Apache Country_, p. 78; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 309. The hoop
and pole game of the Mojaves is thus played. 'The hoop is six inches in
diameter, and made of elastic cord; the poles are straight, and about
fifteen feet in length. Rolling the hoop from one end of the course
toward the other, two of the players chase it half-way, and at the same
time throw their poles. He who succeeds in piercing the hoop wins the
game.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 463; _Emory's Rept.
U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii.; _Whipple_, in _Pac.
R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 114; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die
Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 216, 223; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 395;
_Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214. 'Tienen unas
pelotas de materia negra como pez, embutidas en ella varias conchuelas
pequeñas del mar, con que juegan y apuestan arrojándola con el pié.'
_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Sedelmair_,
_Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., vol. iv., p. 851.
[769] 'Los salvages recogen sus hojas generalmente en el Otoño, las que
entónces están rojas y muy oxidadas: para hacer su provision, la secan
al fuego ó al sol, y para fumarlas, las mezclan con tabaco.' _Berlandier
y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 257. The Comanches smoke tobacco, 'mixed with
the dried leaves of the sumach, inhaling the smoke into their lungs, and
giving it out through their nostrils.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 29, 32;
_Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 432; _Letherman_, in
_Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 285.
[770] _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352. The Comanches 'avoid the use of
ardent spirits, which they call "fool's water."' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol.
i., p. 347; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 307. _Dubuis_, in
_Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 469. 'In order to make an intoxicating beverage
of the mescal, the roasted root is macerated in a proportionable
quantity of water, which is allowed to stand several days, when it
ferments rapidly. The liquor is boiled down and produces a strongly
intoxicating fluid.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 217. 'When its stem (of the
maguey) is tapped there flows from it a juice which, on being fermented,
produces the pulque.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 290. The
Apaches out of corn make an intoxicating drink which they called
"teeswin," made by boiling the corn and fermenting it. _Murphy_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 347; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 334,
337.
[771] _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 223; _Emory's Rept. U. S.
and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 108; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 137;
_Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. 135, p. 307;
_Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212; _García Conde_, in
_Album Mex._, 1849, tom. i., p. 165; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 277;
_Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p.
114-6; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 61; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la
Géog._, tom. vi., p. 399. The Apache women, 'Son tan buenas ginetas, que
brincan en un potro, y sin mas riendas que un cabrestillo, saben
arrendarlo.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie
iii., tom. iv., p. 564; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 298; _Marcy's Army
Life_, p. 28; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 480. 'A short hair halter was
passed around under the neck of the horse, and both ends tightly braided
into the mane, on the withers, leaving a loop to hang under the neck,
and against the breast, which, being caught up in the hand, makes a sling
into which the elbow falls, taking the weight of the body on the middle
of the upper arm. Into this loop the rider drops suddenly and fearlessly,
leaving his heel to hang over the back of the horse, to steady him, and
also to restore him when he wishes to regain his upright position on the
horse's back.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 540; _Davis' El Gringo_, p.
412. Les Comanches 'regardent comme un déshonneur d'aller à pied.' _Soc.
Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192; _Cremony's Apaches_, p.
282. The Comanches, for hardening the hoofs of horses and mules, have a
custom of making a fire of the wild rosemary--artemisia--and exposing
their hoofs to the vapor and smoke by leading them slowly through it.
_Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 203.
[772] _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 18; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p.
290; _Cordoue_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 443;
_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 454; _Montanus_,
_Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 209. 'Les Teyas et Querechos ont de grands
troupeaux de chiens qui portent leur bagage; ils l'attachent sur le dos
de ces animaux au moyen d'une sangle et d'un petit bât. Quand la charge
se dérange les chiens se mettent à hurler, pour avertir leur maître de
l'arranger.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom.
ix., pp. 117, 125, 190. 'On the top of the bank we struck a Camanche
trail, very broad, and made by the lodge poles, which they transport
from place to place ... by fastening them on each side of their pack
horses, leaving the long ends trailing upon the ground.' _Parker's Notes
on Tex._, p. 154. 'Si carecen de cabalgaduras, cargan los muebles las
mujeres igualmente que sus criaturas.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex.
Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 317; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 128.
[773] _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 132;
_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, p. 234; _Marcy's Army Life_,
pp. 29, 33, 189; _Marcy's Rept._, p. 187; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol.
ii., pp. 38, 46; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. 473, 475;
_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 378. When the Yampais
'wish to parley they raise a firebrand in the air as a sign of
friendship.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 218.
[774] 'These messengers (of the Mohaves) were their news-carriers and
sentinels. Frequently two criers were employed (sometimes more) one from
each tribe. These would have their meeting stations. At these stations
these criers would meet with promptness, and by word of mouth, each
would deposit his store of news with his fellow expressman, and then
each would return to his own tribe with the news.' _Stratton's Capt.
Oatman Girls_, pp. 220, 283. 'El modo de darse sus avisos para reunirse
en casos de urgencia de ser perseguidos, es por medio de sus telégrafos
de humos que forman en los cerros mas elevados formando hogueras de los
palos mas humientos que ellos conocen muy bien.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de
Sonora_, p. 281. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 5. 'Para no
detenerse en hacer los humos, llevan los mas de los hombres y mujeres,
los instrumentos necessarios para sacar lumbre; prefieren la piedra, el
eslabon, y la yesca; pero si no tienen estos útiles, suplen su falta con
palos preparados al efecto bien secos, que frotados se inflaman.'
_García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 317.
[775] _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Sitgreaves'
Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. 'Su frazada en tiempo de frio es un tizon encendido
que aplicándolo á la boca del estómago caminan por los mañanas, y
calentando ya el sol como a las ocho tiran los tizones, que por muchos
que hayan tirado por los caminos, pueden ser guias de los caminantes.'
_Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., vol. iv., p.
851.
[776] The Comanches 'have yearly gatherings to light the sacred fires;
they build numerous huts, and sit huddled about them, taking medicine
for purification, and fasting for seven days. Those who can endure to
keep the fast unbroken become sacred in the eyes of the others.'
_Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 451. If a Yuma kills one of
his own tribe he keeps 'a fast for one moon; on such occasions he eats
no meat--only vegetables--drinks only water, knows no woman, and bathes
frequently during the day to purify the flesh.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and
Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 110. 'It was their (Mojaves,) custom
never to eat salted meat for the next moon after the coming of a captive
among them.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 180; _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 402; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 13; _Möllhausen_,
_Tagebuch_, pp. 125-6.
[777] 'Entre cuyas tribus hay algunas que se comen á sus enemigos.'
_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332. 'Los chirumas, que me
parecen ser los yumas, no se que coman carne humana como dijo el indio
cosnina.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 363.
'Among the spoil which we took from these Camanches, we found large
portions of human flesh evidently prepared for cooking.' _Dewees'
Texas_, p. 232-3. Certain Europeans have represented the Comanches 'as a
race of cannibals; but according to the Spaniards ... they are merely a
cruel, dastardly race of savages.' _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107.
[778] _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 451; _Berlandier y
Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 253; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 34; _Davis' El
Gringo_, p. 407.
[779] _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418. 'Gonorrhoea and
syphilis are not at all rare' among the Navajos. _Letherman_, in
_Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 31.
[780] _Hardy's Trav._, p. 442-3. 'Los comanches la llaman Puip; y cuando
uno de entre ellos está herido, mascan la raiz (que es muy larga) y
esprimen el yugo y la saliva en la llaga.' _Berlandier y Thovel_,
_Diario_, p. 257; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290;
_Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 118; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 156;
_Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289; _Browne's Apache
Country_, p. 63; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 142; _Id._, _Reisen in die
Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 118; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 335;
_Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 130; _Parker's Notes
on Tex._, p. 193. The Apaches: 'Cuando se enferma alguno á quien no han
podido hacer efecto favorable la aplicacion de las yerbas, único
antidoto con que se curan, lo abandonan, sin mas diligencia ulterior que
ponerle un monton de brasas á la cabecera y una poca de agua, sin
saberse hasta hoy qué significa ésto ó con qué fin la hacen.' _Velasco_,
_Noticias de Sonora_, p. 280.
[781] _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Domenech_,
_Jour._, pp. 13, 139; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 42, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.
v., p. 212; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 240-1. Among the Comanches
during the steam bath, 'the shamans, or medicine-men, who profess to
have the power of communicating with the unseen world, and of
propitiating the malevolence of evil spirits, are performing various
incantations, accompanied by music on the outside.' _Marcy's Army Life_,
p. 60; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 576; _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 358. 'De aquí ha sucedido que algunos indios
naturalmente astutos, se han convertido en adivinos, que han llegado á
sostener como á sus oràculos. Estos mismos adivinos hacen de médicos,
que por darse importancía á la aplicacion de ciertas yerbas, agregan
porcion de ceremonias supersticiosas y ridiculas, con cánticos estraños,
en que hablan á sus enfermos miles de embustes y patrañas.' _Velasco_,
_Noticias de Sonora_, p. 280.
[782] At the Colorado river they 'burned those which dyed.' _Alarchon_,
in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 432; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p.
404; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 97; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._,
vol. xvii., p. 467; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 240-1. 'It is
the custom of the Mojaves to burn their property when a relation dies to
whose memory they wish to pay especial honor.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p.
69. 'Die Comanches tödteten früher das Lieblingsweib des gestorbenen
Häuptlings.' _Müller_, _Amerikanische Urreligionen_, p. 88. 'No Navajo
will ever occupy a lodge in which a person has died. The lodge is
burned.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 213;
_Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289. 'When a death occurs
they (Yumas) move their villages, although sometimes only a short
distance, but never occupying exactly the same locality.' _Emory's Rept.
U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 110.
[783] 'When a Comanche dies ... he is usually wrapped in his best
blankets or robes, and interred with most of his "jewelry," and other
articles of esteem.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 317, 243.
'Cuando muere algun indio, ... juntando sus deudos todas las alhajas de
su peculio, se las ponen y de esta manera lo envuelven en una piel de
cíbolo y lo llevan á enterrar.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom.
i., p. 336; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p.
69. The Comanches cover their tombs 'with grass and plants to keep them
concealed.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 363; _Id._, _Jour._, p.
14. The Apaches: 'probably they bury their dead in caves; no graves are
ever found that I ever heard of.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._,
vol. v., p. 212. See also _James' Exped._, vol. ii., p. 305. 'On the
highest point of the hill, was a Comanche grave, marked by a pile of
stones and some remnants of scanty clothing.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._,
pp. 137, 151. The custom of the Mescalero Apaches 'heretofore has been
to leave their dead unburied in some secluded spot.' _Curtis_, in _Ind.
Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 402; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 50; _Möllhausen_,
_Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 233; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p.
119.
[784] Among the Navajos 'Immediately after a death occurs a vessel
containing water is placed near the dwelling of the deceased, where it
remains over night; in the morning two naked Indians come to get the
body for burial, with their hair falling over and upon their face and
shoulders. When the ceremony is completed they retire to the water,
wash, dress, do up their hair, and go about their usual avocations.'
_Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 358. The Navajos
'all walked in solemn procession round it (the grave) singing their
funeral songs. As they left it, every one left a present on the grave;
some an arrow, others meat, moccasins, tobacco, war-feathers, and the
like, all articles of value to them.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 119;
_Revista Científica_, tom. i., p. 57. 'A los niños y niñas de pecho les
llevan en una jicara la leche ordenada de sus pechos las mismas madres,
y se las echan en la sepultura; y esto lo hacen por algunos dias
continuos.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie
iii., tom. iv., p. 543; _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii.,
p. 133; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 280; _Froebel_, _Aus
Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 100; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._,
tom. i., p. 304; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 56. 'When a young warrior dies,
they mourn a long time, but when an old person dies, they mourn but
little, saying that they cannot live forever, and it was time they
should go.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp. 192, 236.
[785] _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 414-5; _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 250, 297.
[786] 'The quality of mercy is unknown among the Apaches.' _Cremony's
Apaches_, pp. 33-4, 193, 215-16, 227-8. 'Perfectly lawless, savage, and
brave.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 197. 'For the sake of the booty, also take
life.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 202. 'Inclined to intemperance
in strong drinks.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 211.
'Ferocísimos de condicion, de naturaleza sangrientos.' _Almanza_, in
_Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 824. 'Sumamente vengativo.'
_Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 283. 'Alevoso y vengativo caracte
... rastutos ladrones, y sanguinarios.' _Bustamante_, in _Cavo_, _Tres
Siglos_, tom. iii., p. 78. 'I have not seen a more intelligent,
cheerful, and grateful tribe of Indians than the roving Apaches.'
_Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, pp. 15, 47, 51; _García Conde_, in
_Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., pp. 314-15, 317; _Doc. Hist. N.
Vizcaya, MS._, p. 4; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p.
371; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 322, 326-7; _Smart_, in
_Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419; _Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 430;
_Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 83; _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales
des Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxv., pp. 307, 314; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.
ii., pp. 5, 6, 8; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p.
294; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 330, 361; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. i., p. 243; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 580; _Mowry's
Arizona_, pp. 31-2; _Pope_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 13;
_Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 14, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,
vol. iii.; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom.
cxxxi., p. 273; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 291, 295; _Hist.
Chrétienne de la Cal._, p. 99; _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 95; _Peters'
Life of Carson_, p. 323; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p.
187; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 341; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276;
_Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., pp. 462-3; _Figuier's Hum.
Race_, pp. 482, 484; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Alegre_,
_Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 404; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 44;
_Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 111;
_Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 475-6, and _Cent. Amer._, p.
527; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 117; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,
vol. iii., p. 99; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie
iii., tom. iv., p. 850; see further, _Ind. Aff. Repts._, from 1854 to
1872; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 116, 122.
[787] The Navajos: 'Hospitality exists among these Indians to a great
extent.... Nor are these people cruel.... They are treacherous.'
_Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, pp. 292, 295. 'Brave, hardy,
industrious.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 89; _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 40. 'Tricky and unreliable.' _Simpson's Jour.
Mil. Recon._, p. 56. The Mojaves: 'They are lazy, cruel, selfish; ...
there is one good quality in them, the exactitude with which they fulfil
an agreement.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 20, 71-2; _Backus_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 211; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol.
i., p. 329; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 234;
_Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 217-18; _Hughes'
Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 384.
[788] _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 124. 'Estos indios
se aventajan en muchas circunstancias á los yumas y demas naciones del
Rio Colorado; son menos molestos y nada ladrones.' _Garces_, in _Doc.
Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 273; also in _Arricivita_, _Crónica
Seráfica_, p. 472; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62.
[789] 'Grave and dignified ... implacable and unrelenting ...
hospitable, and kind ... affectionate to each other ... jealous of their
own freedom.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 25, 30-1, 34, 36-9, 41, 60. 'Alta
estima hacen del valor estas razas nomadas.' _Museo Mex._, tom. ii., p.
34. 'Loin d'être cruels, ils-sont très-doux et très-fidèles dans leurs
amitiés.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix.,
p. 191; _Payno_, in _Revista Científica_, tom. i., p. 57; _Escudero_,
_Noticias de Chihuahua_, pp. 229-30; _Domenech_, _Jour._, pp. 13, 137,
469; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, tom. v., No. 96, p. 193; _Neighbors_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 132-3; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_,
vol. i., pp. 293, 295; vol. ii., pp. 307, 313; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles
Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 273; _Shepard's Land of the
Aztecs_, p. 182; _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107; _Calderon de la
Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. ii., p. 308.
[790] 'Tiguex est situé vers le nord, à environ quarante lieues,' from
Cíbola. _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix.,
p. 165. 'La province de Cibola contient sept villages; le plus grand se
nomme Muzaque.' _Id._, p. 163. Of two provinces north of Tiguex, 'l'une
se nommait Hemes, et renfermait sept villages; l'autre Yuque-Yunque.'
_Id._, p. 138. 'Plus au nord (of Tiguex) est la province de Quirix ...
et celle de Tutahaco.' _Id._, p. 168. From Cicuyé to Quivira, 'On compte
sept autres villages.' _Id._, p. 179. 'Il existe aussi, d'après le
rapport ... un autre royaume très-vaste, nommé villes, et la capitale.
Acus sans aspiration est un royaume.' _Niza_, in _Ternaux-Compans_,
_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 271. 'The kingdome of Totonteac so much
extolled by the Father prouinciall, ... the Indians say is a hotte lake,
about which are five or sixe houses; and that there were certaine other,
but that they are ruinated by warre. The kingdome of Marata is not to be
found, neither haue the Indians any knowledge thereof. The kingdome of
Acus is one onely small citie, where they gather cotton which is called
Acucu, and I say that this is a towne. For Acus with an aspiration nor
without, is no word of they countrey. And because I gesse that they
would deriue Acucu of Acus, I say that it is this towne whereinto the
kingdom of Acus is conuerted.' _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol.
iii., p. 378; _Espeio_, in _Id._, pp. 386-394; _Mendoza_, _Lettre_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 296; _De Laet_, _Novus
Orbis_, p. 315; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie
iii., tom. iv., p. 100; _Escalante_, in _Id._, pp. 124-5; _Pike's
Explor. Trav._, pp. 341-2; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii.,
pp. 528-9; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 220;
_Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 197.
[791] _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 10-12, in _Pac. R. R.
Rept._, vol. iii.; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 128-130; _Hezio_,
_Noticia de las Misiones_, in _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, pp. 208-9;
_Chacon_, in _Id._, pp. 210-11; _Alencaster_, in _Id._, p. 212; _Davis'
El Gringo_, p. 115; _Calhoun_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p.
633.
[792] _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 13, in _Pac. R. R.
Rept._, vol. iii. 'Los nombres de los pueblos del Moqui son, segun
lengua de los Yavipais, Sesepaulabá, Masagneve, Janogualpa, Muqui,
Concabe y Muca á quien los zuñís llaman Oraive, que es en el que
estuve.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 332;
_Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 195; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 127.
[793] Affirmations are abundant enough, but they have no foundation
whatever in fact, and many are absurd on their face. 'Nous affirmons que
les Indiens Pueblos et les anciens Mexicains sont issus d'une seule et
même souche.' _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom.
cxxvi., p. 44. 'These Indians claim, and are generally supposed, to have
descended from the ancient Aztec race.' _Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1854, p. 174. 'They are the descendants of the ancient rulers of
the country.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 114. 'They are the remains of a
once powerful people.' _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p. 55;
_Colyer_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 90. 'They (Moquis) are supposed by some to
be descended from the band of Welsh, which Prince Madoc took with him on
a voyage of discovery, in the twelfth century; and it is said that they
weave peculiarly and in the same manner as the people of Wales.' _Ten
Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 81. 'Il est assez
singulier que les Moquis soient désignés par les trappers et les
chasseurs américains, qui pènètrent dans leur pays ... sous le nom
d'Indiens Welches.' _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850,
tom. cxxvi., p. 55. 'Moques, supposed to be vestiges of Aztecs.' _Amer.
Quart. Register_, vol. i., p. 173; _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p.
431.
[794] 'Les hommes sont petits.' _Mendoza_, _Lettre_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 294. The Moquis are
'of medium size and indifferently proportioned, their features strongly
marked and homely, with an expression generally bright and
good-natured.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 120-2, 123-7. The Keres 'sind
hohen Wuchses.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528;
_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Hassel_, _Mex.
Guat._, p. 197; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p.
240; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 301; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p.
93; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp.
67-8; _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp.
52-3; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 342.
[795] 'The people are somewhat white.' _Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol.
iii., p. 372. 'Much fairer in complexion than other tribes.' _Ruxton's
Adven. Mex._, p. 195; _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 379; _Möllhausen_,
_Tagebuch_, p. 230; _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., pp. 423, 431;
_Walker_, in _S. F. Herald_, _Oct. 15, 1853_; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.
ii., p. 41.
[796] 'Prettiest squaws I have yet seen.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 111.
Good looking and symmetrical. _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 421-2.
[797] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 81. 'Many of
the inhabitants have white skin, fair hair, and blue eyes.' _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. i., p. 210, vol. ii., p. 66; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 220-1; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 285; _Palmer_,
in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 456.
[798] 'A robust and well-formed race.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 90, 103.
'Well built, generally tall and bony.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._ The
Maricopas 'sont de stature plus haute et plus athlétique que les
Pijmos.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi.,
p. 290; see also _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, pp.
49, 50; _Id._, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 12; _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 19; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii.,
p. 103; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 196; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 132;
_Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada, MS._; _Johnson's Hist.
Arizona_, p. 11; _Brackett_, in _Western Monthly_, p. 169; _Froebel_,
_Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 448; _San Francisco Bulletin_, _July, 1860_.
[799] 'Las mujeres hermosas.' _Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv.,
tom. i., pp. 298, 364. 'Rather too much inclined to embonpoint.' _Ives'
Colorado Riv._, pp. 31, 33, 39; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p.
229.
[800] 'Ambos secsos ... no mal parecidos y muy melenudos.' _Velasco_,
_Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 116, 161. 'Trigueños de color.' _Sedelmair_,
_Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Die
Masse, Dicke und Länge ihres Haupthaares grenzt an das Unglaubliche.'
_Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 455; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p.
513; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 557; _Pattie's Pers.
Nar._, pp. 143-5, 149; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 180.
[801] 'Heads are uncovered.' _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 196. 'Los
hombres visten, y calçan de cuero, y las mugeres, que se precian de
largos cabellos, cubren sus cabeças y verguenças con lo mesmo.'
_Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 275. 'De kleeding bestond uit kotoene
mantels, huiden tot broeken, genaeyt, schoenen en laerzen van goed
leder.' _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 209, 217-18. The women 'having
the calves of their legs wrapped or stuffed in such a manner as to give
them a swelled appearance.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 14, 115;
_De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 297-8, 301, 303, 312-13; _Coronado_, in
_Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 377, 380; _Espejo_, in _Id._, pp.
384-96; _Niza_, in _Id._, pp. 368, 370; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._,
vol. xvii., p. 457; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 30, 122,
in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp.
197, 203, vol. ii., pp. 213, 281; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 73-88; _Wizlizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Larenaudière_,
_Mex. et Gaut._, p. 147; _Warden_, _Recherches_, p. 79; _Marcy's Army
Life_, pp. 99-100, 105-6; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 394;
_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp.
61-68, 76, 163, 173, 177; _Jaramillo_, in _Id._, pp. 369-371; _Ives'
Colorado Riv._, pp. 119-127; _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._,
1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 53; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv.,
p. 220; _Abert_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 471; _Mayer's Mex.,
Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 359; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 217, 283;
_Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 379; _Revilla-Gigedo_, _Carta, MS._;
_Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iv., p. 388; _Arricivita_, _Crónica
Seráfica_, p. 479; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 248, 279-80;
_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 195, 239.
[802] Both sexes go bareheaded. 'The hair is worn long, and is done up
in a great queue that falls down behind.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 147,
154-5, 421. The women 'trençan los cabellos, y rodeanse los à la cabeça,
por sobre las orejas.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 273. 'Llevan las
viejas el pelo hecho dos trenzas y las mozas un moño sobre cada oreja.'
_Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., pp. 328-9;
_Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 220.
[803] 'Van vestidos estos indios con frazadas de algodon, que ellos
fabrican, y otras de lana.' _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._,
serie ii., tom. i., p. 235. Their dress is cotton of domestic
manufacture. _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 132. 'Kunstreich dagegen sind
die bunten Gürtel gewebt, mit denen die Mädchen ein Stück Zeug als Rock
um die Hüften binden.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 440, 447;
_Browne's Apache Country_, p. 68; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary
Survey_, vol. i., p. 123; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 452, vol.
ii., pp. 216-7, 219; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 104; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp.
de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 103; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 31, 33;
_Mowry's Arizona_, p. 30; _Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom.
i., pp. 364-5; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 116; _Briefe aus den
Verein. Staat._, tom. ii., p. 322.
[804] 'Men never cut their hair.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 90. They plait
and wind it round their heads in many ways; one of the most general
forms a turban which they smear with wet earth. _Froebel_, _Aus
Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 454-6; _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p.
47; _Emory_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 9; _Pattie's Pers.
Nar._, pp. 143, 145, 149; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 107;
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 296.
[805] _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom.
iv., p. 542. 'All of them paint, using no particular design; the men
mostly with dark colors, the women, red and yellow.' _Walker's Pimas,
MS._; _Johnson's Hist. Arizona_, p. 11. 'The women when they arrive at
maturity, ... draw two lines with some blue-colored dye from each corner
of the mouth to the chin.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 228.
[806] 'Adornanse con gargantillas de caracolillos del mar, entreverados
de otras cuentas de concha colorada redonda.' _Mange_, in _Doc. Hist.
Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299. 'They had many ornaments of sea
shells.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 132. 'Some have long strings of
sea-shells.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 230-1. 'Rarely use
ornaments.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 252-6;
_Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp.
850-1.
[807] _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 91; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des
Voy._, 1851, tom. 131, p. 292; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 108. The
Maricopas 'occupy thatched cottages, thirty or forty feet in diameter,
made of the twigs of cotton-wood trees, interwoven with the straw of
wheat, corn-stalks, and cane.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 132;
_Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 117;
_Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 277, 365-6.
'Leurs (Pápagos) maisons sont de formes coniques et construites en jonc
et en bois.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 188;
_Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p.
395; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom.
iv., p. 851; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 115, 161. 'Andere,
besonders die dummen Papagos, machten Löcher und schliefen des Nachts
hierinnen; ja im Winter machten sie in ihren Dachslöchern zuvor Feuer,
und hitzten dieselben.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 245. 'Their summer
shelters are of a much more temporary nature, being constructed after
the manner of a common arbor, covered with willow rods, to obstruct the
rays of the vertical sun.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 222. In front of
the Pimo house is usually 'a large arbor, on top of which is piled the
cotton in the pod, for drying.' _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes
of Trav._, p. 48. The Pápagos' huts were 'fermées par des peaux de
buffles.' _Ferry_, _Scènes de la Vie Sauvage_, p. 107. Granary built
like the Mexican _jakals_. They are better structures than their
dwellings, more open, in order to give a free circulation of air through
the grain deposited in them. _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 382,
vol. ii., pp. 233-5.
[808] _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 412; _Whipple,
Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 21, 23, 122, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,
vol. ii.; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 177; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_,
in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25, 30-1. 'Ellas son las
que hacen, y edifican las Casas, assi de Piedra, como de Adove, y Tierra
amasada; y con no tener la Pared mas de vn pie de ancho, suben las Casas
dos, y tres, y quatro, y cinco Sobrados, ó Altos; y á cada Alto,
corresponde vn Corredor por de fuera; si sobre esta altura hechan mas
altos, ó Sobrados (porque ay Casas que llegan á siete) son los demás, no
de Barro, sino de Madera.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p.
681. For further particulars, see _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_,
_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 42, 58, 69, 71, 76, 80, 138, 163,
167, 169; _Niza_, in _Id._, pp. 261, 269, 270, 279; _Diaz_, in _Id._,
pp. 293, 296; _Jaramillo_, in _Id._, pp. 369, _Cordoue_, in _Id._, tom.
x., pp. 438-9; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 13, 90, 114; _Bent_,
in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244; _Ten Broeck_, in _Id._, vol.
iv., pp. 76, 80, and plates, pp. 24, 72; _Warden_, _Recherches_, p. 79;
_Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 191; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol.
xvii., p. 455; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453;
_Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 278; _Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. ii.,
p. 359; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 268, 276; _Hughes'
Doniphan's Ex._, p. 195; _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie
ii., tom. i., p. 322; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 119, 121, 126; _Marcy's
Army Life_, pp. 97, 99, 104, 105; _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des
Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 42, 45, 52, 57; _Gallatin_, in _Id._,
1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 248, 257, 267, 270, 277, 278, 288; _Espejo_, in
_Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 385, 392, 394-6; _Coronado_, in _Id._,
vol. iii., pp. 377, 379; _Niza_, in _Id._, vol. iii., pp. 367, 372;
_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538; _Möllhausen_,
_Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 238; _Id._, _Tagebuch_, pp.
217-18, 285; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 209, 215, 217. The town
of Cíbola 'domos è lapidibus et caemento affabre constructas et
conjunctim dispositas esse, superliminaria portarum cyaneis gemmis,
(Turcoides vocant) ornata.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 297, 311-14;
_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 480. 'The houses are well
distributed and very neat. One room is designed for the kitchen, and
another to grind the grain. This last is apart, and contains a furnace
and three stones made fast in masonry.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 118-20,
141, 311, 313, 318, 420, 422; _Castaño de Sosa_, in _Pacheco_, _Col.
Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., pp. 329-30; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p.
178; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 394.
[809] In the province of Tucayan, 'domiciliis inter se junctis et
affabre constructis, in quibus et tepidaria quae vulgo Stuvas
appellamus, sub terra constructa adversus hyemis vehementiam.' _De
Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 301. 'In the centre was a small square box of
stone, in which was a fire of guava bushes, and around this a few old
men were smoking.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 110. 'Estufas, que mas
propiamente deberian llamar sinagogas. En estas hacen sus juntas, forman
sus conciliábulos, y ensayan sus bailes á puerta cerrada.' _Alegre_,
_Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 333; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de
Mechoacan, MS._, p. 418; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 273; _Simpson's
Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 13, 21; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_,
_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 139, 165, 169-70, 176; _Espejo_, in
_Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 392-3; _Niel_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._,
serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 90-1.
[810] 'Magna ipsis Mayzü copia et leguminum.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_,
pp. 298, 302, 310-13, 315. 'Hallaron en los pueblos y casas muchos
mantenimientos, y gran infinidad de gallinas de la tierra.' _Espejo_, in
_Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 386, 393. 'Criaban las Indias muchas
Gallinas de la Tierra.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 678.
'Zy leven by mair, witte orweten, haesen, konynen en vorder wild-braed.'
_Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 215, and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 242.
Compare _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 177; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp.
97-8, 104, 108; _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 122;
_Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, pp. 5-6; _Jaramillo_, in _Ternaux-Compans_,
_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 369-71; _Diaz_, in _Id._, pp. 294-5;
_Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 268, 281; _Ten Broeck_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 86; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._,
pp. 16, 82, 91, 113; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Bent_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244; Ruxton, in _Nouvelles Annales
des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 52; _Gallatin_, in _Id._, 1851, tom.
cxxxi., pp. 270-1, 279, 288-9, 292, 297; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom.
ii., pp. 439, 445, 453; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in the Felsengeb._, tom.
ii., pp. 239, 284; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 178, 214-18,
233-7; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 78, 94, 107-10, 141-2, 276-7;
_Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 848, 850;
_Id._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 19; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 131;
_Mowry's Arizona_, p. 30; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 278; _Hughes'
Doniphan's Ex._, pp. 196, 221; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.
iv., p. 221; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 273; _Ind. Aff. Repts._, from
1857 to 1872.
[811] 'Para su sustento no reusa animal, por inmundo que sea.'
_Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 395. 'Los pápagos se
mantienen de los frutos silvestres.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_,
pp. 160-1. 'Hatten grossen Appetit zu Pferd- und Mauleselfleisch.'
_Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 247-9, 267, 282-92; _Sonora_, _Descrip.,
Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 837-8; _Soc.
Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 188; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._,
vol. v., p. 166.
[812] The Pimas 'Hacen grandes siembras ... para cuyo riego tienen
formadas buenas acequias.' _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._,
serie ii., tom. i., pp. 235, 237. 'We were at once impressed with the
beauty, order, and disposition of the arrangements for irrigating.'
_Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, pp. 47-8. With the
Pueblos: 'Regen-bakken vergaederden 't water: of zy leiden 't uit een
rievier door graften.' _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 218; _De Laet_,
_Novus Orbis_, p. 312; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., pp.
385-7, 392-4; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 196.
[813] _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist.
Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299. 'Usan de hilo torcido unas redes y
otras de varios palitos, que los tuercen y juntan por las puntas.'
_Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp.
851-2.
[814] 'Hacen de la Masa de Ma'z por la mañana Atole.... Tambien hacen
Tamales, y Tortillas.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 679.
'The fruit of the petajaya ... is dried in the sun.' _Cremony's
Apaches_, pp. 89, 91, 106, 111-12. 'From the suwarrow (Cereus Giganteus)
and pitaya they make an excellent preserve.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and
Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 123. See also _Ives' Colorado Riv._,
pp. 31, 45, 121, 123, 126; _Carleton_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1854, p.
308; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 8, 76;
_Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 378; _Simpson's Jour.
Mil. Recon._, pp. 113, 115; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._,
série i., tom. ix., pp. 61, 71, 164, 170-2; _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 114,
119, 121-2, 147-8; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 218-9, 285.
[815] _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 119-20, 124. 'Ils vont faire leurs
odeurs au loin, et rassemblent les urines dans de grands vases de terre
que l'on va vider hors du village.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_,
_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 171.
[816] 'The only defensive armor they use is a rude shield made of raw
bull-hide.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 145-6. 'Bows and arrows, and the
wooden boomerang.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 91. The
Papagos 'armes sont la massue, la lance et l'arc; ils portent aussi une
cuirasse et un bouclier en peau de buffle.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_,
série v., No. 96, p. 188. For further comparisons see _Whipple, Ewbank,
and Turner's Rept._, p. 30, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Gregg's
Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 280; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 300;
_Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, p. 147; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 342;
_Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 372; _Mühlenpfordt_,
_Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528.; _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc.
Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299; _Sedelmair_, in _Id._, serie
iii., tom. iv., p. 851; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Id._, p. 106;
_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 217, 237.
[817] Bows 'of strong willow-boughs.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._ 'Bows are
six feet in length, and made of a very tough and elastic kind of wood,
which the Spaniards call Tarnio.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 91, 149.
[818] The Pima 'arrows differ from those of all the Apache tribes in
having only two feathers.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 103. 'War arrows have
stone points and three feathers; hunting arrows, two feathers and a
wooden point.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._,
tom. iii., p. 380.
[819] The Pimas: 'Flechas, ennervadas con el eficaz mortífero veneno que
componen de varias ponzoñas, y el zumo de la yerba llamada en pima
_Usap_.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom.
i., p. 307. 'Die Spitzen ihrer Pfeile ... welche mit einer dunklen
Substanz überzogen waren. Sie behaupteten, dass diese aus Schlangengift
bestehe, was mir indess unwahrscheinlich ist.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_,
tom. ii., p. 438; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i.,
tom. ix., pp. 59, 107, 126.
[820] 'Una macana, como clava ó porra.... Estas son de un palo muy duro
y pesado.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii.,
tom. iv., p. 556. 'Macanas, que son vnas palos de media vara de largo, y
llanos todos de pedernales agudos, que bastan a partir por medio vn
hombre.' _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., pp. 386, 393.
[821] 'De grosses pierres avaient été rassemblées au sommet, pour les
rouler sur quiconque attaquerait la place.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles
Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 270. 'They have placed around
all the trails leading to the town, pits, ten feet deep.' _Ten Broeck_,
in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 81. See further, _Coronado_, in
_Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 376; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 279;
_Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv.,
p. 840; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix.,
p. 179.
[822] 'Painted to the eyes, their own heads and their horses covered
with all the strange equipments that the brute creation could afford.'
_Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 37.
[823] 'Sometimes a fellow would stoop almost to the earth, to shoot
under his horse's belly, at full speed.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p.
37.
[824] _Walker's Pimas, MS._
[825] _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 106.
[826] _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 274-5; _Browne's Apache
Country_, p. 104; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 93, 148; _Cutts' Conq. of
Cal._, p. 223; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 188.
[827] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 78-9;
_Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 206; _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 108-9.
[828] _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des
Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 292-4.
[829] Baskets and pottery 'are ornamented with geometrical figures.'
_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 227-8, 236.
'Schüsselförmige runde Körbe (Coritas), diese flechten sie aus einem
hornförmigen, gleich einer Ahle spitzigen Unkraute.' _Murr_,
_Nachrichten_, p. 193. The Pueblos had 'de la vaiselle de terre
très-belle, bien vernie et avec beaucoup d'ornements. On y vit aussi de
grands jarres remplies d'un métal brillant qui servait à faire le vernis
de cette faïence.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i.,
tom. ix., pp. 138, 173, 185; see also _Niza_, in _Id._, p. 259. 'They
(Pueblos) vse vessels of gold and siluer.' _Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._,
vol. iii., p. 372; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 216, 271, 273, 279;
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 435; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 97,
111; _Carleton_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1854, p. 308; _Palmer_, in
_Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., pp. 457, 459; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol.
i., p. 278; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 393; _Simpson's Jour. Mil.
Recon._, p. 97; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 425;
_Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 380; _Browne's Apache
Country_, pp. 68, 109, 112, 276.
[830] 'All the inhabitants of the Citie (Cíbola) lie vpon beddes raysed
a good height from the ground, with quilts and canopies ouer them, which
couer the sayde Beds.' _Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 370;
_Id._, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 271. The
Quires had 'umbracula (vulgo Tirazoles) quibus Sinenses utuntur Solis,
Lunæ, et Stellarum imaginibus eleganter picta.' _De Laet_, _Novus
Orbis_, p. 312; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 393. The
Moquis' chief men have pipes made of smooth polished stone. _Ten
Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 87; _Ives' Colorado
Riv._, p. 121.
[831] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 72, 76, 87.
'Sie flechten von zartgeschlitzten Palmen auf Damastart die schönsten
ganz leichten Hüthe, aus einem Stücke.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 192.
The Maricopa blankets will turn rain. _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 106, 90.
The Moquis wove blankets from the wool of their sheep, and made cotton
cloth from the indigenous staple. _Poston_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863,
p. 388. The Maricopas make a heavy cloth of wool and cotton, 'used by
the women to put around their loins; and an article from 3 to 4 inches
wide, used as a band for the head, or a girdle for the waist.'
_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 224. 'Rupicaprarum tergora
eminebant (among the Yumanes) tam industriè præparata ut cum Belgicis
certarent.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 310.
[832] _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 301; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex.
Boundary Survey_, vol. i., pp. 117, 123; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles
Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 290; _Simpson's Jour. Mil.
Recon._, pp. 91, 113, 115; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.
iv., pp. 81, 86; _Eaton_, in _Id._, vol. iv., p. 221; _Emory_, in
_Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 48; see further _Ind. Aff.
Reports_, from 1854 to 1872; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 290. 'These
Papagos regularly visit a salt lake, which lies near the coast and just
across the line of Sonora, from which they pack large quantities of
salt, and find a ready market at Tubac and Tucson.' _Walker_, in _Ind.
Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 352, and 1860, p. 168. 'Many Pimas had jars of the
molasses expressed from the fruit of the Cereus Giganteus.' _Emory_, in
_Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 48.
[833] 'Die Vernichtung des Eigenthums eines Verstorbenen,--einen
unglücklichen Gebrauch der jeden materiellen Fortschritt unmöglich
macht.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., p. 437. 'The right of
inheritance is held by the females generally, but it is often claimed by
the men also.' _Gorman_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 200. 'All the
effects of the deceased (Pima) become common property: his grain is
distributed; his fields shared out to those who need land; his chickens
and dogs divided up among the tribe.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 69,
112; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 121; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales
des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 262; _Niza_, in _Ternaux-Compans_,
_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 264, 265, 267, 268; _Id._, in _Hakluyt's
Voy._, vol. iii., p. 372. The Zuñis 'will sell nothing for money, but
dispose of their commodities entirely in barter.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil.
Recon._, p. 91. The Pimos 'wanted white beads for what they had to sell,
and knew the value of money.' _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 188;
_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. xi., pp. 164,
72. 'Ils apportèrent des coquillages, des turquoises et des plumes.'
_Cabeza de Vaca_, _Relation_, in _Id._, tom. vii., p. 274; _Diaz_, in
_Id._, tom. xi., p. 294; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p.
377. Many of the Pueblo Indians are rich, 'one family being worth over
one hundred thousand dollars. They have large flocks.' _Colyer_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 89; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 144.
[834] _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 278; _Davis' El Gringo_, p.
147; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 177; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._,
vol. xvii., p. 458; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 380;
_Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 284.
[835] 'Estos ahijados tienen mucho oro y lo benefician.' _Salmeron_,
_Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. i., p. 28. 'They
vse vessels of gold and siluer, for they have no other mettal.' _Niza_,
in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 372; _Castañeda_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 133; _Espejo_, in
_Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 386-8, 393-5; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe
Weereld_, p. 217; _Diaz_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom.
ix., p. 294.
[836] Pueblo government purely democratic; election held once a year.
'Besides the officers elected by universal suffrage, the principal
chiefs compose a "council of wise men."' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 142-4.
'One of their regulations is to appoint a secret watch for the purpose
of keeping down disorders and vices of every description.' _Gregg's Com.
Prairies_, vol. i., p. 274. See further: _Castañeda_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 61, 168; _Niza_, in
_Id._, p. 269; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 455; _De
Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 298; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Mayer's Mex.,
Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 359; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des
Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxi., p. 277; _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 55.
[837] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 85, 76;
_Marcy's Army Life_, p. 108.
[838] 'Gobierno no tienen alguno, ni leyes, tradiciones ó costumbres con
que gobernarse.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv.,
tom. i., p. 366. 'Cada cual gobernado por un anciano, y todas por el
general de la nacion.' _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p.
142; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 267. Compare: _Grossman_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1870, p. 124; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 356;
_Walker's Pimas, MS._
[839] 'Un homme n'épouse jamais plus d'une seule femme.' _Castañeda_,
in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 164; _Ten Broeck_,
in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 86-7; _Ward_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1864, p. 190.
[840] 'Ils traitent bien leurs femmes.' _Castañeda_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 126. 'Desde que maman
los Niños, los laban sus Madres con Nieve todo el cuerpo.' _Torquemada_,
_Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 679; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 123; _Scenes
in the Rocky Mts._, p. 178.
[841] 'Early marriages occur ... but the relation is not binding until
progeny results.' _Poston_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 152. 'No girl
is forced to marry against her will, however eligible her parents may
consider the match.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 222-4;
_Davis' El Gringo_, p. 146; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 105; _Browne's
Apache Country_, p. 112.
[842] 'Si el marido y mujer se desavienen y los hijos non pequeños, se
arriman á cualquiera de los dos y cada uno gana por su lado.' _Mange_,
_Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'Tanto
los pápagos occidentales, como los citados gilas desconocen la
poligamia.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 161. 'Among the Pimas
loose women are tolerated.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 102-4; _Ruxton_, in
_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 59; _Emory's Rept.
U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 117.
[843] 'The Pimas also cultivate a kind of tobacco, this, which is very
light, they make up into cigaritos, never using a pipe.' _Walker's
Pimas, MS._ The Pueblos 'sometimes get intoxicated.' _Walker_, in _Ind.
Aff. Rept._, 1860, p. 169. The Pueblos 'are generally free from
drunkenness.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 146. _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 112;
_Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 446; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p.
249.
[844] _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 17. 'Their hair hung loose upon
their shoulders, and both men and women had their hands painted with
white clay, in such a way as to resemble open-work gloves. The women ...
were bare-footed, with the exception of a little piece tied about the
heel.... They all wore their hair combed over their faces, in a manner
that rendered it utterly impossible to recognize any of them.... They
keep their elbows close to their sides, and their heels pressed firmly
together, and do not raise the feet, but shuffle along with a kind of
rolling motion, moving their arms, from the elbows down, with time to
the step. At times, each man dances around his squaw; while she turns
herself about, as if her heels formed a pivot on which she moved.' _Ten
Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 74. The dresses of the
men were similar to those worn on other festivities, 'except that they
wear on their heads large pasteboard towers painted typically, and
curiously decorated with feathers; and each man has his face entirely
covered by a vizor made of small willows with the bark peeled off, and
dyed a deep brown.' _Id._, p. 83. 'Such horrible masks I never saw
before--noses six inches long, mouths from ear to ear, and great goggle
eyes, as big as half a hen's egg, hanging by a string partly out of the
socket.' _Id._, p. 85. 'Each Pueblo generally had its particular uniform
dress and its particular dance. The men of one village would sometimes
disguise themselves as elks, with horns on their heads, moving on
all-fours, and mimicking the animal they were attempting to personate.
Others would appear in the garb of a turkey, with large heavy wings.'
_Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 271, 275. 'Festejo todo (Pimas) el
dia nuestra llegada con un esquisito baile en forma circular, en cuyo
centro figaraba una prolongada asta donde pendian trece cabelleras,
arcos, flechas y demas despojos de otros tantos enemigos apaches que
habian muerto.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv.,
tom. i., p. 277. 'Este lo forma una junta de truhanes vestidos de
ridículo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo para cometer los
mayores desórdenes, y gustan tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos
reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las que resultan en
perjuicio de las hijas.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp.
333-5. For further particulars see _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 378;
_Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 104-8; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 244;
_Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 154-5; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii.,
p. 394; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, plates 1, 2, 3; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R.
R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 67; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 343.
[845] _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 73-4;
_Johnson's Hist. Arizona_, p. 11. 'Their instruments consisted, each of
half a gourd, placed before them, with the convex side up; upon this
they placed, with the left hand, a smooth stick, and with their right
drew forward and backwards upon it, in a sawing manner, a notched one.'
_Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 17. 'I noticed, among other things, a
reed musical instrument with a bell-shaped end like a clarionet, and a
pair of painted drumsticks tipped with gaudy feathers.' _Ives' Colorado
Riv._, p. 121. 'Les Indiens (Pueblos) accompagnent leurs danses et leur
chants avec des flûtes, où sont marqués les endroits où il faut placer
les doigts.... Ils disent que ces gens se réunissent cinq ou six pour
jouer de la flûte; que ces instruments sont d'inégales grandeurs.'
_Diaz_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 295;
_Castañeda_, in _Id._, pp. 72, 172; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii.,
p. 455; _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p.
331. 'While they are at work, a man, seated at the door, plays on a
bagpipe, so that they work keeping time: they sing in three voices.'
_Davis' El Gringo_, p. 119.
[846] The Cocomaricopas, 'componen unas bolas redondas del tamaño de una
pelota de materia negra como pez, y embutidas en ellas varias conchitas
pequeñas del mar con que hacen labores y con que juegan y apuestan,
tirándola con la punta del pié corren tres ó cuatro leguas y la
particularidad es que el que da vuelta y llega al puesto donde
comenzaron y salieron á la par ese gana.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in
_Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'It is a favorite
amusement with both men [Maricopas] and boys to try their skill at
hitting the pitahaya, which presents a fine object on the plain. Numbers
often collect for this purpose; and in crossing the great plateau, where
these plants abound, it is common to see them pierced with arrows.'
_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 237; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1857, p. 301. 'Amusements of all kinds are universally resorted
to [among the Pueblos]; such as foot-racing, horse-racing,
cock-fighting, gambling, dancing, eating, and drinking.' _Ward_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 192; _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist.
Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 299, 365.
[847] _Walker's Pimas, MS._ 'The Papago of to-day will on no account
kill a coyote.' _Davidson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 132. 'Eben so
abergläubischen Gebrauch hatten sie bey drohenden Kieselwetter, da sie
den Hagel abzuwenden ein Stück von einem Palmteppiche an einem Stecken
anhefteten und gegen die Wolken richteten.' _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp.
203, 207; _Arny_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, pp. 385, 389. 'A sentinel
ascends every morning at sunrise to the roof of the highest house, and,
with eyes directed towards the east, looks out for the arrival of the
divine chieftain, who is to give the sign of deliverance.' _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. i., p. 165, 197, 390, 210, and vol. ii., p. 54. 'On a dit
que la coutume singulière de conserver perpétuellement un feu sacré près
duquel les anciens Mexicains attendaient le retour du dieu Quetzacoatl,
existe aussi chez les Pueblos.' _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des
Voy._, 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 58; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist.
Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv.. p. 851; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales
des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 278; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 92;
_Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 93. 'I, however, one night, at San
Felipe, clandestinely witnessed a portion of their secret worship. One
of their secret night dances is called Tocina, which is too horrible to
write about.' _Arny_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 385; _Ward_, in
_Id._, 1864, p. 192; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 121; _Ten Broeck_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 73, 77; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_,
p. 278. 'Ils ont des prêtres ... ils montent sur la terrasse la plus
élevée du village et font un sermon au moment où le soleil se lève.'
_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 133,
164, 239.
[848] _Walker's Pimas, MS._; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p.
361; _Ruggles_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 209; _Andrews_, in _Id._, 1870, p.
117; _Ward_, in _Id._, 1864, p. 188; _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 119, 311.
The cause of the decrease of the Pecos Indians is 'owing to the fact
that they seldom if ever marry outside of their respective pueblos.'
_Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 251; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p.
273. 'Au milieu [of the estufa] est un foyer allumé, sur lequel on jette
de temps en temps une poignée de thym, ce qui suffit pour entretenir la
chaleur, de sorte qu'on y est comme dans un bain.' _Castañeda_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 170.
[849] _Walker's Pimas, MS._ The Pimas, 'usan enterrar sus varones con su
arco y flechas, y algun bastimento y calabazo de agua, señal que
alcanzan vislumbre de la immortalidad, aunque no con la distincion de
prémio ó castigo.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie
iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'The Maricopas invariably bury their dead, and
mock the ceremony of cremation.' ... 'sacrifice at the grave of a
warrior all the property of which he died possessed, together with all
in possession of his various relatives.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 103,
105. 'The Pimos bury their dead, while the Coco-Maricopas burn theirs.'
_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 262. 'The females of the family
[Pueblo] approached in a mournful procession (while the males stood
around in solemn silence), each one bearing on her head a tinaja, or
water-jar, filled with water, which she emptied into the grave, and
whilst doing so commenced the death-cry. They came singly and emptied
their jars, and each one joined successively in the death-cry; ... They
believe that on a certain day (in August, I think) the dead rise from
their graves and flit about the neighboring hills, and on that day, all
who have lost friends, carry out quantities of corn, bread, meat, and
such other good things of this life as they can obtain, and place them
in the haunts frequented by the dead, in order that the departed spirits
may once more enjoy the comforts of this nether world.' _Ten Broeck_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 75-8. If the dead Pima was a chief,
'the villagers are summoned to his burial. Over his grave they hold a
grand festival. The women weep and the men howl, and they go into a
profound mourning of tar. Soon the cattle are driven up and slaughtered,
and every body heavily-laden with sorrow, loads his squaw with beef, and
feasts for many days.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 112-13; _Murr_,
_Nachrichten_, pp. 204, 210, 281; _Ferry_, _Scènes de la vie Sauvage_,
p. 115; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 500; _Id._, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii.,
p. 437; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix.,
p. 165.
[850] 'Though naturally disposed to peaceful pursuits, the Papagoes are
not deficient in courage.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 142, 107,
110-11, 140, 277; _Johnson's Hist. Arizona_, p. 10; _Stone_, in _Hist.
Mag._, vol. v., p. 166; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p.
188; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. 142; _Velasco_,
_Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 116, 160; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, pp. 500,
506, 512; _Id._, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 437, 447, 454; _Garces_,
_Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 238; _Sedelmair_,
_Relacion_, in _Id._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 850; _Gallardo_, in
_Id._, p. 892. 'The peaceful disposition of the Maricopas is not the
result of incapacity for war, for they are at all times enabled to meet,
and vanquish the Apaches in battle.' _Emory_, in _Fremont and Emory's
Notes of Trav._, p. 49; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., pp.
62, 103; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 282; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 440, 443;
_Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp.
365-6; _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 30; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp.
397, 412; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii.,
tom. iv., pp. 553-5, 838. 'The Pueblos were industrious and unwarlike in
their habits.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 98, 110. The Moquis 'are a mild
and peaceful race of people, almost unacquainted with the use of arms,
and not given to war. They are strictly honest.... They are kind and
hospitable to strangers.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 421, 145. 'C'est une
race (Pueblos) remarquablement sobre et industrieuse, qui se distingue
par sa moralité.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851,
tom. cxxxi., pp. 277, 288, 290; _Ruxton_, in _Id._, 1850, tom. cxxvi.,
pp. 45, 47, 60; _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 191; _Ives' Colorado Riv._,
pp. 31, 36, 45, 122, 124-7; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 120,
268, 274; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 342; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los
Triumphos_, p. 241; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. iv., p.
453; _Champagnac_, _Voyageur_, p. 84; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, pp. 196,
221; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 392; _Wislizenus'
Tour_, p. 26; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 91; _Ten Broeck_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 72, 87; _Eaton_, in _Id._, p. 220;
_Bent_, in _Id._, vol. i., p. 244; _Kendall's Nar._, vol. i., p. 378;
_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 126,
163; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528; _Möllhausen_,
_Tagebuch_, p. 144; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii.,
p. 240. The Pueblos 'are passionately fond of dancing, and give
themselves up to this diversion with a kind of frenzy.' _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 198, 185, 203, 206, and vol. ii., pp. 19, 51-2;
_Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, pp. 188-9, 222; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._,
pp. 81, 91, 113, 115; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 177; _Torquemada_,
_Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., pp. 679-80; _Mayer's Mex. as it Was_, p. 239;
_Id._, _Mex., Aztec etc._, vol. ii., p. 358. See further: _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, from 1854 to 1872.
[851] _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 359; _Forbes' Cal._,
pp. 20-2; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 239; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de
la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 451; _Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church_, vol. i.,
pp. 95-6; _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 446. 'Esse sono tre nella
California Cristiana, cioè quelle de' Pericui, de' Guaicuri, e de'
Cochimì.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 109. Venegas, in
giving the opinion of Father Taravàl, says: 'Tres son (dice este habil
Missionero) las Lenguas: la Cochimi, la Pericù, y la de Loreto. De esta
ultima salen dos ramos, y son: la Guaycùra, y la Uchiti; verdad es, que
es la variacion tanta, que el que no tuviere connocimiento de las tres
Lenguas, juzgara, no solo que hay quatro Lenguas, sino que hay cinco....
Està poblada la primera àzia el Medioda, desde el Cabo de San Lucas,
hasta mas acá del Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericú, ó siguiendo la
terminacion Castellana de los Pericúes: la segunda desde la Paz, hasta
mas arriba del Presidio Real de Loreto, es de los Monquis; la tercera
desde el territorio de Loreto, por todo lo descubierto al Norte de la
nacion Cochimi, ó de los Cochimíes.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._,
tom. i., pp. 63-6. 'Auf der Halbinsel Alt-Californien wohnen: an der
Südspitze die Perícues, dann die Monquis oder Menguis, zu welchen die
Familien der Guaycúras und Coras gehören, die Cochímas oder Colímiës,
die Laimónes, die Utschítas oder Vehítis, und die Icas.' _Mühlenpfordt_,
_Mejico_, tom. i., p. 212. 'All the Indian tribes of the Peninsula seem
to be affiliated with the Yumas of the Colorado and with the Coras below
La Paz ... in no case do they differ in intellect, habits, customs,
dress, implements of war, or hunting, traditions, or appearances from
the well-known Digger Indians of Alta-California, and undoubtedly belong
to the same race or family.' _Browne's Lower Cal._, pp. 53-4.
[852] 'Di buona statura, ben fatti, sani, e robusti.' _Clavigero_,
_Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 112-13. 'El color en todos es muy
moreno ... no tienen barba ni nada de vello en el cuerpo.' _Californias,
Noticias_, carta i., pp. 47, 61, carta ii., p. 12. Compare: _Kino_, in
_Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 407; _Crespi_, in _Id._, serie
iv., tom. vii., p. 135; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii.,
fol. 345, 351; _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 68;
_Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 357; _Mühlenpfordt_,
_Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 443-4; _Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church_,
p. 99.
[853] 'Siendo de gran deshonra en los varones el vestido.'
_Salvatierra_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. v., p. 42. 'Aprons
are about a span wide, and of different length.' _Baegert_, in
_Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, pp. 361-2. Consult further: _Venegas_,
_Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 81-8, 113; _Gleeson's Hist. Cath.
Church_, pp. 96-9, 107-10; _Forbes' Cal._, pp. 9, 18; _Clavigero_,
_Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 120-3, 133, 144; _Gemelli Careri_, in
_Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 469, and in _Berenger_, _Col.
de Voy._, tom. ii., p. 371.
[854] 'Unos se cortan un pedazo de oreja, otros las dos; otros agugerean
el labio inferior, otros las narizes, y es cosa de risa, pues allí
llevan colgando ratoncillos, lagartijitas, conchitas. &c.' _Californias,
Noticias_, carta i., pp. 48, 22. 'It has been asserted that they also
pierce the nose. I can only say that I saw no one disfigured in that
particular manner.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 362.
'Nudi agunt, genas quadratis quibusdam notis signati.' _De Laet_, _Novus
Orbis_, p. 306. Further reference: _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_,
tom. ii., pp. 279, 282; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii.,
fol. 347-8, and in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 412; _Delaporte_,
_Reisen_, tom. x., p. 428.
[855] _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 88; _Campbell's Hist.
Span. Amer._, p. 86; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii.,
fol. 347, 350; _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., p. 45; _Lockman's Trav.
Jesuits_, vol. i., p. 403. 'Le abitazioncelle più comuni sono certe
chiuse circolari di sassi sciolti, ed ammucchiati, le quali hanno cinque
piedi di diametro, e meno di due d'altezza.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della
Cal._, tom. i., p. 119. 'I am certainly not much mistaken in saying that
many of them change their night-quarters more than a hundred times in a
year.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 361.
[856] 'Twenty-four pounds of meat in twenty-four hours is not deemed an
extraordinary ration for a single person.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian
Rept._, 1863, pp. 364-7. 'No tienen horas señaladas para saciar su
apetito: comen cuanto hallan por delante; hasta las cosas mas sucias
sirven á su gula.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 46-7, 21; see
also: _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom.
iv., p. 13; _Salvatierra_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. v., p. 116;
_Crespi_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. vii., pp. 106, 135, 143;
_Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., pp. 423-4; _Castañeda_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 153; _Alegre_, _Hist.
Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 106; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_,
_Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 350; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._,
tom. vi., p. 451; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. i., p. 318.
[857] 'La pesca si fa da loro in due maniere, o con reti nella spiaggia,
o ne' gorghi rimasi della marea, o con forconi in alto mare.'
_Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 111, 125-6; 'Use neither
nets nor hooks, but a kind of lance.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._,
1863, p. 364. 'Forman los Indios redes para pescar, y para otros usos.'
_Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 52.
[858] 'Poichè le stesse donne si lavavano, e si lavano anche oggidì con
essa (orina) la faccia.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p.
133.
[859] _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col. Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 469;
_Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 346, 351; _Baegert_, in
_Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 362; _Kino_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie
iv., tom. i., p. 407; _Crespi_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 143.
'Si trovarono altre spezie d'armi per ferir da vicino, ma tutte di
legno. La prima è un mazzapicchio, simile nella forma a una girella col
suo manico tutta d'un pezzo. La seconda è a foggia d'un ascia di
legnajuolo tutta anch'essa d'un sol pezzo. La terza ha la forma d'una
piccola scimitara.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 124,
127.
[860] 'El modo de publicar la guerra era, hacer con mucho estruendo gran
provision de cañas, y pedernales para sus flechas, y procurar, que por
varios caminos llegassen las assonadas à oídos de sus contrarios.'
_Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 97-8. Referring to
Venegas' work, Baegert, _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 385, says: 'All
that is said in reference to the warfare of the Californians is wrong.
In their former wars they merely attacked the enemy unexpectedly during
the night, or from an ambush, and killed as many as they could, without
order, previous declaration of war, or any ceremonies whatever.' See
also: _Apostólicos Afanes_, pp. 424-5, and _Clavigero_, _Storia della
Cal._, tom. i., p. 127.
[861] 'In lieu of knives and scissors they use sharp flints for cutting
almost everything--cane, wood, aloë, and even their hair.' _Baegert_, in
_Smithsonian Rept._, 1863, p. 363. 'Le loro reti, tanto quelle da
pescare, quanto quelle, che servono a portare checchessia, le fanno col
filo, che tirano dalle foglie del Mezcal.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della
Cal._, tom. i., p. 124. Further notice in _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_,
_Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 350; _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._,
tom. i., p. 90; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 447.
[862] Vancouver, _Voy._, vol. ii., p. 482, speaking of Lower California
says: 'We were visited by one of the natives in a straw canoe.' 'Vedemmo
che vsci vna canoua in mare con tre Indiani dalle lor capanne.' _Ulloa_,
in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 350-1, 343, 347, and in
_Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 418. See further: _Clavigero_, _Storia
della Cal._, tom. i., p. 126; _Gemelli Careri_, in _Churchill's Col.
Voyages_, vol. iv., p. 469, and in _Berenger_, _Col. de Voy._, tom. ii.,
p. 371.
[863] 'Tienen trato de pescado con los indios de tierra adentro.'
_Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p.
17; also, _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 347-8.
[864] 'Su modo de contar es muy diminuto y corto, pues apénas llegan á
cinco, y otros á diez, y van multiplicando segun pueden.' _Californias,
Noticias_, carta i., p. 103. 'Non dividevano l'Anno in Mesi, ma
solamente in sei stagioni.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i.,
pp. 110-11.
[865] _Clavigero_, _Storia della, Cal._, tom. i., pp. 129-30. _Venegas_,
_Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 79. 'Entre ellos siempre hay alguno
mas desahogado y atrevido, que se reviste con el caracter de Capitan:
pero ni este tiene jurisdiccion alguna, ni le obedecen, y en estando
algo viejo lo suelen quitar del mando: solo en los lances que les tiene
cuenta siguen sus dictámenes.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp.
40, 45.
[866] _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 130-4; _Ulloa_, in
_Ramusio_, _Navigationi_ tom. iii., fol. 348; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_,
_Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 284; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1863,
pp. 367-9. 'Sus casamientos son muy ridiculos: unos para casarse enseñan
sus cuerpos á las mugeres, y estas á ellos; y adoptándose á su gusto, se
casan: otros en fin, que es lo mas comun, se casan sin ceremonia.'
_Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 50, 40-1. 'El adulterio era
mirado como delito, que por lo menos daba justo motivo á la venganza, á
excepción de dos ocasiones: una la de sus fiestas, y bayles: y otra la
de las luchas.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., p. 93. 'Les
hommes s'approchaient des femmes comme des animaux, et les femmes se
mettaient publiquement à quatre pattes pour les recevoir.' _Castañeda_,
in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 153. This method of
copulation is by no means peculiar to the Lower Californians, but is
practiced almost universally by the wild tribes of the Pacific States.
Writers naturally do not mention this custom, but travellers are
unanimous in their verbal accounts respecting it.
[867] 'Fiesta entre los Indios Gentiles no es mas que una concurrencia
de hombres y mugeres de todas partes para desahogar los apetitos de
luxuria y gula.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 60-75. 'Una de
las fiestas mas celebres de los Cochimies era la del dia, en que
repartian las pieles à las mugeres una vez al año.' _Venegas_, _Noticia
de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 85-6, 96; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._,
1864, p. 389; _Salvatierra_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. v.,
pp. 103, 116.
[868] _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp. 59-65; _Clavigero_, _Storia
della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 126, 146. 'There existed always among the
Californians individuals of both sexes who played the part of sorcerers
or conjurers, pretending to possess the power of exorcising the devil.'
_Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 389.
[869] _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, pp. 385-7. 'Las carreras,
luchas, peleas y otras trabajos voluntarios les ocasionan muchos dolores
de pecho y otros accidentes.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., pp.
85-99.
[870] _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 112-13, 142-5;
_Apostólicos Afanes_, pp. 426-7; _Salvatierra_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._,
serie iv., tom. v., p. 23; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., pp. 433-4.
'Rogaba el enfermo, que le chupassen, y soplassen de el modo mismo, que
lo hacian los Curanderos. Executaban todos por su orden este oficio de
piedad, chupando, y soplando primero la parte lesa, y despues todos los
otros organos de los sentidos.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom.
i., pp. 117-18.
[871] Baegert says: 'It seems tedious to them to spend much time near an
old, dying person that was long ago a burden to them and looked upon
with indifference. A person of my acquaintance restored a girl to life
that was already bound up in a deer-skin, according to their custom, and
ready for burial.' _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 387.
[872] 'Solevano essi onorar la memoria d'alcuni defunti ponendo sopra
un' alta pertica la loro figura gossamente formata di rami, presso alla
quale si metteva un Guama a predicar le loro lodi.' _Clavigero_, _Storia
della Cal._, tom. i., p. 144; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No.
96, p. 184.
[873] 'La estupidèz è insensibilidad: la falta de conocimiento, y
reflexion: la inconstancia, y volubilidad de una voluntad, y apetitos
sin freno, sin luz, y aun sin objeto: la pereza, y horror à todo
trabajo, y fatiga à la adhesion perpetua à todo linage de placer, y
entretenimiento puerìl, y brutàl: la pusilanimidad, y flaqueza de animo;
y finalmente, la falta miserable de todo lo que forma à los hombres esto
es racionales, politicos, y utiles para sì, y para la sociedad.'
_Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 74-9, 87-8. 'Las naciones
del Norte eran mas despiertas, dóciles y fieles, ménos viciosas y
libres, y por tanto mejor dispuestas para recibir el cristianismo que
las que habitaban al Sur.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. lxxxix. 'Eran
los coras y pericues, y generalmente las rancherias del Sur de
California, mas ladinos y capaces; pero tambien mas viciosos é inquietos
que las demas naciones de la península.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de
Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 252. 'Ces peuples sont d'une tres-grande docilité,
ils se laissent instruire.' _Californie, Nouvelle Descente_, in _Voy. de
l'Empereur de la Chine_, p. 104. Other allusions to their character may
be found in _Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. i., p. 330;
_Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 292; _Baegert_, in
_Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, pp. 378-85; _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._,
serie iv., tom. vii., pp. 135, 143-6; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_,
p. 442; _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 113-14;
_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 451.
[874] Father Ribas, the first priest who visited the Yaquis, was
surprised at the loud rough tone in which they spoke. When he
remonstrated with them for doing so, their reply was, 'No vés que soy
Hiaqui: y dezianlo, porque essa palabra, y nombre, significa, el que
habla a gritos.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 285. Mayos:
'Their name comes from their position, and means in their own language
boundary, they having been bounded on both sides by hostile tribes.'
_Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 165. 'Segun parece, la palabra
_talahumali ó tarahumari_ significa, "_corredor de a pié_;" de _tala ó
tara_, pié, _y huma_, correr'. _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 364.
'La palabra _tepehuan_ creen algunos que es Mexicana, y corrupcion de
_tepehuani_, conquistador; ó bien un compuesto de _tepetl_, monte, y
_hua_, desinencia que en Mexicano indica posesion, como si dijéramos
señor ó dueño del monte. Otros, acaso con mas exactitud, dicen que
_tepchuan_ es voz tarahumar, derivada de _pehua_ ó pegua, que significa
_duro_, lo cual conviene con el carácter de la nacion.' _Id._, tom. ii.,
p. 45. 'La palabra _acaxee_ parece ser la misma que la de _acaxete_,
nombre de un pueblo perteneciente al estado de _Puebla_, ambos
corrupcion de la palabra Mexicana _acaxitl_, compuesta de _atl_ (agua,)
y de _caxitl_ (cazuela ó escudilla), hoy tambien corrompida, _cajete_:
el todo significa _alberca_, nombre perfectamente adecuado á la cosa,
pues que Alcedo, [_Diccion. geográf. de América_] dice que en _Acaxete_,
"hay una caja ó arca de agua de piedra de cantería, en que se recogen
las que bajan de la Sierra y se conducen à _Tepeaca_: el nombre, pues,
nos dice que si no la obra arquitectónica, á lo menos la idea y la
ejecucion, vienen desde los antiguos Mexicanos."' _Diccionario Universal
de Hist. Geog._, tom. i., p. 31.
[875] 'Las mugeres son notables por los pechos y piés pequeños.'
_Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 169. 'Tienen la vista muy aguda....
El oido es tambien vivissimo.' _Arlegui_, _Crón. de Zacatecas_, pp.
174-5. See also, _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 7, 145, 285,
677; _Zuñiga_, in _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. 142;
_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 416; _Soc. Géog._,
_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, pp. 184, 189; _Castañeda_, in
_Ternaux-Compans._, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 44, 49; _Beaumont_,
_Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 242; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, pp.
79-80; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 80; _Berlandier y Thovel_,
_Diario_, p. 69; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 289, 299; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._,
vol. i., pp. 444, 446; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 214-15,
tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 419; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom.
iii., fol. 345; _Guzman_, _Rel. Anon._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de
Doc._, tom. ii., fol. 296; _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.
xxx., p. 12; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 284-5; _Ward's Mexico_, vol.
i., pp. 571, 583; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 562;
_Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 362.
[876] 'No alcanzan ropa de algodon, si no es algunas pampanillas y
alguna manta muy gruesa; porque el vestido de ellos es de cuero de
venados adobados, y el vestido que dellos hacen es coser un cuero con
otro y ponérselos por debajo del brazo atados al hombro, y las mujeres
traen sus naguas hechas con sus jirones que les llegan hasta los
tobillos como faja.' _Guzman_, _Rel. Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de
Doc._, tom. ii., pp. 296, 290, 481. The Ceri women wear 'pieles de
alcatras por lo general, ó una tosca frazada de lana envuelta en la
cintura.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 131, 74, 153.
[877] The Temoris had 'las orejas cercadas de los zarcillos que ellos
vsan, adornados de conchas de nacar labradas, y ensartadas en hilos
azules, y cercan toda la oreja.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp.
226, 286, 472. Near Culiacan, Nuño de Guzman met about 50,000 warriors
who 'traian al cuello sartas de codornices, pericos pequeños y otros
diferentes pajaritos.' _Tello_, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom.
ii., p. 354. The Humes, 'coronadas sus cabezas de diademas de varias
plumas de papagayos, guacamayas con algunos penachos de hoja de plata
batida.' _Ahumada_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 96.
'Los Indios de este nuevo Reyno son de diversas naciones que se
distinguen por la diversidad de rayas en el rostro.' _Padilla_, _Conq.
N. Galicia, MS._, pp. 472, 531. 'No hemos visto á ningun carrizo pintado
con vermellon, tal como lo hacen otros.' _Berlandier y Thovel_,
_Diario_, p. 69. For further description see _Hardy's Trav._, pp.
289-90, 298; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 445; _Combier_,
_Voy._, pp. 199-200; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp.
362-4; _Espejo_, in _Id._, pp. 384, 390-1; _Cabeza de Vaca_, _Relation_,
in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. vii., p. 250; _Castañeda_,
in _Id._, tom. ix., p. 157; _Jaramillo_, in _Id._, p. 366; _Ward's
Mexico_, vol. i., p. 571; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96,
pp. 184-5, 190; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie
iii., tom. iv., p. 552; _Arnaya_, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 63;
_Descrip. Top._, in _Id._, serie iv., tom. iv., pp. 113-14;
_Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, pp. 79-80; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._,
tom. ii., pp. 574-6, 609; _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.
xxx., pp. 12, 25-6; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp. 401,
406, and ii., pp. 124, 184; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 208, 226,
228; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 235, 254-5; _Cabeza de Vaca_,
_Relation_, pp. 167-8; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 93;
_Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, pp. 241-2; _Hazart_,
_Kirchen-Geschichte_, tom. ii., p. 539.
[878] 'Todos los pueblos de los indios cobiertas las casas de esteras, á
las cuales llaman en lengua de México _petates_, y por esta causa le
llamamos Petatlan.' _Guzman_, _Rel. Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de
Doc._, tom. ii., p. 296. Compare _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_,
_Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 49, 156; _Combier_, _Voy._, pp. 157,
160, 164, 200; _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 363;
_Niza_, in _Id._, p. 366; _Espejo_, in _Id._, p. 384; _Montanus_,
_Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 206, 216, 227-8; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp.
232, 255; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 3, 6, 7, 155, 222, 594;
_Cabeza de Vaca_, _Relation_, pp. 167, 175; _Id._, in _Ramusio_,
_Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 327; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii.,
pp. 574, 576, 609; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 396;
_Azpilcueta_, in _Id._, tom. ii., p. 186; _Berlandier y Thovel_,
_Diario_, p. 68.
[879] 'Comian inmundas carnes sin reservar la humana.' _Padilla_, _Conq.
N. Galicia, MS._, pp. 530, 80, 84, 533. 'Ils mangent tous de la chair
humaine, et vont à la chasse des hommes.' _Castañeda_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 152, 158-9. See also,
_Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 150, 180-2; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los
Triumphos_, pp. 3, 6, 7, 11, 14, 175, 217, 385, 671.
[880] Poçolatl, 'beuida de mayz cozido.' Pinolatl, 'beuida de mayz y
chia tostado.' _Molina_, _Vocabulario_. The Batucas 'cuanto siembran es
de regadío ... sus milpas parecen todas huertas.' _Azpilcueta_, in
_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 186, see also p. 184;
Acaxées, mode of fishing, etc., in _Id._, tom. i., pp. 401-5, also
283-4, 399, 402-3; Tarahumaras, mode of fishing, hunting, and cooking.
_Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 310, 317, 322-3, 337, 342. The Yaquis 'fields
and gardens in the highest state of cultivation.' _Ward's Mexico_, vol.
ii., p. 606. For further account of their food and manner of cooking,
etc., see _Revista Mexicana_, tom. i., pp. 375-6; _Gomara_, _Hist.
Ind._, fol. 54; _Zepeda_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p.
158; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 72, 169-70; _Bartlett's Pers.
Nar._, vol. i., pp. 465, 469; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist.
Mex._ serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 549-50; _Jaramillo_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 366; _Cabeza de Vaca_,
in _Id._, tom. vii., pp. 242-3, 249-50, 265; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's
Voy._, tom. iii., p. 384; _Coronado_, in _Id._, pp. 363, 374; _Oviedo_,
_Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 609; _Combier_, _Voy._, pp. 160-2, 169, 198,
200, 312; _Guzman_, _Rel. Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom.
ii., p. 289; _Tello_, in _Id._, p. 353; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp.
286, 310; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 442; _Soc. Géog._,
_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 185; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_,
_Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 341-2; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales
des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 256, 260; _Zuñiga_, in _Id._, 1842,
tom. xciii., p. 239; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166;
_Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, pp. 14-5.
[881] Of the Ceris it is said that 'la ponzoña con que apestan las
puntas de sus flechas, es la mas activa que se ha conocido por acá ...
no se ha podido averiguar cuáles sean á punto fijo los mortíferos
materiales de esta pestilencial maniobra? Y aunque se dicen muchas
cosas, como que lo hacen de cabezas de víboras irritadas cortadas al
tiempo que clavan sus dientes en un pedazo de bofes y de carne humana ya
medio podrida ... pues no es mas que adivinar lo que no sabemos. Sin
duda su principal ingrediente será alguna raíz.' _Sonora_, _Descrip.
Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 560-1, 552. 'El
magot es un árbol pequeño muy losano y muy hermoso á la vista; pero á
corta incision de la corteza brota una leche mortal que les servia en su
gentilidad para emponzoñar sus flechas.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de
Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 215. See also _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 298-9, 391;
_Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.
ii., p. 57; _Cabeza de Vaca_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i.,
tom. vii., pp. 250-1; _Castañeda_, in _Id._, série i., tom. ix., pp.
209, 222-3; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, pp. 185-6, 190;
_Arlegui_, _Chron. de Zacatecas_, p. 153; _Tello_, in _Icazbalceta_,
_Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., p. 354; _Guzman_, _Rel. Anón._, in _Id._, p.
289, 296; _Descrip. Topog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iv.,
p. 114; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 10, 110, 473, 677; _De
Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, pp. 285, 287, 305, 310; _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog.
Soc., Jour._, vol. xxx., pp. 12, 25; _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_,
p. 68; _Ramirez_, in _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 284;
_Combier_, _Voy._, pp. 198, 346; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol.
iii., pp. 384, 390; _Niza_, in _Id._, p. 567; _Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_,
_Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 342-3; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp.
208, 228; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 234, 255; _Padilla_, _Conq. N.
Galicia, MS._, p. 520; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 55.
[882] 'El jóven que desea valer por las armas, ántes de ser admitido en
toda forma á esta profesion, debe hacer méritos en algunas campañas ...
despues de probado algun tiempo en estas experiencias y tenida la
aprobacion de los ancianos, citan al pretendiente para algun dia en que
deba dar la última prueba de su valor.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de
Jesus_, tom. ii., pp. 218-9, 396-8, and tom. i., pp. 396-9. Examine
_Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv.,
pp. 544-7; _Lizasoin_, in _Id._, pp. 684-5.
[883] As to the Mayos, 'eran estos indios en sus costumbres y modo de
guerrear como los de Sinaloa, hacian la centinela cada cuarto de hora,
poniendose en fila cincuenta indios, uno delante de otro, con sus arcos
y flechas y con una rodilla en tierra.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan,
MS._, p. 241. See also _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 9, 18, 76,
473-4; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 522; _Guzman_, _Rel.
Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., pp. 301-2; _Hazart_,
_Kirchen-Geschichte_, tom. ii., p. 539; _Ferry_, _Scènes de le vie
Sauvage_, p. 76; _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, p. 150; _Coronado_,
in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 363; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles
Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 256.
[884] See _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 157; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 307,
335, 337; _Descrip. Topog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iv.,
p. 114; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 290.
[885] 'Vsauan el arte de hilar, y texer algodon, ó otras yeruas
siluestres, como el Cañamo de Castilla, o Pita.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los
Triumphos_, pp. 12, 200. For the Yaquis, see _Velasco_, _Noticias de
Sonora_, p. 73; for the Ópatas and Jovas, _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in
_Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 550-2; and for the
Tarahumares, _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 344; _Cabeza de Vaca_,
_Relation_, pp. 166, 174; Id., in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii.,
fol. 327; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, pp. 79-80.
[886] 'El indio tomando el asta por medio, boga con gran destreza por
uno y otro lado.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 119.
'An Indian paddles himself ... by means of a long elastic pole of about
twelve or fourteen feet in length.' _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 297, 291. See
also _Niza_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 366; _Cabeza de Vaca_,
_Relation_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. vii., p. 250;
_Ulloa_, in _Ramusio_, _Navigationi_, tom. iii., fol. 342.
[887] The Carrizos 'no tienen caballos, pero en cambio, sus pueblos
están llenos de perros.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 70. The
Tahus 'sacrifiaient une partie de leurs richesses, qui consistaient en
étoffes et en turquoises.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._,
série i., tom. ix., p. 150. Compare further, _Combier_, _Voy._, pp.
200-1; _Zuñiga_, in _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_, p. 135;
_Mex. in 1842_, p. 68; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 260;
_Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 380; _Cabeza de Vaca_, _Relation_, p. 167.
[888] 'Son grandes observadores de los Astros, porque como siempre
duermen á Cielo descubierto, y estan hechos â mirarlos, se marabillan de
qualquier nueva impression, que registran en los Cielos.' _Arlegui_,
_Chrón. de Zacatecas_, p. 175. Among the Yaquis, 'hay asimismo músicos
de violin y arpa, todo por puro ingenio, sin que se pueda decir que se
les hayan enseñado las primeras reglas.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de
Sonora_, p. 74. See also _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 12; _De
Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 285; _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._,
série i., tom. ix., p. 152; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 201; _Murr_,
_Nachrichten_, p. 370; _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 80.
[889] 'Leyes, ni Reyes que castigassen tales vicios y pecados, no los
tuuieron, ni se hallaua entre ellos genero de autoridad y gouierno
politico que los castigasse.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 11;
_Combier_, _Voy._, p. 200; _Ahumada_, _Carta_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._,
serie iv., tom. iii., p. 96; _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii.,
p. 384.
[890] The word _cacique_, which was used by the Spaniards to designate
the chiefs and rulers of provinces and towns throughout the West Indies,
Central America, Mexico, and Peru, is originally taken from the Cuban
language. Oviedo, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iv., p. 595, explains it as
follows: 'Cacique: señor, jefe absoluto ó rey de una comarca ó Estado.
En nuestros dias suele emplearse esta voz en algunas poblaciones de la
parte oriental de Cuba, para designar al regidor decano de un
ayuntamiento. Asi se dice: Regidor cacique. Metafóricamente tiene
aplicacion en nuestra península, para designar á los que en los pueblos
pequeños llevan la voz y gobiernan á su antojo y capricho.'
[891] 'Juntos grandes y pequeños ponen á los mocetones y mujeres
casaderas en dos hileras, y dada una seña emprenden á correr éstas; dada
otra siguen la carrera aquellos, y alcanzándolas, ha de cojer cada uno
la suya de la tetilla izquierda; y quedan hechos y confirmados los
desposorios.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie
iii., tom. iv., p. 542-3. 'Unos se casan con una muger sola, y tienen
muchas mancebas.... Otras se casan con quantas mugeres quieren.... Otras
naciones tienen las mugeres por comunes.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de
Zacatecas_, pp. 154-7. For further account of their family relations and
marriage customs, see _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 11, 145,
171, 201, 242, 475; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186;
_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 150,
152, 155, 158; _Hazart_, _Kirchen-Geschichte_, tom. ii., p. 541;
_Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 530; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de
Jesus_, tom. i., p. 452; _Arista_, in _Id._, p. 417; _Berlandier y
Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 70; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 201; _Löwenstern_,
_Mexique_, p. 409.
[892] Les Yaquis 'aiment surtout une danse appelée _tutuli gamuchi_ ...
dans laquelle ils changent de femmes en se cédant réciproquement tous
leurs droits conjugaux.' _Zuñiga_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._,
1842, tom. xciii., pp. 238-9. The Sisibotaris; 'En las danzas ... fué
muy de notar que aunque danzaban juntos hombres y mugeres, ni se
hablaban ni se tocaban inmediatamente las manos.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp.
de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 124, and tom. i., pp. 405-7. In the province of
Pánuco, 'cuando estan en sus borracheras é fiestas, lo que no pueden
beber por la boca, se lo hacen echar por bajo con un embudo.' _Guzman_,
_Rel. Anón._, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii., p. 295. See
further, _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 9, 15, 256, 672; _Murr_,
_Nachrichten_, pp. 321, 343, 345; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 287;
_Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, pp. 519, 530; _Castañeda_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 158; _Hardy's Trav._,
p. 440; _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 158, 160; _Donnavan's
Adven._, pp. 46, 48; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Indias, MS._, lib. iii., cap.
168; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 167; _Soc. Géog._,
_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96. p. 190; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom.
ii., p. 261; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 381; _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog.
Soc., Jour._, vol. xxx., p. 25.
[893] The Ópatas have 'grande respeto y veneracion que hasta hoy tienen
á los hombrecitos pequeños y contrahechos, á quienes temen y franquean
su casa y comida.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._,
serie iii., tom. iv., p. 628. 'Angulis atque adytis angues complures
reperti, peregrinum in modum conglobati, capitibus supra et infra
exsertis, terribili rictu, si quis propuis accessisset, cæterum innocui;
quos barbari vel maxime venerabantur, quod diabolus ipsis hac forma
apparere consuesset: eosdem tamen et manibus contrectabant et nonnunquam
iis vescebantur.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 284. Further reference in
_Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 472; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom.
iii., pp. 574-5; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 79; _Cabeza de
Vaca_, _Relation_, p. 169; _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, pp. 166-7;
_Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxx., p. 26.
[894] 'Quando entre los Indios ay algun contagio, que es el de viruelas
el mas continuo, de que mueren innumerables, mudan cada dia lugares, y
se van á los mas retirados montes, buscando los sitios mas espinosos y
enmarañados, para que de miedo de las espinas, no entren (segun juzgan,
y como cierto lo afirman) las viruelas.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de
Zacatecas_, pp. 152-3, 182. See also, _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom.
ii., pt. ii., p. 431; _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, pp. 70-1;
_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 399, tom. ii., pp. 213-4,
219-20; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 17, 322-3; _Löwenstern_,
_Mexique_, p. 411; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 282; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._,
in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 547-8.
[895] See _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 516; _Villa_, in _Prieto_,
_Viajes_, p. 443.
[896] 'Las mas de las naciones referidas son totalmente barbaras, y de
groseros entendimientos; gente baxa.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_,
p. 149. The Yaquis: 'by far the most industrious and useful of all the
other tribes in Sonora ... celebrated for the exuberance of their wit.'
_Hardy's Trav._, pp. 439, 442. 'Los ópatas son tan honrados como
valientes ... la nacion ópata es pacífica, dócil, y hasta cierto punto
diferente de todas los demas indígenas del continente ... son amantes
del trabajo.' _Zuñiga_, in _Escudero_, _Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa_,
pp. 139-41. 'La tribu ópata fué la que manifestó un carácter franco,
dócil, y con simpatías á los blancos ... siempre fué inclinada al órden
y la paz.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 151, 117. The Ópatas
'son de génio malicioso, disimulados y en sumo grado vengativos; y en
esto sobresalen las mujeres.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist.
Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 629-30. See also: _Ribas_, _Hist. de
los Triumphos_, pp. 237, 285, 358, 369, 385; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._,
vol. i., pp. 442-3; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 583, vol. ii., p. 606;
_Combier_, _Voy._, pp. 198-201; _Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, pp. 13-14;
_Browne's Apache Country_, p. 248; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p.
79; _Cabeza de Vaca_, _Relation_, pp. 169, 176; _Arricivita_, _Crónica
Seráfica_, pp. 405, 442; _Alegre+, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp.
284, 402-3, 405, 452, and tom. ii., p. 184; _Padilla_, _Conq. N.
Galicia, MS._, pp. 80, 84; _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, pp. 69-70;
_García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 93.
[Illustration: NATIVE RACES of the PACIFIC STATES
MEXICAN GROUP]