los cuales fundaron cinco misiones. San Francisco de Coahuila, un cuarto
de legua al Norte de Monclova, con indios Boboles y Obayas, à los cuales
se agregaron algunos Tobosos y Tlaxcaltecas conducidas de San Esteban
del Saltillo. Santa Rosa de Nadadores, puesta en 1677 à cuarenta leguas
al Noroeste de Coahuila, de indios Cotzales y Manosprietas, trasladada
junto al rio de Nadadores para huir de la guerra de los Tobosos, y
colocada al fin, en 1693, à siete leguas al Noroeste de Coahuila: se le
agregaron ocho familias Tlaxcaltecas. San Bernardo de la Candela, con
indios Catujanes, Tilijais y Milijaes, y cuatro familias Tlaxcaltecas.
San Buenaventura de las cuatro Ciénegas, veinte leguas al Oeste de
Coahuila, con indios Cabezas, Contores y Bauzarigames: la mision
repuesta en 1692 con los Tocas y los Colorados. _Orozco y Berra_,
_Geografía_, p. 302.
The _Irritilas_ occupy 'la parte del partido de Mapimí al Este.' _Id._,
p. 319.
The _Pisones_ and _Xanambres_ roam 'Al Sur del valle de la Purísima y al
Norte hasta Rio Blanco, confinando al Oeste con los Cuachichiles.'
_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 298.
Other names which cannot be located are: Cadimas, Pelones, Nazas,
Pamoranos, Quedexeños, Palmitos, Pintos, Quinicuanes, Maquiapemes,
Seguyones, Ayagua, Zima, Canaina, Comepescados, Aguaceros, Vocarros,
Posuamas, Zalaias, Malahuecos, Pitisfiafuiles, Cuchinochis, Talaquichis,
Alazapas, Pafaltoes. _Id._, pp. 299-300.
[Sidenote: TRIBES OF TAMAULIPAS.]
The nations or tribes of Tamaulipas, although very numerous, are mostly
located.
The _Olives_ live in Horcasitas. _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 293.
The _Palagueques_ are at the Mission of San Francisco Xavier. _Ib._
The _Anacanas_, 'a una legua de Altamira.' _Ib._
The _Aretines_, _Panguais_, and _Caramiguais_ in the 'sierra del
Chapopote, que remata en la barra del Tordo.' _Ib._
The _Mapulcanas_, _Cataicanas_, _Caramiguais_, _Panguais_, and
_Zapoteros_ live near the Salinas, which are between the Cerro del Maiz
and the sea. _Ib._
The _Caribays_, _Comecamotes_, _Ancasiguais_, _Tagualilos_, and
_Pasitas_ are near De Soto la Marina and Santander. _Ib._
The _Moraleños_ and _Panguajes_ live on the coast between Marina and
Altamirano. _Ib._
The _Martinez_, 'en la Sierra de Tamaulipa vieja.' _Ib._
The _Mariguanes_, _Caramariguanes_, _Aretines_, 'habitada desde el cerro
de S. José á la mar.' _Ib._
The _Tumapacanes_, 'en el camino para Santander.' _Ib._
The _Inapanames_, 'á una y media leguas de la primera villa
(Santillana).' _Ib._
The _Pintos_ and _Quinicuanes_ dwell near San Fernando de Austria. _Ib._
The _Tedexeños_, 'en las lagunas de la barra.' _Ib._
The _Comecrudos_, 'donde el rio se vacia en sus crecientes.' _Ib._
The _Tamaulipecos_ and _Malincheños_ live at the mission of S. Pedro
Alcántara. _Ib._
The _Guixolotes_, _Cadimas_, _Canaynes_, and _Borrados_ are 'al pié de
la sierra de Tamaulipas, teniendo al Sur el terreno que se llama la
Tamaulipa Moza.' _Id._, pp. 293-4.
The _Nazas_, _Narices_, _Comecrudos_, and _Texones_ are at the mission
of Reynosa. _Id._, p. 294.
The _Tanaquiapemes_, _Saulapaguemes_, _Auyapemes_, _Uscapemes_,
_Comesacapemes_, _Gummesacapemes_, _Catanamepaques_ are 'rumbo al Este y
sobre el rio, à seis leguas de la mision ... se internan à las tierras
llegando en sus correrías únicamente hasta el mar.' _Ib._
The _Carrizos_, _Cotomanes_, and _Cacalotes_ are at 'Camargo, situado
sobre el rio da S. Juan ... al otro lado del Bravo ... los cuales por
fuera del rio Grande llegan hasta Revilla.' _Ib._
The _Garzas_ and _Malaguecos_ live near rio Alamo. _Id._, p. 294.
No location for the following can be found: Politos, Mulatos, Pajaritos,
Venados, Payzanos, Cuernos quemados. _Id._, pp. 295-6.
The _Tepehuanes_ inhabit the mountains of southern Chihuahua and the
northern portions of Durango, a district commonly called the partido de
Tepehuanes. 'Estiende desde la Sierra del Mezquital hasta el Parral ...
hasta adelante de Topia, muy cerca de Caponeta.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de
Zacatecas_, pp. 187-8. 'Se extiende esta region desde la altura misma de
Guadiana, á poco ménos de 25 grados hasta los 27 de latitud
septentrional. Sus pueblos comienzan á las veinticinco leguas de la
capital de Nueva-Vizcaya, ácia el Noroeste en Santiago de Papásquiaro.
Al Norte tiene á la provincia de Taraumara, al Sur la de Chiametlán y
costa del seno Californio, al Oriente los grandes arenales y naciones
vecinas á la laguna de S. Pedro, y al Poniente la Sierra Madre de Topía,
que la divide de esta provincia y la de Sinaloa.' _Alegre_, _Hist.
Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 319. 'Sus pueblos, parte en llanos, y parte
en sierra, a las vertientes de la de Topia, y san Andres.... Y por essa
parte vezinos a las Naziones Xixime, y Acaxee, y aun a las de la tierra
mas adentro de Cinaloa.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 573. For
concurrent testimony see: _Zapata_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv.,
tom. iii., p. 310; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp.
344-5; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 43; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p.
323; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 318-19.
The _Acaxées_ inhabit the valleys of the mountain regions of Topia and
S. Andres in Durango and Sinaloa. 'La principal Nacion, en cuyas tierras
está el Real de Topia, es la Acaxee.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_,
p. 471. 'Lo limitan al Norte y al Este el Tepehuan, al Sur el Xixime y
al Oeste el Sabaibo y el Tebaca.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp.
319, 310, 315; _Zapata_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., pp.
416-17. 'San Pedro valle de Topia, el mineral de Topia, Asuncion
Sianori, San Antonio Tahuahueto y los Dolores de Agua Caliente, las
cuales poblaciones marcan los terrenos habitados por los Acaxees.'
_Tamaron_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 314.
The _Tebacas_ lived among the Acaxees in the mountain districts of Topia
and S. Andres. _Id._, p. 334.
The _Sabaibos_ 'habitaban en el partido de San Ignacio Otatitlan y
pueblos de Piaba, Alaya y Quejupa.' _Ib._
The _Cácaris_ dwell in Cacaria. _Id._, p. 319.
The _Papudos_ and _Tecayas_ were settled in the district of San Andres.
_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., pp. 379-80.
The _Xiximes_ inhabited 'en el coraçon desta sierra' de San Andres.
_Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 531. 'Ocupan el partido de San
Dimas.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 315-17.
The _Hinas_ 'Habitan la mayor parte en profundísimas quebradas del
centro de la sierra, y muchos á las márgenes del rio de Humace, que en
su embocadura llaman de Piaxtla, muy cerca de su nacimiento, como á
cinco leguas de Yamoriba.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii.,
p. 195. 'Habitantes de las márgenes del rio de Piaztla.' _Orozco y
Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 316.
The _Humes_ are in the Sierra de San Andres. 'Como nueue leguas del
pueblo de Quilitlan, y en lo mas alto de toda esta sierra, caminando al
Oriente.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 562. 'Nueve leguas mas
adelante del lugar de Queibos ó de Santiago.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de
Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 199; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 316, 325.
The _Zacatecos_ inhabit the like-named State, and particularly near the
rio Nazas. 'Baxò la Sierra, que oy llaman del calabazal, y parò â las
orillas de un rio, que oy llaman de Suchil.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de
Zacatecas_, p. 26. 'Los que habitan en el rio de las Nasas son indios
zacatecos.' _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 33. 'Se
extendian hasta el rio Nazas. Cuencamé, Cerro Gordo, S. Juan del Rio,
Nombre de Dios, quedaban comprendidos en esta demarcacion.' _Orozco y
Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 319.
The _Guachichiles_, Cuachichiles, or Huachichiles 'corrian por Zacatecas
hasta San Potosí y Coahuila.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 285. 'La
villa del Saltillo está fundada sobre el terreno que en lo antiguo
ocuparon los indios cuachichiles.' _Id._, pp. 301, 287; _De Laet_,
_Novus Orbis_, p. 281.
FOOTNOTES:
[636] The Comanches 'are divided into three principal bands, to wit: the
Comanche, the Yamparack and the Tenawa.' _Burnet_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. i., p. 230; 'Ietans, termed by the Spaniards Comanches, and
in their own language Na-uni, signifying "life people."' _Prichard's
Nat. Hist._, vol. ii., p. 549. 'The Comanches and the numerous tribes of
Chichimecas ... are comprehended by the Spaniards under the vague name
of Mecos.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 422. 'The tribe called
themselves Niyuna.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 575-6;
_Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 231; _Neighbors_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,
1856, p. 175; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 115; _French's Hist. La._, p.
155. 'Se divide en cuatro ramas considerables bajo los nombres de
Cuchanticas, Jupes, Yamparicas y Orientales.' _García Conde_, in _Soc.
Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 318; see also _Cortez_, in _Pac. R.
R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 121. The Jetans or Camanches, as the Spaniards
term them, or Padoucas, as they are called by the Pawnees. _Pike's
Explor. Trav._, p. 214.
[637] _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 76. 'Los Indios
yutas, ... son los mismos que los comanches ó cumanches, pues yuta eso
quiere decir en la lengua de los lipanes. Por consiguente no se pueden
distinguir esos nombres, que aunque de dos lenguas diferentes espresan
una misma nacion.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 251. 'The
Comanches are a branch of the Shoshones or Snakes.' _Ruxton's Adven._,
p. 244. 'The Pawnees are descended from a cousin-germanship of the same
stock.' _Edward's Hist. Tex._, pp. 108-9. 'Si le sang des Aztéques
existe encore sans mélange en Amerique, il doit couler dans les veines
des Comanches.' _Domenech's Jour._, p. 16; see also _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 24; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Azt. Spr._, p. 391.
[638] 'Probably because their winter quarters are always located amid
the forests which grow upon the Sierras.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 243.
[639] Cordero gives the following tribal names, which he says are used
among themselves: Vinni ettinenne, Tontos; Segatajenne, Chiricaguis;
Tjuiccujenne, Gileños; Iccujenne, Mimbreños; Yutajenne, Faraones;
Sejenne, Mescaleros; Cuelcajenne, Llaneros; Lipajenne and Yutajenne,
Lipans and Navajos. _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 369, 379-385.
'Los pimas gileños llaman á los yavipais taros ó nifores; los jamajabs
les llaman yavipais y nosotros apaches.' _Garces_, _Diario_, in _Doc.
Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., pp. 265, 352-3. 'Yavipais Tejua que
son los indómitos Apaches.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 471.
'Yavapais, or Apache Mohaves, as they are more generally called.'
_Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 217. 'Pueden dividirse en
nueve tribus principales ... Tontos, Chirocahues, Gileños, Mimbreños,
Faraones, Mezcaleros, Llaneros, Lipanes y Navajoes. Todos hablan un
mismo idioma.... No componen una nacion uniforme en sus usos y
costumbres, pero coinciden en la major parte de sus inclinaciones,
variando en otras con proporcion á los terrenos de su residencia, á
las necesidades que padecen.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._,
_Boletin_, tom. v., p. 314. Apaches, 'their name is said to signify
'men.'' Mescaleros, 'the meaning of the name, probably, is drinkers of
mescal.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 118-9.
_Froebel's Central Amer._, pp. 309, 353, 491; _Froebel_, _Aus
Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 161, 223, 425; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol.
i., p. 285; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 26; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 351;
_Ruxton's Adven._, p. 194; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.
iv., p. 216; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 212-13; _Mowry_,
in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 298; _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,
1863, p. 108, and _Id._, 1864, p. 182, 1858, p. 197; _Bailey_, in
_Id._, 1858, p. 206; _Clum_, in _Id._, 1871, p. 42; _Bartlett's Pers.
Nar._, vol. i., p. 325. Called Coyoteros, because it is believed that
'they feed upon the flesh of the coyote.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 430.
'Les Gileños ... avec les Axuas et les Apaches qui viennent de la
Sierra Madre sont confondus sous le nom de Pápagos.' _Mofras_,
_Explor._, tom. i., p. 213; _Bustamante_, in _Cavo_, _Tres Siglos_,
tom. iii., pp. 79-80. 'Tonto, in Spanish means stupid.' 'Tonto is a
Spanish corruption of the original Indian name.' _Palmer_, in
_Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii.,
pp. 5-8; _Ayers_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 175; _Collins_, in
_Id._, 1860, p. 161; _Id._, 1861, p. 122; _Maxwell_, in _Id._, 1863,
p. 116; _Parker_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 23; _Walker_, in _Id._, 1872, p.
53; _Clum_, in _Id._, 1871, p. 368; _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p.
214; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 275; _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales
des Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 308.
[640] 'The Apaches and their congeners belong to the Athapascan family.'
_Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 84, and in _Nouvelles
Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 311; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.
ii., p. 10.
[641] 'The Apaches call the Navajoes Yútahkah. The Navajoes call
themselves, as a tribe, Tenúai (man). The appellation Návajo was
unquestionably given them by the Spaniards.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 217, 218. 'The Navajoes and Apaches are
identically one people.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 306; _Ruxton's Adven._,
p. 194; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 229; _Poston_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1863, p. 389. 'Navajoes and Apaches have descended from the same
stock.' _Carleton_, in _Ind. Aff., Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 134. 'The
Navajoes are a Pueblo Indian.' _Griner_, in _Id._, p. 329. 'Allied to
the Crow Indians.' _Fitzpatrick_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 133;
_Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 348. 'Most civilized of all the wild Indians of
North America.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 372. The Navajoes 'are a
division of the ancient Mexicans.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180.
[642] '"Yumah," signifies "Son of the River," and is only applied to the
Indians born on the banks of the Colorado. This nation is composed of
five tribes ... among which ... the Yabipaïs (Yampaïs or Yampaos).'
_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 65. 'The Cajuenches and Cuchans ...
belong to two different divisions of one tribe, which forms part of the
great nation of the Yumas.' _Id._, p. 10.
[643] Cosninos, 'Es ist mehrfach die Ansicht ausgesprochen worden, dass
die meisten derselben zu dem Stamme der Apaches gehören, oder vielmehr
mit ihnen verwandt sind.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 330-1;
_Figuier's Human Race_, p. 482.
[644] 'The Yampais form a connecting link between the Gila, Colorado,
and Pueblo Indians.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 98.
Yampais are related to the Yumas. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen_, tom. i., p.
431. Yampais: 'Unable to separate them from the Tonto-Apaches.' _Mowry_,
in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 302.
[645] 'Llaman á estos indios los cruzados, por unas cruces que todos,
chicos y grandes se atan del copete, que les viene á caer en la frente;
y esto hacen cuando ven á los españoles.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in
_Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iii., p. 31.
[646] 'Unos dicen que á un lado de estas naciones (Yutas) para hácia al
Poniente está la nacion de los nijoras, y otros afirman que no hay tal
nacion Nijora, sino que esta palabra nijor quiere decir cautivo, y que
los cocomaricopas les dan de noche á las naciones mas inmediatas y les
quitan sus hijos, los que cautivan y venden á los pimas y éstos á los
españoles; si es asi que hay tal nacion, está en esta inmediacion del
rio Colorado para el rio Salado ó rio Verde.' _Noticias de la Pimeria_,
in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 838. 'Todos estos
cautivos llaman por acá fuera Nijores, aunque hay otra nacion Hijeras á
parte.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom.
iv., p. 852.
[647] For further particulars as to location of tribes, see notes on
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES, at the end of this chapter.
[648] 'Besonders fiel uns der Unterschied zwischen den im Gebirge,
ähnlich den Wölfen lebenden Yampays und Tontos ... und den von
vegetabilischen Stoffen sich nährenden Bewohnern des Colorado-Thales
auf, indem erstere nur kleine hässliche Gestalten mit widrigem
tückischem Ausdruck der Physiognomie waren, die anderen dagegen wie
lauter Meisterwerke der schöpferischen Natur erschienen.' _Möllhausen_,
_Tagebuch_, p. 384.
[649] The Navajos are 'of good size, nearly six feet in height, and well
proportioned; cheek-bones high and prominent, nose straight and well
shaped; hair long and black; eyes black; ... feet small; lips of
moderate size; head of medium size and well shaped; forehead not small
but retreating.' _Lethermann_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 288.
'Fine looking, physically.' 'Most symmetrical figure, combining ease,
grace and power, and activity.' And the Comanches 'about five feet ten
inches in height, with well proportioned shoulders, very deep chest, and
long, thin, but muscular arms.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 49, 305, 15.
The Mojave 'men are tall, erect, and finely proportioned. Their features
are inclined to European regularity; their eyes large, shaded by long
lashes.' The Cuchans are 'a noble race, well formed, active and
intelligent.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 110, 114.
The Navajos are distinguished 'by the fullness and roundness of their
eyes.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, in _Pac. R. R.
Rept._, vol. iii., p. 31. 'The Camanches are small of stature ... wear
moustaches and heads of long hair.' _Pope_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.
ii., p. 15. The Comanches 'que da un aspecto bien particular á estas
naciones, es la falta completa de cejas, pues ellos se las arrancan;
algunos tienen una poca barba.' _Berlandier and Thovel_, _Diario_, p.
253. The Yumas 'if left to their natural state, would be fine looking,'
but the Hualpais 'were squalid, wretched-looking creatures, with splay
feet, large joints and diminutive figures ... features like a toad's....
They present a remarkable contrast to our tall and athletic Mojaves.'
The Navajos are 'a fine looking race with bold features.' 'The Mojaves
are perhaps as fine a race of men physically, as there is in existence.'
_Ives' Colorado River_, pp. 44, 54, 97-8, 108, 73, 128, 19, 39, 59, 66,
plate p. 66. The Comanches are 'de buena estatura.' _Beaumont_, _Crónica
de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 527. The people between the Colorado and Gila
rivers. 'Es gente bien agestada y corpulenta, trigueños de color.'
_Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p.
851. The Cruzados are described as 'bien agestados y nobles y ellas
hermosas de lindos ojos y amorosas.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc.
Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 31; see also _Cordoue_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. x., p. 446. In New Mexico
Allegre describes them as 'corpulentos y briosos, pero mal agestados,
las orejas largas ... tienen poco barba.' _Allegre_, _Hist. Comp. de
Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332; and of the same people Alcedo writes 'son de
mejor aspecto, color y proporcion que los demás.' _Diccionario_, tom.
iii., p. 184. And Lieut. Möllhausen, who frequently goes into ecstasies
over the splendid figures of the lower Colorado people, whom he calls
the personification of the ancient gods of the Romans and Greeks, says
further that they are 'grosse, schön gewachsene Leute,' and describes
their color as 'dunkelkupferfarbig.' Of the women he adds 'Ganz im
Gegensatze zu den Männern sind die Weiber der Indianer am Colorado
durchgängig klein, untersetzt und so dick, dass ihr Aussehen mitunter
an's komische gränzt.' Comparing the Hualapais with the Mojaves he
writes 'auf der einen Seite die unbekleideten, riesenhaften und
wohlgebildeten Gestalten der Mohaves ... auf der andern Seite dagegen
die im Vergleich mit erstern, zwergähnlichen, hagern.... Figuren der
Wallpays, mit ihren verwirrten, struppigen Haaren, den kleinen,
geschlitzten Augen und dem falschen, gehässigen Ausdruck in ihren
Zügen.' The Cosninos he calls 'hässlich und verkümmert.' _Möllhausen_,
_Tagebuch_, pp. 331, 382-8; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen_, tom. i., pp. 123-4,
199, 215, 274, 293, 318, tom. ii., pp. 43, 37, and plate frontispiece.
_Möllhausen_, _Mormonenmädchen_, tom. ii., p. 140. The Comanche 'men are
about the medium stature, with bright copper-coloured complexions ...
the women are short with crooked legs ... far from being as good looking
as the men.' In the Colorado Valley 'are the largest and best-formed men
I ever saw, their average height being an inch over six feet.' _Marcy's
Army Life_, pp. 25, 279. 'Les Comanchés ont la taille haute et élancée,
et sont presque aussi blancs que les Européens.' _Soc. Géog._,
_Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 192. And of the Comanches see further.
_Dragoon Camp._, p. 153. 'Robust, almost Herculean race.' _Foote's
Texas_, vol. i., p. 298. 'Exceedingly handsome.' _Calderon de la Barca's
Life in Mex._, vol. ii., p. 308; _Hartmann and Millard's Texas_, p. 109.
'Women are ugly, crooklegged, stoop-shouldered.' _Parker's Notes on
Tex._, pp. 189, 232, 194; _Mexikanische Zustände_, tom. i., p. 373;
_Froebel's Cent. Am._, p. 267; see also _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom.
ii., p. 101; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 37-8; _Domenech_,
_Journ._, p. 132. The Yuma 'women are generally fat.' 'The men are
large, muscular, and well formed.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii.,
pp. 180, 178. Navajo women are 'much handsomer and have lighter
complexions than the men.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 218-19; _Simpson's
Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 52; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 7, 10,
24, 65, plate 8. The Navajos have 'light flaxen hair, light blue eyes
... their skin is of the most delicate whiteness.' _Brownell's Ind.
Races_, p. 545; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203. On the Mojaves see
further, _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 138; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi
Ex._, p. 18; _Cal. Mercantile Jour._, vol. i., p. 227, plate; _Clum_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 363. And on the Yumas. _Poston_, in _Ind.
Rept. Aff._, 1863, p. 387; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 61; _Taylor_,
in _Cal. Farmer_, _Feb. 22, 1860_. Women's 'feet are naturally small.'
_Emory's Rept._, in _U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 109.
The Yampais are broad-faced, and have 'aquiline noses and small eyes.'
_Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460. _Indian Traits_, in
_Hayes Col._
[650] 'Their average height is about five feet four or five inches. They
are but slimly built, and possess but little muscular development ...
light brownish red color.' Some have 'a Chinese cast of countenance ...
rusty black hair.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418. Their
'features were flat, negro-like ... small legged, big-bellied and
broad-shouldered.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 52. 'More miserable
looking objects I never beheld;' legs, 'large and muscular.' _Fremont
and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 139. 'Widerliche Physiognomien und
Gestalten ... unter mittlerer Grösse ... grosse Köpfe, vorstehende Stirn
und Backenknochen, dicke Nasen, aufgeworfene Lippen und kleine
geschlitzte Augen.... Ihr Gesicht war dunkler als ich es jemals bei
Indianern gefunden.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 360. 'Von zottigen
weit abstehenden Haupthaaren bedeckt.' _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom.
iii., p. 49. 'Ill-formed, emaciated, and miserable looking race ... had
all a treacherous-fiendish look.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p.
327. 'Physically of a slighter build than any Indians I have seen.'
_Clum_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 47. 'Most wretched looking
Indians I have ever seen.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 14. 'Small in
stature.... Coal-black eye.' _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 326. 'Hair is
very black and straight, much resembling horse hair ... appears to
belong to the Asiatic type.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v.,
p. 211. 'Gipsy looking with an eye singularly wild and piercing.'
_Houstoun's Texas_, p. 227. 'Have very light complexions.' _Ward's
Mexico_, vol. i., p. 580. 'Die Lipanis haben blondes Haar, und sind
schöne Leute.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 215, tom. ii., pt.
ii., p. 421. 'Sont des beaux hommes.' _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_,
p. 82. 'Tall, majestic in figure; muscular.' _Brantz-Mayer's Mex.
Aztec., etc._, vol. ii., p. 123. 'Fine physical conformation.' _Foote's
Texas_, vol. i., p. 298. 'Their skin looked whiter than I have ever seen
it in the Indians.' _Wizlizenus' Tour_, p. 71. 'Crian pié menor que los
otros indios.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie
iii., tom. iv., p. 564. 'Todos son morenos, cuerpo bien proporcionado,
ojos vivos, cabello largo y lampiños.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_,
p. 265. 'Su talla y color diferencian algo en cada tribu, variando este
desde el bronceado al moreno. Son todos bien proporcionados ... y
ninguna barba.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom.
v., p. 314; see also _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp.
370-1. 'Though not tall, are admirably formed, with fine features and a
bright complexion, inclining to yellow.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 117.
'Son altos, rubios y de bellisimas proporciones.' _Revista Científica_,
tom. i., p. 55. 'Taille ordinaire, de couleur foncé.' 'Comme ces Indiens
ne font leur nourriture que de chair et principalement de celle de l'âne
et du mulet, ils exhalent une odeur si pénétrante que les chevaux et
surtout les mules rebroussent chemin aussitôt qu'ils les éventent.'
_Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 187.
[651] 'Cut their hair short over the forehead, and let it hang behind.'
_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 65. Distinguished 'durch den
vollständig gleichmässigen Schnitt ihrer schwarzen Haare.' _Möllhausen_,
_Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 274; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_,
p. 384; _Browne's Apache Country_, 107; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, pp. 15,
18; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., pp. 460, 461; _Whipple_,
in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 98, 110.
[652] Mojave girls, after they marry, tattoo the chin 'with vertical
blue lines.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 463. Yumas:
'Doch ist ihnen das Tätowiren nicht fremd; dieses wird indessen mehr von
den Frauen angewendet welche sich die Mundwinkel und das Kinn mit blauen
Punkten und Linien schmücken.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._,
tom. i., p. 124; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 385; _Stratton's Capt.
Oatman Girls_, pp. 151-2; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 33,
in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., and plate; _Michler_, in _Emory's
Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 110; _Soc. Géog._,
_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186; _Treasury of Trav._, p. 32.
[653] 'Das Gesicht hatten sich alle Vier (Mojaves) auf gleiche Weise
bemalt, nämlich kohlschwarz mit einem rothen Striche, der sich von der
Stirne über Nase, Mund und Kinn zog.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 383,
385, 388; plate, 394. 'Painted perfectly black, excepting a red stripe
from the top of his forehead, down the bridge of his nose to his chin.'
_Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 67. The Apaches 'Se tiñen el cuerpo y la cara
con bastantes colores.' _Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS._, p. 5. 'Pintura de
greda y almagre con que se untan la cara, brazos y piernas.' _Cordero_,
in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 371; _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv.,
tom. iii., p. 11; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266; _Henry_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 211; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 337;
_Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418; _Whipple, Ewbank, and
Turner's Rept._, p. 33, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., and plate;
_Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 110; _Sedelmair_, in
_Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., vol. iv., p. 858.
[654] 'Naked with the exception of the breech-cloth.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi
Ex._, pp. 14, 18; see also plates; Mojave men 'simply a breech-cloth.'
_Touner_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871. 'No clothing but a strip of
cotton.... The Yumas display 'a ludicrous variety of tawdry colors and
dirty finery.' _Ives' Colorado Rept._, pp. 54, 59, 66. See colored
plates of Yumas, Mojaves, and Hualpais, 'Andan enteramente desnudos.'
_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Möllhausen_,
_Tagebuch_, p. 383; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62; _Hardy's
Trav._, pp. 336, 342; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 138; _Pattie's
Pers. Nar._, p. 149; _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p. 162;
_Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 124; _Whipple_, in _Pac.
R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 33; _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 29, 132; _Soc.
Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 93, p. 186; _Indian Traits_, vol. i.,
in _Hayes Col._
[655] 'A few stripes of the inner bark of the willow or acacia tied
scantily round their waists.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 336. 'Long fringe of
strips of willow bark wound around the waist.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._,
p. 18. The men wear 'a strip of cotton,' the women 'a short petticoat,
made of strips of bark.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 66. 'Nude, with the
exception of a diminutive breech cloth.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 29.
'Las mas se cubren de la cintura hasta las piernas con la cáscara
interior del sauce.' _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom.
iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres se cubren de la cintura á la rodilla con la
cáscara interior del sauce.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom.
iii., p. 111; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 384; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in
die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p. 123; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p.
138; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186; _Whipple_, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 114; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's
Rept._, p. 33, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., plate and cuts;
_Touner_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 364; _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1870, p. 130; _Michler_, in _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex.
Boundary Survey_, vol. i., pp. 109, 110, with plate.
[656] 'Partly clothed like the Spaniards, with wide drawers, moccasins
and leggings to the knee ... their moccasins have turned-up square toes
... mostly they have no head-dress, some have hats, some fantastic
helmets.' _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 184. 'They prefer the legging and
blanket to any other dress.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 320,
328. 'Mexican dress and saddles predominated, showing where they had
chiefly made up their wardrobe.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 61. 'Los
hombres, se las acomodan alrededor del cuerpo, dejando desambarazados
los brazos. Es en lo general la gamuza ó piel del venado la que emplean
en este servicio. Cubren la cabeza de un bonete ó gorra de lo mismo, tal
vez adornado de plumas de aves, ó cuernos de animales.... El vestuario
de las mujeres es igualmente de pieles.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_,
_Geografía_, p. 371. 'Cervinis tergoribus amiciuntur tam foeminæ quam
mares.' _Benavides_, in _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 316; _Alarchon_, in
_Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 431, 437; _Sonora, Descrip. Geog._, in
_Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564; _Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya,
MS._, p. 5; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 117; _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p.
214; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 451; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. v., pp. 210, 211; _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p.
174; _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 248; _Roedel_, in _Ind.
Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 397; _Niza_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série
i., tom. ix., pp. 266, 268; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 161,
424; see also _Froebel's Cent. Am._, pp. 309, 490; _García Conde_, in
_Album Mex._, tom. i., pp. 46, 166, 167; _Linati_, _Costumes_, plate
xxii.; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266; _Möllhausen_,
_Flüchtling_, tom. ii., p. 173; _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._,
p. 417; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82.
[657] The hair of the Mohaves is occasionally 'matted on the top of the
head into a compact mass with mud.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18.
'Their pigments are ochre, clay, and probably charcoal mingled with
oil.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 33, in _Pac. R. R.
Rept._, vol. iii. 'Ihr Hauptschmuck dagegen sind die langen, starken
Haare, die mittelst nasser Lehmerde in Rollen gedreht.' _Möllhausen_,
_Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 124. The Axuas 'Beplastered their
bodies and hair with mud.' _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 343-4, 356, 368, 370;
_Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 61, 63.
[658] Small white beads are highly prized by the Mohaves. _Ives'
Colorado River_, pp. 68-9. 'The young girls wear beads ... a necklace
with a single sea-shell in front.' The men 'leather bracelets, trimmed
with bright buttons ... eagles' feathers, called "sormeh," sometimes
white, sometimes of a crimson tint ... strings of wampum, made of
circular pieces of shell.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.,
pp. 114, 115. 'Shells of the pearl-oyster, and a rough wooden image are
the favorite ornaments of both sexes' with the Apaches. _Henry_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 210. 'Sus adornos en el cuello y
brazos son sartas de pesuñas de venado y berrendos, conchas, espinas de
pescado y raices de yerbas odoríferas. Las familias mas pudientes y
aseadas bordan sus trajes y zapatos de la espina del puerco-espin.'
_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 371. 'Adórnanse con
gargantillas de caracolillos del mar, entreverados de otras cuentas, de
conchas coloradas redondas.' _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie
iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres por arracadas ó aretes, se cuelgan
conchas enteras de nácar, y otras mayores azules en cada oreja.'
_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Froebel_, _Aus
Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 424; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 61; _Cremony's
Apaches_, p. 222; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., pp. 166,
167; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 149; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii.,
p. 181; _Almanza_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 837;
_Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 463; _Velasco_, _Noticias
de Sonora_, p. 266; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 60-64; _Michler_, in
_Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, pp. 109-110; _Whipple_,
in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 98; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's
Rept._, p. 33, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Möllhausen_,
_Tagebuch_, pp. 389, 394, 399; _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 210;
_Hardy's Trav._, p. 364; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, pp.
418-19; _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 266, 268,
273; _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 437; _Mexikanische
Zustände_, tom. i., p. 64.
[659] The 'hair is worn long and tied up behind' by both sexes;
_Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290. 'Langes starkes Haar
in einen dicken Zopf zusammengeknotet.' _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom.
iv., p. 36; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 329.
[660] 'Tolerably well dressed, mostly in buckskin.... They dress with
greater comfort than any other tribe, and wear woolen and well-tanned
buckskin ... the outer seams are adorned with silver or brass buttons.'
_Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 406, 411, 412. Leggins made of deer-skin with
thick soles ... a leathern cap shaped like a helmet, decorated with
cocks', eagles' or vultures' feathers. _Figuier's Hum. Race_, pp. 481,
482. 'Auf dem Kopfe tragen sie eine helmartige Lederkappe die gewöhnlich
mit einem Busch kurzer, glänzender Truthahnfedern und einigen Geier oder
Adlerfedern geschmückt ist.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 229, 230. 'A
close banded cap is worn by the men which is gracefully ornamented by
feathers, and held under the chin by a small throat-latch.'
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 435, and plate vii., Fig. 3, p. 74.
'Their wardrobes are never extravagantly supplied.' _Backus_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212. The women 'wear a blanket.'
_Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 128, and plate. The women 'wore blankets,
leggins and moccasons.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 51, 52, 81.
'Over all is thrown a blanket, under and sometimes over which is worn a
belt, to which are attached oval pieces of silver.' _Letherman_, in
_Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290. The women's dress is 'chiefly
composed of skins ... showily corded at the bottom, forming a kind of
belt of beads and porcupine quills.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 118-9.
_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 329; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die
Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 220, 224, 235; _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_,
tom. iv., pp. 36, 37; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 31, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec.
Com._, 1867, p. 344; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 305.
[661] 'Tattooed over the body, especially on the chest.' _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 281. 'Tattoo their faces and breasts.' _Marcy's
Army Life_, p. 25. 'Mares juxta atque foeminæ facies atque artus
lineis quibusdam persignant.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 310;
_Warden_, _Recherches_, p. 79; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32.
[662] 'They never cut the hair, but wear it of very great length, and
ornament it upon state occasions with silver and beads.' _Marcy's Army
Life_, p. 25. 'Their heads are covered with bits of tin and glass.'
_Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182. 'Der dicke und lang über den
Rücken hinabhängende Zopf mit abwärts immer kleiner werdenden silbernen
Scheiben belastet, die, im Nacken mit der Grösse einer mässigen
Untertasse beginnend, an der Spitze des Zopfes mit der Grösse eines
halben Thalers endigten.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 100,
and _Froebel's Cent. Am._, p. 266. They 'never cut their hair, which
they wear long, mingling with it on particular occasions silver
ornaments and pearls.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 24. 'Todos
ellos llevan la cabeza trasquilada desde la mitad hasta la frente, y
dejan lo demas del pelo colgando.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan,
MS._, p. 527; _Revista Cientifica_, tom. i., p. 162; _Parker's Notes on
Tex._, p. 194; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p.
115; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 27, in _Pac. R. R.
Rept._, vol. iii.; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 299;
_Combier_, _Voy._, p. 224.
[663] 'Im Gesichte mit Zinnober bemalt, auf dem Kopfe mit Adlerfedern
geschmückt.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 100. 'It takes them
a considerable time to dress, and stick feathers and beads in their
hair.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 281. 'Fond of decking
themselves with paint, beads and feathers.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 25,
26, 30. 'Vederbosschen op't hoofd.' _Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p.
209. 'En quanto á los colores, varian mucho, no solamente en ellos, sino
tambien en los dibujos que se hacen en la cara.' _García Conde_, in
_Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 299. The Comanches 'de tout sexe portent un
miroir attaché au poignet, et se teignent le visage en rouge.' _Soc.
Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192; _Whipple, Ewbank, and
Turner's Rept._, p. 27, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Palmer_, in
_Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 450; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, pp. 35, 36;
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 133; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp.
181, 194, 197, 202; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 71; _Simpson's Jour. Mil.
Recon._, p. 119; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332;
_Combier_, _Voy._, p. 224; _Hartmann and Millard_, _Texas_, p. 110;
_Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, p. 147, plate; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p.
80; _Gilliam's Trav._, p. 305; _Horn's Captivity_, p. 25.
[664] 'The Camanches prefer dark clothes.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp.
180, 181, 202. 'Les guerriers portent pour tout vêtement une peau de
buffle en manteau.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192.
'Las mugeres andan vestidas de la cintura para abajo con unos cueros de
venado adobado en forma de faldellines, y cubren el cuerpo con unos
capotillos del mismo cuero.' _Beaumont_, _Crón. de Mechoacan, MS._, p.
527. 'Vistense galanos ... asi hombres como mugeres con mantas pintadas
y bordadas.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 681. 'Sus
vestidos se componen de unas botas, un mediano delantal que cubre sus
vergüenzas, y un coton, todo de pieles: las mugeres usan una manta
cuadrada de lana negra muy estrecha.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_,
tom. i., p. 332. 'Tam mares quam foeminæ gossypinis tunicis et ferarum
exuviis vestiebantur ad Mexicanorum normam et quod insolens barbaris,
ideoque Hispanis novum visum, utebantur calceis atque ocreis quæ è
ferarum tergoribus et taurino corio consuta erant. Foeminis capillus
bene pexus et elegantur erat dispositus, nec ullo præterea velamine
caput tegebant.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 311; _Froebel_, _Aus
Amerika_, pp. 99, 101; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Warden_, _Recherches_,
pp. 79, 80; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i., p. 299;
_Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv.,
pp. 25, 31, 91; _Revista Cientifica_, tom. i., p. 162; _Horn's
Captivity_, p. 22; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 25, 29, 45; _Palmer_, in
_Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 450; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 15;
_Larenaudière_, _Mex. et Guat._, p. 147, plate; _Gallatin_, in
_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 252, 272, 273;
_Montanus_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 216, and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 243;
_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. iv., p. 127;
_Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 71; _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p.
109; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 230; _Gregg's Com.
Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 38, 310, 312; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p.
228; _Hartmann and Millard_, _Texas_, p. 110; _Domenech_, _Jour._, pp.
134, 135; _Maillard_, _Hist. Tex._, p. 240, _Jaramillo_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 372, 377; _Castaño de
Soza_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., p. 331; _Houstoun's
Tex._, p. 227; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iii., p. 184; _Farnham's
Trav._, p. 32; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 133; _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 24.
[665] The Apaches 'rarely remain more than a week in any one locality.'
_Cremony's Apaches_, p. 240. 'Cette nation étant nomade et toujours à la
poursuite du gibier.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série
i., tom. p. 133; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266; _Marcy's Army
Life_, p. 44; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212;
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 202; _Backus_, in _Id._, vol. iv., p.
213; _Ten Broeck_, in _Id._, vol. iv., p. 89; _Bailey_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1858, p. 206; _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 325;
_Foote's Texas_, p. 298; _Carleton_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1867, p. 325;
_Holley's Texas_, p. 152; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Kennedy's Texas_,
vol. i., p. 437; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, pt. x., p. 456.
[666] 'The principal characteristic I believe, is the form of their
wigwams; one sets up erect poles, another bends them over in a circular
form, and the third gives them a low oval shape.' _Bartlett's Pers.
Nar._, vol. i., p. 106. Other tribes make their lodges in a different
way, by a knowledge of which circumstance, travelers are able to
discover on arriving at a deserted camp whether it belongs to a hostile
or friendly tribe. _Parker's Notes on Texas_, p. 213; _Hartmann and
Millard_, _Texas_, p. 110; _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._,
_Bulletin_, tom. v., p. 315.
[667] 'Sus chozas ó jacales son circulares, hechas de ramas de los
árboles, cubiertas con pieles de caballos, vacas, ó cíbolos.' _Orozco y
Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 371. 'I did expect ... to find that the Navajos
had other and better habitations than the conical, pole, brush, and mud
lodge.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 77. 'The Camanches make their
lodges by placing poles in the ground in a circle and tying the tops
together.' _Parker's Notes on Texas_, p. 213. Huts are only temporary,
conical, of sticks. _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289.
'Sie bestanden einfach aus grossen Lauben von Cedernzweigen, deren
Wölbung auf starken Pfählen ruhte, und von Aussen theilweise mit Erde,
Lehm, und Steinen bedeckt war.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die
Felsengeb._, tom. ii., pp. 15, 220-233. 'Un grand nombre de forme
ronde.' _Jaramillo_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix.,
p. 379. 'Their lodges are rectangular.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18;
_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 194;
_Ives' Colorado River_, p. 100; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 482.
[668] 'They make them of upright poles a few feet in height ... upon
which rest brush and dirt.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary
Survey_, vol. i., pp. 111-12. 'The very rudest huts hastily constructed
of branches of cedar trees, and sometimes of flat stones for small
roofs.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217. These huts
are about eight feet high, eighteen feet in diameter at base, the whole
being covered with bark or brush and mud. _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._,
p. 60. 'Exceedingly rude structures of sticks about four or five feet
high.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 213. 'The
Comanches make their lodges ... in a conical shape ... which they cover
with buffalo hides.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 213. 'Ils habitent
sous des tentes.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., tom. 96, p. 192;
_Davis' El Gringo_, p. 414; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v.,
p. 212; _Bent_, in _Id._, vol. i., p. 243; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol.
i., p. 290; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 96; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32;
_Mange_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 299; _Villa-Señor
y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 413; _Dufey_, _Résumé de l'Hist._,
tom. i., p. 4; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 279;
_Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 131; _Dillon_, _Hist. Mex._, p. 97; _Ludecus_,
_Reise_, p. 104; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 205; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p.
352; _Emory's Recon._, p. 61; _Marcy's Rept._, p. 219; _Gallatin_, in
_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cli., p. 274; _Jaramillo_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 372-9; _Beaumont_,
_Crón. de Mechoacan_, p. 417; _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol.
iii., p. 431; _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, p. 239; see also, _Montanus_,
_Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 209; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 109-115;
_Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 230; _Cordoue_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p. 443; _De Laet_, _Novus
Orbis_, p. 301; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 544; _Hardy's Trav._, p.
336.
[669] _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. 'This compels the Navajoes to erect
substantial huts of an oval form, the lower portion of the hut being
excavated.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 306. 'They live in brush houses, in
the winter time, digging a hole in the ground and covering this with a
brush roof.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 130; _Hughes'
Doniphan's Ex._, p. 218; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 136;
_Maillard's Hist. Tex._, p. 241.
[670] 'Their lodges are ... about four or five feet high, with a
triangular opening for ingress or egress.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iv., p. 213. The most they do is to build small huts ...
with thick poles for the arches and a small door through which a single
person can hardly pass. _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266. A
ranchería of the Cuabajai is described as 'formada como una grande
galeria en una pieza muy larga adornada con arcos de sauz, y cubierta
con esteras de tule muy delgadas y bien cocidas; tenia ventanas para la
luz y desahogar el humo y dos puertas, una al Oriente y otra al
Poniente, ... á los dos lados de la pieza habia varios cámaras ó
alojamientos para dormir.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, pp. 474-5.
[671] 'Some live in caves in the rocks.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian
Rept._, 1855, p. 289. 'They do not live in houses built of stone as has
been repeatedly represented, but in caves, caverns, and fissures of the
cliffs.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217. 'Ils
habitaient des cavernes et des lieux souterrains, où ils déposaient
leurs récoltes.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom.
cxxxi., p. 309. Most of the Navajos 'live in houses built of stone.'
_Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352;
_Almanza_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 825;
_Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 679; _Sanchez_, in _Doc. Hist.
Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 93; _Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem._, p.
88.
[672] 'The large cottonwood posts and the substantial roof of the wide
shed in front, are characteristic of the architecture of this people.'
_Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 23, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,
vol. iii. 'They are built upon sandy soil and are thirty or forty feet
square; the sides about two feet thick of wicker-work and straw ...
their favorite resort seems to be the roof, where could usually be
counted from twenty to thirty persons, all apparently at home.'
_Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 464.
[673] See plate in _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 48. 'The fire is made in the
front of the lodge.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p.
70.
[674] 'In every village may be seen small structures, consisting of a
frame-work of slight poles, bent into a semi-spherical form and covered
with buffalo hides. These are called medicine lodges and are used as
vapor-baths.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 60. 'They make huts three feet
high for bath-rooms and heat them with hot stones.' _Letherman_, in
_Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289.
[675] _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xviii., p. 464; _Whipple,
Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 23, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.
[676] 'Ils sont très-laborieux; ils cultivent les melons, les haricots,
et d'autres légumes; ils récoltent aussi en abondance le maïs.' _Soc.
Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Bohnen, Mais, Weizen,
feingeriebenes Mehl, Kürbisse und Melonen.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_,
pp. 385, 396-7. 'The Yumas and other tribes on the Colorado, irrigate
their lands, and raise wheat, corn, melons, &c.' _Bartlett's Pers.
Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 263, 180, 181; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p.
81; _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de
Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332; _Ives' Colorado River_, pp. 60, 67, 70, 73;
_Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., pp. 117, 128,
129; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 123; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.
ii., pp. 40, 65, 66; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18; _Browne's Apache
Country_, pp. 51, 52, 107; _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 33; _Pattie's Pers.
Nar._, p. 91; _Mexicanische Zustände_, tom. i., p. 64; _Möllhausen_,
_Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 111; _Champagnac_, _Voyageur_,
p. 84; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243; _Eaton_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's
Rept._, pp. 13, 120, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Thümmel_,
_Mexiko_, p. 349; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851,
tom. cxxxi., pp. 288-9; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 567;
_Farnham's Life in Cal._; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411; _Clark_, in _Hist.
Mag._, vol. viii., p. 280; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist.
Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25-6.
[677] 'A small but agreeable nut called the Piñon, grows abundantly in
this country; and during a period of scarcity, it sometimes constitutes
the sole food of the poorer class of natives for many successive weeks.'
_Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212. 'Living upon the
fruit of the mezquit and tornilla trees.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, pp.
10, 19; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 112.
'Tambien tienen para su sustento mescali, que es conserva de raiz de
maguey.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii.,
tom. iv., p. 31; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212;
_Hardy's Trav._, pp. 338; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 147, 331, 350,
396, 397; _Cordoue_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. x., p.
446; _Castañeda_, in _Id._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 53, 54; _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. i., p. 217; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 234.
[678] 'The quail and hare of the valley, and the deer and lizards of the
plains, together furnish but a scanty supply.' _Ehrenberg_, in _Ind.
Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 110. 'They ate worms, grasshoppers, and reptiles.'
_Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 115-116. 'An den dünnen Gurt hatten
unsere Besucher noch Ratten, grosse Eidechsen und Frösche befestigt.'
_Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 383. 'Depending upon game and roots for
food.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 137, and 1869, p. 92.
'Mas para ellos es plato regaladísimo el de ratones del campo asados ó
cocidos y toda especie de insectos.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_,
tom. i., p. 332; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 430; _Arricivita_, _Crónica
Seráfica_, pp. 419, 473; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 484; _Backus_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 297.
[679] On the Rivers Colorado and Gila. 'Usan de hilo torcido unas redes
y otras de varios palitos, que los tuercen y juntan por las puntas, en
que forman á modo de un pequeño barquito para pescar del infinito
pescado que hay en el rio.' _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie
iii., tom. iv., p. 851. The Cajuenches when the produce is insufficient,
live on fish. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 10. The Navajos 'live
by raising flocks and herds, instead of hunting and fishing.' _Davis' El
Gringo_, p. 411. The Apaches 'no comen pescado alguno, no obstante de lo
que abundan sus rios.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p.
375. 'El Apache no come el pescado, aunque los hay abundantes en sus
rios.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 285; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and
Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 123; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_,
p. 149; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 373; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die
Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 227-8.
[680] 'They do not make butter and cheese.... Some who own cattle make
from the curd of soured milk small masses, which some have called
cheese.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 292. 'They never
to my knowledge make butter or cheese, nor do I believe they know what
such things are.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217.
The Navajoes 'make butter and cheese.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p.
180. Some of the 'men brought into camp a quantity of cheese.' _Ives'
Colorado River_, pp. 128, 130.
[681] _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 112.
'They plant corn very deep with a stake and raise very good crops.'
_Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 337; _Merriwether_, in _Ind.
Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 172.
[682] 'The metate is a slightly hollowed hard stone, upon which soaked
maize is laid and then reduced to paste.... The paste so formed is then
patted between the hands until it assumes a flat, thin and round
appearance when it is laid on a hot pan and baked into a tortilla.'
_Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 145-6. 'Ils récoltent aussi en abondance le
maïs dont ils font de tortillas.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v.,
No. 96, p. 186. 'Their meat was boiled with water in a Tusquin (clay
kettle) and this meat-mush or soup was the staple of food among them.'
_Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 114, 115. 'A large Echino Cactus
... hollowed so as to make a trough. Into this were thrown the soft
portions of the pulpy substance which surrounds the heart of the cactus;
and to them had been added game and plants gathered from the banks of
the creek. Mingled with water, the whole had been cooked by stirring it
up with heated stones.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p.
96. 'Ils mangent des pains de maïs cuits sous la cendre, aussi gros que
les gros pains de Castille.' _Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._,
série i., tom. ix., p. 49; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 238; _Pattie's Pers.
Nar._, p. 63; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 291; _Castaño de
Soza_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., pp. 330-1.
[683] 'The Apaches rely chiefly upon the flesh of the cattle and sheep
they can steal ... they are said, however, to be more fond of the meat
of the mule than that of any other animal.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_,
vol. i., pp. 290-1. 'A nonproductive race, subsisting wholly on plunder
and game.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 141. The Jicarilla Apaches: 'the
chase is their only means of support.' _Carson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,
1860, p. 164. 'They live entirely by hunting.' _Delgado_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1866, p. 138. 'Die Nahrung der Apaches besteht hauptsächlich in
dem Fleische der Rinder und Schafe ... doch soll, wie man sagt,
Maulthierfleisch ihre Lieblingsspeise sein.' _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352.
'Ihre besten Leckerbissen sind Pferde und Mauleselfleisch, welches sie
braten und dem Rindfleische vorziehen.' _Ochs_, in _Murr_,
_Nachrichten_, p. 289. Their daintiest food is mule and horseflesh.
_Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 432. 'Anteriormente antes que en la frontera
abundase el ganado, uno de sus alimentos era la came del caballo, y la
caza de diferentes animales.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp.
266-7; _Edward's Hist. Texas_, p. 95; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex.
Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 112; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p.
327; _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 187; _Stratton's
Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 116; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 580; _Armin_,
_Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 282; _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 57; _Palmer_, in
_Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460; _Edwards' Campaign_, p. 95;
_Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 202;
see further _Ind. Aff. Repts._, from 1854-73; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles
Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 308; _Peters' Life of Carson_,
p. 452; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 679.
[684] 'What I would have sworn was an antelope, proved to be a young
Indian, ... who having enveloped himself in an antelope's skin with
head, horns and all complete, had gradually crept up to the herd under
his disguise.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 28, 194. 'Se viste de una piel
de los mismos animales, pone sobre su cabeza otra de la clase de los que
va á buscar, y armado de su arco y flechas andando en cuatro piés,
procura mezclarse en una banda da ellos.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y
Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 375; _García Conde_, in _Album Mex._, tom. i.,
p. 372; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Ferry_, _Scènes de la
Vie Sauvage_, p. 262.
[685] 'They always asked if we had bear on the table, for they wished to
avoid it.... I found they had some superstitious prejudice against it.'
_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 324. 'The Apaches are rather fond
of lion and panther meat, but seldom touch that of the bear.' _Cremony's
Apaches_, p. 226. 'Tambien matan para comer osos.' _Salmeron_,
_Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 25. The
Navajoes 'never kill bears or rattlesnakes unless attacked.'
_Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 291. 'Sie verehren den
Bären, der nie von ihnen getödtet wird, und dessen Fleisch zu essen sie
sich scheuen. Schweinefleisch verschmähen sie desgleichen; beim ärgsten
Hunger können sie es nicht über sich gewinnen, davon zu kosten.'
_Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 278; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_,
_Geografía_, p. 370.
[686] 'The Northern and Middle Comanches ... subsist almost exclusively
upon the flesh of the buffalo, and are known among the Indians as
buffalo-eaters.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 19, 26, 46. 'They plant no
corn, and their only food is meat, and a few wild plants that grow upon
the prairies.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 188. The Comanches are a 'nation
subsisting solely by the chase.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 214.
'Subsist mainly upon the buffalo.' _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854,
p. 180. 'Acknowledge their entire ignorance of even the rudest methods
of agriculture.' _Baylor_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 177; _Bent_,
in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.
v., p. 575; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 103, and _Froebel's
Cent. Amer._, p. 268; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 292; _French's Hist. Coll.
La._, pt. ii., p. 155; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 115; _Gregg's Com.
Prairies_, pp. 214-16, 307; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 480; _Ludecus_,
_Reise_, p. 104; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Foote's Texas_, p. 298; _Soc.
Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.
ii., p. 21; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 469; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p.
345; _Holley's Texas_, p. 153; _Dufey_, _Résumé_, tom. i., p. 4;
_Dewees' Texas_, p. 233; _Frost's Ind. Battles_, p. 385.
[687] 'Luego que los cíbolos echan á huir, los cazadores sin
apresurarlos demasiado los persiguen á un galope corto, que van
activando mas y mas hasta que rompen en carrera ... el indio sin cesar
de correr, dispara su arco en todas direcciones, y va sembrando el campo
de reses.... Las indias al mismo tiempo van dessollando cada una de
aquellas reses, recogiendo la piel y la carne.' _Revista Científica_,
tom. i., pp. 165-6. 'At a suitable distance from their prey they divide
into two squadrons, one half taking to the right, and the other to the
left, and thus surround it.' _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 108; _French's
Hist. Coll. La._, pt. ii., p. 155; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii.,
pp. 214-216. Women when they perceive a deer or antelope 'give it chase,
and return only after capturing it with the lasso.' _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 249.
[688] 'When any game was killed, the Indians would tear out the heart,
liver, and entrails, and eat them raw.' _Frost's Ind. Battles_, p. 385.
'Ces Indiens se nourissent de viande crue et boivent du sang.... Ils
coupent la viande en tranches très-minces et la font sécher au soleil;
ils la réduisent ensuite en poudre pour la conserver.' _Castañeda_, in
_Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., pp. 190-1. 'They "jerked"
or dried the meat and made the pemmican.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 18.
'Comen las criadillas crudas, recogiendo la sangre que corre del cuerpo
con unas tutundas ó jicaras, se la beben caliente.' _Beaumont_, _Crón.
de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 528; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Horn's
Captivity_, pp. 16, 23; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 345.
[689] 'At one time their larder is overstocked and they gorge themselves
to repletion.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 32, 44, 46. 'Catch and tame
these wild horses, and when unsuccessful in chase, subsist upon them.'
_Holley's Texas_, p. 153. 'When pressed by hunger from scarcity of game,
they subsist on their young horses and mules.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._,
vol. ii., pp. 132-3. 'Have a rare capacity for enduring hunger, and
manifest great patience under its infliction. After long abstinence they
eat voraciously.' _Burnet_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 231;
_Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 235; _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 108.
[690] The tribe 'lived in the most abject condition of filth and
poverty.' _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 96. 'With very few exceptions,
the want of cleanliness is universal--a shirt being worn until it will
no longer hang together, and it would be difficult to tell the original
color.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290. 'They are
fond of bathing in the summer, ... but nothing can induce them to wash
themselves in winter.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 302. They give off very
unpleasant odors. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p.
307. 'They seem to have a natural antipathy against water, considered as
the means of cleansing the body ... water is only used by them in
extreme cases; for instance, when the vermin become too thick on their
heads, they then go through an operation of covering the head with mud,
which after some time is washed out.' _Dodt_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,
1870, p. 130; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, 108; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 203;
_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 470.
[691] 'They defecate promiscuously near their huts; they leave offal of
every character, dead animals and dead skins, close in the vicinity of
their huts.' _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 339; _Stratton's
Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 114; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 380.
[692] The Mojave 'arms are the bow and arrow, the spear and the club.'
_Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18. 'Armed with bows and arrows.' _Fremont
and Emory's Notes of Trav._, p. 39. The Querechos 'use the bow and
arrow, lance and shield.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 19, 23. 'The Apache
will invariably add his bow and arrows to his personal armament.'
_Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 15, 75-6, 103, 189. 'Neben Bogen und Pfeilen
führen sie noch sehr lange Lanzen.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 230.
'They use the bow and arrow and spear.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian
Rept._, 1855, p. 293. 'Armed with bows and arrows, and the lance.'
_Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214. For colored
lithograph of weapons see _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 50,
in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'El armamento de los apaches se
componen de lanza, arco y flechas.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_,
_Geografía_, p. 372. 'Las armas de los apaches son fusil, flechas y
lanza.' _García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p.
315. 'Los Yumas son Indios ... de malas armas, muchos no llevan arco, y
si lo llevan es mal dispuesto, y con dos ó tres flechas.' _Garces_, in
_Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 419; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in
_Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp.
de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom.
vi., p. 399; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 190; _Drew_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1869, p. 105; _Odin_, in _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 450;
_Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 71; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 233; _Holley's Texas_, p.
153; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 543; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Moore's
Texas_, p. 33; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 602; _Mühlenpfordt_,
_Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 421; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_,
p. 82; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 224; _Brantz-Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol.
ii., p. 123; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 444; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p.
452; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 185; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i.,
pp. 328-9, 451; _Pagés' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107; _Linati_, _Costumes_,
plate xxii.; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 274; _Möllhausen_,
_Mormonenmädchen_, tom. ii., p. 152; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, pp. 480-2,
with cut.
[693] 'Their weapons of war are the spear or lance, the bow, and the
laso.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 173.
[694] Among 'their arms of offence' is 'what is called Macána, a short
club, like a round wooden mallet, which is used in close quarters.'
_Hardy's Trav._, p. 373. 'War clubs were prepared in abundance.'
_Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 176. Die Apachen 'nur Bogen, Pfeile
und Keulen.' _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 444. 'Their clubs are of mezquite
wood (a species of acacia) three or four feet long.' _Emory's Rept. U.
S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 108. 'Ils n'ont d'autre arme
qu'un grand croc et une massue.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No.
96, p. 186. 'Arma sunt ... oblongi lignei gladii multis acutis silicibus
utrimque muniti.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 311. 'Sus Armas son
Flechas, y Macanas.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 681.
Among the Comanches: 'Leur massue est une queue de buffle à l'extrémité
de laquelle ils insèrent une boule en pierre on en métal.' _Soc. Géog._,
_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 193; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,
1857, p. 302.
[695] 'Mit vierstreifigen Strickschleudern bewaffnet.' _Mexikanische
Zustände_, tom. i., p. 64. 'Sie fechten mit Lanzen, Büchsen, Pfeilen und
Tamahaks.' _Ludecus_, _Reise_, p. 104. 'Une petite hache en silex.'
_Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 193; _Mühlenpfordt_,
_Mejico_, tom. ii., p. 539; _Treasury of Trav._, p. 31; _Escudero_,
_Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 230; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 272.
[696] The Querecho 'bows are made of the tough and elastic wood of the
"bois d'arc" or Osage orange (Maclura Aurantiaca), strengthened and
reenforced with the sinews of the deer wrapped firmly around them, and
strung with a cord made of the same material.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p.
24. The Tonto 'bow is a stout piece of tough wood ... about five feet
long, strengthened at points by a wrapping of sinew ... which are joined
by a sinew string.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418. The
Navajo 'bow is about four feet in length ... and is covered on the back
with a kind of fibrous tissue.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._,
1855, p. 293. The Yuma 'bow is made of willow.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and
Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 108. 'Langen Bogen von Weidenholz.'
_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 124. Apaches: 'the
bow forms two semicircles, with a shoulder in the middle; the back of it
is entirely covered with sinews, which are laid on ... by the use of
some glutinous substance.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 338. 'Los tamaños
de estas armas son differentes, segun las parcialidades que las usan.'
_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 372; _Möllhausen_,
_Tagebuch_, p. 360; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p.
453; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 98; _Pattie's Pers.
Nar._, pp. 117, 149; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 450.
[697] The Apaches: 'Tous portaient au poignet gauche le bracelet de cuir
... Ce bracelet de cuir est une espèce de paumelle qui entoure la main
gauche, ... Le premier sert à amortir le coup de fouet de la corde de
l'arc quand il se détend, la seconde empêche les pennes de la flèche de
déchirer la peau de la main.' _Ferry_, _Scènes de la vie Sauvage_, p.
256. 'With a leather bracelet on one wrist and a bow and quiver of
arrows form the general outfit.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867,
p. 418.
[698] The Coyoteros 'use very long arrows of reed, finished out with
some hard wood, and an iron or flint head, but invariably with three
feathers at the opposite end.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 103. Navajoes:
'the arrow is about two feet long and pointed with iron.' _Letherman_,
in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 293. The Querechos 'arrows are twenty
inches long, of flexible wood, with a triangular point of iron at one
end, and two feathers ... at the opposite extremity.' _Marcy's Army
Life_, p. 24. The Apache 'arrows are quite long, very rarely pointed
with flint, usually with iron. The feather upon the arrow is placed or
bound down with fine sinew in threes, instead of twos.... The
arrow-shaft is usually made of some pithy wood, generally a species of
yucca.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 209. 'Sagittæ
acutis silicibus asperatæ.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 311. 'Arrows
were ... pointed with a head of stone. Some were of white quartz or
agate, and others of obsidian.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.
iii., p. 98. The Tonto 'arrows ... are three feet long ... the cane is
winged with four strips of feather, held in place by threads of sinew
... which bears on its free end an elongated triangular piece of quartz,
flint, or rarely iron.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418.
The Lipan arrows 'have four straight flutings; the Comanches make two
straight black flutings and two red spiral ones.' _Domenech's Deserts_,
vol. ii., p. 270; _Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex._, p. 18; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p.
82; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Conder's Mex. Guat._, vol. ii., p.
76; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 360; _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom.
iv., p. 31; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 149.
[699] The Apache 'quivers are usually made of deer-skin, with the hair
turned inside or outside, and sometimes of the skin of the wild-cat,
with the tail appended.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p.
210. 'Quiver of sheep-skin.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii.,
p. 461. 'Quiver of fresh-cut reeds.' _Fremont and Emory's Notes of
Trav._, p. 39. 'Un carcax ó bolsa de piel de leopardo en lo general.'
_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 373; _Whipple, Ewbank,
and Turner's Rept._, p. 31, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Tempsky's
Mitla_, p. 80.
[700] 'The spear is eight or ten feet in length, including the point,
which is about eighteen inches long, and also made of iron.'
_Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 293. Should the Apaches
possess any useless firearms, 'generalmente vienen á darles nuevo uso,
haciendo de ellas lanzas, cuchillos, lengüetas de flechas.' _Cordero_,
in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 372. 'La lanza la usan muy larga.'
_García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315. 'Lance
of fifteen feet in length.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 338; _Hassel_,
_Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Holley's Texas_, p. 153; _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._,
p. 242; _Revista Científica_, tom. i., p. 162; _Parker's Notes on Tex._,
p. 195; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 298.
[701] The Comanche 'shield was round ... made of wicker-work, covered
first with deer skins and then a tough piece of raw buffalo-hide drawn
over, ... ornamented with a human scalp, a grizzly bear's claw and a
mule's tail ... for the arm were pieces of cotton cloth twisted into a
rope.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 195. 'En el brazo izquierdo llevaba
el chimal, que es un escudo ovalado, cubierto todo de plumas, espejos,
chaquiras y adornos de paño encarnado.' _Revista Científica_, tom. i.,
p. 162. Their shield 'is generally painted a bright yellow.' _Domenech's
Deserts_ vol. ii., p. 268. 'Shield of circular form, covered with two
thicknesses of hard, undressed buffalo hide, ... stuffed with hair ... a
rifle-ball will not penetrate it unless it strikes perpendicular to the
surface.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 24-5; _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_,
tom. iv., p. 31; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 80. A 'Navajo shield ... with an
image of a demon painted on one side ... border of red cloth, ...
trimmed with feathers.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p.
454; _Linati_, _Costumes_, plate xxii.; _Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_,
p. 182; _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 104.
[702] 'Wherever their observations can be made from neighboring heights
with a chance of successful ambush, the Apache never shows himself.'
_Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 79, 189. 'Attacking only when their numbers,
and a well-laid ambush, promise a certainty of success.' _Smart_, in
_Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419. 'Colocan de antemano una emboscada.'
_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 375; _Parker_, in _Ind.
Aff. Rept._, 1869, pp. 221-3, 256; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 4;
_Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 47; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary
Survey_, p. 107; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Soc. Géog._,
_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186; _Davis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,
1868, p. 161.
[703] 'Salen ... generalmente divididos en pequeñas partidas para
ocultar mejor sus rastros.... Es imponderable la velocidad con que huyen
despues que han ejecutado un crecido robo ... las montañas que
encumbran, los desiertos sin agua que atraviesan.' _García Conde_, in
_Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 316. 'They steal upon their
enemies under the cover of night.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex.
Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 107; _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 303;
_Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 83; _Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 434;
_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 375-6; _Browne's Apache
Country_, p. 279; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 480; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._,
p. 276.
[704] 'La practica, que observan para avisarse los unos à los otros ...
es levantar humaredas.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p.
394. 'Smokes are of various kinds, each one significant of a particular
object.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 183-4. 'In token of retreate sounded
on a certaine small trumpet ... made fires, and were answered againe
afarre off ... to giue their fellowes vnderstanding, how wee marched and
where we arriued.' _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, tom. iii., p. 376;
_Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. ii., p. 157; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian
Rept._, 1867, p. 419.
[705] 'La suma crueldad con que tratan á los vencidos atenaccandolos
vivos y comiendose los pedazos de la carne que la arrancan.' _Doc. Hist.
N. Vizcaya, MS._, p. 4. 'Their savage and blood-thirsty natures
experience a real pleasure in tormenting their victim.' _Cremony's
Apaches_, p. 266. 'Hang their victims by the heels to a tree and put a
slow fire under their head.' _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 201, 93, 96.
Among the Navajos, 'Captives taken in their forays are usually treated
kindly.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 295. 'Ils
scalpent avec la corde de leur arc, en la tournant rapidement autour de
la tête de leur victime.' _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82;
_Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 303; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp.
114-118, 138, 149, 218; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Graves_, in _Ind.
Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 180; _Labadi_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p. 247;
_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Scenes in the
Rocky Mts._, p. 180; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 167; _Henry_,
in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv.,
tom. iii., p. 10; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 118.
[706] _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 216; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,
vol. iii., p. 114.
[707] 'Obran en la guerra con mas táctica que los apaches.' _García
Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 318. 'A young man is
never considered worthy to occupy a seat in council until he has
encountered an enemy in battle.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 34; _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 22; _Domenech_, _Jour._, pp. 140-1; _Foote's
Texas_, vol. i., p. 298; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 346; _Maillard's
Hist. Tex._, p. 243.
[708] 'When a chieftain desires to organize a war-party, he ... rides
around through the camp singing the war-song.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p.
53. 'When a chief wishes to go to war ... the preliminaries are
discussed at a war-dance.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 132;
_Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 280; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol.
ii., p. 315.
[709] 'They dart forward in a column like lightning.... At a suitable
distance from their prey, they divide into two squadrons.' _Holley's
Texas_, p. 153. 'A Comanche will often throw himself upon the opposite
side of his charger, so as to be protected from the darts of the enemy.'
_Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 312-13; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 234;
_Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182; _Ludecus_, _Reise_, p. 104.
[710] 'Ils tuent tous les prisonniers adultes, et ne laissent vivre que
les enfants, qu'ils élèvent avec soin pour s'en servir comme
d'esclaves.' _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 290. 'Invariably kill
such men as offer the slightest impediment to their operations, and take
women and children prisoners.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 24, 54.
'Prisoners of war belong to the captors.' _Burnet_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. i., p. 232; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Figuier's Hum.
Race_, p. 480; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 41; _Foote's Texas_, vol. i.,
p. 298; _Horn's Captivity_, p. 15; _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 205.
[711] 'Ten chiefs were seated in a circle within our tent, when the
pipe, the Indian token of peace, was produced ... they at first refused
to smoke, their excuse being, that it was not their custom to smoke
until they had received some presents.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol.
ii., p. 39.
[712] 'I saw no earthenware vessels among them; the utensils employed in
the preparation of food being shallow basins of closely netted straw.
They carried water in pitchers of the same material, but they were
matted all over with a pitch.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p.
419. 'Aus Binsen und Weiden geflochtene Gefässe, mitunter auch einige
aus Thon geformte;' ... by the door stood 'ein breiter Stein ... auf
welchem mittelst eines kleineren die Mehlfrüchte zerrieben wurden.'
_Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 396, 404. 'Panniers of wicker-work, for
holding provisions, are generally carried on the horse by the women.'
_Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 210; _Neighbors_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 129. 'Their only implements are
sticks.' _Greene_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 140. 'They (the Axuas
of Colorado River) had a beautiful fishing-net made out of grass.' ...
'They had also burnt earthen jars, extremely well made. The size of each
of them might be about two feet in diameter in the greatest swell; very
thin, light, and well formed.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 338. 'Nets wrought
with the bark of the willow.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 220;
_Browne's Apache Country_, p. 200. 'Tienen mucha loza de las coloradas,
y pintadas y negras, platos, caxetes, saleros; almofias, xicaras muy
galanas: alguna de la loza está vidriada. Tienen mucho apercibimiento de
leña, é de madera, para hacer sus casas, en tal manera, á lo que nos
dieron á entender, que cuando uno queria hacer casa, tiene aquella
madera allí de puesto para el efecto, y hay mucha cantidad. Tiene dos
guaxexes á los lados del pueblo, que le sirven para se bañar, porque de
otros ojos de agua, á tiro de arcabuz, beben y se sirven. A un cuarto de
legua va el rio Salado, que decimos, por donde fué nuestro camino,
aunque el agua salada se pierde de muchas leguas atrás.' _Castaño de
Sosa_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Inéd._, tom. iv., p. 331; _Taylor_, in
_Cal. Farmer_, _Feb. 14th, 1862_; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 200.
'Their only means of farming are sharpened sticks.' _Colyer_, in _Ind.
Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 50.
[713] 'Their utensils for the purpose of grinding breadstuff, consist of
two stones; one flat, with a concavity in the middle; the other round,
fitting partly into the hollow of the flat stone.' _Henry_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 209; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._,
1867, p. 418; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 282.
[714] 'The cradle of the Navajo Indians resembles the same article made
by the Western Indians. It consists of a flat board, to support the
vertebral column of the infant, with a layer of blankets and soft
wadding, to give ease to the position, having the edges of the
frame-work ornamented with leather fringe. Around and over the head of
the child, who is strapped to this plane, is an ornamented hoop, to
protect the face and cranium from accident. A leather strap is attached
to the vertebral shell-work, to enable the mother to sling it on her
back.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 435-6, and plate p. 74.
[715] 'The saddle is not peculiar but generally resembles that used by
the Mexicans. They ride with a very short stirrup, which is placed
further to the front than on a Mexican saddle. The bit of the bridle has
a ring attached to it, through which the lower jaw is partly thrust, and
a powerful pressure is exerted by this means when the reins are
tightened.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 292. 'Sa selle
est faite de deux rouleaux de paille reliés par une courroie et
maintenus par une sangle de cuir.' _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p.
82; _Tempsky's Mitla_, p. 80. The Navajos have 'aus zähem Eschenholz
gefertigten Sattelbogen.' _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom. iv., p. 39.
[716] 'Das Netz war weitmaschig, aus feinen, aber sehr starken Bastfäden
geflochten, vier Fuss hoch, und ungefähr dreissig Fuss lang. Von vier zu
vier Fuss befanden sich lange Stäbe an demselben, mittelst welcher es im
Wasser, zugleich aber auch auf dem Boden und aufrecht gehalten wurde.'
_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 227; _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. i., p. 220.
[717] 'El apache para sacar lumbre, usa ... un pedazo de sosole y otro
de lechuguilla bien secos. Al primero le forman una punta, lo que frotan
con la segunda con cuanta velocidad pueden á la manera del ejercicio de
nuestros molinillos para hacer el chocolate: luego que ambos palos se
calientan con la frotacion, se encienden y producen el fuego.'
_Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 282.
[718] The Navajos 'manufacture the celebrated, and, for warmth and
durability, unequaled, Navajo blanket. The Navajo blankets are a wonder
of patient workmanship, and often sell as high as eighty, a hundred, or
a hundred and fifty dollars.' _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p.
53. 'Navajo blankets have a wide and merited reputation for beauty and
excellence.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 305; _Ind. Aff. Rept., Spec.
Com._, 1867, p. 341; _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852,
tom. cxxxv., p. 314; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 13, 32,
in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411; _Hughes'
Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180; _Figuier's
Hum. Race_, p. 481; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 125; _Prichard's Nat.
Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 567; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, pp. 373-4.
[719] 'This art may have been acquired from the New Mexicans, or the
Pueblo Indians.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217.
'This manufacture of blankets ... was originally learned from the
Mexicans when the two people lived on amicable terms.' _Cremony's
Apaches_, p. 367.
[720] 'The blanket is woven by a tedious and rude process, after the
manner of the Pueblo Indians.... The manner of weaving is peculiar, and
is, no doubt, original with these people and the neighboring tribes.'
_Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 291; _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iv., p. 437.
[721] 'The spinning and weaving is done ... by hand. The thread is made
entirely by hand, and is coarse and uneven.' _Letherman_, in
_Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 291. 'The wool or cotton is first prepared
by carding. It is then fastened to the spindle near its top, and is held
in the left hand. The spindle is held between the thumb and the first
finger of the right hand, and stands vertically in the earthen bowl. The
operator now gives the spindle a twirl, as a boy turns his top, and
while it is revolving, she proceeds to draw out her thread, precisely as
is done by our own operatives, in using the common spinning-wheel. As
soon as the thread is spun, the spindle is turned in an opposite
direction, for the purpose of winding up the thread on the portion of it
next to the wooden block.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv.,
p. 436.
[722] _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 436. 'The colors
are woven in bands and diamonds. We have never observed blankets with
figures of a complicated pattern.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._,
1855, p. 291.
[723] 'The colors, which are given in the yarn, are red, black, and
blue. The juice of certain plants is employed in dyeing, but it is
asserted by recent authorities that the brightest red and blue are
obtained by macerating strips of Spanish cochineal, and altamine dyed
goods, which have been purchased at the towns.' _Backus_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 436. 'The colors are red, blue,
black, and yellow; black and red being the most common. The red strands
are obtained by unravelling red cloth, black by using the wool of black
sheep, blue by dissolving indigo in fermented urine, and yellow is said
to be by coloring with a particular flower.' _Letherman_, in
_Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 291. The women 'welche sich in der Wahl
der Farben und der Zusammenstellung von bunten Streifen und
phantastischen Figuren in dem Gewebe gegenseitig zu übertreffen suchen.
Ursprünglich trugen die Decken nur die verschiedenen Farben der Schafe
in breiten Streifen, doch seit die Navahoes farbige, wollene Stoffe von
Neu-Mexiko beziehen können, verschaffen sie sich solche, um sie in Fäden
aufzulösen, und diese dann zu ihrer eigenen Weberei zu verwenden.'
_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 235; _Ruxton's
Adven. Mex._, p. 195.
[724] 'Ils (the Apaches) travaillent bien les cuirs, font de belles
brides.' _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 82. 'They manufacture
rough leather.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 335. 'Man macht Leder.'
_Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 195. 'It has been represented that these
tribes (the Navajos) wear leather shoes.... Inquiry from persons who
have visited or been stationed in New Mexico, disaffirms this
observation, showing that in all cases the Navajo shoes are skins,
dressed and smoked after the Indian method.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.
v., p. 204; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 305; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol.
i., p. 286. They 'knit woolen stockings.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411.
'They also manufacture ... a coarse woolen cloth with which they clothe
themselves.' _Clark_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. viii., p. 280; _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. i., p. 403, vol. ii., pp. 244-5. 'The Navajoes raise no
cotton.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212. 'Sie sind
noch immer in einigen Baumwollengeweben ausgezeichnet.' _Thümmel_,
_Mexiko_, p. 349. 'These people (the inhabitants of Arizona in 1540) had
cotton, but they were not very carefull to vse the same: because there
was none among them that knew the arte of weauing, and to make apparel
thereof.' _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 433; _Bent_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iv., p. 89; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 680;
_Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iii., p. 184.
[725] The Xicarillas, 'manufacture a sort of pottery which resists the
action of fire.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 8; _Graves_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 177. The Yuma 'women make baskets of willow,
and also of tule, which are impervious to water; also earthen ollas or
pots, which are used for cooking and for cooling water.' _Emory's Rept.
U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 111; _Revillagigedo_,
_Carta, MS._, p. 21. 'Figure 4. A scoop or dipper, from the Mohave
tribe, and as neat and original an article in earthenware as could well
be designed by a civilized potter.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's
Rept._, p. 46, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'Professor Cox was
informed that the New Mexican Indians colored their pottery black by
using the gum of the mezquite, which has much the appearance and
properties of gum arabic, and then baking it. Much of the ancient
pottery from the Colorado Chiquito is colored, the prevailing tints
being white, black, and red.' _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 250;
_Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 195. The Yampais had 'some admirably made
baskets of so close a texture as to hold water; a wicker jar coated with
pine tree gum.' _Sitgreaves' Zuñi. Ex._, p. 10; _Bent_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243.
[726] _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, p. 286. 'In regard to the manufacture of
plumage, or feather-work, they certainly display a greater fondness for
decorations of this sort than any Indians we have seen.... I saw no
exhibition of it in the way of embroidery.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil.
Recon._, p. 79; _Thümmel_, _Mexiko_, p. 349.
[727] 'Mines d'argent exploitées par les Comanches, qui en tirent des
ornements pour eux et pour leurs chevaux, ainsi que des balles pour
leurs fusils.' _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 132.
[728] The Mescaleros had 'a raft of bulrush or cane, floated and
supported by some twenty or thirty hollow pumpkins fastened together.'
_Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 56. The Yumas had 'batteaus which
could hold 200 or 300 pounds weight.' _Id._, vol. iv., p. 546. The
Mojaves had 'Flössen, die von Binsen-Bündeln zusammengefügt waren (die
einzige Art von Fahrzeug, welche ich bei den Bewohnern des
Colorado-Thales bemerkte).' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 401. 'Merely
bundles of rushes placed side by side, and securely bound together with
willow twigs ... their owners paddled them about with considerable
dexterity.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 117, and
plate. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 238, 254;
_Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 69.
[729] 'Immense numbers of horses and sheep, attesting the wealth of the
tribe.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 128, 130. 'They possess more wealth
than all the other wild tribes in New Mexico combined.' _Graves_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 179. 'They are owners of large flocks and
herds.' _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243; _Eaton_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 211, 212; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180;
_Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855,
pp. 291-2; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom.
cxxxi., p. 289; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 567; _Hughes'
Doniphan's Ex._, p. 173; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 124; _Thümmel_,
_Mexiko_, p. 349; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 79; _Palmer_, in
_Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 254;
_Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 60.
[730] The Jicarilla Apaches 'manufacture a species of coarse
earthenware, which they exchange for corn and wheat.' _Keithly_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 115. _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p.
123.
[731] 'Das Eigenthum des Vaters nicht auf den Sohn übergeht, sondern
dass Neffen und Nichten als die rechtmässigen Erben anerkannt werden
wenn nicht der Vater bei Lebzeiten schon seine Habe an die eigenen
Kinder geschenkt hat.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom.
ii., p. 234. 'The husband has no control over the property of his
wife.... Property does not descend from father to son, but goes to the
nephew of the decedent, or, in default of a nephew, to the niece ... but
if, while living, he distributes his property to his children, that
disposition is recognised.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855,
pp. 294-5. 'When the father dies ... a fair division is not made; the
strongest usually get the bulk of the effects.' _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 357.
[732] 'The blankets, though not purchasable with money ... were sold, in
some instances, for the most trifling article of ornament or clothing.'
_Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, p. 81. Shell beads, which they call
'pook,' are their substitute for money.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R.
Rept._, vol. iii., p. 115.
[733] The Querechos encountered by Coronado had with them 'un grand
troupeau de chiens qui portaient tout ce qu'ils possédaient.'
_Castañeda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, série i., tom. ix., p. 117.
'The only property of these people, with the exception of a few articles
belonging to their domestic economy, consists entirely in horses and
mules.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 22; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p.
23; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347; _Marcy's Rept._, p. 188;
_Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 116-17.
[734] 'There are no subdivisions of land acknowledged in their
territory, and no exclusive right of game.' _Neighbors_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 131. 'Their code is strictly
Spartan.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 23.
[735] 'They are sufficiently astute in dealing.' _Burnet_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 232. 'Le chef des Indiens choisit,
parmi ces objets, ceux qui sont nécessaires à sa tribu.' _Soc. Géog._,
_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 193. 'In Comanche trade the main
trouble consists in fixing the price of the first animal. This being
settled by the chiefs.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 45;
_Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp. 190, 234; _Burnet_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. i., p. 232; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 130; _Dewees' Texas_,
p. 36.
[736] Mr Bartlett, describing an excursion he made to the Sierra Waco
near the Copper Mines in New Mexico, says, he saw 'an overhanging rock
extending for some distance, the whole surface of which is covered with
rude paintings and sculptures, representing men, animals, birds, snakes,
and fantastic figures ... some of them, evidently of great age, had been
partly defaced to make room for more recent devices.' _Bartlett's Pers.
Nar._, vol. i., pp. 170-4, with cuts. In Arizona, Emory found 'a mound
of granite boulders ... covered with unknown characters.... On the
ground nearby were also traces of some of the figures, showing some of
the hieroglyphics, at least, to have been the work of modern Indians.'
_Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 89, 90, with cut. The Comanches 'aimaient
beaucoup les images, qu'ils ne se lassaient pas d'admirer.' _Domenech_,
_Jour._, p. 136.
[737] 'The Apaches count ten thousand with as much regularity as we do.
They even make use of the decimal sequences.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p.
237.
[738] 'They have no computation of time beyond the seasons ... the cold
and hot season ... frequently count by the Caddo mode--from one to ten,
and by tens to one hundred, &c.... They are ignorant of the elements of
figures.' _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 129-30.
'Ce qu'ils savent d'astronomie se borne à la connaissance de l'étoile
polaire.... L'arithmétique des sauvages est sur leurs doigts; ... Il leur
faut absolument un objet pour nombrer.' _Hartmann and Millard_, _Tex._,
pp. 112-13.
[739] The Navajos have no tribal government, and in reality no chiefs.
_Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 288. 'Their form of
government is so exceedingly primitive as to be hardly worthy the name
of a political organization.' _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 412, 413; _Ives'
Colorado Riv._, p. 71. 'Ils n'ont jamais connu de domination.' _Soc.
Géog._, _Bulletin_, série. v., No. 96, p. 187. 'Each is sovereign in his
own right as a warrior.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 177.
[740] 'It is my opinion that the Navajo chiefs have but very little
influence with their people.' _Bennett_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p.
238, and 1870, p. 152; _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867,
p. 357.
[741] 'Los padres de familia ejercen esta autoridad en tanto que los
hijos no salen de la infancia, porque poco antes de salir de la pubertad
son como libres y no reconocen mas superioridad que sus propias fuerzas,
ó la del indio que los manda en la campaña.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de
Sonora_, pp. 282-3. 'Every rich man has many dependants, and these
dependants are obedient to his will, in peace and in war.' _Backus_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 211; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iv., p. 89. 'Every one who has a few horses and sheep is a
"head man."' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 288;
_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 233. The rule of
the Querechos is 'essentially patriarchal.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 20.
[742] 'When one or more (of the Navajos) are successful in battle or
fortunate in their raids to the settlements on the Rio Grande, he is
endowed with the title of captain or chief.' _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1867, p. 357. 'En cualquiera de estas incorporaciones toma el
mando del todo por comun consentimiento el mas acreditado de valiente.'
_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 373. The Comanches have
'a right to displace a chief, and elect his successor, at pleasure.'
_Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 346. A chief of the Comanches is never
degraded 'for any private act unconnected with the welfare of the whole
tribe.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 130.
[743] The office of chief is not hereditary with the Navajos. _Cremony's
Apaches_, p. 307. The wise old men of the Querechos 'curb the
impetuosity of ambitious younger warriors.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 20.
'I infer that rank is (among the Mojaves), to some extent, hereditary.'
_Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 67, 71. 'This captain is often the oldest son
of the chief, and assumes the command of the tribe on the death of his
father,' among the Apaches. _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v.,
p. 210.
[744] The Mescaleros and Apaches 'choose a head-man to direct affairs
for the time being.' _Carleton_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1854, p. 315.
'Es gibt auch Stämme, an deren Spitze ein Kriegs- sowie ein
Friedens-Häuptling steht.' _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 279;
_García Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315.
[745] When Col. Langberg visited the Comanches who inhabit the Bolson de
Mapimi, 'wurde dieser Stamm von einer alten Frau angeführt.' _Froebel_,
_Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 222; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 352; _Hardy's
Trav._, p. 348. 'I have never known them (Comanches) to make a treaty
that a portion of the tribe do not violate its stipulations before one
year rolls around.' _Neighbors_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 267.
[746] The chiefs of the Comanches 'are in turn subject to the control of
a principal chief.' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 345. 'La autoridad
central de su gobierno reside en un gefe supremo.' _Revista Científica_,
tom. i., p. 57; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 229. The
southern Comanches 'do not of late years acknowledge the sovereignty of
a common ruler and leader in their united councils nor in war.' _Marcy's
Army Life_, p. 43. The Gila Apaches acknowledge 'no common head or
superior.' _Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 170, 172.
[747] The Comanches 'hold regular councils quarterly, and a grand
council of the whole tribe once a year.' _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 108.
'At these councils prisoners of war are tried, as well as all cases of
adultery, theft, sedition and murder, which are punished by death. The
grand council also takes cognizance of all disputes between the chiefs,
and other matters of importance.' _Maillard's Hist. Tex._, p. 244.
'Their decisions are of but little moment, unless they meet the
approbation of the mass of the people; and for this reason these
councils are exceedingly careful not to run counter to the wishes of the
poorer but more numerous class, being aware of the difficulty, if not
impossibility, of enforcing any act that would not command their
approval.' _Collins_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 274. 'Singulis
pagis sui Reguli erant, qui per praecones suos edicta populo
denuntiabant.' _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 311. 'Tienen otra Persona,
que llaman Pregonero, y es la segunda Persona de la República; el oficio
de este, es manifestar al Pueblo todas las cosas que se han de hacer.'
_Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. ii., p. 337; _Id._, tom. i., p. 680.
They recognize 'no law but that of individual caprice.' _Steck_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 109. The Comanches 'acknowledge no right but
the right of the strongest.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 575. 'La
loi du talion est la base fondamentale du code politique, civil et
criminel de ces diverses peuplades, et cette loi reçoit une rigoureuse
application de nation à nation, de famille à famille, d'individu à
individu.' _Hartmann and Millard_, _Tex._, p. 114.
[748] The Comanches punish 'Adultery, theft, murder, and other crimes
... by established usage.' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347. Among the
Navajos, 'Lewdness is punished by a public exposure of the culprit.'
_Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180. _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 26, 59.
Navajoes 'regard each other's right of property, and punish with great
severity any one who infringes upon it. In one case a Navajo was found
stealing a horse; they held a council and put him to death.' _Bristol_,
in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 344. A Cuchano young boy who
frightened a child by foretelling its death, which accidentally took
place the next day, 'was secretly accused and tried before the council
for "being under the influence of evil spirits,"' and put to death.
_Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii.;
_Feudge_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1868, p. 137. Among the Yumas, 'Each
chief punishes delinquents by beating them across the back with a stick.
Criminals brought before the general council for examination, if
convicted, are placed in the hands of a regularly appointed executioner
of the tribe, who inflicts such punishment as the council may direct.'
_Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii.
[749] The Apache chief Ponce, speaking of the grief of a poor woman at
the loss of her son, says: 'The mother of the dead brave demands the
life of his murderer. Nothing else will satisfy her.... Would money
satisfy me for the death of my son? No! I would demand the blood of the
murderer. Then I would be satisfied.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 69. 'If
one man (Apache) kills another, the next of kin to the defunct
individual may kill the murderer--if he can. He has the right to
challenge him to single-combat.... There is no trial, no set council, no
regular examination into the crime or its causes; but the ordeal of
battle settles the whole matter.' _Id._, p. 293.
[750] _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 7; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian
Rept._, 1855, p. 294. 'Ils (Comanches) tuent tous les prisonniers
adultes, et ne laissent vivre que les enfans.' _Dillon_, _Hist. Mex._,
p. 98. The Navajos 'have in their possession many prisoners, men, women,
and children, ... whom they hold and treat as slaves.' _Bent_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244.
[751] One boy from Mexico taken by the Comanches, said, 'dass sein
Geschäft in der Gefangenschaft darin bestehe die Pferde seines Herrn zu
weiden.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 102; _Gregg's Com.
Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 313. The natives of New Mexico take the women
prisoners 'for wives.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 187. Some prisoners liberated
from the Comanches, were completely covered with stripes and bruises.
_Dewees' Texas_, p. 232. Miss Olive Oatman detained among the Mohaves
says: 'They invented modes and seemed to create necessities of labor
that they might gratify themselves by taxing us to the utmost, and even
took unwarranted delight in whipping us on beyond our strength. And all
their requests and exactions were couched in the most insulting and
taunting language and manner, as it then seemed, and as they had the
frankness soon to confess, to fume their hate against the race to whom
we belonged. Often under the frown and lash were we compelled to labor
for whole days upon an allowance amply sufficient to starve a common
dandy civilized idler.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 114-18,
130.
[752] 'It appeared that the poor girl had been stolen, as the Indian
(Axua) said, from the Yuma tribe the day before, and he now offered her
for sale.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 379. 'The practice of parents selling
their children is another proof of poverty' of the Axuans. _Id._, p.
371.
[753] 'According to their (Tontos') physiology the female, especially
the young female, should be allowed meat only when necessary to prevent
starvation.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 115. The Comanches
'enter the marriage state at a very early age frequently before the age
of puberty.' _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 132.
Whenever a Jicarilla female arrives at a marriageable age, in honor of
the 'event the parents will sacrifice all the property they possess, the
ceremony being protracted from five to ten days with every demonstration
of hilarity.' _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 109; _Marcy's Army
Life_, p. 28-9. Among the Yumas, the applicant for womanhood is placed
in an oven or closely covered hut, in which she is steamed for three
days, alternating the treatment with plunges into the near river, and
maintaining a fast all the time.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary
Survey_, vol. i., pp. 110-11. The Apaches celebrate a feast with
singing, dancing, and mimic display when a girl arrives at the
marriageable state, during which time the girl remains 'isolated in a
huge lodge' and 'listens patiently to the responsibilities of her
marriageable condition,' recounted to her by the old men and chiefs.
'After it is finished she is divested of her eyebrows.... A month
afterward the eye lashes are pulled out.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 143,
243-6.
[754] There is no marriage ceremony among the Navajoes 'a young man
wishing a woman for his wife ascertains who her father is; he goes and
states the cause of his visit and offers from one to fifteen horses for
the daughter. The consent of the father is absolute, and the one so
purchased assents or is taken away by force. All the marriageable women
or squaws in a family can be taken in a similar manner by the same
individual; i. e., he can purchase wives as long as his property holds
out.' _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 357; _Marcy's
Army Life_, p. 49; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214;
_Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 233.
[755] Among the Apaches, the lover 'stakes his horse in front of her
roost.... Should the girl favor the suitor, his horse is taken by her,
led to water, fed, and secured in front of his lodge.... Four days
comprise the term allowed her for an answer.... A ready acceptance is
apt to be criticised with some severity, while a tardy one is regarded
as the extreme of coquetry.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 245-9; _Ten
Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 89; _Marcy's Army Life_,
pp. 30, 51. The Apache 'who can support or keep, or attract by his power
to keep, the greatest number of women, is the man who is deemed entitled
to the greatest amount of honor and respect.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp.
44, 85. Un Comanche, 'peut épouser autant de femmes qu'il veut, à la
seule condition de donner à chacune un cheval.' _Domenech_, _Jour._, p.
135. Among the Navajoes, 'The wife last chosen is always mistress of her
predecessors.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 42, in _Pac. R.
R. Rept._, vol. iii. They seldom, if ever, marry out of the tribe.
_Ward_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 455. 'In general, when
an Indian wishes to have many wives he chooses above all others, if he
can, sisters, because he thinks he can thus secure more domestic peace.'
_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 306. 'I think that few, if any, have
more than one wife,' of the Mojaves. _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 71.
[756] 'The Navajo marriage-ceremony consists simply of a feast upon
horse-flesh.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460. When the
Navajos desire to marry, 'they sit down on opposite sides of a basket,
made to hold water, filled with atole or some other food, and partake of
it. This simple proceeding makes them husband and wife.' _Davis' El
Gringo_, p. 415.