Nevertheless, these miserables delight in feasts, and in the gross

debauchery there openly perpetrated. Unacquainted with intoxicating

liquors, they yet find drunkenness in the fumes of a certain herb smoked

through a stone tube, and used chiefly during their festivals. Their

dances consist of a series of gesticulations and jumpings, accompanied

by inarticulate murmurings and yells. One of their great holidays is the

pitahaya season, when, with plenty to eat, they spend days and nights in

amusements; at such times feats of strength and trials of speed take

place. The most noted festival among the Cochimís occurs upon the

occasion of their annual distribution of skins. To the women especially

it was an important and enjoyable event. Upon an appointed day all the

people collected at a designated place. In an arbor constructed with

branches, the road to which was carpeted with the skins of wild animals

that had been killed during the year, their most skillful hunters

assembled; they alone were privileged to enter the arbor, and in their

honor was already prepared a banquet and pipes of wild tobacco. The

viands went round as also the pipe, and, in good time, the partakers

became partially intoxicated by the smoke; then one of the priests or

sorcerers, arrayed in his robe of ceremony, appeared at the entrance to

the arbor, and made a speech to the people, in which he recounted the

deeds of the hunters. Then the occupants of the arbor came out and made

a repartition of the skins among the women; this finished, dancing and

singing commenced and continued throughout the night. It sometimes

happened that their festivals ended in fighting and bloodshed, as they

were seldom conducted without debauchery, especially among the Guaicuris

and Pericúis.[867]

When they have eaten their fill they pass their time in silly or obscene

conversation, or in wrestling, in which sports the women often take a

part. They are very adroit in tracking wild beasts to their lairs and

taming them. At certain festivals their sorcerers, who were called by

some _quamas_, by others _cusiyaes_, wore long robes of skins,

ornamented with human hair; these sages filled the offices of priests

and medicine-men, and threatened their credulous brothers with

innumerable ills and death, unless they supplied them with provisions.

These favored of heaven professed to hold communication with oracles,

and would enter caverns and wooded ravines, sending thence doleful

sounds, to frighten the people, who were by such tricks easily imposed

upon and led to believe in their deceits and juggleries.[868]

As to ailments, Lower Californians are subject to consumption, burning

fevers, indigestion, and cutaneous diseases. Small pox, measles, and

syphilis, the last imported by troops, have destroyed numberless lives.

Wounds inflicted by the bites of venomous reptiles may be added to the

list of troubles. Loss of appetite is with them, generally, a symptom of

approaching death. They submit resignedly to the treatment prescribed by

their medicine-men, however severe or cruel it may be. They neglect

their aged invalids, refusing them attendance if their last sickness

proves too long, and recovery appears improbable. In several instances

they have put an end to the patient by suffocation or otherwise.[869]

Diseases are treated externally by the application of ointments,

plasters, and fomentations of medicinal herbs, particularly the wild

tobacco. Smoke is also a great panacea, and is administered through a

stone tube placed on the suffering part. The usual juggleries attend the

practice of medicine. In extreme cases they attempt to draw with their

fingers the disease from the patient's mouth. If the sick person has a

child or sister, they cut its or her little finger of the right hand,

and let the blood drop on the diseased part. Bleeding with a sharp stone

and whipping the affected part with nettles, or applying ants to it, are

among the remedies used. For the cure of tumors, the medicine-men burst

and suck them with their lips until blood is drawn. Internal diseases

are treated with cold-water baths. The means employed by the

medicine-man are repeated by the members of the patient's family and by

his friends. In danger even the imitation of death startles them. If an

invalid is pronounced beyond recovery, and he happens to slumber, they

immediately arouse him with blows on the head and body, for the purpose

of preserving life.[870]

[Sidenote: DEATH AND BURIAL IN LOWER CALIFORNIA.]

Death is followed by a plaintive, mournful chant, attended with howling

by friends and relatives, who beat their heads with sharp stones until

blood flows freely. Without further ceremony they either inter or burn

the body immediately, according to the custom of the locality: in the

latter case they leave the head intact. Oftentimes they bury or burn the

body before life has actually left it, never taking pains to ascertain

the fact.[871]

Weapons and other personal effects are buried or burned with the owner;

and in some localities, where burying is customary, shoes are put to the

feet, so that the spiritualized body may be prepared for its journey. In

Colechá and Guajamina mourning ceremonies are practiced certain days

after death--juggleries--in which the priest pretends to hold converse

with the departed spirit through the scalp of the deceased, commending

the qualities of the departed, and concluding by asking on the spirit's

behalf that all shall cut off their hair as a sign of sorrow. After a

short dance, more howling, hair-pulling, and other ridiculous acts, the

priest demands provisions for the spirit's journey, which his hearers

readily contribute, and which the priest appropriates to his own use,

telling them it has already started. Occasionally they honor the memory

of their dead by placing a rough image of the departed on a high pole,

and a _quama_ or priest sings his praises.[872]

The early missionaries found the people of the peninsula kind-hearted

and tractable, although dull of comprehension and brutal in their

instincts, rude, narrow-minded, and inconstant. A marked difference of

character is observable between the Cochimís and the Pericúis. The

former are more courteous in their manners and better behaved; although

cunning and thievish, they exhibit attachment and gratitude to their

superiors; naturally indolent and addicted to childish pursuits and

amusements, they lived among themselves in amity, directing their savage

and revengeful nature against neighboring tribes with whom they were at

variance. The Pericúis, before they became extinct, were a fierce and

barbarous nation, unruly and brutal in their passions, cowardly,

treacherous, false, petulant, and boastful, with an intensely cruel and

heartless disposition, often shown in relentless persecutions and

murders. In their character and disposition the Guaicuris did not differ

essentially from the Pericúis. In the midst of so much darkness there

was still one bright spot visible, inasmuch as they were of a cheerful

and happy nature, lovers of kind and lovers of country. Isolated,

occupying an ill-favored country, it was circumstances, rather than any

inherent incapacity for improvement, that held these poor people in

their low state; for, as we shall see at some future time, in their

intercourse with civilized foreigners, they were not lacking in cunning,

diplomacy, selfishness, and other aids to intellectual progress.[873]

[Sidenote: NORTHERN MEXICANS.]

The NORTHERN MEXICANS, the fourth and last division of this group,

spread over the territory lying between parallels 31° and 23° of north

latitude. Their lands have an average breadth of about five hundred

miles, with an area of some 250,000 square miles, comprising the states

of Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Durango, Nuevo Leon, and the northern

portions of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas.

Nearly parallel with the Pacific seaboard, and dividing the states of

Sonora and Sinaloa from Chihuahua and Durango, runs the great central

Cordillera; further to the eastward, passing through Coahuila, Nuevo

Leon, and San Luis Potosí, and following the shore line of the Mexican

Gulf, the Sierra Madre continues in a southerly direction, until it

unites with the first-named range at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. All of

these mountains abound in mineral wealth. The table-land between them is

intersected by three ridges; one, the Sierra Mimbres, issuing from the

inner flank of the Western Cordillera north of Arispe, extending in a

northerly direction and following the line of the Rio Grande. The middle

mountainous divide crosses from Durango to Coahuila, while the third

rises in the state of Jalisco and taking an easterly and afterward

northerly direction, traverses the table-land and merges into the Sierra

Madre in the state of San Luis Potosí. On these broad table-lands are

numerous lakes fed by the streams which have their rise in the mountains

adjacent; in but few spots is the land available for tillage, but it is

admirably adapted to pastoral purposes. The climate can hardly be

surpassed in its tonic and exhilarating properties; the atmosphere is

ever clear, with sunshine by day, and a galaxy of brilliant stars by

night; the absence of rain, fogs, and dews, with a delicious and even

temperature, renders habitations almost unnecessary. All this vast

region is occupied by numerous tribes speaking different languages and

claiming distinct origins. Upon the northern seaboard of Sonora and

Tiburon Island are the _Ceris_, _Tiburones_, and _Tepocas_; south of

them the _Cahitas_, or _Sinaloas_, which are general names for the

_Yaquis_ and _Mayos_, tribes so called from the rivers on whose banks

they live. In the state of Sinaloa there are also the _Cochitas_,

_Tuvares_, _Sabaibos_, _Zuaques_, and _Ahomes_, besides many other small

tribes. Scattered through the states of the interior are the _Ópatas_,

_Eudeves_, _Jovas_, _Tarahumares_, _Tubares_, and _Tepehuanes_, who

inhabit the mountainous districts of Chihuahua and Durango. East of the

Tarahumares, in the northern part of the first-named state, dwell the

_Conchos_. In Durango, living in the hills round Topia, are the

_Acaxées_; south of whom dwell the _Xiximes_. On the table-lands of

Mapimi and on the shores of its numerous lakes, the _Irritilas_ and many

other tribes are settled; while south of these again, in Zacatecas and

San Luis Potosí, are the _Guachichiles_, _Huamares_, and _Cazcanes_, and

further to the east, and bordering on the gulf shores we find the

country occupied by scattered tribes, distinguished by a great variety

of names, prominent among which are the _Carrizas_ or _Garzas_,

_Xanambres_, and _Pintos_.[874]

[Sidenote: PHYSICAL PECULIARITIES IN NORTH MEXICO.]

Most of these nations are composed of men of large stature; robust, and

well formed, with an erect carriage; the finest specimens are to be

found on the sea-coast, exceptions being the Ópatas and Chicoratas, the

former inclining to corpulency, the latter being short, although active

and swift runners. The women are well limbed and have good figures, but

soon become corpulent. The features of these people are quite regular,

the head round and well shaped, with black and straight hair; they have

high cheek-bones and handsome mouths, with a generally mild and pleasing

expression of countenance. They have piercing black eyes, and can

distinguish objects at great distances. The Ceris see best toward the

close of the day, owing to the strong reflection from the white sands of

the coast during the earlier part of the day. The Carrizas are

remarkable for their long upper lip. The men of this region have little

beard; their complexion varies from a light brown to a copper shade.

Many of them attain to a great age.[875]

For raiment the Cahitas and Ceris wear only a small rag in front of

their persons, secured to a cord tied round the waist; the Tarahumares,

Acaxées, and other nations of the interior use for the same purpose a

square piece of tanned deer-skin painted, except in cold weather, when

they wrap a large blue cotton mantle round the shoulders. The women have

petticoats reaching to their ankles, made of soft chamois or of cotton

or agave-fibre, and a _tilma_ or mantle during the winter. Some wear a

long sleeveless chemise, which reaches from the shoulders to the feet.

The Ceri women have petticoats made from the skins of the albatross or

pelican, the feathers inside. The Ópata men, soon after the conquest,

were found well clad in blouse and drawers of cotton, with wooden shoes,

while their neighbors wore sandals of raw hide, cut to the shape of the

foot.[876]

The Cahitas, Acaxées and most other tribes, pierce the ears and nose,

from which they hang small green stones, attached to a piece of blue

cord; on the head, neck, and wrists, a great variety of ornaments are

worn, made from mother-of-pearl and white snails' shells, also

fruit-stones, pearls, and copper and silver hoops; round the ankles some

wear circlets of deer's hoofs, others decorate their heads and necks

with necklaces of red beans and strings of paroquets and small birds;

pearls and feathers are much used to ornament the hair. The practice of

painting the face and body is common to all, the colors most in use

being red and black. A favorite style with the Ceris is to paint the

face in alternate perpendicular stripes of blue, red, and white. The

Pintos paint the face, breast, and arms; the Tarahumares tattoo the

forehead, lips, and cheeks in various patterns; the Yaquis the chin and

arms; while other tribes tattoo the face or body in styles peculiar to

themselves. Both sexes are proud of their hair, which they wear long

and take much care of; the women permit it to flow, in loose tresses,

while the men gather it into one or more tufts on the crown of the head,

and when hunting protect it by a chamois cap, to prevent its being

disarranged by trees or bushes.[877]

[Sidenote: NORTHERN MEXICAN DWELLINGS.]

Their houses are of light construction, usually built of sticks and

reeds, and are covered with coarse reed matting. The Chinipas, Yaquis,

Ópatas and Conchos build somewhat more substantial dwellings of timber

and adobes, or of plaited twigs well plastered with mud; all are only

one story high and have flat roofs. Although none of these people are

without their houses or huts, they spend most of their time, especially

during summer, under the trees. The Tarahumares find shelter in the deep

caverns of rocky mountains, the Tepehuanes and Acaxées place their

habitations on the top of almost inaccessible crags, while the Humes and

Batucas build their villages in squares, with few and very small

entrances, the better to defend themselves against their

enemies--detached buildings for kitchen and store-room purposes being

placed contiguous.[878]

The Northern Mexicans live chiefly on wild fruits such as the pitahaya,

honey, grain, roots, fish, and larvæ; they capture game both large and

small, and some of them eat rats, mice, frogs, snakes, worms, and

vermin. The Ahomamas along the shores of Lake Parras, the Yaquis,

Batucas, Ceris, Tarahumares, and the Ópatas since the conquest have

become agriculturists and cattle-breeders, besides availing themselves

of fishing and hunting as means of subsistence. On the coast of Sonora,

there being no maize, the natives live on pulverized rush and straw,

with fish caught at sea or in artificial enclosures. The dwellers on the

coast of Sinaloa consume a large quantity of salt, which they gather on

the land during the dry season, and in the rainy reason from the bottom

of marshes and pools. It is said that the Salineros sometimes eat their

own excrement. According to the reports of the older historians, the

Tobosos, Bauzarigames, Cabezas, Contotores, and Acaxées, as well as

other tribes of Durango and Sinaloa, formerly fed on human

flesh,--hunted human beings for food as they hunted deer or other game.

The flesh of their brave foes they ate, thinking thereby to augment

their own bravery.[879]

[Sidenote: METHODS OF HUNTING.]

The Ceris of Tiburon Island depend for food entirely on fish and game.

They catch turtle by approaching the animal and suddenly driving the

point of their spear into its back, a cord being attached to the weapon

by which they drag the prize on to the raft as soon as its strength has

become exhausted. According to Gomara, the natives of Sonora in 1537

were caught poisoning the deer-pools, probably for the skins, or it may

have been only a stupefying drink that the pools were made to supply.

The Sinaloans are great hunters; at times they pursue the game singly,

then again the whole town turns out and, surrounding the thickest part

of the forest, the people set fire to the underbrush and bring down the

game as it attempts to escape the flames. A feast of reptiles is

likewise thus secured. Iguanas are caught with the hands, their legs

broken, and thus they are kept until required for food. For procuring

wild honey, a bee is followed until it reaches its tree, the

sweet-containing part of which is cut off and carried away. The

Tarahumares hunt deer by driving them through narrow passes, where men

are stationed to shoot them. Others make use of a deer's head as a

decoy. For fishing they have various contrivances; some fish between the

rocks with a pointed stick; others, when fishing in a pool, throw into

the water a species of cabbage or leaves of certain trees, that stupefy

the fish, when they are easily taken with the hands; they also use

wicker baskets, and near the Pacific Ocean they inclose the rivers, and

catch enormous quantities of smelt and other fish, which have come up

from the sea to spawn. The Laguneros of Coahuila catch ducks by placing

a calabash on their heads, with holes through which to breathe and see;

thus equipped, they swim softly among the ducks, and draw them under

water without flutter or noise. Tatéma is the name of a dish cooked in

the ground by the Tarahumares. The Laguneros make tortillas of flour

obtained from an aquatic plant. The Zacatecs make the same kind of bread

from the pulp of the maguey, which is first boiled with lime, then

washed and boiled again in pure water, after which it is squeezed dry

and made into cakes. Most of the people use _pozole_, or _pinolatl_,

both being a kind of gruel made of pinole, of parched corn or seeds

ground, the one of greater thickness than the other; also _tamales_,

boiled beans, and pumpkins. The Ceris of Tiburon eat fish and meat

uncooked, or but slightly boiled. The Salineros frequently devour

uncooked hares and rabbits, having only removed their furs.[880]

[Sidenote: HOW ARROWS WERE MADE AND POISONED.]

The weapons universally used by these nations were bows and arrows and

short clubs, in addition to which the chiefs and most important warriors

carried a short lance and a buckler. The arrows were carried in a quiver

made of lion or other skins. The Tarahumares and some others wore a

leathern guard round the left wrist, to protect it from the blow of the

bow-string. Flint knives were employed for cutting up their slain

enemies. The Ceris, Jovas, and other tribes smeared the points of their

arrows with a very deadly poison, but how it was applied to the point,

or whence obtained, it is difficult to determine; some travelers say

that this poison was taken from rattlesnakes and other venomous

reptiles, which, by teasing, were incited to strike their fangs into the

liver of a cow or deer which was presented to them, after which it was

left to putrefy, and the arrows being dipped into the poisonous mass,

were placed in the sun to dry; but other writers, again, assert that the

poison was produced from a vegetable preparation. The wound inflicted by

the point, however slight, is said to have caused certain death. The

arrows were pointed with flint, or some other stone, or with bone,

fastened to a piece of hard wood, which is tied by sinews to a reed or

cane, notched, and winged with three feathers; when not required for

immediate use, the tying was loosed, and the point reversed in the cane,

to protect it from being broken. The Ceris and Chicoratos cut a notch a

few inches above the point, so that in striking it should break off and

remain in the wound. Their clubs were made of a hard wood called

_guayacan_, with a knob at the end, and when not in use were carried

slung to the arm by a leather thong. Their lances were of Brazil wood,

bucklers of alligator-skin, and shields of bull's hide, sufficiently

large to protect the whole body, with a hole in the top to look through.

Another kind of shield was made of small lathes closely interwoven with

cords, in such a manner that, when not required for use, it could be

shut up like a fan, and was carried under the arm.[881]

Living in a state of constant war, arising out of family quarrels or

aggressions made into each other's territories, they were not unskilled

in military tactics. Previous to admission as a warrior, a young man

had to pass through certain ordeals; having first qualified himself by

some dangerous exploit, or having faithfully performed the duty of a

scout in an enemy's country. The preliminaries being settled, a day was

appointed for his initiation, when one of the braves, acting as his

godfather, introduced him to the chief, who, for the occasion, had first

placed himself in the midst of a large circle of warriors. The chief

then addressed him, instructing him in the several duties required of

him, and drawing from a pouch an eagle's talon, with it proceeded to

score his body on the shoulders, arms, breast, and thighs, till the

blood ran freely; the candidate was expected to suffer without showing

the slightest signs of pain. The chief then handed to him a bow and a

quiver of arrows; each of the braves also presented him with two arrows.

In the campaigns that followed, the novitiate must take the hardest

duty, be ever at the post of danger, and endure without a murmur or

complaint the severest privations, until a new candidate appeared to

take his place.[882]

[Sidenote: WAR CUSTOMS IN NORTH MEXICO.]

When one tribe desires the assistance of another in war, they send reeds

filled with tobacco, which, if accepted, is a token that the alliance is

formed; a call for help is made by means of the smoke signal. When war

is decided upon, a leader is chosen, at whose house all the elders,

medicine-men, and principal warriors assemble; a fire is then lighted,

and tobacco handed round and smoked in silence. The chief, or the most

aged and distinguished warrior then arises, and in a loud tone and not

unpoetic language, harangues his hearers, recounting to them heroic

deeds hitherto performed, victories formerly gained, and present wrongs

to be avenged; after which tobacco is again passed round, and new

speakers in turn address the assembly. War councils are continued for

several nights, and a day is named on which the foe is to be attacked.

Sometimes the day fixed for the battle is announced to the enemy, and a

spot on which the fight is to take place selected. During the campaign

fasting is strictly observed. The Acaxées, before taking the war-path,

select a maiden of the tribe, who secludes herself during the whole

period of the campaign, speaking to no one, and eating nothing but a

little parched corn without salt. The Ceris and Ópatas approach their

enemy under cover of darkness, preserving a strict silence, and at break

of day, by a preconcerted signal, a sudden and simultaneous attack is

made. To fire an enemy's house, the Tepagues and others put lighted

corn-cobs on the points of their arrows. In the event of a retreat they

invariably carry off the dead, as it is considered a point of honor not

to leave any of their number on the field. Seldom is sex or age spared,

and when prisoners are taken, they are handed over to the women for

torture, who treat them most inhumanly, heaping upon them every insult

devisable, besides searing their flesh with burning brands, and finally

burning them at the stake, or sacrificing them in some equally cruel

manner. Many cook and eat the flesh of their captives, reserving the

bones as trophies. The slain are scalped, or a hand is cut off, and a

dance performed round the trophies on the field of battle. On the return

of an expedition, if successful, entry into the village is made in the

day-time. Due notice of their approach having been forwarded to the

inhabitants, the warriors are received with congratulations and praises

by the women, who, seizing the scalps, vent their spleen in frantic

gestures; tossing them from one to another, these female fiends dance

and sing round the bloody trophies, while the men look on in approving

silence. Should the expedition, however, prove unsuccessful, the village

is entered in silence and during the dead of night. All the booty taken

is divided amongst the aged men and women, as it is deemed unlucky by

the warriors to use their enemy's property.[883]

Their household utensils consist of pots of earthen ware and gourds, the

latter used both for cooking and drinking purposes; later, out of the

horns of oxen cups are made. The Tarahumares use in place of saddles two

rolls of straw fastened by a girdle to the animal's back, loose enough,

however, to allow the rider to put his feet under them. Emerging from

their barbarism, they employ, in their agricultural pursuits, plows with

shares of wood or stone, and wooden hoes. The Ceris have a kind of

double-pointed javelin, with which they catch fish, which, once between

the prongs, are prevented from slipping out by the jagged sides.[884]

The Ahomoas, Eudebes, Jovas, Yaquis, and Ópatas weave fabrics out of

cotton or agave-fibre, such as blankets or serapes, and cloth with

colored threads in neat designs and figures; these nations also

manufacture matting from reeds and palm-leaves. Their loom consists of

four short sticks driven into the ground, to which a frame is attached

to hold the thread. The shuttle is an oblong piece of wood, on which the

cross-thread is wound. After passing through the web, the shuttle is

seized and pressed close by a ruler three inches in breadth, which is

placed between the web and supplies the place of a comb. When any

patterns are to be worked, several women assist to mark off with wooden

pegs the amount of thread required. The Yaquis and Ceris manufacture

common earthen ware, and the Tarahumares twist horse-hair into strong

cords; they also use undressed hides cut in strips, and coarse

aloe-fibres.[885]

[Sidenote: PROPERTY OF CERIS, ÓPATAS, AND YAQUIS.]

No boats or canoes are employed by any of the natives of this region;

but the Ceris, the Tiburones, and the Tepocas make rafts of reeds or

bamboos, fastened together into bundles. These rafts are about eighteen

feet long and tapering toward both ends; some are large enough to carry

four or five men; they are propelled with a double-bladed paddle, held

in the middle and worked alternately on both sides.[886]

Subsequent to the conquest, the Ópatas and Yaquis accumulated large

flocks of sheep, cattle, and bands of horses; the latter are good

miners, and expert divers for pearls. Their old communistic ideas follow

them in their new life; thus, the landed property of the Tarahumares is

from time to time repartitioned; they have also a public asylum for the

sick, helpless, and for orphans, who are taken care of by male and

female officials called _tenanches_. Pearls, turquoises, emeralds,

coral, feathers, and gold were in former times part of their property,

and held the place of money; trade, for the most part, was carried on by

simple barter.[887]

The Northern Mexicans make no pretensions to art; nevertheless, Guzman

states that in the province of Culiacan the walls of the houses were

decorated with obscene paintings. They are all great observers of the

heavenly bodies and the changes in the atmosphere; the Yaquis count

their time by the moon. They are good musicians, imitating to perfection

on their own instruments almost any strain they happen to hear. Their

native melodies are low, sweet, and harmonious. In Petatlan they

embroidered dresses with pearls, and as they had no instrument for

piercing the jewel, they cut a small groove round it, and so strung

them. With pearls they formed on cloth figures of animals and

birds.[888]

I find nowhere in this region any system of laws or government. There

are the usual tribal chieftains, selected on account of superior skill

or bravery, but with little or no power except in war matters. Councils

of war, and all meetings of importance, are held at the chief's

house.[889]

[Sidenote: MARRIAGE AND POLYGAMY.]

The Ceris and Tepocas celebrate the advent of womanhood with a feast,

which lasts for several days. The Ahome maiden wears on her neck a small

carved shell, as a sign of her virginity, to lose which before marriage

is a lasting disgrace. On the day of marriage the bridegroom removes

this ornament from his bride's neck. It is customary among most of the

tribes to give presents to the girl's parents. The Tahus, says

Castañeda, are obliged to purchase a maiden from her parents, and

deliver her to the _cacique_,[890] chief, or possibly high priest, to

whom was accorded the _droit de seigneur_. If the bride proves to be no

virgin, all the presents are returned by her parents, and it is optional

with the bridegroom to keep her or condemn her to the life of a public

prostitute. The Bauzarigames, Cabezas, Contotores, and Tehuecos practice

polygamy and inter-family marriages, but these are forbidden by the

Ceris, Chinipas, Tiburones, and Tepocas. Different ceremonies take place

upon the birth of the first child. Among some, the father is

intoxicated, and in that state surrounded by a dancing multitude, who

score his body till the blood flows freely. Among others, several days

after the birth of a male child, the men visit the house, feel each limb

of the newly born, exhort him to be brave, and finally give him a name;

women perform similar ceremonies with female children. The couvade

obtains in certain parts; as for instance, the Lagunero and Ahomama

husbands, after the birth of a child, remain in bed for six or seven

days, during which time they eat neither fish nor meat. The Sisibotaris,

Ahomes, and Tepehuanes hold chastity in high esteem, and both their

maidens and matrons are remarkably chaste. The standard of morality

elsewhere in this vicinity is in general low, especially with the

Acaxées and Tahus, whose incestuous connections and system of public

brothels are notorious. According to Arlegui, Ribas, and other authors,

among some of these nations male concubinage prevails to a great extent;

these loathsome semblances of humanity, whom to call beastly were a

slander upon beasts, dress themselves in the clothes and perform the

functions of women, the use of weapons even being denied them.[891]

Drunkenness prevails to a great extent among most of the tribes; their

liquors are prepared from the fruit of the pitahaya, mezquite-beans,

agave, honey, and wheat. In common with all savages, they are

immoderately fond of dancing, and have numerous feasts, where, with

obscene carousals and unseemly masks, the revels continue, until the

dancers, from sheer exhaustion or intoxication, are forced to rest. The

Ópatas hold a festival called _torom raqui_, to insure rain and good

crops. Clearing a square piece of ground, they strew it with seeds,

bones, boughs, horns, and shells; the actors then issue forth from huts

built on the four corners of the square, and there dance from sunrise to

sunset. On the first day of the year they plant in the ground a tall

pole, to which are tied long ribbons of many colors. A number of young

maidens, fancifully attired, dance round the pole, holding the ends of

the ribbons, twisting themselves nearer or away from the center in

beautiful figures. Upon other occasions they commemorate, in modern

times, what is claimed to be the journey of the Aztecs, and the

appearance of Montezuma among them. Hunting and war expeditions are

inaugurated by dances. Their musical instruments are flutes and hollow

trunks beaten with sticks or bones, and accompanied with song and

impromptu words, relating the exploits of their gods, warriors, and

hunters. They are passionately fond of athletic sports, such as archery,

wrestling, and racing; but the favorite pastime is a kind of foot-ball.

The game is played between two parties, with a large elastic ball, on a

square piece of ground prepared expressly for the purpose. The players

must strike the ball with the shoulders, knees, or hips, but never with

the hand. Frequently one village challenges another as upon the occasion

of a national festival, which lasts several days, and is accompanied

with dancing and feasting. They have also games with wooden balls, in

which sticks are used when playing. The players are always naked, and

the game often lasts from sunrise to sunset, and sometimes, when the

victory is undecided, the play will be continued for several successive

days. Bets are freely made, and horses and other property staked with

the greatest recklessness.[892]

[Sidenote: CUSTOMS IN NORTHERN MEXICO.]

Loads are carried on the head, or in baskets at the back, hanging from a

strap that passes across the forehead. Another mode of carrying burdens

is to distribute equally the weight at both ends of a pole which is

slung across the shoulder, _à la Chinoise_. Their conceptions of the

supernatural are extremely crude; thus, the Ópatas, by yells and

gesticulations, endeavor to dispel eclipses of the heavenly bodies;

before the howling of the wind they cower as before the voice of the

Great Spirit. The Ceris superstitiously celebrate the new moon, and bow

reverentially to the rising and setting sun. Nuño de Guzman states that

in the province of Culiacan tamed serpents were found in the dwellings

of the natives, which they feared and venerated. Others have a great

veneration for the hidden virtues of poisonous plants, and believe that

if they crush or destroy one, some harm will happen to them. It is a

common custom to hang a small bag containing poisonous herbs round the

neck of a child, as a talisman against diseases or attacks from wild

beasts, which they also believe will render them invulnerable in battle.

They will not touch a person struck by lightning, and will leave him to

die, or, if dead, to lie unburied.[893]

[Sidenote: MEDICAL TREATMENT.]

Intermittent and other fevers prevail among the people of Northern

Mexico. Small-pox, introduced by Europeans, has destroyed many lives;

syphilis was introduced among the Carrizos by the Spanish troops. The

Tarahumares suffer from pains in the side about the end of the spring.

The Ópatas of Oposura are disfigured by goitres, but this disease seems

to be confined within three leagues of the town. Wounds inflicted by

arrows, many of them poisoned, and bites of rattlesnakes are common.

Friends, and even parents and brothers leave to their fate such as are

suffering from contagious diseases; they, however, place water and wild

fruits within the sufferer's reach. To relieve their wearied legs and

feet after long marches, they scarify the former with sharp flints. In

extreme cases they rub themselves with the maguey's prickly leaf well

pounded, which, acting as an emollient on their hardened bodies, affords

them prompt relief. The Carrizos cure syphilis with certain plants, the

medicinal properties of which are known to them. As a purgative they use

the grains of the _maguacate_, and as a febrifuge the _cenicilla_

(_teraina frutescens_). With the leaves of the latter they make a

decoction which, mixed with hydromel, is an antidote for intermittent

fevers. They also use the leaves of the willow in decoction, as a

remedy for the same complaint. In Sinaloa, the leaf and roots of the

_guaco_ are used by the natives as the most efficacious medicine for the

bites of poisonous reptiles. The Ópatas employ excellent remedies for

the diseases to which they are subject. They have a singular method of

curing rattlesnake bites, a sort of retaliative cure; seizing the

reptile's head between two sticks, they stretch out the tail and bite it

along the body, and if we may believe Alegre, the bitten man does not

swell up, but the reptile does, until it bursts. In some parts, if a

venomous snake bites a person, he seizes it at both ends, and breaks all

its bones with his teeth until it is dead, imagining this to be an

efficacious means of saving himself from the effect of the wounds. Arrow

wounds are first sucked, and then _peyote_ powder is put into them;

after two days the wound is cleaned, and more of the same powder

applied; this operation is continued upon every second day, and finally

powdered lechugilla-root is used; by this process the wound, after

thoroughly suppurating, becomes healed. Out of the leaves of the maguey,

lechugilla, and date-palm, as well as from the rosemary, they make

excellent balsams for curing wounds. They have various vegetable

substances for appeasing the thirst of wounded persons, as water is

considered injurious. The Acaxées employ the sucking processes, and

blowing through a hollow tube, for the cure of diseases. The Yaquis put

a stick into the patient's mouth, and with it draw from the stomach the

disease; the Ceris of Tiburon Island also employ charms in their medical

practice.[894]

I find nothing of cremation in these parts. The dead body is brought

head and knees together, and placed in a cave or under a rock. Several

kinds of edibles, with the utensils and implements with which the

deceased earned a support while living, are deposited in the grave, also

a small idol, to serve as a guide and fellow traveler to the departed on

the long journey. On the lips of dead infants is dropped milk from the

mother's breast, that these innocents may have sustenance to reach their

place of rest. Among the Acaxées, if a woman dies in childbirth, the

infant surviving is slain, as the cause of its mother's death. Cutting

the hair is the only sign of mourning among them.[895]

[Sidenote: CHARACTER.]

The character of the Northern Mexicans, as portrayed by Arlegui, is

gross and low; but some of these tribes do not deserve such sweeping

condemnation. The Mayos, Yaquis, Acaxées, and Ópatas are generally

intelligent, honest, social, amiable, and intrepid in war; their young

women modest, with a combination of sweetness and pride noticed by some

writers. The Ópatas especially are a hard-working people, good-humored,

free from intemperance and thievishness; they are also very tenacious of

purpose, when their minds are made up--danger often strengthening their

stubbornness the more. The Sisibotaris, Ahomamas, Onavas, and

Tarahumares are quiet and docile, but brave when occasion requires; the

last-mentioned are remarkably honest. The Tepocas and Tiburones are

fierce, cruel, and treacherous, more warlike and courageous than the

Ceris of the main land, who are singularly devoid of good qualities,

being sullenly stupid, lazy, inconstant, revengeful, depredating, and

much given to intemperance. Their country even has become a refuge for

evil-doers. In former times they were warlike and brave: but even this

quality they have lost, and have become as cowardly as they are cruel.

The Tepehuanes and other mountaineers are savage and warlike, and their

animosity to the whites perpetual. The Laguneros and other tribes of

Coahuila are intelligent, domestic, and hospitable; the former

especially are very brave. In Chihuahua they are generally fierce and

uncommunicative. At El Paso, the women are more jovial and pleasant than

the men; the latter speak but little, never laugh, and seldom smile;

their whole aspect seems to be wrapped in melancholy--everything about

it has a semblance of sadness and suffering.[896]

TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.

To the New Mexican group belong the nations inhabiting the territory

lying between the parallels 36° and 23° of north latitude, and the

meridians 96° and 117° of west longitude; that is to say, the occupants

of the states of New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, Sonora, Sinaloa,

Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Northern Zacatecas, and

Western Texas.

In the APACHE FAMILY, I include all the savage tribes roaming through

New Mexico, the north-western portion of Texas, a small part of Northern

Mexico, and Arizona; being the Comanches, Apaches proper, Navajos,

Mojaves, Hualapais, Yumas, Cosninos, Yampais, Yalchedunes, Yamajabs,

Cochees, Cruzados, Nijoras, Cocopas, and others.

The _Comanches_ inhabit Western Texas, Eastern New Mexico, and Eastern

Mexico, and from the Arkansas River north to near the Gulf of Mexico

south. Range 'over the plains of the Arkansas from the vicinity of

Bent's fort, at the parallel of 38°, to the Gulf of Mexico ... from the

eastern base of the Llano Estacado to about the meridian of longitude

98th.' _Pope_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 16. From the western

border of the Choctaw country 'uninterruptedly along the Canadian to

Tucumcari creek and thence, occasionally, to Rio Pecos. From this line

they pursue the buffalo northward as far as the Sioux country, and on

the south are scarcely limited by the frontier settlements of Mexico.'

_Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 8, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,

vol. iii. 'During summer ... as far north as the Arkansas river, their

winters they usually pass about the head branches of the Brazos and

Colorado rivers of Texas.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 307.

'Between 102° and 104° longitude and 33° and 37° north latitude.'

_Norton_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 146. 'About thirteen thousand

square miles of the southern portion of Colorado, and probably a much

larger extent of the neighboring States of Kansas and Texas, and

Territory of New Mexico and the "Indian country," are occupied by the

Kioways and Comanches.' _Dole_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p. 34;

_Evans and Collins_, in _Id._, pp. 230, 242; _Martinez_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 487. 'En Invierno se acercan á Téjas, y en

Estío á la sierra de Santa Fe.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 251.

'Comanches ou Hietans (Eubaous, Yetas), dans le nord-ouest du Texas.'

_Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxiii., p.

225. 'Originaire du Nouveau-Mexique; mais ... ils descendent souvent

dans les plaines de la Basse-Californie et de la Sonora.' _Soc. Géog._,

_Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'Range east of the mountains of

New Mexico.' _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244. 'In dem

uncultivirten Theile des Bolson de Mapimi' (Chihuahua). _Wappäus_,

_Geog. u. Stat._, p. 214; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 221-2.

'Entre la rivière Rouge et le Missouri, et traversent el

Rio-Bravo-del-Norte.' _Dufey_, _Resumé de l'Hist._, tom. i., p. 4. 'Upon

the south and west side' of the Rio Brazos. _Marcy's Rept._, p. 217;

_Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 43-6. 'Im Westen des Mississippi und des

Arcansas ... und bis an das linke Ufer des Rio Grande.' _Ludecus_,

_Reise_, p. 104. 'Range from the sources of the Brazos and Colorado,

rivers of Texas, over the great Prairies, to the waters of the Arkansas

and the mountains of Rio Grande.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 51.

Concurrent statements in _Wilson's Amer. Hist._, p. 625; _Prichard's

Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 549; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. ii., p. 557;

_Moore's Texas_, p. 30; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 233; _Holley's Texas_, p.

152; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153. 'La nacion comanche, que está situada

entre el Estado de Texas y el de Nuevo México ... se compone de las

siguientes tribus ó pueblos, á saber: Yaparehca, Cuhtzuteca, Penandé,

Pacarabó, Caiguarás, Noconi ó Yiuhta, Napuat ó Quetahtore, Yapainé,

Muvinábore. Sianábone, Caigua, Sarritehca y Quitzaené.' _García Rejon_,

in _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 347. 'Extends from the Witchita

Mountains as far as New Mexico, and is divided into four bands, called

respectively the Cuchanticas, the Tupes, the Yampaxicas, and the Eastern

Comanches.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 21. See also: _Kennedy's

Texas_, vol. i., p. 344, 348-9; _Foote's Texas_, vol. i., p. 298;

_Frost's Ind. Wars_, p. 293.

[Sidenote: APACHE TRIBES.]

The _Apaches_ may be said to 'extend from the country of the Utahs, in

latitude 38° north to about the 30th parallel.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._,

vol. i., p. 325. 'Along both sides of the Rio Grande, from the southern

limits of the Navajo country at the parallel of 34°, to the extreme

southern line of the Territory, and from thence over the States of

Chihuahua, Sonora, and Durango, of Mexico. Their range eastward is as

far as the valley of the Pecos, and they are found as far to the west as

the Pimos villages on the Gila.' _Pope_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.

ii., p. 13. Scattered 'throughout the whole of Arizona, a large part of

New Mexico, and all the northern portion of Chihuahua and Sonora, and in

some parts of Durango.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 141. Range 'over some

portions of California, most of Sonora, the frontiers of Durango, and

... Chihuahua.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 291. Apatschee, a

nation 'welche um ganz Neu-Biscaya, und auch an Tarahumara gränzet.'

_Steffel_, in _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 302. 'Reicht das Gebiet der

Apache-Indianer vom 103. bis zum 114. Grad westlicher Länge von

Greenwich, und von den Grenzen des Utah-Gebietes, dem 38. Grad, bis

hinunter zum 30. Grad nördlicher Breite.' _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p.

229. Inhabit 'all the country north and south of the Gila, and both

sides of the Del Norte, about the parallel of the Jornada and Dead Man's

lakes.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 132. 'Tota hæc regio, quam Novam

Mexicanam vocant, ab omnibus pene lateribus ambitur ab Apachibus.' _De

Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 316. 'Recorren las provincias del Norte de

México, llegando algunas veces hasta cerca de Zacatecas.' _Pimentel_,

_Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 251. 'Derramadas desde la Intendencia de San Luis

Potosí hasta la extremidad setentrional del golfo de California.'

_Balbi_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 385. 'Se extienden en el

vasto espacio ... que comprenden los grados 30 á 38 de latitud norte, y

264 á 277 de longitude de Tenerife.' _Cordero_, in _Id._, p. 369; see

also _Id._, p. 40. 'From the entrance of the Rio Grande to the Gulf of

California.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 337. 'The southern and

south-western portions of New Mexico, and mainly the valley of the

Gila.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 203; _Bent_, in _Id._, vol.

i., p. 243. 'Scarcely extends farther north than Albuquerque ... nor

more than two hundred miles south of El Paso del Norte; east, the

vicinity of the White Mountains; west, generally no further than the

borders of Sonora.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 207.

'Ils ont principalement habité le triangle formé par le Rio del Norte,

le Gila et le Colorado de l'ouest.' _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des

Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxv., pp. 307, 313. Concurrent authorities:

_Gallatin_, in _Id._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 298, 301; _Malte-Brun_,

_Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 453; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, pp. 8,

186; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 345; _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 57;

_Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 297; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p.

549; _Western Scenes_, p. 233; _Mill's Hist. Mex._, p. 170; _Delaporte_,

_Reisen_, tom. x., p. 456; _Conder's Mex. Guat._, vol. ii., p. 74-5;

_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 4-6; _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1854, p. 180; _Poston_, in _Id._, 1864, p. 155; _Clark_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 336.

The Apache nation is divided into the following tribes; Chiricagüis,

Coyoteros, Faraones, Gileños, Copper Mine Apaches, Lipanes, Llaneros,

Mescaleros, Mimbreños, Natages, Pelones, Pinaleños, Tontos, Vaqueros,

and Xicarillas.

The Lipanes roam through western Texas, Coahuila, and the eastern

portion of Chihuahua. Their territory is bounded on the west by the

'lands of the Llaneros; on the north, the Comanche country; on the east,

the province of Cohaguila; and on the south, the left bank of the Rio

Grande del Norte.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119;

_Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 8, in _Id._; _Pope_, in _Id._,

vol. ii., p. 14. The Lee Panis 'rove from the Rio Grande to some

distance into the province of Texas. Their former residence was on the

Rio Grande, near the sea shore.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 363. Su

'principal asiento es en Coahuila, Nuevo Leon y Tamaulipas.' _Pimentel_,

_Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 251. 'Divídese en dos clases ... la primera ha

estado enlazada con los mescaleros y llaneros, y ocupa los terrenos

contiguos á aquellas tribus: la segunda vive generalmente en la frontera

de la provincia de Tejas y orillas del mar.... Por el Poniente son sus

limites los llaneros; por el Norte los comanches; por el Oriente los

carancaguaces y borrados, provincia de Tejas, y por el Sur nuestra

frontera (Mexico).' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 382.

'From time immemorial has roved and is yet roving over the Bolson de

Mapimi.' _Wislizenus' Tour_, p. 70. 'Frequented the bays of Aransas and

Corpus Christi, and the country lying between them and the Rio Grande.'

_Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 349; _Foote's Texas_, p. 298. See also:

_Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 289; _Hassel_, _Mex.

Guat._, p. 210; _Moore's Texas_, p. 31; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii.,

p. 6.

The Mescaleros inhabit 'the mountains on both banks of the river Pecos,

as far as the mountains that form the head of the Bolson de Mapimi, and

there terminate on the right bank of the Rio Grande. Its limit on the

west is the tribe of the Taracones; on the north, the extensive

territories of the Comanche people; on the east, the coast of the

Llanero Indians; and on the south, the desert Bolson de Mapimi.'

_Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Im Bolsón de

Mapimí und in den östlichen Gränzgebirgen del Chanáte, del Diablo puerco

und de los Pílares.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p.

521. 'Occupent le Bolson de Mapimi, les montagnes de Chanate, et celles

de los Organos, sur la rive gauche du Rio Grande del Norte.' _Humboldt_,

_Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 289. Live 'east of the Rio del Norte.'

_Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 290; _Carleton_, in _Smithsonian

Rept._, 1854, p. 315; _Western Scenes_, p. 233; _Domenech's Deserts_,

vol. ii., p. 6; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 343. 'On the east side of

the Rio Grande, and on both sides of the Pecos, extending up the latter

river ... to about the thirty-fourth parallel.' _Merriwether_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 170-1. See also: _Steck_, in _Id._, 1858, pp.

195-8, 1863, p. 108; _Collins_, in _Id._, 1862, p. 240; _Cooley_, in

_Id._, 1865, p. 20; _Norton_, in _Id._, 1866, p. 145.

'The Copper Mine Apaches occupy the country on both sides of the Rio

Grande, and extend west to the country of the Coyoteros and Pinalinos,

near the eastern San Francisco River.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i.,

p. 323.

The Faraones, Pharaones or Taracones, 'inhabit the mountains between the

river Grande del Norte and the Pecos.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,

vol. iii., p. 119. The following concur; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom.

i., p. 213, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 521; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_,

_Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 416; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 289.

The 'Xicarillas anciently inhabited the forests of that name in the far

territories to the north of New Mexico, until they were driven out by

the Comanches, and now live on the limits of the province, some of them

having gone into the chasms (cañadas) and mountains between Pecuries and

Taos, which are the last towns of the province.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R.

R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Inhabiting the mountains north of Taos.'

_Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 285. 'Les Jicorillas, à

l'extrémité nord du Nouveau-Mexique.' _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales

des Voy._, 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 310. 'From the Rio Grande eastward

beyond the Red river, between the thirty-fourth and thirty-seventh

parallels.' _Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 170. 'In the

mountains which lie between Santa Fé, Taos, and Abiquin.' _Collins_, in

_Id._, 1860, pp. 159-60. 'At the Cimarron.' _Graves_, in _Id._, 1866, p.

133. 'Upon Rio Ose, west of the Rio Grande.' _Davis_, in _Id._, 1868, p.

160; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 8.

The Llaneros occupy 'the great plains and sands that lie between the

Pecos and the left bank of the river Grande del Norte.' _Cortez_, in

_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119. Inhabit the 'cajones de la

Cabellera y Pitaycachi, Sierra de Mimbres, Laguna de Guzman.'

_Barrangan_, in _El Orden, Mex._, _Decemb. 27, 1853_. 'Ocupan ... los

llanos y arenales situados entre el rio de Pecos, nombrado por ellos

Tjunchi, y el Colorado que llaman Tjulchide.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y

Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 381; Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 6.

The Mimbreños have their hunting grounds upon the Mimbres Mountains and

River, and range between the sierras San Mateo and J'lorida on the north

and south, and between the Burros and Mogoyen on the west and east.

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 207. 'Südlich von den Apáches

Gileños, an den Gränzen von Chihuáhua und Neu-Mejico jagen in den

Gebirgen im Osten die Apáches Mimbreños.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom.

i., p. 211. 'La provincia de Nuevo México es su confin por el Norte; por

el Poniente la parcialidad mimbreña; por el Oriente la faraona, y por el

Sur nuestra frontera.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p.

380. See also: _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119;

_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 6. 'In the wild ravines of the Sierra

de Acha.' _Mill's Hist. Mex._, p. 185.

The Chiricaguis adjoin on the north 'the Tontos and Moquinos; on the

east the Gileños; and on the south and west the province of Sonora.'

_Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Live in the

mountains of that name, the Sierra Largua and Dos Cabaces.' _Steck_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, pp. 345-6.

The Tontos 'inhabit the northern side of the Gila from Antelope Peak to

the Pimo villages.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 130. 'Between Rio Verde and

the Aztec range of mountains,' and 'from Pueblo creek to the junction of

Rio Verde with the Salinas.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p.

14-15; in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Cortez_, in _Id._, p. 118.

'Südlich von den Wohnsitzen der Cocomaricópas und dem Rio Gila.'

_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 211. On the 'rio Puerco.'

_Barrangan_, in _El Orden, Mex._, _Decemb. 27, 1853_. 'In the cañons to

the north and east of the Mazatsal peaks.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian

Rept._, 1867, p. 417. See _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p.

460; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 185, vol. ii., p. 7. 'Inhabit the

Tonto basin from the Mogollon Mountains on the north to Salt River on

the south, and between the Sierra Ancha on the east to the Mazatsal

Mountains.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 94. 'On both sides

of the Verde from its source to the East Fork, and ... around the

headwaters of the Chiquito Colorado, on the northern slope of the Black

Mesa or Mogollon Mountains ... on the north, to Salt River on the south,

and between the Sierra Ancha on the east and the Mazatsal Mountains on

the west.' _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 221.

The Pinaleños, Piñols or Piñals range 'over an extensive circuit between

the Sierra Piñal and the Sierra Blanca.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol.

i., p. 308. 'Between the Colorado Chiquito and Rio Gila.' _Whipple,

Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 14, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.

See also: _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 147; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p.

150. In 'the country watered by the Salinas and other tributaries of the

Gila.' _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 346; also _Whittier_, in

_Id._, 1868, p. 141; _Colyer_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 94; _Jones_, in _Id._,

p. 222.

The Coyoteros 'live in the country north of the Gila and east of the San

Carlos.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 223. 'Upon the Rio San

Francisco, and head waters of the Salinas.' _Steck_, in _Id._, 1859, p.

346; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 185; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 430.

'The Gileños inhabit the mountains immediately on the river Gila ...

bounded on the west by the Chiricagüìs; on the north by the province of

New Mexico; on the east by the Mimbreño tribe.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Oestlich von diesem Flusse (Gila), zwischen

ihm und dem südlichen Fusse der Sierra de los Mimbres, eines Theiles der

Sierra Madre.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 421;

_Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 380; _Maxwell_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1873, p. 116.

The Apache Mojaves are 'a mongrel race of Indians living between the

Verde or San Francisco and the Colorado.' _Poston_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1864, p. 156.

The _Navajos_ occupy 'a district in the Territory of New Mexico, lying

between the San Juan river on the north and northeast, the Pueblo of

Zuñi on the south, the Moqui villages on the west, and the ridge of land

dividing the waters which flow into the Atlantic ocean from those which

flow into the Pacific on the east.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._,

1855, p. 283. 'Extending from near the 107th to 111th meridian, and from

the 34th to the 37th parallel of latitude.' _Clark_, in _Hist. Mag._,

vol. viii., p. 280. Northward from the 35th parallel 'to Rio San Juan,

valley of Tuñe Cha, and Cañon de Chelle.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's

Rept._, p. 13, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'Between the Del Norte

and Colorado of the West,' in the northwestern portion of New Mexico.

_Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 216. 'In the main range

of Cordilleras, 150 to 200 miles west of Santa Fé, on the waters of Rio

Colorado of California.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 285-6.

'Between the del Norte and the Sierra Anahuac, situated upon the Rio

Chama and Puerco,--from thence extending along the Sierra de los

Mimbros, into the province of Sonora.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p.

180. 'La Provincia de Navajoos, que está situada à la parte de el Norte

del Moqui, y à la del Noruest de la Villa de Santa Fee.' _Villa-Señor y

Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 426. 'Esta nacion dista de las

fronteras de Nuevo-México como veinticinco leguas, entre los pueblos de

Moqui, Zuñi y la capital (Santa Fé).' _Barreiro_, _Ojeada sobre N.

Mex._, app., p. 10. 'Habita la sierra y mesas de Navajó.' _Cordero_, in

_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 382. See also: _Alcedo_,

_Diccionario_, tom. iii., p. 295. 'Along the 34th parallel, north

latitude.' _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 16. 'On the tributaries of the river

San Juan, west of the Rio Grande, and east of the Colorado, and between

the thirty-fifth and thirty-seventh parallels of north latitude.'

_Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 172. 'From Cañon de Chelly

to Rio San Juan.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460.

'From the Rio San Juan to the Gila.' _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1854, p. 179. 'Directly west from Santa Fé, extending from near the Rio

Grande on the east, to the Colorado on the west; and from the land of

the Utahs on the north, to the Apaches on the south.' _Backus_, in

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 209. 'Fifty miles from the Rio del

Norte.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 102. 'From the 33° to the 38° of north

latitude.' and 'from Soccorro to the valley of Taos.' _Hughes'

Doniphan's Ex._, p. 202. Concurrent authorities: _Simpson's Jour. Mil.

Recon._, p. 78; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 184; _Ludewig's Ab.

Lang._, p. 132.

[Sidenote: MOJAVES AND YUMAS.]

The _Mojaves_ dwell on the Mojave and Colorado rivers, as far up as

Black Cañon. The word Mojave 'appears to be formed of two Yuma

words--hamook (three), and häbî (mountains)--and designates the tribe of

Indians which occupies a valley of the Colorado lying between three

mountains. The ranges supposed to be referred to are: 1st, "The

Needles," which terminates the valley upon the south, and is called

Asientic-häbî, or first range; 2d, the heights that bound the right bank

of the Colorado north of the Mojave villages, termed Havic-häbî, or

second range; and, 3d, the Blue Ridge, extending along the left bank of

the river, to which has been given the name of Hamook-häbî, or third

range.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 30. 'Von 34° 36´

nordwärts bis zum Black Cañon.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die

Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 430-4. 'Inhabit the Cottonwood valley.' _Ives'

Colorado Riv._, p. 79. 'Occupy the country watered by a river of the

same name, which empties into the Colorado.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._,

vol. ii., p. 178. 'The Mohaves, or Hamockhaves, occupy the river above

the Yumas.' _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 302. See further:

_Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 122; _Cal. Mercantile Jour._, vol. i., p. 227;

_Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 217; _Willis_, in _Id._, _Spec.

Com._, 1867, pp. 329-30; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 123.

The _Hualapais_ are 'located chiefly in the Cerbat and Aquarius

Mountains, and along the eastern slope of the Black Mountains. They

range through Hualapai, Yampai, and Sacramento valleys, from Bill

Williams Fork on the south to Diamond River on the north.' _Jones_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 217. 'In the almost inaccessible mountains

on the Upper Colorado.' _Poston_, in _Id._, 1863, p. 387. 'On the north

and south of the road from Camp Mohave to Prescott.' _Whittier_, in

_Id._, 1868, p. 140. 'In the northwest part of Arizona.' _Willis_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 329.

The _Yumas_ or Cuchans range 'from the New River to the Colorado, and

through the country between the latter river and the Gila, but may be

said to inhabit the bottom lands of the Colorado, near the junction of

the Gila and the Colorado.' _Ind. Traits_, vol. i., in _Hayes

Collection_. 'Both sides of the Colorado both above and below the

junction with the Gila.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 177-9.

'From about sixty miles above Fort Yuma to within a few miles of the

most southern point of that part of the Colorado forming the boundary.'

_Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 107. 'Das

eigentliche Gebiet dieses Stammes ist das Thal des untern Colorado; es

beginnt dasselbe ungefähr achtzig Meilen oberhalb der Mündung des Gila,

und erstreckt sich von da bis nahe an den Golf von Californien.'

_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., pp. 122, 430-1, 434.

'La junta del Gila con el Colorado, tierra poblada de la nacion yuma.'

_Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p.

849. 'Le nord de la Basse-Californie, sur la rive droite du

Rio-Colorado.' _Soc. Géog._, _Bulletin_, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'For

ten or fifteen miles north and south' in the valley near the mouth of

the Gila. _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 42. See _Whipple, Ewbank, and

Turner's Rept._, p. 101, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Latham's

Comparative Philology_, vol. viii., p. 420; _Lachapelle_,

_Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 78; _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 33; _McKinstry_, in

_San Francisco Herald_, _June, 1853_; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 205;

_Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, pp. 301-2; _Bailey_, in _Id._,

1858, p. 202; _Jones_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 216; _Howard_, in _Id._, 1872,

pp. 161-2; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 561.

The _Cosninos_ 'roam northward to the big bend of the Colorado.'

_Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 14, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,

vol. iii. 'In the vicinity of Bill Williams and San Francisco

Mountains.' _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 221. See also:

_Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 484; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 185.

The _Yampais_ inhabit the country west and north-west of the Aztec range

of mountains to the mouth of the Rio Virgen. _Whipple, Ewbank, and

Turner's Rept._, p. 14, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'Am obern

Colorado.' 'Nördlich von den Mohaves.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die

Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 431, 277. 'On the west bank of the Colorado,

about the mouth of Bill Williams's fork.' _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1857, p. 302; _Poston_, in _Id._, 1863, p. 387.

The _Yalchedunes_ or Talchedunes 'live on the right bank of the

Colorado, and their tribes first appear in lat. 33° 20´.' _Cortez_, in

_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 124.

The _Yamajabs_ or Tamajabs 'are settled on the left bank of the Colorado

from 34° of latitude to 35°.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.

iii., p. 124; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62.

The _Cochees_ are in the 'Chiricahua mountains, southern Arizona and

northern Sonora.' _Whittier_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1868, p. 141.

The _Nijoras_ dwell in the basin of the Rio Azul. 'Petite tribu des

bords du Gila.' _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom.

cxxvi., p. 47; _Gallatin_, in _Id._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 291.

The _Soones_ live 'near the head waters of the Salinas.' Emory's

Reconnoissance, p. 133; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._,

1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 296.

The _Cocopas_ 'live along the Colorado for fifty miles from the mouth.'

_Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 31. 'On the Colorado bottoms were the

Cocopahs, the southern gulf tribes of which Consag calls the Bagiopas,

Hebonomas, Quigyamas, Cuculetes, and the Alchedumas.' _Browne's Explor.

of Lower Cal._, p. 54. 'On the right bank of the river Colorado, from

lat. 32° 18´ upward.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p.

123. 'Range all the way from Port Isabel, upon the east bank of the

river (Colorado), to the boundary line between the Republic of Mexico

and the United States.' _Johnson's Hist. Arizona_, p. 10. 'Between the

Gila and the Gulf, and near the latter.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol.

ii., p. 179. See also: _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_,

vol. i., p. 107; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 301; _Poston_,

in _Id._, 1863, p. 386; _Bailey_, in _Id._, 1858, p. 202; _Howard_, in

_Id._, 1872, p. 149.

Without definitely locating them, Salmeron enumerates the following

nations, seen by Oñate during his trip through New Mexico:

The Cruzados, somewhere between the Moquis and the Rio Gila, near a

river which he calls the Rio Sacramento. 'Dos jornadas de allí

(Cruzados) estaba un rio de poco agua, por donde ellos iban á otro muy

grande que entra en la mar, en cuyas orillas habia una nacion que se

llama Amacava.' 'Pasada esta nacion de amacabos ... llegaron á la nacion

de los Bahacechas.' 'Pasada esta nacion de Bahacecha, llegaron á la

nacion de los indios ozaras.' 'La primera nacion pasado el rio del

nombre de Jesus, es Halchedoma.' 'Luego está la nacion Cohuana.' 'Luego

está la nacion Haglli.' 'Luego los Tlalliquamallas.' _Salmeron_,

_Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 31-6. 'La

nacion Excanjaque que habita cien leguas del Nuevo-México, rumbo

Nordeste.' _Id._, p. 92. 'Habitan indios excanjaques aquel tramo de

tierra que en cuarenta y seis grados de altura al polo y ciento sesenta

y dos de longitud, se tiende oblícuamente al abrigo que unas serranías

hacen á un rio que corre Norueste, Sur deste á incorporarse con otro que

se va á juntar con el Misissipi, son contérmino de los pananas.' _Id._,

p. 107. 'Cerca de este llano de Matanza, está otro llano de esa otra

parte del rio en que hay siete cerros, habitados de la nacion Aixas.'

_Id._, p. 92. 'La nacion de los Aijados, que hace frente por la parte

del Oriente y casi confina con la nacion Quivira por la parte del norte,

estando vecina de los Tejas por Levante.' _Paredes_, in _Id._, p. 217.

[Sidenote: PUEBLO FAMILY.]

In the PUEBLO FAMILY, besides the inhabitants of the villages situated

in the valley of the Rio Grande del Norte, I include the seven Moqui

villages lying west of the former, and also the Pimas, the Maricopas,

the Pápagos, and the Sobaipuris with their congeners of the lower Gila

river. 'The number of inhabited pueblos in the Territory [New Mexico] is

twenty-six.... Their names are Taos, Picoris, Nambé, Tezuque, Pojuaque,

San Juan, San Yldefonso, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Cochiti,

Isleta, Silla, Laguna, Acoma, Jemez, Zuñi, Sandia, and Santa Clara....

In Texas, a short distance below the southern boundary of New Mexico,

and in the valley of the Del Norte, is a pueblo called Isleta of the

South,' and another called Los Lentes. _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 115-16.

San Gerónimo de Taos, San Lorenzo de Picuries, San Juan de los

Caballeros, Santo Tomas de Abiquiu, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, San

Francisco de Nambé, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Pojuaque, San Diego

de Tesuque, N. S. de los Angeles de Tecos, San Buena Ventura de Cochiti,

Santo Domingo, San Felipe, N. S. de los Dolores de Sandia, San Diego de

Jemes, N. S. de la Asumpcion de Zia, Santa Ana, San Augustin del Isleta,

N. S. de Belem, San Estevan de Acoma, San Josef de La Laguna, N. S. de

Guadalupe de Zuñi. _Alencaster_, in _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, p.

212. Taos, eighty-three miles north north-east of Santa Fé; Picuris, on

Rio Picuris, sixty miles north by east of Santa Fé; San Juan, on the Rio

Grande, thirty-four miles north of Santa Fé, on road to Taos; Santa

Clara, twenty-six miles north north-west of Santa Fé; San Ildefonso, on

Rio Grande, eighteen miles north of Santa Fé; Nambe, on Nambe Creek,

three miles east of Pojuaque; Pojuaque, sixteen miles north of Santa Fé;

Tesuque, eight miles north of Santa Fé; Cochiti, on west bank of Rio

Grande, twenty-four miles south-west of Santa Fé; Santo Domingo, on Rio

Grande, six miles south of Cochiti; San Felipe, on Rio Grande, six miles

south of Santo Domingo; Sandia, on Rio Grande, fifteen miles south of

San Felipe; Isleta, on Rio Grande, thirty miles south of Sandia; Jemes,

on Jemes River, fifty miles west of Santa Fé; Zia, near Jemes,

fifty-five miles west of Santa Fé; Santa Ana, near Zia, sixty-five miles

west of Santa Fé; Laguna, west of Albuquerque forty-five miles, on San

José River; Acoma, one hundred and fifteen miles west of Santa Fé, on a

rock five hundred feet high, fifteen miles south-west of Laguna; Zuñi,

one hundred and ninety miles west south-west of Santa Fé, in the Navajo

country, on Zuñi River. _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, p. 222. See

_Abert_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 488-94; _Whipple, Ewbank, and

Turner's Rept._, pp. 10-12, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Ward_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, pp. 191, 193-4; _Barreiro_, _Ojeada sobre N.

Mex._, p. 15. 'La primera, entrando sur á norte, es la nacion Tigua....

Están poblados junto á la sierra de Puruai, que toma el nombre del

principal pueblo que se llama asi, y orillas del gran rio ... fueran de

éste, pueblan otros dos pueblos, el uno San Pedro, rio abajo de Puruai y

el otro Santiago, rio arriba.... La segunda nacion es la de Tahanos, que

al rumbo oriental y mano derecha del camino, puebla un rio que de la

parte del Oriente ... viene á unirse con el rio Grande; su pueblo

principal es Zandia con otros dos pueblos.... La tercera nacion es la de

los Gemex, que á la parte Occidua puebla las orillas del Rio-Puerco cuyo

principal pueblo Qicinzigua.... La cuarta nacion es de los teguas, que

están poblados al Norte de los tahanas, de esa otra parte del rio, su

principal es Galisteo ... con otros dos pueblos, y hay al rumbo

oriental, encaramada en una sierra alta, la quinta de Navon de los

Pecos, su principal pueblo se llama así, otro se llama el Tuerto, con

otras rancherías en aquellos picachos.... La sesta nacion es la de los

queres.... El pueblo principal de esta nacion es Santo Domingo ... la

sétima nacion al rumbo boreal es la de los tahos.... La octava nacion es

la de los picuries, al rumbo Norueste de Santa Cruz, cuyo pueblo

principal es San Felipe, orillas del rio Zama, y su visita Cochite,

orilla del mismo rio.... La última nacion es la de los tompiras, que

habita de esa otra parte de la cañada de Santa Clara y rio Zama, en un

arroyo que junta al dicho rio, y es las fronteras de los llanos de

Cíbola ó Zuñi.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie

iii., tom. iv., pp. 98-100.

'Some sixty miles to the south southeast of Fort Defiance is situated

the pueblo of Zuñi, on a small tributary of the Colorado Chiquito.'

_Davis' El Gringo_, p. 422. 'On the Rio de Zuñi.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil.

Recon._, p. 90. 'To the N. E. of the Little Colorado, about lat. 35°,

are the Zunis.' _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 563.

The _Moquis_, are settled 'West from the Navajos, and in the fork

between the Little and the Big Colorados.' The names of their villages

are, according to Mr Leroux, 'Óráibè, Shúmuthpà, Múshàilnà, Ahlélà,

Guálpí, Shiwinnà, Téquà.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 13,

in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'Westward of the capital of New Mexico

... Oraibe, Taucos, Moszasnavi, Guipaulavi, Xougopavi, Gualpi.'

_Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 121. 'Desde estos parages

(Zuñi) corriendo para el Vest Noruest, empiezan los Pueblos, y

Rancherías de las Provincias de Moqui Oraybe: los Pueblos Moquinos son:

Hualpi, Tanos, Moxonavi, Xongopavi, Quianna, Aguatubi, y Rio grande de

espeleta.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 425-6;

_Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. ii., p. 527. 'The five pueblos in

the Moqui are Orayxa, Masanais, Jongoapi, Gualpa, and another, the name

of which is not known.' _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 195. 'The three

eastern villages are located on one bluff, and are named as follows:

Taywah, Sechomawe, Jualpi.... Five miles west of the above-named

villages ... is ... the village of Meshonganawe.... One mile west of the

last-named village ... is ... Shepowlawe. Five miles, in a northwestern

direction, from the last-named village is ... Shungopawe. Five miles

west of the latter ... is the Oreybe village.' _Crothers_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1872, p. 324. Further authorities: _Palmer_, in _Id._, 1870, p.

133; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 290; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i.,

p. 185, vol. ii., p. 40; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 305;

_Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 278; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 127; _Marcy's

Life on the Border_, p. 111.

[Sidenote: THE PIMAS OF ARIZONA.]

'The _Pimas_ inhabit the country on both banks of the Gila River, two

hundred miles above its mouth. They claim the territory lying between

the following boundaries: Commencing at a mountain about twelve miles

from the bend of the Gila River, the line runs up said river to the

Maricopa Coppermine. The north line extends to Salt River and the

southern one to the Picacho.' _Walker's Pimas, MS._ 'La partie la plus

septentrionale de l'intendance de la Sonora porte le nom de la

Pimeria.... On distingue la Pimeria alta de la Pimeria baxa.'

_Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 296. 'Corre, pues, esta Pimería

alta, de Sur á Norte desde los 30 grados hasta los 34 que se cuentan

desde esta mision de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores hasta el rio del Gila

... y de Oriente á Poniente desde el valle de los pimas, llamados

sobaipuris, hasta las cercanías y costas del seno del mar californio,

habitadas de los pimas sobas.... Por el Sur tiene el resto de las

naciones ópata, endeves, pertenecientes á dicha provincia y entre ellas

y la sierra-madre, de Oriente á Poniente, la Pimería baja.' _Mange_,

_Itinerario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., pp. 345-6. 'Los

pueblos de pimas bajos son ... desde Taraitzi hasta Cumuripa, Onapa,

Nuri, Movas y Oanbos lo son hàcia el Sur de Cumuripa, Suaqui, San José

de Pimas, Santa Rosalía, Ures y Nacameri hácia el Poniente, son la

frontera contra los seris.... Los pimas altos ocupan todo el terreno que

hay desde de Cucurpe por Santa Ana Caborca hasta la mar de Oriente á

Poniente y Sur Norte, todo lo que desde dicha mision tirando por

Dolores, Remedios, Cocospera el presidio de Terrenate, y desde éste

siguiendo el rio de San Pedro ó de los Sobaipuris hasta su junta con el

rio Xila, y por ambas orillas de este hasta el Colorado y entre la mar,

ó seno de Californias se encierra.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc.

Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 553-4. 'From the river Yaqui in

Sonora, northward to the Gila and even beyond the Tomosatzi (Colorado)

eastward beyond the mountains in the province of Taraumara, and westward

to the sea of Cortez.' _Smith_, _Grammar of the Pima or Névome

Language_, p. viii; _Id._, _Heve Language_, pp. 5-7; _Arricivita_,

_Crónica Seráfica_, p. 396; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii.,

p. 216. 'Nördlich vom Flusse Yaqui, vom Dorfe S. José de Pimas bis zu

dem über 60 Leguas nördlicher gelegenen Dorfe Cucurápe, bewohnen die

Pimas bajas die Mitte des Landes.' 'Nördlich vom Fluss Ascensión, von

der Küste weit ins Land hinein, treffen wir die Pimas altas.'

_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 419-20. 'Pimérie haute

et basse. La première s'étend depuis les Rios Colorado et Gila jusqu'à

la ville de Hermosillo et au Rio de los Ures, et la seconde depuis cette

limite jusqu'au Rio del Fuerte qui la sépare de Sinaloa.' _Mofras_,

_Explor._, tom. i., p. 208. 'Los pimas altos ocupan los partidos de la

Magdalena y del Altar; lindan al Norte con el Gila; al Este con los

apaches y con los ópatas, sirviendo de limite el rio San Pedro ó de

Sobaipuris; al Oeste el mar de Cortés, y al Sur el terreno que ocuparon

los séris.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 347. See also:

_Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, pp. 14-15; _Mill's Hist. Mex._, p. 191;

_Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 81; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 437;

_Cutts' Conq. Cal._, p. 195; _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 58;

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 296; _Cremony's Apaches_, pp.

89-90; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 50.

The _Maricopas_ inhabit both sides of the Gila River, for about 36

leagues in the vicinity of its junction with the Asuncion River.

_Apostólicos Afanes_, p. 354. 'On the northern bank of the Gila, a few

miles west of that of the Pimas, in about west longitude 112°.'

_Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 102, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,

vol. iii. 'Desde Stue Cabitic, se estienden à lo largo del rio (Gila)

como treinta y seis leguas.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist.

Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 849; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_,

tom. ii., pp. 404-5. 'Vom südlichen Ufer des Gila bis zum östlichen des

Colorádo.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 420;

_Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 131-2; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die

Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 123. 'Au sud du rio Gila, sur une étendue de

près de 150 milles, en remontant depuis l'embouchure.' _Gallatin_, in

_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 291; _Domenech's

Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 18; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 228.

The Pimas and Maricopas live 'on the Gila, one hundred and eighty miles

from its junction with the Colorado.' _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 14. 'Wo der

112te Grad westlicher Länge den Gila-Strom Kreuzt, also ungefähr auf der

Mitte der Strecke, die der Gila, fast vom Rio Grande del Norte bis an

die Spitze des Golfs von Kalifornien, zu durchlaufen hat, liegen die

Dörfer der Pimos und Coco-Maricopas.' _Möllhausen_, _Flüchtling_, tom.

iv., p. 137. 'Non loin du confluent du rio Salinas, par 112° environ de

longitude.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom.

cxxxi., pp. 289-90. 'On the Gila river, about one hundred miles above

the confluence of that stream with the Colorado.' _Dole_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1864, p. 20. 'Claimed as their own property the entire Gila

valley on both sides, from the Piñal mountains to the Tesotal.' _Mowry_,

in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 358. 'From Maricopa Wells to a short

distance beyond Sacaton.' _Whittier_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1868, p.

142. Limits also given in _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 232;

_Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 45; _Bailey_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, pp.

203; _Poston_, in _Id._, 1864, p. 152.

The _Pápagos_ 'inhabit that triangular space of arid land bounded by the

Santa Cruz, Gila, and Colorado rivers, and the Mexican boundary line.'

_Poston_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 384. 'Nördlich von diesen

(Pimas altas) hausen im Osten der Sierra de Santa Clara, welche sich

unter 31½° nördlicher Breite dicht am östlichen Ufer des Meerbusens von

Californien erhebt, die Papágos oder Papábi-Ootam.' _Mühlenpfordt_,

_Mejico_, tom. i., p. 210. 'Junto al rio de San Marcos: 50 leguas mas

arriba habita la nacion de los Papagos.' _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom.

iv., p. 217. 'In the country about San Xavier del Baca, a few miles from

Tucson.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 19; _Jones_, in _Id._,

p. 220; _Dole_, in _Id._, 1864, p. 21. 'Wander over the country from San

Javier as far west as the Tinajas Altas.' _Emory's Rept. Mex. and U. S.

Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 123. See also: _Davidson_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1865, p. 133; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 81.

The _Sobaipuris_, a nation related to the Pimas, live among the lower

Pimas. 'Por una sierrezuela que hay al Oriente de este rio y sus

rancherías, se dividen éstas del valle de los pimas sobaipuris, que á

poca distancia tienen las suyas muchas y muy numerosas, las mas al

Poniente y pocas al Oriente del rio, que naciendo de las vertientes del

cerro de Terrenate, que está como treinta leguas al Norte de esta

mision, corre de Sur à Norte hasta juntarse con el tantas veces nombrado

de Gila y juntos corren al Poniente.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc.

Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 349. Reference also in _Alcedo_,

_Diccionario_, tom. iv., p. 218; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p.

210.

[Sidenote: LOWER CALIFORNIANS.]

The LOWER CALIFORNIAN FAMILY includes all the nations inhabiting the

Peninsula of Lower California, northward to the mouth of the Colorado

River.

The _Cochimís_ inhabit the peninsula north of the twenty-sixth degree of

north latitude. 'I Cochimí ne presero la parte settentrionale da gr. 25

sino a 33, e alcune isole vicine del Mar Pacifico.' _Clavigero_, _Storia

della Cal._, tom. i., p. 109. 'Desde el territorio de Loreto, por todo

lo descubierto al Norte de la Nacion Cochimí, ó de los Cochimies.' 'La

Nacion, y Lengua de los Cochimies ázia el Norte, despues de la ultima

Mission de San Ignacio.' 'Los Laymones son los mismos, que los Cochimies

del Norte.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 63-7. 'Los

Cochimíes ocupaban la peninsula desde Loreto hasta poco mas allá de

nuestra frontera. Los de las misiones de San Francisco Javier y San José

Comondú se llamaban edúes; los de San Ignacio didúes.' _Orozco y Berra_,

_Geografía_, p. 366; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 21; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, pp.

49, 99; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 207; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der

Aztek. Spr._, pp. 469-70. 'Between San Fernando and Moleje were the

Limonies, divided (going from north) into the Cagnaguets, Adacs and

Kadakamans.' 'From Santo Tomas to San Vicente they were termed Icas.'

_Browne's Lower Cal._, p. 54; _Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal._, p. 163.

'Nördlich von Loréto schwärmt der zahlreiche Stamm der Cochimíes, auch

Cochimas oder Colimíes genannt. Zu ihnen gehören die Laimónes und die

Icas.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443.

The _Guaicuris_ roam south of the Cochimís, as far as Magdalena Bay. 'Si

stabilirono tra i gr. 23½ e 26.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom.

i., p. 109. 'Los guaicuras se subdividen en guaicuras, coras, conchos,

uchitas, y aripas. Los guaicuras vivian principalmente en la costa del

Pacífico, desde el puerto de San Bernabe hasta el de la Magdalena. Los

coras en la costa del Golfo, desde los pericúes hasta la mision de los

Dolores, comprendiendo el puerto de la Paz. Entre los guaicuras, los

coras, y los pericúes estaban los uchitas ó uchities. Hasta el mismo

Loreto, ó muy cerca llegaban los conchos ó monquies, á quienes los

jesuitas pusieron lauretanos, ... una rama de su nacion nombrada

monquí-laimon ó monquíes del interior, porque vivian lejos de la costa,

y se encuentran tambien nombrados por solo laimones. Los aripas al Norte

de los guaicuras.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 365-6. 'Desde la

Paz hasta mas arriba del Presidio Real de Loreto, es de los Monquis ...

à si mismos se llaman con vocablo general Monqui, ó Monquis ... los

Vehities, que pueblan las cercanías de la Bahía y Puerto de la Paz; y la

de los Guaycúras, que desde la Paz se estienden en la Costa interior

hasta las cercanías de Loreto. Los Monquis mismos se dividen en Liyùes,

Didiùs, y otras ramas menores.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom.

i., pp. 63-7. 'Los Guaicuras se establecieron entre el paralelo de 23°

30´ y el de 26°.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 207. 'Von La Paz

bis über den Presidio von Loréto dehnt der Stamm Monqui, Moqui oder

Mongui sich aus, welchem die Familien Guaycùra und Uchíti oder Vehíti

angehören, die jedoch von einigen Reisenden für ganz verschiedene Stämme

gehalten werden.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443;

_Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 473; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 21;

_Browne's Lower Cal._, p. 54; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 198. 'La nacion

ya nombrada Guaicure, que habita el ramalde la sierra giganta, que viene

costeando el puerto de la Magdalena hasta el de San Bernabé.'

_Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p.

64.

The _Pericúis_ live in the southern portion of the Peninsula from Cape

San Lucas northward to La Paz. 'Desde el Cabo de San Lucas, hasta mas

acà del Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericù.... A los Indios, que caen

al Sùr, ò Mediodia de su territorio, llaman Edù, ó Equù, ó Edùes ... se

divide en varias Nacioncillas pequeñas, de las quales la mas nombrada es

la de los Coras, nombre propio de una Ranchería, que se ha comunicado

despues à algunos Pueblos, y al Rio, que desagua en la Bahía de San

Bernabé.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 63-7. 'Los

pericúes habitan en la mision de Santiago, que tiene sujeto á San José

del Cabo y en las islas de Cerralvo, el Espíritu Santo y San José.'

_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 365. 'I Pericui ne occuparono la parte

australe dal C. di S. Luca sino a gr. 24, e le isole adjacenti di

Cerralvo, dello Spirito Santo, e di S. Giuseppe.' _Clavigero_, _Storia

della Cal._, tom. i., p. 109. 'Im Süden, vom Cap San Lucas bis über den

Hafen Los Pichilingues und die Mission La Paz hinaus wohnen die Perícues

zu welchen die Familien Edú oder Equu und Cora gerechnet werden.'

_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 443. See also:

_Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 207; _Californias, Noticias_, carta

i., p. 86; _Browne's Lower Cal._, p. 45; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 21;

_Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 480.

The NORTHERN MEXICAN FAMILY is composed of the inhabitants of the States

of Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and portions of

Tamaulipas, Durango, and Zacatecas, south as far as 23° north latitude,

divided as follows:

[Sidenote: CERIS AND ÓPATAS.]

The _Seris_ 'live towards the coast of Sonora, on the famous Cerro

Prieto, and in its immediate neighborhood.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. iii., p. 123. 'Reside in the village near Hermosillo,

occupy the island of Tiburon in the Gulf of California, north of

Guaymas.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 464. 'Son las Islas

nombradas S. Antonio, Taburon, S. Estevan, Bocalinas, Salsipuedes, la

Tortuga, la ensenada de la Concepcion, habitadas de Indios de la nacion

Seris.' _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 490. 'Su principal abrigo

es el famoso cerro Prieto, al Poniente de San José de los Pimas, doce

leguas, y doce casi al Sur del Pitic; del mar como cerca de catorce

leguas al Oriente, y de la boca del rio Hiaqui al Norte, treinta

leguas.... Otro asilo tienen, así en su isla del Tiburon, casi como

cuarenta leguas al Poniente de la hacienda del Pitic y como una legua de

la costa, en el seno de Californias; como en la de San Juan Bautista,

cerca de nueve leguas del Tiburon al Sud-sudueste y á mas de dos leguas

de tierra.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie

iii., vol. iv., pp. 559-60. 'Los ceris ... [1779] estaban situados en la

villa de Horcasitas en un pueblo llamado el Pópulo, una legua hácia el

Este de dicha villa, camino para Nacameri. De allí se trasladaron en

1789 al pueblo de Ceris.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 124. 'The

Céres are confined to the island of Tiburon, the coast of Tépoca, and

the Pueblo of Los Céres, near Pitic.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 437. 'Zwischen

dem Flecken Petíc und der Küste, und diese hinauf bis zum Flusse

Ascensión.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419. The

country adjacent to the Bay of San Juan Bautista was occupied by the

Ceris. _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 247. 'Sus madrigueras las han

tenido en el famoso cerro Prieto, doce leguas al Oeste de San José de

los Pimas, en la cadena que se extiende hácia Guaymas, en el rincon de

Márcos, en las sierras de Bocoatzi Grande, en la sierra de Picu cerca de

la costa, y sobre todo en la isla del Tiburon, situada en el Golfo de

Californias, á una legua de la playa.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p.

354; _Pajaken_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 13, 1862_. Concurrent

authorities: _Lachappelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 79; _Dillon_, _Hist.

Mex._, p. 215; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 565; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._,

p. 34; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 57; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom.

i., p. 214; _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166.

The Salineros 'hácia los confines de la Pimeria alta.' _Orozco y Berra_,

_Geografía_, p. 354.

The Tepocas are south of the latter. 'Ordinarily live on the island of

Tiburon.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 122. 'Los mas

próximos á la isla del Tiburon.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 354;

_Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, pp. 20-1; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 214.

The Guaymas and Upanguaymas live near the like-named port. 'Ocupaban el

terreno en que ahora se encuentra el puerto de ese nombre, y que se

redujeron al pueblo de Belen.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 354.

The _Ópatas_ occupy central and eastern Sonora. 'In the eastern part of

the State, on the banks of the Sonora and Oposura, and in the vicinity

of the town of Arispe and the mineral region of Nocasari.' _Mayer's

Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. ii., p. 300. 'Leurs villages couvrent les bords

des rivières de Yaqui, de Sonora et de Nacaméri, ainsi que la belle

vallée d'Oposura.' _Zuñiga_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1842, tom.

xciii., pp. 238-9. 'Im Osten des Staats, an den Ufern der Flüsse Sonóra

und Oposúra und bis gegen die Stadt Aríspe und den Minendistrict von

Nacosári hinauf.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 420.

'Habita el centro del Estado de Sonora.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i.,

p. 403. 'Le long des rivières de San Miguel de Horcasitas, d'Arispe, de

los Ures et d'Oposura.' _Ternaux-Compans_, in _Nouvelles Annales des

Voy._, 1842, tom. xcv., p. 319. 'Confinan al Norte con los pimas y con

los apaches; al Este con la Tarahumara; al Sur con la Pimeria baja, y al

Oeste con los pimas y con los séris.' 'Ocupan en el Estado de Sonora los

actuales partidos de Sahuaripa, Oposura, Ures, Arizpe y parte del de

Magdalena.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 338, 343-4. The Ópatas,

Eudebes, and Jovas 'pueblan la mayor parte de la Sonora, desde muy

adentro de la sierra, son sus terrenos hácia al Sur desde este que

pusimos por lindero al Oriente, por el desierto pueblo de Natora,

Aribetzi, Bacanora, Tonitzi, Soyopa, Nacori, Alamos, parte de Ures,

Nacameri, Opodepe, Cucurpe hácia el Poniente; desde aquí Arispe,

Chinapa, Bacoatzi, Cuquiaratzi hasta Babispe hácia el Norte, y desde

esta mision la poco ha citado sierra hasta Natora, los que la terminan

hácia el Oriente.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._,

serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 552-3. See also: _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._,

p. 174; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 213; _Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, p.

14; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 444; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 437;

_Pajaken_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 6, 1862_; _Prichard's Nat. Hist.

Man_, tom. ii., p. 562; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 597; _Ludewig's Ab.

Lang._, p. 139; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 117, 145. In early

days 'they occupied the whole western slope of the Sierra, from the

headquarters of the Sonora River to Nuri, near the Yaqui towns. They

were then esteemed different tribes in different localities, and are

named in the old records as Jobas, Teqüimas, Teguis, and Cogüinachies.'

_Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166. 'La nacion ópata se subdivide

en ópatas tegüis, avecindados en los pueblos de Opodepe, Terrapa,

Cucurpe, Alamos, Batuco. En opatas tegüimas en Sinoquipe, Banamichi,

Huepaca, Aconchi, Babiacora, Chinapa, Bacuachi, Cuquiarachi, Cumpas.

Ópatas Cogüinachis en Toniche, Matape, Oputo, Oposura, Guasavas,

Bacadeguachi, Nacori (otro), Mochopa. Los del pueblo de Santa Cruz se

dice que son de nacion contla. Los Batucas, en el pueblo de Batuco

corresponden tambien á los ópatas, así como los sahuaripas, los himeris

y los guasabas.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 343-4, and

_Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp. 156-6.

To the Jovas 'pertenecen los pueblos de San José Teopari, Los Dolores,

Sahuaripa, donde hay tambien ópatas, Pónida, Santo Tomas, Arivetzi, San

Mateo Malzura.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 345; _Pimentel_,

_Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 249. Ovas, 'esta nacion está poblada á orillas

del rio Papigochic, variedad de algunos pueblos y corre hasta cerca del

partido de Samaripa y uno de sus pueblos llamado Teopari (que es de

nacion ova su gente) y corre como se ha dicho poblada en este rio hasta

cerca de la mision de Matachic.' _Zapata_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie

iv., tom. iii., p. 341. 'Los ovas, tribu que vive principalmente en

Sonora ... en Chihuahua está poblada orillas del rio Papigochi (el

Yaqui), llegando hasta cerca de Yepomera, de la mision de tarahumares de

Matachic; sus rancherías se llamaron Oparrapa, Natora, Bacaniyahua ó

Baipoa, Orosaqui y Xiripa.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 325.

The Sobas 'ocuparon à Caborca, encontrándose tambien en los

alrededores.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 348.

The Potlapiguas, 'nacion gentil cerca de Babispe y de Bacerac, colocada

en la frontera.' _Ib._

The Tepahues were 'habitadores de una península que forman dos rios ó

brazos del Mayo al Oriente de los de esta nacion.' _Id._, p. 356.

The Tecayaguis, Cues or Macoyahuis were 'en las vertientes del rio,

antes de los tepahues ... sus restos se encuentran en el pueblo de la

Concepcion de Macoyahui.' _Ib._

The Hymeris, 'nacion situada en los varios valles que forma la Sierra

Madre entre Occidente y Norte del valle de Sonora.' _Alegre_, _Hist.

Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 243.

The _Sonoras_ inhabit the valley of Soñora, which 'cae a la banda del

Norte, apartado de la villa (Sinaloa) ciento y treinta leguas.' _Ribas_,

_Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 392.

The Eudeves, Eudebes, Hegues, Hequis, Heves, Eudevas or Dohme dwell in

the villages 'Matape, Nacori, Los Alamos, Robesco, Bacanora, Batuco,

Tepuspe, Cucurpe, Saracatzi, Toape, and Opodepe.' _Orozco y Berra_,

_Geografía_, p. 344.

The Sibubapas 'del pueblo de Suaqui.' _Id._, p. 351.

The Nures, 'habitadores del pueblo de Nuri.' _Ib._ 'Habita cerca de la

de los Nebomes.' _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, vol. iii., p. 350.

The Hios, 'á ocho leguas al Este de Tepahue.' _Orozco y Berra_,

_Geografía_, p. 351.

The Huvagueres and Tehuisos are neighbors of the Hios. _Ib._

The Basiroas and Teatas, 'más al Este.' _Ib._

The Tupocuyos are four leagues Northwest of Santa Magdalena. 'De Santa

Magdalena en ... el rumbo al Noroeste ... á 4 leguas de distancia

llegamos á la ranchería del Tupocuyos.' _Mange_, _Itinerario_, in _Doc.

Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 232.

[Sidenote: SINALOAS AND MAYOS.]

'The Indians of the state of Cinaloa belong to different tribes: towards

the south, in the country and in the Sierra, the Coras, Najarites, and

Hueicolhues are to be found; to the north of Culiacan, the Cinaloas,

Cochitas and Tuvares; and towards the town of El Fuerte, and farther

north, we find the Mayos Indians, to which belong also the tribes

Quasare, Ahome, and Ocoronis.' _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._,

vol. xxx., p. 12; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 402.

The _Sinaloas_ 'tiene su assiento y poblaciones en el mismo rio de

Tegueco, y Cuaque, en lo mas alto dél, y mas cercanas a las haldas de

serranias de Topia; y sus pueblos comiençan seis leguas arriba del

fuerte de Montesclaros.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, pp. 199, 47.

'Los mas orientales de las gentes que habitaban las riberas del que

ahora llamamos rio del Fuerte.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom.

i., p. 460. 'Avecindados en una parte de las orillas, hácia las fuentes

del rio del Fuerte.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 329.

The _Mayos_ occupy the banks of the rivers Mayo and Fuerte. The Mayo

river 'baña todos los pueblos de indígenas llamados los Mayos.'

_Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 82. 'Die eigentlichen Mayos wohnen

hauptsächlich westlich and nordwestlich von der Stadt Alamos.'

_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 402. 'Los mayos, sobre

el rio Mayo ... están distribuidos en los pueblos de Santa Cruz de Mayo,

Espíritu Santo Echojoa ó Echonova, Natividad Navajoa ó Navohoua,

Concepcion Cuirimpo, San Ignacio de Tesia, Santa Catalina Cayamoa ó

Camoa, San Bartolomé Batacosa, Masiaca.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_,

pp. 356, 354; _Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, p. 13. 'The Mayos on the river

Mayo inhabit the following towns: Tepágue, Conecáre, Camóa, Tésia,

Navahóa, Curinghóa, Echehóa, and Santa Cruz de Mayo, a seaport. Towns of

the same nation on the Rio del Fuerte: Tóro, Báca, Chóis, Omi, San

Miguel, Charác, Sivilihóa, and Teguéco.' _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 438, 390;

_Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 583, vol. ii., p. 606; also: _Stone_, in

_Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 165; _Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc._, vol. ii.,

p. 299.

The _Yaquis_ are settled on the Rio Yaqui and between it and the Rio

Mayo. On the Yaqui River at a distance of twelve leagues from the sea,

'está poblada la famosa Nacion de Hiaquis.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los

Triumphos_, p. 284. 'Lista de los pueblos del rio Yaqui, contados desde

Cocori, primer pueblo al otro lado del rio de Buenavista, al Este del

Estado, camino para la ciudad de Alamos, y rio abajo hasta Belen:

Cocori, Bacum, Torin, Bicam, Potam, Rahum, Huirivis.' _Velasco_,

_Noticias de Sonora_, p. 84. 'Zwischen den Flüssen Mayo und Yaquí....

Die Ortschaften des Stammes Yaquí (Hiaquí) sind besonders: Belén,

Huadíbis, Raún, Potan, Bican, Torin, Bacún und Cocorún.' _Mühlenpfordt_,

_Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419; _Malte-Brun_, _Sonora_, p. 13. 'Les

habitations des Yaquis commencent, à partir de la rivière de ce nom, et

s'étendent également sur le Rio de Mayo Fuerte et de Sinaloa, sur une

étendue de plus de 140 lieues.' _Zuñiga_, in _Nouvelles Annales des

Voy._, 1842, tom. xciii., p. 239; _Ternaux-Compans_, in _Id._, tom.

xcv., p. 306. 'Taraumara es la residencia de los Indios Yaquis.' 'Are

still farther north (than the Mayos), and belong entirely to the state

of Sonora.' _Sevin_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxx., p. 12;

_Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., pp. 164-5; _Pajaken_, in _Cal.

Farmer_, _June 6, 1862_; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. v., p. 46.

'Occupent le pays situé au sud de Guaymas jusqu'au Rio del Fuerte.'

_Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. i., p. 212. See further: _Ferry_, _Scènes de

la Vie Sauvage_, pp. 15, 45; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 582, vol. ii.,

p. 606; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 437-8; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 200; _Mex. in

1842_, pp. 67-8; _Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal._, p. 244.

The _Zuaques_ have their villages between the Mayo and Yaqui rivers.

'Los zuaques estaban adelante, á cinco leguas de los tehuecos, y sus

tierras corrian por espacio de diez leguas.' _Orozco y Berra_,

_Geografía_, p. 332. 'Sus pueblos ... eran tres ... el principal dellos,

llamado Mochicaui.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 163;

_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 419.

The _Tehuecos_ are west of the Sinaloas. 'Seis leguas al Oeste del

último de sus pueblos (Sinaloas) seguian los teguecos ó tehuecos.'

_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 332. 'Los pueblos desta Nacion, que en

sus principios fueron tres, començauan quatro leguas rio arriba del

vltimo de los Çuaques.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 171.

The _Ahomes_ dwell on the Rio Zuaque four leagues from the sea. 'La

Nacion Ahome, y su principal pueblo.... Dista quatro leguas de la mar de

Californias.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 145; _Orozco y

Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 332; _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, vol. i., p. 33;

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 522.

The _Vacoregues_ 'vivian en las playas del mar y en los médanos, ... un

pueblo, orillas del rio (Fuerte), no lejos de Ahome.' _Orozco y Berra_,

_Geografía_, p. 332.

The _Batucaris_ 'frecuentaban un lagunazo á tres leguas de Ahome.' _Ib._

The _Comoporis_ 'existian en una península, siete leguas de Ahome.'

_Ib._

'En vna peninsula retirada, y en los Medanos, ó montes de arena del mar,

viuian las rancherias de la gente fiera destos Comoporis.' _Ribas_,

_Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 153.

The _Guazaves_ 'distante diez, y doze leguas de la villa' (Cinaloa).

_Id._, p. 46. 'Habitadores de San Pedro Guazave y de Tamazula, orillas

del rio Sinaloa.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 332.

The _Zoes_ 'eran Indios serranos, que tenian sus poblaciones en lo alto

del mismo rio de los Cinaloas, y a las haldas de sus serranias.'

_Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 208. 'Se establecieron á las

faldas de la Sierra, en las fuentes del rio del Fuerte cercanos á los

sinaloas.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 333. 'Confinan con los

tubares.' _Zapata_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 395.

The _Huites_ 'Vivian en la Sierra, à siete leguas de los sinaloas.'

_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 333.

The _Ohueras_ and _Cahuimetos_ dwell at 'San Lorenzo de Oguera ...

situado á seis leguas al E. de la villa de Sinaloa y sobre el rio.'

_Id._, p. 334.

The _Chicoratos_ and _Basopas_, 'en la sierra, y á siete leguas al E. de

Oguera, se encuentra la Concepcion de Chicorato.... Cinco leguas al

Norte tiene à San Ignacio de Chicuris, en que los habitantes son tambien

basopas.' _Ib._

The _Chicuràs_ 'eran vecinos de los chicoratos.' _Ib._

The _Tubares_ or Tovares live in the 'pueblos de Concepcion, San Ignacio

y San Miguel.' 'habitan uno de los afluentes del rio del Fuerte.' _Id._,

pp. 323-4. 'Poblada en varias rancherias sobre los altos del rio grande

de Cinaloa.' _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 117. 'En el distrito

de Mina.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 254.

The _Chinipas_, _Guailopos_, and _Maguiaquis_ live 'en San Andres

Chinipas.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 324; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los

Triumphos_, p. 95.

The _Hizos_ are in 'Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Voragios ó Taraichi.'

_Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 324.

The _Varogios_, _Husorones_, _Cutecos_ and _Tecàrgonis_ are in 'Nuestra

Señora de Loreto de Voragios ó Sinoyeca y en Santa Ana.' _Ib._

The _Tarahumares_ inhabit the district of Tarahumara in the state of

Chihuahua. 'Provincia ... confina por el O con la de Sonora, por el E

con el Nuevo México, sirviéndole de límites el rio Grande del Norte, por

este rumbo no están conocidos aun sus términos, por el S O con la de

Cinaloa ... toma el nombre de la Nacion de Indios así llamada, que

confinaba con la de los Tepeguanes.' _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. v.,

p. 46; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 363. 'In den tiefen und wilden

Schluchten von Tararécua und Santa Sinforósa, jagen verschiedene

Familien der Tarahumáras.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii.,

p. 521; _Mexikanische Zustände_, tom. i., p. 74. 'Bewohnen einen Theil

des Berglandes im W. der Hauptstadt, wo sie namentlich in dem schönen

Hochthale des Rio Papigóchic in allen Ortschaften einen Theil der

Bevölkerung bilden.' _Wappäus_, _Geog. u. Stat._, p. 213. 'Inhabit the

towns in Mulatos.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 438. 'En la raya que divide los

Reynos de la Vizcaya y de la Galicia no en los terminos limitados que

hoy tiene que es Acaponeta, sino en los que antes tubo hasta cerca de

Sinaloa.' _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 491. 'Al Oriente tienen

el rio de los Conchos y al Poniente la Sinaloa, Sonora y las regiones

del Nuevo México, al Norte y al Austro la Nacion de los Tepehuanes. 'Se

estiendan por el Norte hasta mas abajo de San Buenaventura.' 'Vivian en

S. José de Bocas, cabecera de una de las misiones de los jesuitas,' in

Durango. _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 319-25. 'Á tres leguas de

San José Temaichic está otro pueblo y mucha gente en él llamada taraumar

Pachera.' _Zapata_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 333;

_Richthofen_, _Mexico_, p. 448. 'Les Tahues étaient probablement les

mêmes que ceux que l'on désigne plus tard sous le nom de Tarahumaras.'

'Leur capitale était Téo-Colhuacan.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Popol

Vuh_, preface, p. 191.

The _Conchos_ inhabit the banks of the Rio Conchos, near its confluence

with the Rio del Norte. 'Endereço su camino hazia el Norte, y a dos

jornadas topo mucha cantidad de Indios de los que llaman Conchos.'

_Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 384, 390. 'En en Real del

Parral.' _Arlegui_, _Chrón. de Zacatecas_, p. 97. 'Se estiende hasta las

orillas del rio grande del Norte. Por la parte del septentrion confina

con los laguneros, y al Mediodia tiene algunos pueblos de los tepehuanes

y valle de Santa Bárbara.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii.,

p. 58.

The _Passaguates_ live twenty-four leagues north of the Conchos.

'Andadas las veinte y quatro leguas dichas (from the Conchos), toparon

otra nacion de Indios, llamados Passaguates.' _Espejo_, in _Hakluyt's

Voy._, vol. iii., pp. 384, 391.

The Mamites, Colorados, Arigames, Otaquitamones, Pajalames, Poaramas

were in the neighborhood of the Conchos. _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_,

p. 325.

The _Guazapares_ are 'a veinte leguas de distancia del pueblo y partido

de Loreto al Sur, reconociendo al Oriente, y solas diez del pueblo y

partido de Santa Inés, caminando derecho al Oriente, está el pueblo y

partido de Santa Teresa de Guazapares, llamado en su lengua Guazayepo.'

_Zapata_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. iii., p. 389.

The _Temoris_ dwell in the 'pueblo de Santa María Magdalena de

Temoris.... A cinco leguas de distancia hácia el Norte del pueblo y

cabecera de Santa Teresa está el pueblo llamado Nuestra Señora del Valle

Humbroso.' _Id._, p. 390.

The _Tobosos_ are north of the Tarahumares and in the Mission of San

Francisco de Coahuila, in the state of Coahuila. 'Se extendian por el

Bolson de Mapimí, y se les encuentra cometiendo depredaciones así en

Chihuahua y en Durango, como en las misiones de Parras, en las demas de

Coahuila y en el Norte de Nuevo Leon.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_,

pp. 308-9, 302, 325. In Coahuila, 'Un paraje ... que llaman la Cuesta de

los muertos, donde tienen habitacion los Indios Tobosos.' _Villa-Señor y

Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 296-7, 348-9. 'A un paraje que hoy es

la mision del Santo nombre de Jesus.' _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia_, p.

519.

The Sisimbres, Chizos, Cocoyomes, Coclamas, Tochos, Babos, and Nures

live near the Tobosos. _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 325. 'Valle de

San Bartholome, Presidio de la Provincia de Tepeguana ... antigua

residencia de los Indios Infieles Cocoyomes.' _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_,

tom. i., pp. 222-3.

The _Tepagues_ are 'Cinco leguas arriba del rio de Mayo, en vn arroyo.'

_Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 253.

The _Conicaris_ live 'distante de Chinipa diez y seis leguas.' _Id._,

pp. 265, 254.

[Sidenote: NORTH-EASTERN MEXICAN TRIBES.]

A multitude of names of nations or tribes are mentioned by different

authorities, none of which coincide one with the other. But few nations

are definitely located. I therefore first give the different lists of

names, and afterwards locate them as far as possible. 'Babeles,

Xicocoges, Gueiquizales, Goxicas, Manos Prietas, Bocoras, Escabas,

Cocobiptas, Pinanacas, Codames, Cacastes, Colorados, Cocomates,

Jaímamares, Contores, Filifaes, Babiamares, Catujanes, Apes, Pachagues,

Bagnames, Isipopolames, Piez de benado. Chancafes, Payaguas, Pachales,

Jumes, Johamares, Bapancorapinamacas, Babosarigames, Pauzanes, Paseos,

Chahuanes, Mescales, Xarames, Chachaguares, Hijames, Iedocodamos,

Xijames, Cenízos, Pampapas, Gavilanes. Sean estos nombres verdaderos, ó

desfigurados segun la inteligencia, caprichos, ó voluntariedad de los

que se emplearon en la pacificacion del Pais, ó de los fundadores de las

Doctrinas, parece mas creible que los mencionados Yndios, fuesen

pequeñas parcialidades, ó ramos de alguna nacion cayo nombre genérico no

ha podido Saberse.' _Revillagigedo_, _Carta, MS._ 'Pacpoles, Coaquites,

Zíbolos, Canos, Pachoches, Sicxacames, Siyanguayas, Sandajuanes,

Liguaces, Pacuazin, Pajalatames y Carrizos.' _Padilla_, cap. lxix.,

quoted in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 306. 'Negritos, Bocalos,

Xanambres, Borrados, Guanipas, Pelones, Guisoles, Hualahuises, Alasapas,

Guazamoros, Yurguimes, Mazames, Metazures, Quepanos, Coyotes, Bguanas,

Zopilotes, Blancos, Amitaguas, Quimis, Ayas, Comocabras, Mezquites.'

_Archivo General, MSS._, tom. xxxi., fol. 208, quoted in _Ib._ 'Paogas,

Caviseras, Vasapalles, Ahomamas, Yanabopos, Daparabopos, Mamazorras,

Neguales, Salineros y Baxaneros, conocidos generalmente bajo la

apelacion de Laguneros.' _Id._, p. 305. 'Rayados y Cholomos.' _Id._, p.

306.

'Las tribus que habitaban el Valle (del rio Nazas) se nombraban

Irritilas, Miopacoas, Meviras, Hoeras y Maiconeras, y los de la laguna'

[Laguna grande de San Pedro or Tlahuelila]. _Id._, p. 305.

'Pajalates, Orejones, Pacoas, Tilijayas, Alasapas, Pausanes, y otras

muchas diferentes, que se hallan en las misiones del rio de San Antonio

y rio grande ... como son; los Pacúaches, Mescales, Pampopas, Tácames,

Chayopines, Venados, Pamaques, y toda la juventud de Pihuiques,

Borrados, Sanipáos y Manos de Perro.' _Id._, p. 306; _Pimentel_,

_Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 409. 'Á media legua corta ... [de San Juan

Bautista] se fundó la mision de San Bernardo ... con las naciones de

Ocanes, Canuas, Catuxanes, Paxchales, Pomulumas, Pacuaches, Pastancoyas,

Pastalocos y Pamasus, á que se agregaron despues los Pacuas, Papanacas,

Tuancas y otras.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 303.

The Gijames are in the mountains near the mission of El Santo Nombre de

Jesus de Peyotes. _Morfi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv.,

p. 434.

The Pitas and Pasalves at the Mission of 'Nuestra Señora de los Dolores

de la Punta.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 303.

The Pampopas 'habitaban en el rio de las Nueces, à 22 leguas al Sur de

la mision de San Juan Bautista; los Tilijaes mas abajo de los

anteriores; al Sur de estos los Patacales, y los Cachopostales cerca de

los Pampopas. Los Pajalaques vivian en el rio de San Antonio como à 40

leguas de la mision de San Bernardo; los Pacos y los Pastancoyas à 15

leguas en el paraje nombrado el Carrizo; los Panagues à 18 leguas de la

mision sobre el rio de las Nueces; Los Pauzanes sobre el rio de San

Antonio, y los Paguachis à 15 leguas del mismo San Bernardo.' ... 'Con

Indios de la naciones Mahuames, Pachales, Mescales, Jarames, Ohaguames y

Chahuames ... con ellos y con las tribus de Pampopas, Tilofayas,

Pachalocos y Tusanes situó de nuevo la mision de San Juan Bautista,

junto al presidio del mismo nombre, cerca del rio Bravo.' 'A tiro de

escopeta [from Santo Nombre de Jesus Peyotes] se encuentra San Francisco

Vizarron de los Pausanes ... con familias de Tinapihuayas, Pihuiques y

Julimeños, aunque la mayor parte fueron Pauzanes.' _Orozco y Berra_,

_Geografía_, pp. 303-4. 'En el valle de Santo Domingo, á orilla del rio

de Sabinas ... San Juan Bautista ... lo pobló con indios Chahuanes,

Pachales, Mescales y Jarames, à que se agregaron despues algunos

Pampopas, Tilofayas, Pachalocos y Tusanes.' _Morfi_, in _Doc. Hist.

Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 440-1.

The Cabesas, Contotores, Bazaurigames and others were at the mission San

Buenaventura. _Padilla_, _Conq. N. Galicia, MS._, p. 530.

The Gabilanes and Tripas Blancas roamed over a stretch of country

situated north of the Presidio of Mapimi, between the rivers San Pedro

and Conchos to their confluence with the Rio Grande. _Villa-Señor y

Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 348-9.

The _Laguneros_ 'poblados à las margenes de la laguna que llaman Grande

de san Pedro, y algunos dellos en las isletas que haze la misma laguna.'

_Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 669.