The _Runsienes_ live near Monterey. _Cal. Farmer_, _April 20, 1860_. The

Rumsen or Runsienes are 'Indians in the neighbourhood of Monterey,

California. The Achastliers speak a dialect of the same language.'

_Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 163. 'Um den Hafen von Monterey leben die

Rumsen oder Runsien, die Escelen oder Eslen, die Ecclemáches, und

Achastliés.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 454. 'La

partie septentrionale de la Nouvelle-Californie est habitée par les deux

nations des Rumsen et Escelen.... Elles forment la population du preside

et du village de Monterey. Dans la baie de S. Francisco, on distingue

les tribus des Matalans, Salsen et Quirotes.' _Humboldt_, _Pol._, p.

321. 'Eslen y Runsien que ocupan toda la California septentrional.'

_Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 167. 'Um Monterey wohnen zwey Völker ...

die Rumsen, und im Osten von diesen die Escelen.' _Vater_,

_Mithridates_, p. 202. 'The Eslenes clan roamed over the present ranchos

San Francisquito, Tallarcittos, and up and down the Carmelo Valley.'

'The rancheria _per se_ of the Escellens was named by the priests, Santa

Clara; Soccorondo was across the river a few miles. Their other little

clans or septs were called Coyyo, Yampas, Fyules, Nennequi, Jappayon,

Gilimis, and Yanostas.' _Cal. Farmer_, _April 20, 1860_. The Eskelens

are 'California Indians, east of Monterey. The Ekklemaches are said to

be a tribe of the Eskelen, and to speak the richest idiom of all the

California Indians.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 68. The country of the

Ecclemachs extends more than twenty leagues east of Monterey. _Cal.

Farmer_, _Oct. 17, 1862_.

The _Katlendarucas_ seem 'to have been situated near the Esteros or

Lagoons about the mouth of the Salinas river, or in the words of the old

priest, "en los Esteros de la entrada al mar del Rio de Monterey, o

reversa de esta grande Ensenada." Their rancherias were Capanay,

Lucayasta, Paysim, Tiubta, Culul, Mustac, Pytogius, Animpayamo,

Ymunacam, and all on the Pajaro river, or between it and the Salinas.'

_Cal. Farmer_, _April 20, 1860_; _MS. Map_.

The _Sakhones_ had rancherias near Monterey 'on the ranchos now known as

Loucitta, Tarro, National Buena Esperanza, Buena Vista, and lands of

that vicinity.' _Ib._; _MS. Map_.

'The _Wallalshimmez_ live on Tuolumne River.' _Lewis_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1857, p. 399.

'The _Potoancies_ claim the Merced river as their homes.' _Ib._ The

Potaaches occupy the same region on the _MS. Map_.

'The _Nootchoos_ ... live on the headwaters of Chowchilla.' _Lewis_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 399. The Nootchoos live on the south fork of

the Merced. _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 325.

'The _Pohoneeches_ live on the headwaters of Fresno.' _Lewis_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 399. The Pohoneeches live on the north bank of the

Fresno. _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 325.

The _Pitcatches_, the _Tallenches_, and the _Coswas_, live on the San

Joaquin. _Lewis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 399.

[Sidenote: KING'S RIVER AND TULARE LAKE TRIBES.]

'The _Wattokes_, a nation of Indians, consisting of the Wattokes,

Ituchas, Chokemnies, and Wechummies, live high up on King's river.'

_Lewis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 399.

The _Watches_, the _Notonotoos_, and the _Wemelches_, live in the

neighborhood of King's River Farm. _Ib._

'The _Talches_ and Woowells live on Tulare Lake.' _Ib._

The _Chowchillas_, _Choocchancies_, and _Howachez_, are mentioned as

living at Fresno River Farm. _Id._, p. 399. The Chowchillas inhabit

'from the Kern River of the Tulare deltas to the Feather river.'

_Taylor_, in _Bancroft's Hand Book Almanac_, 1864, p. 32.

The _Wallas_ live in Tuolumne county. _Patrick_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1856, p. 240. There has been much discussion about the word Wallie, or

Walla. Powers asserts that it is derived from the word 'wallim,' which

means 'down below', and was applied by the Yosemite Indians to all

tribes living below them. The Wallies live on the Stanislaus and

Tuolumne. _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 325.

The Mewahs live in Tuolumne county. _Jewett_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1856, p. 244.

The _Meewoc_ nation 'extended from the snow-line of the Sierra to the

San Joaquin River, and from the Cosumnes to the Fresno.... North of the

Stanislaus they call themselves Meewoc (Indians); south of it, to the

Merced, Meewa; south of that to the Fresno, Meewie. On the upper Merced

river is Wakâlla; on the upper Tuolumne, Wakalumy; on the Stanislaus

and Mokelumne, Wakalumytoh.... As to tribal distribution, the Meewocs

north of the Stanislaus, like the Neeshenams, designate principally by

the points of the compass. These are toomun, choomuch, háyzooit, and

ólowit (north, south, east, and west), from which are formed various

tribal names--as Toomuns, Toomedocs, and Tamolécas, Choomuch, Choomwits,

Choomedocs, or Chimedocs, and Choomtéyas; Olowits, Olówedocs, Oloweéyas,

etc. Olówedocs is the name applied to all Indians living on the plains,

as far west as Stockton. But there are several names which are employed

absolutely, and without any reference to direction. On the south bank of

the Cosumnes are the Cawnees; on Sutter Creek, the Yulónees; on the

Stanislaus and Tuolumne the extensive tribe of Wallies; in Yosemite, the

Awánees, on the south fork of Merced, the Nootchoos; on the middle

Merced, the Choomtéyas, on the upper Chowchilla, the Héthtoyas; on the

middle Chowchilla the tribe that named the stream; and on the north bank

of the Fresno the Pohoneechees.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol.

x., pp. 322-5; _MS. Map_.

The _Coitch_ tribe live one hundred and fifty miles east of the Vegas of

Santa Clara. _Los Angeles Star_, _May 18, 1861_.

The _Notonatos_ lived on King's river. _Maltby's MS. Letter._

The _Kahweahs_ lived on Four Creeks. _Ib._

The _Yolanchas_ lived on Tule river. _Ib._

The _Pokoninos_ lived on Deer creek. _Ib._

The _Poloyamas_ lived on Pasey creek. _Ib._

The _Polokawynahs_ lived on Kern river. _Ib._

The _Ymithces_ and _Cowiahs_ live on Four Creeks. _Henley_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 303.

The _Waches_, _Notoowthas_, _Ptolmes_, and _Chunemnes_ live on King

river. _Ib._

The _Costrowers_, _Pitiaches_, _Talluches_, _Loomnears_ and _Amonces_

live on the San Joaquin. _Id._, p. 304.

The _Chowclas_, _Chookchaneys_, _Phonechas_, _Nookchues_, and

_Howetsers_, live on the Fresno river. _Ib._

The _Coconoons_ live on the Merced river. _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's

Arch._, vol. iv., p. 413.

The _Monos_ living west of the Sierra Nevada, live on Fine Gold Gulch

and the San Joaquin river. _Ib._ East of the Sierra Nevada they occupy

the country south of Mono Lake. _MS. Map._ 'The Monos, Cosos, and some

other tribes, occupy the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevadas.' _Cal.

Farmer_, _May 8, 1863_. 'The Olanches, Monos, Siqiurionals, Wasakshes,

Cowhuillas, Chokiamauves, Tenisichs, Yocolles, Paloushiss, Wikachumnis,

Openoches, Taches, Nutonetoos and Choemimnees, roamed from the Tuolumne

to Kings river and the Tejon, on the east of the San Joaquin, the Tulare

lakes and in the Sierra Nevada, as stated by Lieut. Beale, in 1856.'

_Cal. Farmer_, _June 8, 1860_.

The _Tulareños_ live in the mountain wilderness of the Four Creeks,

Porsiuncula (or Kerns or Current) river and the Tejon; and wander thence

towards the headwaters of the Mohave and the neighborhood of the

Cahuillas. Their present common name belongs to the Spanish and Mexican

times and is derived from the word Tularé (a swamp with flags). _Hayes'

MS._ 'Tulareños, Habitant la grande vallée de los Tulares de la

Californie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335.

'The _Yocut_ dominion includes the Kern and Tulare basins and the middle

of San Joaquin, stretching from Fresno to Kern River Falls.' _Powers_,

in _Overland Monthly_, vol. xi., p. 105.

Cumbatwas on Pitt river. _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._

Shastas, in Shasta and Scott valleys. _Ib._

[Sidenote: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIANS.]

The SOUTHERN CALIFORNIANS, whose territory lies south of the

thirty-fifth parallel, are, as far as is known, tribally distributed as

follows:

The _Cahuillos_ 'inhabit principally a tract of country about eighty

miles east from San Bernardino, and known as the Cabeson Valley, and

their villages are on or near the road leading to La Paz on the Colorado

River.... Another branch of this tribe numbering about four hundred

occupy a tract of country lying in the mountains about forty miles

southeast from San Bernardino, known as the Coahuila Valley.' _Stanley_,

in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, pp. 194-5. 'The Coahuillas are scattered

through the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains and eastward in the

Cabesan Valley.' _Whiting_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 691. The

Coahuilas live in the San Jacinto Mountains. _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1869, p. 17. The Cohuillas reside in the northern half of the

country, commencing on the coast, and extending to within fifty miles of

the Colorado river, following the eastern base of the mountains. _San

Francisco Herald_, _June, 1853_. The Cahuillos or Cawios reside 'near

the Pacific, between the sources of the San Gabriel and Santa Anna.'

_Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 26. 'The Cahuillas are a little to the north

of the San Luiseños, occupying the mountain ridges and intervening

valleys to the east and southeast of Mount San Bernadino, down towards

the Mohava river and the desert that borders the river Colorado, the

nation of Mohavas lying between them and these rivers. I am unable just

now to give the number and names of all their villages. San Gorgonio,

San Jacinto, Coyote, are among those best known, though others even

nearer the desert, are more populous.' _Hayes' MS._ The Cohuillas occupy

the southwestern part of San Bernardino County, and the northwestern

part of San Diego county. _MS. Map._ 'The Carvilla Indians occupy the

Country from San Gorgonio Pass to the Arroyo Blanco.' _Cram's Topog.

Memoir_, p. 119. 'The _Cowillers_ and _Telemnies_ live on Four Creeks.'

_Id._, p. 400. 'The limits of the Kahweyah and Kahsowah tribes appear to

have been from the Feather river in the northern part of the State, to

the Tulare lakes of the south.' _Cal. Farmer_, _May 25, 1860_.

The _Diegeños_ 'are said to occupy the coast for some fifty miles above,

and about the same distance below San Diego, and to extend about a

hundred miles into the interior.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._,

in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. The Dieguinos are in the southern part

of San Diego County, and extend from the coast to the desert. _Henley_,

in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 240. The Dieguinas reside in the southern

part of the country watered by the Colorado, and claim the land from a

point on the Pacific to the eastern part of the mountains impinging on

the desert. _San Francisco Herald_, _June, 1853_. The Comeyas or

Diegenos 'occupy the coast for some fifty miles above, and about the

same distance below San Diego, and extend about a hundred miles into

the interior.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 7. 'The Indians

round San Diego, Deguinos, Diegeños, were in a savage state, and their

language almost unknown. Bartlett says that they are also called Comeya;

but Whipple asserts that the Comeya, a tribe of the Yumas, speak a

different language.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 62. On page 220 Ludewig

says that as the name Diegeños means the Indians round San Diego, there

is no such name as Deguinos. 'The villages of the Dieguinos, wherever

they live separately, are a little to the south of the Cahuillas.

Indeed, under this appellation they extend a hundred miles into Lower

California, in about an equal state of civilization, and thence are

scattered through the Tecaté valley over the entire desert on the west

side of New River.... Their villages known to me are San Dieguito (about

twenty souls), San Diego Mission, San Pasqual, Camajal (two villages),

Santa Ysabel, San José, Matahuay, Lorenzo, San Felipe, Cajon, Cuyamaca,

Valle de las Viejas.' _Hayes' MS._

The _Missouris_ 'are scattered over San Bernardino, San Diego and other

counties in the southern part of the State.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1869, p. 17.

The _Kechi_ inhabit the country about Mission San Luis Rey. _Bartlett's

Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 92.

The _Chumas_, or _Kachumas_ live three miles from the Mission of Santa

Inez. _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_.

_Los Cayotes_ was the name given by the Spaniards to the tribe which

originally inhabited San Diego county. _Hoffman_, in _San Francisco

Medical Press_, vol. v., p. 147.

The _New River Indians_ 'live along New River, sixty miles west from

Fort Yuma, and near San Diego.' _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p.

216.

The _Sierras_, or Caruanas, the _Lagunas_, or Tataguas, and the

_Surillos_ or Cartakas are mentioned as living on the Tejon reservation.

_Wentworth_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, pp. 324-6.

The _Serranos_ lived in the vicinity of San Bernardino. _Reid_, in _Los

Angeles Star, Letter I._, in _Hayes Col._

Mr Taylor claims to have discovered the exact positions of many of the

places mentioned. His statement, for the accuracy of which I by no means

vouch, is as follows: 'Xucu, or Shucu, on the Ortega farm, near Rincon

Point; Missisissepono on Rafel Gonzale's rancho on Saticoy river, near

sea, sometimes called Pono; Coloc, near Carpentaria beach. Mugu, below

Saticoy some thirty miles, near the sea; Anacbuc or Anacarck, near the

islet of La Patera, near the sea shore. Partocac or Paltocac, the Indian

cemetery on the Mesa of La Patera, near sea; Aguin at the beach of Los

Llagos Canada; Casalic, at the Refugio Playa and Canada; Tucumu or playa

of Arroyo Honda. Xocotoc, Cojo, or Cojotoc, near Pt. Concepcion; Pt.

Concepcion, Cancac or Caacac, or Cacat.' _Cal. Farmer_, _Aug. 21, 1863_.

[Sidenote: SOUTHERN MISSION INDIANS.]

The following names of rancherías were taken from the archives of the

various missions; in the vicinity of La Purissima: Lajuchu, Silimastus,

Sisolop, Jlaacs, or Slacus, Huasna, Estait, Esmischue, Ausion,

Esnispele, Silisne, Sacspili, Estait, Huenejel, Husistaic, Silimi,

Suntaho, Alacupusyuen, Espiiluima, Tutachro, Sisolop, Naila, Tutachro,

Paxpili, or Axpitil, Silino, Lisahuato, Guaslaique, Pacsiol, Sihimi,

Huenepel Ninyuelgual, Lompoc, Nahuey, or Nahajuey, Sipuca, Stipu,

Ialamma, Huasna, Sacsiol, Kachisupal, Salachi, Nocto, Fax, Salachi,

Sitolo, or Sautatho, Omaxtux. Near Santa Inez, were: Sotomoenu,

Katahuac, Asiuhuil, Situchi, Kulahuasa, Sisuchi, Kuyam, or Cuyama,

Ionata, Tekep, Kusil, Sanchu, Sikitipuc, Temesathi, Lujanisuissilac,

Tapanissilac, Ialamne, Chumuchn, Suiesia, Chumuchu, Tahijuas, Tinachi,

Lompoe, Ionata, Aguama, Sotonoemu, Guaislac, Tequepas, Matiliha, Stucu,

Aketsum, or Kachuma, Ahuamhoue, Geguep, Achillimo, Alizway, Souscoc,

Talaxano, Nutonto, Cholicus. Near Santa Barbara were Guainnonost,

Sisabanonase, Huelemen, Inoje, Luijta, Cajpilili, Missopeno (Sopono),

Inajalayehua, Huixapa, Calahuassa, Snihuax, Huililoc, Yxaulo, Anijue,

Sisuch, Cojats, Numguelgar, Lugups, Gleuaxcuyu, Chiuchin, Ipec, Sinicon,

Xalanaj, Xalou, Sisahiahut, Cholosoc, Ituc, Guima, Huixapapa,

Eleunaxciay, Taxlipu, Elmian, Anajue, Huililic, Inajalaihu, Estuc,

Eluaxcu. Sihuicom, Liam. Some of these were from rancherias of the

valleys east of the range on the coast. Some of these Taylor locates as

follows: 'Janaya, above the Mission, Salpilil on the Patera; Aljiman,

near the windmill of La Patera; Geliec, near islet of La Patera;

Tequepes, in Santa Ynez Valley; Cascili, in the Refugio playa; Miguihui,

on the Dos Pueblos; Sisichii, in Dos Pueblos; Maschal, on Santa Cruz

Island; Gelo, the islet of La Patera; Cuyamu on Dos Pueblos also

Cinihuaj on same rancho; Coloc, at the Rincon; Alcax in La Goleta;

Allvatalama, near the La Goleta Estero; Sayokenek, on the Arroyo Burro;

Partocac Cemetery, near Sea Bluffs of La Goleta; Humaliju, of San

Fernando Mission; Calla Wassa and Anijue, of Santa Ynez Mission; Sajcay

in Los Cruces; Sasaguel, in Santa Cruz Island; Lucuyumu, in the same

Island, dated November, 1816; Nanahuani and Chalosas were also on same

Island; Eljman was on San Marcos, Xexulpituc and Taxlipu, were camps of

the Tulares.' _Cal. Farmer_, _Aug. 21, 1863_.

Near San Buenaventura Mission were: 'Miscanaka, name of the Mission

site. Ojai or Aujay, about ten miles up San Buenavent river. Mugu, on

the coast near sea on Guadalasca rancho, not far from the point so

called. Matillija up the S. B. river towards Santa Inez, which mission

also had Matilija Indians. The Matillija Sierra separates the valleys of

S. Buenaventa and S. Inez. Sespe was on the San Cayetano rancho of

Saticoy river, twenty miles from the sea. Mupu and Piiru were on the

arroyos of those names which came into the Saticoy near Sespe. Kamulas

was higher up above Piiru. Cayeguas (not a Spanish name as spelt on some

maps) on rancho of that name. Somes or Somo near hills of that name.

Malico, range of hills south of Somo. Chichilop, Lisichi, Liam, Sisa,

Sisjulcioy, Malahue, Chumpache, Lacayamu, Ypuc, Lojos Aogni, Luupsch,

Miguigui, and Chihucchihui were names of other rancherias.... Ishgua or

Ishguaget, was a rancheria near the mouth of the Saticoy river and not

far from the beach.... Hueneme was a rancheria on the ocean coast a few

miles south of Saticoy river. Tapo and Simi were rancherias on the

present Noriega rancho of Simi. Saticoy is the name of the existing

rancheria ... on the lower part of the Santa Paula or Saticoy rancho,

about eight miles from the sea, near some fine springs of water, not far

from the river, and near the high road going up the valleys.' _Cal.

Farmer_, _July 24, 1863_. 'The site of San Fernando was a rancheria

called Pasheckno. Other clans were Okowvinjha, Kowanga and Saway Yanga.

The Ahapchingas were a clan or rancheria between Los Angeles and San

Juan Capistrano, and enemies of the Gabrielenos or those of San

Gabriel.... The following are the names of the rancherias, or clans,

living in the vicinity of San Luis Rey Mission: Enekelkawa was the name

of one near the mission-site, Mokaskel, Cenyowpreskel, Itukemuk, Hatawa,

Hamechuwa, Itaywiy, Milkwanen, Ehutewa, Mootaeyuhew, and Hepowwoo, were

the names of others. At the Aquas Calientes was a very populous

rancheria, called Hakoopin.' _Id._, _May 11, 1860_.

In Los Angeles county, the following are the principal lodges or

rancherias, with their corresponding present local names: Yangna, Los

Angeles; Sibag-na, San Gabriel; Isanthcagna, Mision Vieja; Sisitcanogna,

Pear Orchard; Sonagna, Mr White's farm; Acuragua, The Presa; Asucsagna,

Azuza; Cucomogna, Cucamonga Farm; Pasinogna, Rancho del Chino; Awigna,

La Puente; Chokishgna, The Saboneria; Nacaugna, Carpenter's Farm;

Pineugna, Santa Catalina Island; Pimocagna, Rancho de los Ybarras;

Toybipet, San José; Hutucgna, Santa Ana (Yorbes); Aleupkigna, Santa

Anita; Maugna, Rancho de los Felis; Hahamogna, Rancho de los Verdugas;

Cabuegna, Caliuenga; Pasecgna, San Fernando; Houtgna, Ranchito de Lugo,

Suangna, Suanga; Pubugna, Alamitos; Tibahagna, Serritos; Chowig-na,

Palos Verdes; Kinkipar, San Clemente Island, Harasgna. _Reid_, in _Los

Angeles Star, Letter I._, in _Hayes Collection_.

The _San Luisieños_ inhabit the northern part of San Diego, from the

coast east, including the mountains. _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1856, p. 240. 'The villages of the San Luiseños are in a section of

country adjacent to the Cahuillas, between 40 and 70 miles in the

mountainous interior from San Diego; they are known as Las Flores, Santa

Margarita, San Luis Rey Mission, Wahoma, Pala, Temecula, Ahuanga (two

villages), La Joya, Potrero, and Bruno's and Pedro's villages within

five or six miles of Aqua Caliente; they are all in San Diego County.'

_Hayes' MS._

The _Noches_ are settled along the rivers which flow between the

Colorado and the Pacific Ocean. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 45.

Garces mentions the western Noches in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., vol.

i., p. 299.

The _Tejon_ Indians were those who inhabited the southern part of Tulare

valley. _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p. 83.

The _Playanos_ were Indians who came to settle in the valley of San Juan

Capistrano. _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 249.

The SHOSHONES, whose territory spreads over south-eastern Oregon,

southern Idaho, and the whole of Utah and Nevada, extending into Arizona

and New Mexico, and the eastern border of California, I divide into two

great nations, the Snakes or Shoshones, proper, and the Utahs, with

their subdivisions. Wilson divides the Shoshones into the Shoshones and

Bannacks, and the Utahs; the latter he subdivides into seven bands,

which will be seen under Utahs. He adds: 'Among the Shoshonies there are

only two bands properly speaking. The principal or better portion are

called Shoshonies, or Snakes ... the others the Shoshocoes.... Their

claim of boundary is to the east, from the red Buttes on the North fork

of the Platte, to its head in the Park, Decayaque, or Buffalo Bull-pen,

in the Rocky Mountains; to the south across the mountains, over to the

Yanpapa, till it enters Green, or Colorado river, and then across to the

backbone or ridge of mountains called the Bear river mountains running

nearly due west towards the Salt Lake, so as to take in most of the Salt

Lake, and thence on to the sinks of Marry's or Humboldt's river; thence

north to the fisheries, on the Snake river, in Oregon; and thence south

(their northern boundary), to the Red Buttes, including the source of

Green River.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 697. 'Under various

names ... the great race of Shoshones, is found scattered over the

boundless wilderness, from Texas to the Columbia. Their territory is

bounded on the north and west by ... the Blackfeet and Crows.'

_Brownell's Ind. Races_, pp. 537-8.

[Sidenote: THE SNAKES.]

The _Snakes_, or Shoshones proper, although they form a part only of the

great Shoshone family, are usually termed 'the Shoshones' by the

authorities. They are divided by Dr Hurt into 'Snakes, Bannacks,

Tosiwitches, Gosha Utes, and Cumumpahs, though he afterwards classes the

last two divisions as hybrid races between the Shoshones and the

Utahs.... The Shoshones claim the northeastern portion of the territory

for about four hundred miles west, and from one hundred to one hundred

and twenty-five miles south from the Oregon line.' _Simpson's Route to

Cal._, p. 46. 'The great Snake nation may be divided into three

divisions, namely, the Shirrydikas, or dog-eaters; the Wararereekas, or

fish-eaters; and the Banattees, or robbers. But, as a nation, they all

go by the general appellation of Shoshones, or Snakes.... The

Shirrydikas are the real Shoshones, and live in the plains hunting the

buffalo.' The country claimed by the Snake tribes 'is bounded on the

east by the Rocky Mountains, on the south by the Spanish waters; on the

Pacific, or west side, by an imaginary line, beginning at the west end,

or spur, of the Blue Mountains, behind Fort Nez Percés, and running

parallel with the ocean to the height of land beyond the Umpqua River,

in about north lat. 41° (this line never approaches within 150 miles of

the Pacific); and on the north by another line, running due east from

the said spur of the Blue Mountains, and crossing the great south

branch, or Lewis River, at the Dalles, till it strikes the Rocky

Mountains 200 miles north of the three pilot knobs, or the place

thereafter named the 'Valley of Troubles.'' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i.,

pp. 249, 251. 'They embrace all the territory of the Great South Pass,

between the Mississippi valley and the waters of the Columbia.... Under

the name of Yampatickara or Root-eaters and Bonacks they occupy with the

Utahs the vast elevated basin of the Great Salt Lake, extending south

and west to the borders of New Mexico and California.' _Brownell's Ind.

Races_, pp. 533-7, 540. 'The hunters report, that the proper country of

the Snakes is to the east of the Youta Lake, and north of the Snake or

Lewis river; but they are found in many detached places. The largest

band is located near Fort Boise, on the Snake river to the north of the

Bonacks.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 501. The

Shoshones 'occupy the centre and principal part of the great Basin.'

_Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_. 'Inhabit that part of the

Rocky Mountains which lies on the Grand and Green River branches of the

Colorado of the West, the valley of Great Bear River, the habitable

shores of the Great Salt Lake, a considerable portion of country on

Snake River above and below Fort Hall, and a tract extending two or

three hundred miles to the west of that post.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 61.

The Shoshones inhabit about one third of the territory of Utah, living

north of Salt Lake 'and on the line of the Humboldt or Mary River, some

400 miles west and 100 to 125 south of the Oregon line. The Yuta claim

the rest of the territory between Kansas, the Sierra Nevada, New Mexico

and the Oregon frontier.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 575. 'Les

Soshonies, c'est-à-dire les déterreurs de racines, surnommés les

Serpents, ... habitent la partie méridionale du territoire de l'Orégon,

dans le voisinage de la haute Californie.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 24.

'Their country lies south-west of the south-east branch of the Columbia,

and is said to be the most barren of any part of the country in these

western regions.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 83. 'On the south part of

the Oregon Territory, adjoining upper California, are located the

Shoshones or Snake Indians.' _Ib._, p. 308. 'Serpents ou Saaptins,

Monquis, Bonacks et Youtas toutes les branches du Rio Colombia ou

Sud-Est et les environs du lac Salé an Timpanogos.' _Mofras_, _Explor._,

tom. ii., p. 335. 'The country of the Shoshonees proper is south of

Lewis or Snake River, and east of the Salt Lake. There is, however one

detached band, known as the Wihinasht, or Western Snakes, near Fort

Boirie, separated from the main body by the tribe of Bonnaks.' _Hale's

Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 219. 'The Shoshones are a

small tribe of the nation called Snake Indians, a vague denomination,

which embraces at once the inhabitants of the southern part of the Rocky

mountains, and of the plains on each side.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._,

p. 305. The Snakes or Shothoucs 'formerly occupied the whole of that

vast territory lying between the Rocky and the Blue Mountains, and

extending northward to the lower fork of the Columbia, and to the south

as far as the basin of the Great Salt Lake.' _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p.

275. 'They occupy southern and western Nevada.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1869, p. 18. 'They inhabit the southern part of the Rocky

Mountains and the plains on each side.' _Bulfinch's Ogn._, p. 124. 'They

occupy all the country between the southern branches of Lewis's river,

extending from the Umatullum to the E. side of the Stony Mountains, on

the southern parts of Wallaumut river from about 40° to 47° N. Lat. A

branch of this tribe reside ... in spring and summer on the W. fork of

Lewis river, a branch of the Columbia, and in winter and fall on the

Missouri.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 369. 'The Shoshones dwell between the

Rocky and blue mountain ranges.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 151. 'The

aboriginees of the Reese River country consist of the Shoshone nation,

divided into many subordinate tribes, each having a distinctive name,

and occupying a tract of country varying from 20 to 50 miles square.

Their country is bordered on the west by the Pi-Utes, the Edwards Creek

mountains some 20 miles west of Reese River, being the dividing line. On

the east it extends to Ruby Valley, where it joins on the territory of

the Goshoots, the Bannocks being their neighbors on the northeast.'

_Cal. Farmer_, _June 26, 1863_. 'The Snake tribe, inhabit the country

bordering on Lewis and Bear Rivers, and their various tributaries.'

_Palmer's Jour._, p. 43. 'The Snake Indians, who embrace many tribes,

inhabit a wide extent of country at the head of Snake River above and

below Fort Hall, and the vicinity of Great Bear River and Great Salt

Lake. They are a migratory race, and generally occupy the south-eastern

portion of Oregon.' _Dunn's Ogn._, p. 325. The Shoshones inhabit the

great plains to the southward of the Lewis River. _Cox's Adven._, vol.

ii., p. 143. The Shoshones occupy 'almost the whole eastern half of the

State (Nevada). The line separating them from the Pai-Utes on the east

and south is not very clearly defined.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1866, p. 114. 'The western bands of Shoshones ... range from the Idaho

boundary north, southward to the thirty-eighth parallel; their western

limit is the line passing through the Sunatoya Mountains; their eastern

limit Steptoe and Great Salt Lake Valleys.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p.

95. The Snakes inhabit 'the plains of the Columbia between the 43d and

44th degrees of latitude.' _Franchère's Nar._, p. 150. The Washakeeks or

Green River Snakes inhabit the country drained by Green River and its

tributaries. The Tookarikkahs, or mountain sheep-eaters, 'occupy the

Salmon river country and the upper part of Snake River Valley, and

Coiners' Prairie, near the Boise mines.' These two bands are the genuine

Snakes; other inferior bands are the Hokandikahs or Salt Lake Diggers

who 'inhabit the region about the great lake.' The Aggitikkahs or

Salmon-eaters who 'occupy the region round about Salmon falls, on Snake

river.' _Stuart's Montana_, p. 80.

[Sidenote: BANNACKS AND UTAHS.]

'The _Bannacks_, who are generally classed with the Snakes, inhabit the

country south of here, (Powder River) in the vicinity of Harney lake....

The Winnas band of Snakes inhabit the country north of Snake river, and

are found principally on the Bayette, Boise, and Sickley rivers.'

_Kirkpatrick_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, pp. 267-8. The Bonacks

'inhabit the country between Fort Boise and Fort Hall.' _Wilkes' Nar._,

in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 502. They 'inhabit the southern borders

of Oregon, along the old Humboldt River emigrant road.' _Simpson's Route

to Cal._, p. 47. The Bonaks seem 'to embrace Indian tribes inhabiting a

large extent of country west of the Rocky Mountains. As the name

imports, it was undoubtedly given to that portion of Indians who dig and

live on the roots of the earth.' _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._,

vol. iv., p. 221. The Bonaks inhabit 'the banks of that part of Saptin

or Snake River which lies between the mouth of Boisais or Reeds River

and the Blue Mountains.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 76. The Bonax inhabit the

country west of the Lewis fork of the Columbia between the forty-second

and forty-fourth parallels. _Parker's Map._ The Bannacks range through

northern Nevada, and into Oregon and Idaho. _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1869, p. 18. They 'claim the southwestern portions of Montana as

their land.' _Sully_, in _Id._, p. 289. 'This tribe occupies most of

that portion of Nevada north of the forty-first degree of north

latitude, with the southeastern corner of Oregon and the southwestern

corner of Idaho.' _Parker_, in _Id._, 1866, p. 114. The Bannocks drift

'from Boise City to the game country northeast of Bozeman, Montana, and

south as far as Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory ... traveling from

Oregon to East of the Rocky Mountains.' _High_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1872, pp. 272-3.

[Sidenote: UTAHS.]

The _Utah_ nation occupies all that portion of the territory assigned to

the Shoshone family lying south of the Snakes, between the country of

the Californians proper, and the Rocky Mountains. It is divided into

several tribes, the number varying with different authorities. Wilson

divides the Utah nation into seven tribes; viz., the 'Taos, Yampapas,

Ewinte, Tenpenny Utahs, Parant Utahs, Sampiches, Pahmetes.'

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 697. 'Besides the Parawat Yutas, the

Yampas, 200-300 miles south, on the White River; the Tebechya, or

sun-hunters, about Tête de Biche, near Spanish lands; and the Tash Yuta,

near the Navajos; there are scatters of the nation along the Californian

road from Beaver Valley, along the Santa Clara, Virgen, Las Vegas, and

Muddy Rivers, to New Mexico.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 578.

'The tribes of Utah Territory are: Utahs at large, Pi Utahs, roving,

Uwinty Utahs, Utahs of Sampitch Valley, Utahs of Carson Valley, Utahs of

Lake Sevier and Walker River, Navahoes and Utahs of Grand River,

Shoshonees, or Snakes proper, Diggers on Humboldt River, Eutahs of New

Mexico.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 498. The Utahs are composed

of several bands, the most important of which are the Timpanogs who

'range through Utah valley and the mountains adjoining the valley on the

east.... The Uintahs, the principal band of the Utahs, ... range through

Uintah valley and the Green River country.... The Pah Vants ... range

through Pah Vant and Sevier valleys and west to the White mountains.'

_Irish_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 145. 'The Yutah nation is very

numerous, and is also made up of many bands, which are to be

distinguished only by their names.... Four of these bands called

Noaches, Payuches, Tabiachis and Sogup, are accustomed to occupy lands

within the province of New Mexico, or very near it, to the north and

northeast.' _Whipple, Ewbank, & Turner's Rept._, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,

vol. iii. 'The Utahs are divided into three bands--Mohuaches, Capotes,

and Nomenuches or Poruches.' _Delgado_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p.

163; see also pp. 17, 18. 'The Ute tribe Dr. Hurt divides into the Pah

Utahs, Tamp Pah-Utes, Cheveriches, Pah Vants, San Pitches, and Pyedes.

The Utahs proper inhabit the waters of Green River, south of Green River

Mountains, the Grand River and its tributaries and as far south as the

Navajo country. They also claim the country bordering on Utah Lake and

as far south as the Sevier Lake.' _Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 44. 'The

Utahs are a separate and distinct tribe of Indians, divided into six

bands, each with a head chief, as follows: The Menaches ... the Capotes

... the Tabe-naches ... the Cibariches ... the Tempanahgoes ... the

Piuchas.' _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 178. 'The Yutahs are

subdivided into four great bands: the Noaches, the Payuches (whom we

believe to be identical with the Paï Utahs), the Tabiachis, and the

Sogups, who live in perfect harmony on the north eastern confines of New

Mexico, and at a distance of 500 miles to the south of the great tribe

of the Zuguaganas.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 8. The Utes are

'those ... which inhabit the vicinity of the lakes and streams and live

chiefly on fish, being distinguished by the name of Pah Utahs or Pah

Utes, the word Pah, in their language signifying water.' _Stansbury's

Rept._, p. 148. 'The country of the Utaws is situated to the east and

southeast of the Soshonees, at the sources of the Rio Colorado.' _De

Smet's Letters_, p. 39. 'The Youtas live between the Snake and Green

Rivers.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 430. 'The Utahs of New

Mexico are a portion of the tribe of the same name inhabiting the

Territory of Utah.... They inhabit and claim all that region of country,

embracing the sources of the north-western tributaries of the Arkansas

river, above Bent's fort, up to the southern boundary of Utah Territory,

and all the northern tributaries of the Rio Grande, which lie within

New Mexico and north of the 37th parallel of latitude.' _Merriwether_,

in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 169. The Utes 'occupy and claim that

section of country ranging from Abiquin, northward to Navajo River and

westward somewhat of this line.' _Davis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p.

255. The Eutaws 'reside on both sides of the Eutaw or Anahuac mountains,

they are continually migrating from one side to the other.' _Farnham's

Trav._, p. 48. 'The Youtas inhabit the country between the Snake and

Green rivers.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 502.

'The Utahs' claim of boundaries are all south of that of the Shoshonies,

embracing the waters of the Colorado, going most probably to the Gulf of

California.' _Wilson_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 698. The

country of the Utaws 'is situated to the east and southeast of the

Shoshones, about the Salt Lake, and on the head waters of the Colorado

river, which empties into the gulf of California.... Their country being

in latitude about 41°.' 'The Utaws are decent in appearance and their

country, which is towards Santa Fe, is said to be tolerably good.'

_Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 79, 309. The Yutas, Utaws, or Youtas,

'range between lat. 35° and 42° North and the Meridians 29° and 37° W.

Long. of Washington. The great Yutas tribe is divided into two families

which are contradistinguished by the names of their respective

head-quarters; the Tao Yutas, so called because their principal camp is

pitched in Tao mountains, seventy miles north of Santa Fé; and the

Timpanigos Yutas, who hold their great camp near the Timpanigos lake.'

_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 371. 'Um den Fluss Dolóres haben die Yutas,

Tabeguáchis, Payúches und Tularénos ihre Wohnsitze.' _Mühlenpfordt_,

_Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538. The Utahs live 'on the border of

New Mexico.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 196. 'Le pays des Utaws est situé

à l'est et au sud-est de celui des Soshonies, aux sources du

Rio-Colorado.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 30. 'The Yutas or Eutaws are one of

the most extensive nations of the West, being scattered from the north

of New Mexico to the borders of Snake river and Rio Colorado.' _Gregg's

Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 300.

The _Pah Utes_ occupy the greater part of Nevada, and extend southward

into Arizona and south-eastern California. There is reason to believe

that the Pi Utes are a distinct tribe from the Pah Utes, but as the same

localities are frequently assigned to both tribes by different writers,

and as many have evidently thought them one and the same, thereby

causing great confusion, I have thought it best to merely give the names

as spelled by the authorities without attempting to decide which tribe

is being spoken of in either case. The Pah-Utes 'range principally in

the southwestern portion of Utah and the southeastern portion of

Nevada.' _Head_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 124. The Pah Utes 'are

spread over the vast tract of territory, between the Sierra Nevada and

the Colorado River, going as far south as the thirty-fifth parallel, and

extending to the northward through California and Nevada into Southern

Oregon and Idaho.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 92. The

Pah-Utes inhabit the western part of Nevada. _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1872, p. 59. The Pah Utes and Pah Edes range over all that part

of Utah south of the city of Filmore in Millard County. _Head_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1868, p. 150. 'The term Pah Utes is applied to a very large

number of Indians who roam through that vast section of country lying

between the Sierra Nevada and the Colorado, going as far south as the

thirty-fifth parallel, and extending to the northward through

California, Nevada, into Southern Oregon and Idaho. The Indians of this

tribe in Arizona are located in the Big Bend of the Colorado, on both

sides of the river, and range as far east as Diamond River, west to the

Sierra Nevada, and northward into the State of Nevada.' _Jones_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 216. The Pah Utes 'properly belong in Nevada

and Arizona, but range over in southwestern Utah.' _Irish_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 146. The Pah-Utes 'range principally from the

borders of Oregon, on the north, to the southeast boundary of Nevada,

and from the Sierra Nevada eastward to the Humboldt River and Sink of

Carson; there are one or two small bands of them still further east,

near Austin, Nevada. They are much scattered within these limits.'

_Douglas_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, pp. 94-5. 'The Pah-utes roam

along the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, from the mouth of the

Virgin with the Colorado (in about lat. 36° long. 115°) to the

territories of the Washoes north, and as far east as the Sevier Lake

country of Fremont's explorations.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. 'The

Pa-utahs, and Lake Utahs occupy the territory lying south of the Snakes,

and upon the waters of the Colorado of the west and south of the Great

Salt Lake.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 179. The Pá Yuta (Pey Utes)

'extend from forty miles west of Stony Point to the Californian line,

and N.W. to the Oregon line, and inhabit the valley of the Fenelon

River, which rising from Lake Bigler empties itself into Pyramid Lake.'

_Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 576. 'The Womenunche (also known as

the Pa Uches) occupy the country on the San Juan river.' _Collins_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p. 238. 'The custom of designating the

different bands of Pah Utes is derived from the name of some article of

food not common in other localities; "Ocki," signifies "trout," "toy,"

"tule," &c. The Ocki Pah Utes ... are located on Walker River and Lake,

and the mountains adjacent thereto. The Cozaby Pah Utes ... range from

Mono Lake east to Smoky Valley.' _Campbell_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870,

pp. 112-13. The Pah Utes extend, 'over portions of Utah and Arizona

Territories, also the States of Nevada and California. _Fenton_, in

_Id._, p. 113.

The Chemehuevis are a band of Pah-Utahs. _Whipple, Ewbank, and

Turner's Rept._, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 76. The

Chimehuevais live about forty miles below the Colorado River agency, on

the California side of the river, and are scattered over an area of

fifty square miles. _Tonner_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p. 323. The

Chemehuewas are 'located mainly on the west bank of the Colorado, above

La Paz, and ranges along the river from about thirty miles south of Fort

Mohave, to a point fifty miles north of Fort Yuma, to the eastward, but

a short distance.' _Sherman_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 216. The

Chemehuevis live on the Colorado river, above the Bill Williams fork, a

small tribe and quite unknown. _Poston_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p.

387. The Chemehuevis are 'a band of Pahutahs, ... belonging to the great

Shoshonee family.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 35. 'The Chimchinves are

undoubtedly a branch of the Pah Ute tribe.' _Stanley_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1866, p. 102.

[Sidenote: PI UTES AND GOSH UTES.]

The _Pi Utes_, or Pyutes, 'inhabit Western Utah, from Oregon to New

Mexico; their locations being generally in the vicinity of the principal

rivers and lakes of the Great Basin, viz., Humboldt, Carson, Walker,

Truckee, Owens's, Pyramid, and Mono.' _Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 48.

'The tribe of Indians who inhabit this section (near Fort Churchill) of

which the post forms the centre comes under the one generic name of

Piute, and acknowledge as their great chief Winnemucca. They are split

up into small Captaincies and scattered throughout a vast extent of

territory.' _Farley_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. iii., p.

154. The Piutes or Paiuches inhabit 'the northern banks of the Colorado,

the region of Severe river, and those portions of the Timpanigos desert

where man can find a snail to eat.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 371.

The Piutes live 'along the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, from the

mouth of the Virgen with the Colorado (in about Lat. 36° Long. 115°) to

the territories of the Washoes north, and as far east as the Sevier

Lake.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. 'Von 34° nordwärts

die Pai Utes.' _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p.

430. The territory occupied by the Piutes 'is about one hundred miles

broad, and is bounded on the north by the country of the Bannocks, on

the east by that of the Shoshones, on the south by the State line

between Nevada and California and on the west by the territory of the

Washoes.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 115. The Piutes

inhabit 'a country two hundred miles long by one hundred and twenty

broad, lying parallel and east of that of the Washoes.... South of

Walker lake are the Mono Pi Utes.... They are closely allied to the

Walker River or Ocki Pi Utes ... located in the vicinity of Walker river

and lake and Carson river and Upper lake.... At the lower Carson lake

are the Toy Pi Utes.' _Campbell_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 119.

'Upon the Colorado river, in the northern part of the Territory lives a

band, or some bands, of Pi Utes, occupying both sides of the river,

roaming to the limit of Arizona on the west, but on the east, for some

miles, how far cannot be determined.' _Whittier_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1868, p. 140. The Pi Ute 'range extends north to the Beaver, south to

Fort Mojave, east to the Little Colorado and San Francisco Mountains,

and on the west through the southern part of Nevada as far as the

California line ... the larger portion living in Nevada.' _Fenton_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 203. The Pi Utes inhabit the south-west

portion of Utah. _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142.

'The Pi Ute Indians are scattered over a large extent of country in

Southeastern Nevada and Southwestern Utah.' _Powell_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1871, p. 562. The Pi Utes inhabit the south-eastern part of

Nevada. _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1872, p. 59.

The _Gosh Utes_ inhabit the country west of Great Salt Lake, and extend

to the Pah Utes. They are said by most writers to be of mixed breed,

between the Snakes, or Shoshones proper, and the Utahs: 'The Goshautes

live about forty miles west' of Salt Lake City. _Forney_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1858, p. 212. The Goships, or Gosha Utes, range west of Salt

Lake. _Cooley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 17. The Goships 'range

between the Great Salt Lake and the land of the western Shoshones.'

_Head_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 123. The Goship Shoshones 'live

in the western part of Utah, between Great Salt Lake and the western

boundary of the Territory,' (Utah). _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1869, p. 230. The Goshutes are located 'in the country in the

vicinity of Egan Cañon.... In the Shoshone range.' _Douglas_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 96. 'The Goship Shoshones inhabit that part of

Utah which lies between Great Salt Lake and the western boundary of the

Territory (Utah).' _Tourtellotte_, in _Id._, p. 141. The Goshoots 'Dr.

Hurt classes among the Shoshones; but according to Mr. G. W. Bean,

Capt. Simpson's Guide in the fall of 1858 ... they are the offspring of

a disaffected portion of the Ute tribe, that left their nation, about

two generations ago, under their leader or Chief Goship, whence their

name Goship Utes since contracted into Goshutes.... Reside principally

in the grassy valleys west of Great Salt Lake, along and in the vicinity

of Capt. Simpson's routes, as far as the Ungoweah Range.' _Simpson's

Route to Cal._, pp. 47-8. The Gosh Yutas, 'a body of sixty under a

peaceful leader were settled permanently on the Indian Farm at Deep

Creek, and the remainder wandered 40 to 200 miles west of Gt. S. L.

City.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 577.

The _Toquimas_ live about the head of Reese River Valley, and in the

country to the east of that point. _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 26,

1863_.

The _Temoksees_ live about thirty miles south of Jacobsville. _Cal.

Farmer_, _June 26, 1863._

The _Pah Vants_ 'occupy the Corn Creek, Paravan, and Beaver Valleys, and

the valley of Sevier.' _Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 45. Half the

Pavants 'are settled on the Indian farm at Corn Creek; the other wing of

the tribe lives along Sevier Lake, and the surrounding country in the

north-east extremity of Filmore Valley, fifty miles from the City, where

they join the Gosh Yuta.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 577.

Although Mr Burton gives this as the fruit of his own observation, it is

evidently taken from _Forney's Rept._, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p.

364, which reads as follows: 'About half of them (the Pahvants) have

their home on the Corn Creek Indian farm. The other wing of the tribe

lives along Sevier lake and surrounding country, in the northeast

extremity of Fillmore valley, and about fifty miles from Fillmore city.'

The Pah Vants range 'through Pah-Vant and Sevier valleys, and west to

the White Mountains.' _Cooley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 17. 'The

Pahvents occupy the territory in the vicinity of Corn Creek reservation,

and south of the Goship Shoshones.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1869, p. 230. 'The Pah Vant Indians inhabit the country south of

the Goship Shoshones.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p.

142.

The _Pi Edes_ 'are a band ranging through Beaver and Little Salt Lake

Valley, and on the Virgin and Santa Clara rivers, down to the Muddy,

embracing the whole southern portion of Utah Territory.' _Irish_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 145. 'The Py Edes live adjoining the

Pahvants, down to the Santa Clara.' _Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 45.

'The Pi Ede Indians inhabit the country south of the Pah Vants.'

_Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142. 'The Piede Indians

inhabit the extreme southern portion of the territory (Utah) on the

Santa Clara and Muddy rivers.' _Armstrong_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856,

p. 234. The Piede Indians live on Rio Virgin and Santa Clara river.

_Carvalho's Incid. of Trav._, p. 223.

[Sidenote: WASHOES AND SAMPITCHES.]

The _Washoes_ 'inhabit the country along the base of the Sierra Nevada

Mountains, from Honey lake on the north to the west fork of Walker's

river the south.' _Dodge_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 374.

_Simpson's Route to Cal._, on p. 45, and _Burton's City of the Saints_,

p. 578, repeat this. The Washoes 'are stated to have boundaries as high

up as the Oregon line, along the eastern flanks of the Sierra Nevada, as

far to the east as two hundred miles and to the south to Walker's

river.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. The Washoes live in the extreme

western part of Nevada. _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 115.

'Commencing at the western boundary of the State, we have first the

Washoe tribe, ... occupying a tract of country one hundred miles long,

north and south, by twenty-five in width.' _Campbell_, in _Id._, p. 119.

The Washoes 'live along Lake Bigler and the headwaters of Carson,

Walker, and Truckee rivers, and in Long and Sierra Valleys.' _Wasson_,

in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1861, p. 114. The _Washoes_ 'are scattered over a

large extent of country along the western border of the State' of

Nevada. _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 18. The Washoes

'frequent the settled portions of the State, principally the towns of

Virginia City, Carson City, Reno, Washoe City, and Genoa. In summer they

betake themselves to the mountains in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe and

Hope Valley.' _Douglas_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 96.

The _Sampitches_ 'range through the Sanpitch valley and creek on the

Sevier river.' _Irish_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 145. 'The

Sampiches are a tribe wandering on the desert to the south of Youta

Lake.' _Prichard's Researches_, vol. v., p. 430. Burton mentions

'Sampichyas' settled at San Pete. _City of the Saints_, p. 578. The San

Pitches 'live in the San Pitch valley and along the Sevier river.'

_Cooley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 18. 'The San Pitches occupy a

territory south and east of the Timpanagos.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1869. p. 230. 'The San Pitch Indians inhabit the country

about the San Pete reservation.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1870, p. 142. 'Les Sampectches, les Pagouts et les Ampayouts sont les

plus proches voisins des Serpents.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 28.

The _Uinta Utes_ 'claim Uinta valley and the country along Green river.'

_Forney_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 364. The Uinta Yutas live 'in

the mountains south of Fort Bridger, and in the country along Green

River.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 577.

The _Yam Pah Utes_ 'inhabit the country south of the Uinta Valley

reservation.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142; _Id._,

1869, p. 231.

The _Elk Mountain Utes_ live in the south-eastern portion of Utah.

_Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142; _Burton's City of

the Saints_, p. 578. repeats.

The _Tosawees_ or White Knives, or as they are sometimes called

Shoshoteos or Foot-men, on the Humboldt and Goose Creek. _Stuart's

Montana_, p. 80. 'The Tosawitches, or White Knives, inhabit the region

along the Humboldt River.' _Simpson's Shortest Route_, p. 47. The

Indians about Stony Point are called Tosawwitches (white knives).

_Hurt_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856.

The _Weber Utes_ 'live in the valley of Salt Lake.' _Tourtellotte_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 230, also in _Id._, 1870, p. 141. The Weber

Utes live in the vicinity of Salt Lake City. _Walker_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1872, p. 56. The Weber River Yutas are principally seen in Great

Salt Lake City. Their chief settlement is forty miles to the north.

_Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 578.

The _Cum Umbahs_ 'are mixed-bloods of the Utes and Shoshonees, and range

in the region of Salt lake, Weber and Ogden valleys in northern Utah.'

_Irish_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 144.

The _Wimmenuches_ are 'a tribe of the Ute Indians, whose country is

principally from Tierra Amarilla northward to Ellos de los Animas and

thence also to the Rio Grande. They mix with the Pi Utes in Utah.'

_Davis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 255. The Wemenuche Utes 'roam

and hunt west of the San Juan River, and their lodges are to be found

along the banks of the Rio de las Animas, Rio de la Plata and Rio

Mancos.' _Hanson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 155. The Weminuche

Utes live near the San Juan river. _Armstrong_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1872, p. 307.

The _Capote Utes_ 'roam from within five to fifty miles of the agency,

but the greater part of the time live in the vicinity of Tierra

Amarilla, from five to ten miles distant, north and south along the Rio

Charmer.' _Hanson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 154; _Armstrong_, in

_Id._, 1870, p. 307.

'The _Sheberetches_ inhabit the country south of the Yam Pah Utes.'

_Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142.

The _Fish Utes_ 'inhabit the country about Red Lake, south of the

Sheberetches.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 142.

The _Tash Utes_ live near the Navajos. _Burton's City of the Saints_, p.

578.

The _Tabechya_, or Sun-hunters, 'live about Tête de Biche, near Spanish

lands.' 'Timpenaguchya, or Timpana Yuta, corrupted into Tenpenny Utes,

... dwell about the kanyon of that name, and on the east of the

Sweetwater Lake.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, pp. 577-8. 'The

Timpanoge Indians formerly resided at and about Spanish Fort

reservation, but they are now scattered among other bands and do not now

exist as a separate tribe.' _Tourtellotte_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870,

p. 142; see also _Id._, 1869, p. 230. The Timpanogs inhabit 'Utah

valley, and the neighboring mountains.' _Cooley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1865, p. 17.

FOOTNOTES:

[423] 'Sometimes there is a tribal name for all who speak the same

language; sometimes none, and only names for separate villages;

sometimes a name for a whole tribe or family, to which is prefixed a

separate word for each dialect, which is generally co-extensive with

some valley. Of the first, an instance is found in the Cahrocs, on the

Klamath, who are a compact tribe, with no dialects; of the second, in

the large tribe on the lower Klamath, who have also no dialects, and yet

have no name, except for each village; of the third, in the great family

of the Pomos on Russian river, who have many dialects, and a name for

each,--as Ballo Ki Pomos, Cahto Pomos, etc.... Some remnants of tribes

have three or four names, all in use within a radius of that number of

miles; some, again, are merged, or dovetailed, into others; and some

never had a name taken from their own language, but have adopted that

given them by a neighbor tribe, altogether different in speech.'

_Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 328.

[424] The natives 'when asked to what tribe they belong, give the name

of their chief, which is misunderstood by the inquirer to be that of the

tribe itself.' _Bartlett's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 30.

[425] 'Every fifteen or twenty miles of country seems to have been

occupied by a number of small lodges or septs, speaking a different

language or very divergent dialect.' _Taylor_, in _Bancroft's Hand-book

Almanac_, 1864, p. 29. Beechey counted eleven different dialects in the

mission of San Carlos. _Voyage_, vol. ii., p. 73. 'Almost every 15 or 20

leagues, you find a distinct dialect; so different, that in no way does

one resemble the other.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p.

240. 'From the San Joaquin northward to the Klamath there are some

hundreds of small tribes.' _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 304.

[426] Hale calls them the _Lutuami_, or _Tlamatl_, and adds, 'the first

of these names is the proper designation of the people in their own

language. The second is that by which they are known to the Chinooks,

and through them, to the whites.' _Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol.

vi., p. 218.

[427] 'There true name is _Moüdoc_--a word which originated with the

Shasteecas, who applied it indefinitely to all wild Indians or enemies.'

_Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, 1873, vol. x., p. 535. 'Also called

Moahtockna.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. 'The word

Modoc is a Shasta Indian word, and means all distant, stranger, or

hostile Indians, and became applied to these Indians by white men in

early days, by hearing the Shastas speak of them.' _Steele_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1861, p. 121.

[428] Speaking of Indians at the junction of the Salmon and Klamath

rivers: 'They do not seem to have any generic appellation for

themselves, but apply the terms "Kahruk," up, and "Youruk," down, to all

who live above or below themselves, without discrimination, in the same

manner that the others (at the junction of the Trinity) do "Peh-tsik,"

and "Poh-lik."' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 151.

[429] 'The Bay (Humboldt) Indians call themselves, as we were informed,

Wish-osk; and those of the hills Te-ok-a-wilk; but the tribes to the

northward denominate both those of the Bay and Eel river, We-yot, or

Walla-walloo.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 133.

[430] They are also called Lototen or Tututamy, Totutime, Toutouni,

Tootooton, Tutoten, Tototin, Tototutna, etc.

[431] For further particulars as to location of tribes, see notes on

TRIBAL BOUNDARIES, at the end of this chapter.

[432] Mr. Gibbs, speaking of the tribes seen on the Klamath and Trinity

rivers, says: 'In person these people are far superior to any we had met

below; the men being larger, more muscular, and with countenances

denoting greater force and energy of character, as well as intelligence.

Indeed, they approach rather to the races of the plains, than to the

wretched "diggers" of the greater part of California.' _Schoolcraft's

Arch._, vol. iii., p. 140. 'The Indians in the northern portion of

California and in Oregon, are vastly superior in stature and intellect

to those found in the southern part of California.' _Hubbard_, in

_Golden Era_, 1856. The Indians on the Trinity 'are of another tribe and

nature from those along the Sacramento.' _Kelly's Excursion_, vol. ii.,

p. 166. Speaking of the Wallies, they, 'in many respects differ from

their brethren in the middle and lower counties of the State. They are

lighter colored and more intelligent.' _Johnson_, in _Overland Monthly_,

1869, vol. ii., p. 536.

[433] 'The males are tall, averaging in height about five feet eight

inches, are well proportioned, athletic, and possess the power of

endurance to a great degree.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, March, 1856.

'The people here (Rogue River) were larger and stronger than those in

South California, but not handsomer.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p.

317. Speaking of Indians on the Klamath River, 'their stature is a

trifle under the American; they have well-sized bodies, erect and

strong-knit.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 328. On

the upper Trinity they are 'large and powerful men, of a swarthier

complexion, fierce and intractable.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._,

vol. iii., p. 129. Near Mount Shasta, 'a fine-looking race, being much

better proportioned than those more to the northward, and their features

more regular.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 254. At

Klamath Lake, 'well-grown and muscular.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 277.

On the Trinity, 'majestic in person, chivalrous in bearing.' _Kelly's

Excursion_, vol. ii., p. 166.

[434] In the vicinity of Klamath lake 'the squaws are short in

comparison with the men, and, for Indians have tolerably regular

features.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 277. In the Rogue River region

'some of them are quite pretty, usually well-formed, handsomely

developed, small features, and very delicate and well-turned hands and

feet.... They are graceful in their movements and gestures, ... always

timid and modest.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, March, 1856. On the

Klamath River, 'with their smooth, hazel skins, oval faces, plump and

brilliant eyes, some of the young maidens,--barring the tattooed

chins,--have a piquant and splendid beauty.' _Powers_, in _Overland

Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 329. On the Klamath and Trinity Rivers, many of

the women 'were exceedingly pretty; having large almond-shaped eyes,

sometimes of a hazel color, and with the red showing through the cheeks.

Their figures were full, their chests ample; and the younger ones had

well-shaped busts, and rounded limbs.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's

Arch._, vol. iii., p. 140. But as to the beauty of women tastes never

agree; Mr Kelly in his _Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p. 167, speaking

of a band of 'noble-looking Indians' which he met near Trinity River,

says that they were 'accompanied by a few squaws, who, strange to say,

in this latitude are ugly, ill-favoured, stunted in stature, lumpy in

figure, and awkward in gait,' and concerning the Rogue River Indians a

lady states that 'among the women ... there were some extremely clumsy

figures.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317. The Pit-River Indian girls

'have the smallest and prettiest feet and hands I have ever seen.'

_Miller's Life amongst the Modocs_, p. 374.

[435] At Crescent City, Mr Powers saw some 'broad-faced squaws of an

almost African blackness;' the Patawats in the vicinity of Mad River and

Humboldt Bay are 'blackskinned, pudgy in stature; well cushioned with

adipose tissue;' at Redwood Creek 'like most of the coast tribes they

are very dark colored, squat in stature, rather fuller-faced than the

interior Indians.' _Pomo, MS._ At Trinidad Bay 'their persons were in

general indifferently, but stoutly made, of a lower stature than any

tribe of Indians we had before seen.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p.

246. At the mouth of Eel River the Weeyots 'are generally repulsive in

countenance as well as filthy in person.... Their heads are

disproportionately large; their figures, though short, strong and well

developed.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 127. Carl

Meyer names the Indians he saw at Trinidad Bay, _Allequas_, or

Wood-Indians (Holzindianer). I do not find the name anywhere else, and

judging by his description, they appear to differ considerably from the

natives seen in the same vicinity by Vancouver or Mr Powers; he, Meyer,

says; 'Sie sind von unserm Wuchse, starke und beleibte, kräftige

Gestalten. Ihre Haut ist wenig zimmet oder lohfarbig, eher weisslich,

wie die der antisischen Inkas gewesen sein soll; bei der Jugend und

besonders beim weiblichen Geschlechte schimmert oft ein sanftes Roth auf

den Wangen hervor. Ihr Kopf ist wenig gedrückt, die Stirn hoch, der

Gesichtswinkel gegen 80 Grad, die Nase römisch gekrümmt, das Auge gross

in wenig quadratisch erweiterten Augenhöhlen und intelligent, die Lippen

nicht aufgetrieben, das Kinn oval, und Hände und Füsse klein.' _Nach dem

Sacramento_, p. 215.

[436] At Pitt River they 'have no dress except a buckskin thrown around

them.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ Near Mount Shasta 'they

can scarcely be said to wear any dress, except a mantle of deer or wolf

skin. A few of them had deer-skins belted around their waists, with a

highly ornamented girdle.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v.,

p. 255. Near Pitt River, the Indians were nearly naked. _Abbott_, in

_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 61. At Trinidad Bay 'their clothing was

chiefly made of the skins of land animals, with a few indifferent small

skins of the sea-otter.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 247. 'The men,

however, do not wear any covering, except the cold is intense, when

indeed they put upon their shoulders the skins of sea-wolves, otters,

deer, or other animals.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 16. 'They were clothed,

for the most part, in skins.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 118. On Smith

River they were 'in a complete state of nature, excepting only a kind of

apology for an apron, worn by the women, sometimes made of elk's skin,

and sometimes of grass.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 313. Among the

Weeyots at Eel River the men 'wore a deer-skin robe over the shoulder,

and the women a short petticoat of fringe.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's

Arch._, vol. iii., p. 127. On Klamath River their only dress was the

fringed petticoat, or at most, a deerskin robe thrown back over the

shoulders, in addition. _Id._, p. 141. 'The primitive dress of the men

is simply a buckskin girdle about the loins; of the women, a chemise of

the same material, or of braided grass, reaching from the breast to the

knees.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 329. 'Were quite

naked excepting the maro.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v.,

p. 253. The Klamath Lake Indians 'wear little more than the

breech-cloth.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 277. 'They were all well

dressed in blankets and buckskin.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.

vi., p. 70. Carl Meyer, speaking of a tribe he names Allequas, at

Trinidad Bay, says: 'der Mann geht im Sommer ganz nackt, im Winter trägt

er eine selbst gegerbte Hirsch- oder Rehdecke über die Schultern.' 'Die

Allequas-Weiber tragen im Sommer von Bast-Schnüren oder von

Rehfellstreifen, im Winter von Pelzwerk oder Gänseflaum verfertigte

Schürzen, die bis auf die Knie reichen.' _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 217,

219. 'The Klamaths, during the summer go naked, in winter they use the

skins of rabbits and wild fowl for a covering.' _Thompson_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 283.

[437] 'An Indian will trap and slaughter seventy-five rabbits for one of

these robes, making it double, with fur inside and out.' _Powers' Pomo,

MS._

[438] _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 204; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's

Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 107, 127; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., 282.

[439] _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 282; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._,

p. 204.

[440] _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 142.

[441] _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 17; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.

iii., pp. 127, 142; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 329;

_Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317. 'Die Allequas (Trinidad Bay) haben

starkes, ziemlich geschmeidiges Haar, das der Männer und der Kinder wird

bis auf einen Zoll Länge regelmässig abgebrannt, so dass sie das

Aussehen von Titusköpfen erhalten. Zuweilen sieht man die Männer auch

mit einem ziemlich langen, durch eine harzige Flüssigkeit gesteiften,

aufgerichteten Zopf, der als Schmuck betrachtet, bei festlichen

Anlässen, oder im Kriege mit rothen oder weissen Federn geziert wird,

und alsdann dem Schopf eines Wiedehopfs gleicht.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem

Sacramento_, p. 215. 'Both men and women part their hair in the middle,

the men cut it square on the neck and wear it rather long, the women

wear theirs long, plaited in two braids, hanging down the back.' _The

Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[442] _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 127. 'Barthaare

haben sie, wie alle Indianer Nord-Amerikas, nur wenig; sie werden

ausgerupft, und nur in der Trauer stehen gelassen.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem

Sacramento_, pp. 215-16.

[443] The men tattoo so that they may 'be recognized if stolen by

Modocs.' 'With the women it is entirely for ornament.' _The Shastas and

their Neighbors_, _MS_. At Rogue River the women 'were tattooed on the

hands and arms as well as the chin.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317.

At Trinidad Bay 'they ornamented their lower lip with three

perpendicular columns of punctuation, one from each corner of the mouth

and one in the middle, occupying three fifths of the chin.' _Vancouver's

Voy._, vol. ii., p. 247. Maurelle says the same, and adds that a space

is left between each line, 'which is much larger in the young than in

the older women, whose faces are generally covered with punctures.'

_Jour._, p. 17. At Mad River and Humboldt Bay, the same, 'and also lines

of small dots on the backs of their hands.' _Powers' Pomo_, _MS_. At

mouth of Eel River 'both sexes tattoo; the men on their arms and

breasts; the women from inside the under lip down to and beneath the

chin. The extent of this disfigurement indicates to a certain extent,

the age and condition of the person.' 'In the married women the lines

are extended up above the corners of the mouth.' _Gibbs_, in

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 127, 142. 'I have never observed

any particular figures or designs upon their persons; but the tattooing

is generally on the chin, though sometimes on the wrist and arm.

Tattooing has mostly been on the persons of females, and seems to be

esteemed as an ornament, not apparently indicating rank or condition.'

_Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223. The squaws among

the Cahrocs on the Klamath 'tattoo, in blue, three narrow fern-leaves,

perpendicularly on the chin.' 'For this purpose they are said to employ

soot, gathered from a stove, mingled with the juice of a certain plant.'

_Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 329. Among the Shastys

the women 'are tattooed in lines from the mouth to the chin.' _Hale's

Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218. Among the Allequas at

Trinidad bay: 'Die Mädchen werden im fünften Jahre mit einem schwarzen

Streifen von beiden Mundwinkeln bis unter das Kinn tättowirt, welchem

Striche dann alle fünf Jahre ein parallellaufender beigefügt wird, so dass

man an diesen Zeichnungen leicht das Alter jeder Indianerin übersehen

kann.... Die Männer bemalen sich bei besondern Anlässen mit einem

Tannenfirniss, den sie selbst bereiten, das Gesicht, und zeichnen

allerlei geheimnissvolle Figuren und Verzierungen auf Wange, Nase und

Stirn, indem sie mit einem hölzernen Stäbchen den noch weichen Firniss

auf den einzelnen Stellen von der Haut wegheben.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem

Sacramento_, p. 216.

[444] 'I never saw two alike.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors_, _MS_.

At Klamath lake they are 'painted from their heads to their waists all

colours and patterns.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 277. The Modocs 'paint

themselves with various pigments formed from rotten wood, different

kinds of earth, &c.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 536.

Kane 'took a sketch of a Chastay (Shasta) female slave (among the

Chinooks) the lower part of whose face, from the corners of the mouth to

the ears and downwards, was tattooed of a bluish colour. The men of this

tribe do not tattoo, but paint their faces like other Indians.' _Wand._,

p. 182. Ida Pfeiffer, _Second Journ._, p. 315, saw Indians on Smith

river, who painted their faces 'in a most detestable manner. They first

smeared them with fish fat and then they rubbed in the paint, sometimes

passing a finger over it in certain lines, so as to produce a pattern.'

_Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs_, p. 361.

[445] 'No taste in bead work.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors_, _MS_.

'In den Ohren tragen die Allequas (at Trinidad bay) Schmucksachen,

welche sie theils von den Weissen erhalten, theils aus Holz nachahmen;

auch sind diese Gegenstände zuweilen durch Steinchen ersetzt, die

talismanische Kräfte besitzen sollen. Nur die in den fernen Bergen

wohnenden tragen hölzerne oder auch eiserne Ringe in den

Nasenwandungen.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 216; _Gibbs_, in

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 142; _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p.

317; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 537; _Schoolcraft's

Arch._, vol. iii., plate xiv.

[446] _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 18.

[447] _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 247.

[448] 'The lodges are dome-shaped; like beaver-houses, an arched roof

covers a deep pit sunk in the ground, the entrance to which is a round

hole.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 278. 'Large round huts, perhaps 20

feet in diameter, with rounded tops, on which was the door by which they

descended into the interior.' _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 204. 'The

Modoc excavates a circular space from two to four feet deep, then makes

over it a conical structure of puncheons, which is strongly braced up

with timbers, frequently hewn and a foot square.' _Powers_, in _Overland

Monthly_, vol. x., p. 536; _Id._, vol. ix., p. 156. 'The style was very

substantial, the large poles requiring five or six men to lift.'

_Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 175. 'Have only an

opening at the summit.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 261. On the

inside of the door they frequently place a sliding panel. 'The Kailtas

build wigwams in a conical shape--as all tribes on the Trinity do--but

they excavate no cellars.' _Powers' Pomo_, _MS_. See full description of

dwellings, by _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223.

The entrance is a 'round hole just large enough to crawl into, which is

on a level with the surface of the ground, or is cut through the roof.'

_Johnson_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 536; _Miller's Life

Amongst the Modocs_, p. 377.

[449] 'Built of plank, rudely wrought.' The roofs are not 'horizontal

like those at Nootka, but rise with a small degree of elevation to a

ridge in the middle.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 241-2. Well

built, of boards; often twenty feet square; roof pitched over a

ridge-pole; ground usually excavated 3 or 4 feet; some cellars floored

and walled with stone. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p.

140. 'The dwellings of the Hoopas were built of large planks, about 1½

inches thick, from two to four feet wide, and from six to twelve feet in

length.' _Trinity Journal_, _April, 1857_. 'The floors of these huts are

perfectly smooth and clean, with a square hole two feet deep in the

centre, in which they make their fire.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 17. 'The

huts have never but one apartment. The fire is kindled in the centre,

the smoke escaping through the crevices in the roof.' _Hubbard_, in

_Golden Era_, _March, 1856_. The houses of the Eurocs and Cahrocs 'are

sometimes constructed on the level earth, but oftener they excavate a

round cellar, four or five feet deep, and twelve or fifteen feet in

diameter.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 530; _Meyer_,

_Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 220; _The Shastas and their neighbors, MS_.

[450] Kit Carson says of lodges seen near Klamath lake: 'They were made

of the broad leaves of the swamp flag, which were beautifully and

intricately woven together.' _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 263. 'The wild

sage furnishes them shelter in the heat of summer, and, like the Cayote,

they burrow in the earth for protection from the inclemencies of

winter.' _Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 283. 'Their lodges

are generally mere temporary structures, scarcely sheltering them from

the pelting storm.' _Palmer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 262.

[451] 'Slightly constructed, generally of poles.' _Emmons_, in

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 218. 'The earth in the centre

scooped out, and thrown up in a low, circular embankment.' _Turner_, in

_Overland Monthly_, p. xi., p. 21.

[452] _Powers' Pomo, MS._

[453] 'The rocks supply edible shell-fish.' _Schumacher's Oregon

Antiquities, MS._ 'The deer and elk are mostly captured by driving them

into traps and pits.' 'Small game is killed with arrows, and sometimes

elk and deer are dispatched in the same way.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden

Era_, _April, 1856_. 'The elk they usually take in snares.' _Pfeiffer's

Second Journ._, p. 317. 'The mountain Indians subsisted largely on game,

which of every variety was very abundant, and was killed with their bows

and arrows, in the use of which they were very expert.' _Wiley_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1867, p. 497. 'Die Indianer am Pittflusse machen

Graben oder Löcher von circa 5 Kubikfuss, bedecken diese mit Zweigen und

Gras ganz leicht, sodass die Thiere, wenn sie darüber gejagt werden,

hinein fallen und nicht wieder herauskönnen. Wilde Gänse fangen sie mit

Netzen ... Nur selten mögen Indianer den grauen Bär jagen.' _Wimmel_,

_Californien_, p. 181; _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[454] Schumacher, _Oregon Antiquities, MS._, classifies their ancient

arrow and spear points thus: Long barbs with projections, short barbs

with projections, and long and short barbs without projections. 'The

point of the spear is composed of a small bone needle, which sits in a

socket, and pulls out as soon as the fish starts. A string connecting

the spear handle and the center of the bone serves, when pulled, to turn

the needle cross wise in the wound.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _March

8, 1861_; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 146.

[455] _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._; _Hubbard_, in _Golden

Era_, _April, 1856_; _Wiley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1867, p. 497. 'In

spawning-time the fish school up from Clear Lake in extraordinary

numbers, so that the Indians have only to put a slight obstruction in

the river, when they can literally shovel them out.' _Powers_, in

_Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 537; _Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities,

MS._

[456] 'The camas is a bulbus root, shaped much like an onion.' _Miller's

Life Amongst the Modocs_, p. 22.

[457] 'A root about an inch long, and as large as one's little finger,

of a bitter-sweetish and pungent taste, something like ginseng.'

_Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 537.

[458] 'An aquatic plant, with a floating leaf, very much like that of a

pond-lily, in the centre of which is a pod resembling a poppy-head, full

of farinaceous seeds.' _Ib._ See also _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p.

222. 'Their principal food is the kamas root, and the seed obtained from

a plant growing in the marshes of the lake, resembling, before hulled, a

broom-corn seed.' _Palmer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 263.

[459] The Klamaths 'subsist upon roots and almost every living thing

within their reach, not excepting reptiles, crickets, ants, etc.'

_Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 283; _Heintzelman_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 391; _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._

[460] _Turner_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. xi., p. 24.

[461] At Rogue River, 'the men go in the morning into the river, but,

like the Malays, bring all the dirt out on their skins that they took

in.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317. At Pitt River they are

'disgusting in their habits.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi.,

p. 61; _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ 'Of the many hundreds I

have seen, there was not one who still observed the aboriginal mode of

life, that had not a sweet breath. This is doubtless due to the fact

that, before they became civilized, they ate their food cold.' _Powers'

Pomo, MS._ 'They always rise at the first dawn of day, and plunge into

the river.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, _March, 1856_. 'Their persons

are unusually clean, as they use both the sweat-house and the cold-bath

constantly.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 142. 'Mit

Tagesanbruch begibt sich der Allequa (Trinidad Bay) in jeder Jahreszeit

zur nahen Quelle, wo er sich am ganzen Leibe wäscht und in den Strahlen

der aufsteigenden Sonne trocknen lässt.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_,

p. 221; _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._

[462] Carl Meyer, after describing the bow, adds: 'Fernere Waffen der

Allequas sind; das Obsidian-Beil oder Tomahawk, die Keule, die Lanze und

der Wurfspiess.' _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 218. This statement, I think,

may be taken with some allowance, as nowhere else do I find mention of a

tomahawk being used by the Californians.

[463] Schumacher, _Oregon Antiquities, MS._, speaking of an ancient

spear-point, says, 'the pointed teeth show it to have been a very

dangerous weapon.' _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._ On the

Klamath River, 'among the skins used for quivers, I noticed the otter,

wild-cat, fisher, fawn, grey fox and others.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's

Arch._, vol. iii., p. 141. Near Mt Shasta, 'bows and arrows are very

beautifully made: the former are of yew, and about three feet long ...

backed very neatly with sinew, and painted.... The arrows are upwards of

thirty inches long.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p.

255. At Port Trinidad, 'arrows are carried in quivers of wood or bone,

and hang from their wrist or neck.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 20. On Pigeon

River 'their arrows were in general tipped with copper or iron.'

_Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 110. The Pit River 'arrows are made in three

parts.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 61. The Allequas

at Trinidad Bay, described by Carl Meyer, carried their arrows either

'schussfertig in der Hand oder in einem über die Schultern geworfenen

Köcher aus Fuchs- oder Biberpelz. Der Bogen ist aus einer starken,

elastischen Rothtannenwurzel verfertigt, etwa 3½ Fuss lang und auf der

Rückseite mit einer Bärensehne überklebt.' _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 217.

See _Mofras_, _Explor._, _Atlas_, plate xxv. Speaking of the quiver, Mr

Powers says: 'in the animal's head they stuff a quantity of grass or

moss, as a cushion for the arrow-heads to rest in, which prevents them

from being broken.' _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 532. 'Their

arrows can only be extracted from the flesh with the knife.' _Cutts'

Conquest of Cal._, p. 170. 'Am oberen Theile (California) ist der Bogen

von einer Lage von Hirsch-Sehnen verstärkt und elastisch gemacht. Die

Pfeile bestehen aus einem rohrartigen Gewächse von mässiger Länge, an

der Spitze mit Obsidian ... versehen, ihre Länge ist 2 Zoll, ihre Breite

1 Zoll und die Dicke 1/3 Zoll, scharfkantig und spitz zulaufend.'

_Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 180.

[464] _Powers' Pomo, MS._; _Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS._; _The

Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[465] _Hist. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 214.

[466] _Johnson_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 536. At Trinidad

Bay 'zuweilen werden die Pfeile mit dem Safte des Sumachbaumes

vergiftet, und alsdann nur zum Erlegen wilder Raubthiere gebraucht.'

_Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 218. 'Einige Stämme vergiften die

Spitzen ihrer Pfeile auf folgende Weise: Sie reizen nämlich eine

Klapperschlange mit einer vorgehaltenen Hirschleber, worin sie beisst,

und nachdem nun die Leber mit dem Gifte vollständig imprägnirt ist, wird

sie vergraben und muss verfaulen; hierin wird nun die Spitze eingetaucht

und dann getrocknet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 180. The Pitt River

Indians 'use the poison of the rattle-snake, by grinding the head of

that reptile into an impalpable powder, which is then applied by means

of the putrid blood and flesh of the dog to the point of the weapon.'

_Gross' System of Surgery_, vol. i., p. 321. 'The Pitt River Indians

poisoned their arrows in a putrid deer's liver. This is a slow poison,

however, and sometimes will not poison at all.' _The Shastas and their

Neighbors, MS._; _Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS._

[467] Among other things seen by Meyer were, 'noch grössere Bogen, die

ihnen als bedeutende Ferngeschosse dienen. Ein solcher ist 6 Fuss lang,

und der Indianer legt sich auf die Erde, um denselben zu spannen, indem

er das rechte Knie in den Bogen einstemmt und mit beiden Armen

nachhilft.' The bow and arrow, knife, and war-club, constitute their

weapons. In one of their lodges I noticed an elk-skin shield, so

constructed as to be impervious to the sharpest arrows. _Palmer_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 262. Miller mentions a Modoc who was

'painted red, half-naked, and held a tomahawk in his hand.' _Life

Amongst the Modocs_, p. 20.

[468] _Salem Statesman_, _April, 1857_.

[469] Hence, if we may credit Miller, _Life Amongst the Modocs_, p. 373,

the name Pitt River.

[470] The Hoopas exacted tribute from all the surrounding tribes. At the

time the whites arrived the Chimalaquays were paying them tribute in

deer-skins at the rate of twenty-five cents per head. _Powers' Pomo_,

_MS_. The Hoopahs have a law requiring those situated on the Trinity,

above them to pay tribute. _Humboldt Times_, _Nov. 1857_; _S. F. Evening

Bulletin_, _Nov. 23, 1857_.

[471] The Sassics, Cahrocs, Hoopahs, Klamaths and Rogue River Indians,

take no scalps, but decapitate the slain, or cut off their hands and

feet. _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317.

[472] The Veeards on Lower Humboldt Bay 'took elk-horns and rubbed them

on stones for days together, to sharpen them into axes and wedges.'

_Powers' Pomo, MS._ On the Klamath river they had 'spoons neatly made of

bone and horn.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 146.

[473] 'For basket making, they use the roots of pine-trees, the stem of

the spice-bush, and ornament with a kind of grass which looks like a

palm leaf, and will bleach white. They also stain it purple with elder

berries, and green with soapstone.' ... 'The Pitt River Indians excel all

others in basket-making, but are not particularly good at bead work.'

_The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._, _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 204;

_Johnson_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 536; _Gibbs_, in

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 134; _Powers' Pomo, MS._

[474] _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 253; _Emmons_, in

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 218.

[475] The boats formerly used by the Modocs were 'quite rude and

unshapely concerns, compared with those of the lower Klamath, but

substantial and sometimes large enough to carry 1800 pounds of

merchandise.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 532, vol.

x., p. 536. 'Blunt at both ends, with a small projection in the stern

for a seat.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 142.

'Those on Rogue river were roughly built--some of them scow fashion,

with flat bottom.' _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p.

218. The Pitt River Indians 'used boats made from pine; they burn them

out ... about twenty feet long, some very good ones.' _The Shastas and

their Neighbors, MS._

[476] _Chase_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 433. 'A kind of bead

made from a shell procured on the coast. These they string and wear

about the neck.... Another kind is a shell about an inch long, which

looks like a porcupine quill. They are more valuable than the other.

They also use them as nose-ornaments.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors,

MS._ 'The unit of currency is a string of the length of a man's arm, with

a certain number of the longer shells below the elbow, and a certain

number of the shorter ones above.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol.

viii., p. 329. 'A rare shell, spiral in shape, varying from one to two

inches in length, and about the size of a crowquill, called by the

natives, _Siwash_, is used as money.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, March,

1856.

[477] 'The ownership of a (white) deer-skin, constitutes a claim to

chieftainship, readily acknowledged by all the dusky race on this

coast.' _Humboldt Times_, _Dec., 1860_.

[478] 'Property consists in women, ornaments made of rare feathers and

shells, also furs and skins.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, March, 1856.

Their wealth 'consisted chiefly of white deerskins, canoes, the scalp of

the red-headed woodpecker, and _aliquachiek_.' _Wiley_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept. Joint Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 497.

[479] 'Have no tribal organization, no such thing as public offence.'

_Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._ A Pitt River chief tried the

white man's code, but so unpopular was it, that he was obliged to

abandon it. _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._ Among the Klamath and

Trinity tribes the power of the chief 'is insufficient to control the

relations of the several villages, or keep down the turbulence of

individuals.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 139-140.

The Cahrocs, Eurocs, Hoopas, and Kailtas, have a nominal chief for each

village, but his power is extremely limited and each individual does as

he likes. Among the Tolewas in Del Norte County, money makes the chief.

The Modocs and Patawats have an hereditary chieftainship. _Powers' Pomo,

MS._ At Trinidad Bay they were 'governed by a ruler, who directs where

they shall go both to hunt and fish.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 18. 'Der

Häuptling ist sehr geachtet; er hat über Handel und Wandel, Leben und

Tod seiner Unterthanen zu verfügen, und seine Macht vererbt sich auf

seinen Erstgebornen.' _Meyer_, _Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 223. The chief

'obtains his position from his wealth, and usually manages to transmit

his effects and with them his honors, to his posterity.' _Hubbard_, in

_Golden Era_, March, 1856. Formerly 'the different rancherias had

chiefs, or heads, known as Mow-wee-mas, their influence being

principally derived from their age, number of relatives, and wealth.'

_Wiley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Joint. Spec. Com._, p. 497.

[480] The Cahrocs compound for murder by payment of one string. Among

the Patawats the average fine for murdering a man is ten strings, for

killing a woman five strings, worth about $100 and $50 respectively. 'An

average Patawut's life is considered worth about six ordinary canoes,

each of which occupies two Indians probably three months in making, or,

in all, tantamount to the labor of one man for a period of three years.'

'The Hoopas and Kailtas also paid for murder, or their life was taken by

the relatives of the deceased.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ 'They seem to do as

they please, and to be only governed by private revenge. If one man

kills another the tribe or family of the latter kill the murderer,

unless he buy himself off.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[481] _Drew's Owyhee Reconnaissance_, p. 17.

[482] The Cahrocs, Eurocs, Hoopahs, and Patawats, all acquire their

wives by purchase. _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._; _Powers'

Pomo, MS._ 'Wenn ein Allequa seine künftige Lebensgefährtin unter den

Schönen seines Stammes erwählt hat und sich verheirathen will, muss er

dem Mauhemi (chief) eine armslange Muschelschnur vorzeigen.' _Meyer_,

_Nach dem Sacramento_, p. 223. The mountain Indians seldom, if ever,

intermarry with those on the coast. _Wiley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Joint.

Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 497; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii.,

p. 127. Buy wives with shell-money. _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._ Among the

Modocs 'the women are offered for sale to the highest buyer.' _Meacham's

Lecture_, in _S. F. Alta California_, Oct. 6, 1861; _Miller's Life

Amongst the Modocs_.

[483] Polygamy is common among the Modocs. _Meacham's Lecture_, in _S.

F. Alta California_, _Oct. 6, 1873_. On Pitt River a chief sometimes has

five wives. 'The most jealous people in the world.' _The Shastas and

their Neighbors, MS._; _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._ 'Among

the tribes in the north of the State adultery is punished by the death

of the child.' _Taylor_, in _California Farmer_, _March 8, 1861_. 'The

males have as many wives as they are able to purchase;' adultery

committed by a woman is punished with death. _Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_,

_March, 1856_. Among the Cahrocs polygamy is not tolerated; among the

Modocs polygamy prevails, and the women have considerable privilege. The

Hoopa adulterer loses one eye, the adulteress is exempt from punishment.

_Powers' Pomo, MS._ The Weeyots at Eel river 'have as many wives as they

please.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 127. At

Trinidad Bay 'we found out that they had a plurality of wives.'

_Maurelle's Jour._, p. 19.

[484] All the young unmarried women are a common possession. _Powers_,

in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 330. The women bewail their

virginity for three nights before their marriage. _Gibbs_, in

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 173. If we believe Powers, they

cannot usually have much to bewail.

[485] Boys are disgraced by work. _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

Women work, while men gamble or sleep. _Wiley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept.

Joint Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 497; _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857,

p. 242; _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._

[486] _Kane's Wand._, p. 182.

[487] For the god Chareya, see _Bancroft's Nat. Races_, vol. iii., pp.

90, 161.

[488] _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 318. The Pitt River Indians 'sing

as they gamble and play until they are so hoarse they cannot speak.'

_The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[489] _Chase_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 433.

[490] 'They used tobacco, which they smoaked in small wooden pipes, in

form of a trumpet, and procured from little gardens, where they had

planted it.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 21.

[491] The Pitt River Indians 'give no medicines.' _The Shastas and their

Neighbors, MS._ 'The prevailing diseases are venereal, scrofula and

rheumatism.' Many die of consumption. _Force_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1871, p. 157. At the mouth of Eel river 'the principal diseases noticed,

were sore eyes and blindness, consumption, and a species of leprosy.'

_Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 128. They suffer from a

species of lung fever. _Geiger_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 289. 'A

disease was observed among them (the Shastas) which had the appearance

of the leprosy.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 255.

[492] 'The only medicine I know of is a root used for poultices, and

another root or plant for an emetic.' _The Shastas and their Neighbors,

MS._ 'The root of a parasite fern, found growing on the tops of the fir

trees (collque nashul), is the principal remedy. The plant in small

doses is expectorant and diurtetic; hence it is used to relieve

difficulties of the lungs and kidneys; and, in large doses, it becomes

sedative and is an emmenagogue; hence, it relieves fevers, and is useful

in uterine diseases, and produces abortions. The squaws use the root

extensively for this last mentioned purpose.' _Hubbard_, in _Golden

Era_, _March, 1856_.

[493] A Pitt River doctor told his patient that for his fee 'he must

have his horse or he would not let him get well.' _The Shastas and their

Neighbors, MS._; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 428;

_Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 175.

[494] _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._; _Rector_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1862, p. 261; _Ostrander_, in _Id._, 1857, p. 369; _Miller_, in

_Id._, p. 361.

[495] _Temescal_ is an Aztec word defined by Molina, _Vocabulario_,

'Temazcalli, casilla como estufa, adonde se bañan y sudan.' The word was

brought to this region and applied to the native sweat-houses by the

Franciscan Fathers. _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 72,

gives 'sweat-house' in the Chemehuevi language, as _pahcaba_.

[496] _Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._; _The Shastas and their

Neighbors, MS._; _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 317; _Powers' Pomo,

MS._; _Chase_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 432.

[497] _Meacham's Lecture on the Modocs_, in _S. F. Alta California_,

_Oct. 6, 1873_; _The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS._

[498] On Pitt River they burn their dead and heap stones over the ashes

for a monument. 'No funeral ceremonies.' _The Shastas and their

Neighbors, MS._ On the ocean frontier of south Oregon and north

California 'the dead are buried with their faces looking to the west.'

_Hubbard_, in _Golden Era_, _March, 1856_. The Patawats and Chillulas

bury their dead. The Tolewahs are not allowed to name the dead. _Powers'

Pomo, MS._ 'It is one of the most strenuous Indian laws that whoever

mentions the name of a deceased person is liable to a heavy fine, the

money being paid to the relatives.' _Chase_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol.

ii., p. 431. 'The bodies had been doubled up, and placed in a sitting

posture in holes. The earth, when replaced, formed conical mounds over

the heads.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 69. 'They bury

their dead under the noses of the living, and with them all their

worldly goods. If a man of importance, his house is burned and he is

buried on its site.' _Johnson_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 536.

'The chick or ready money, is placed in the owner's grave, but the bow

and quiver become the property of the nearest male relative. Chiefs only

receive the honors of a fence, surmounted with feathers, round the

grave.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 175. 'Upon the

death of one of these Indians they raised a sort of funeral cry, and

afterward burned the body within the house of their ruler.' _Maurelle's

Jour._, p. 19.

[499] _Muck-a-muck_, food. In the Chinook Jargon 'to eat; to bite; food.

Muckamuck chuck, to drink water.' _Dict. Chinook Jargon, or Indian Trade

Language_, p. 12.

[500] In the vicinity of Nootka Sound and the Columbia River, the first

United States traders with the natives were from Boston; the first

English vessels appeared about the same time, which was during the reign

of George III. Hence in the Chinook Jargon we find '_Boston_, an

American; _Boston illahie_, the United States;' and '_King George_,

English--_King George man_, an Englishman.'

[501] 'They will often go three or four miles out of their way, to avoid

passing a place which they think to be haunted.' _The Shastas and their

Neighbors, MS._

[502] The Pitt River Indians 'are very shrewd in the way of stealing,

and will beat a coyote. They are full of cunning.' _The Shastas and their

Neighbors, MS._ They 'are very treacherous and bloody in their

dispositions.' _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 61. 'The

Indians of the North of California stand at the very lowest point of

culture.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 316. 'Incapable of treachery,

but ready to fight to the death in avenging an insult or injury. They

are active and energetic in the extreme.' _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._,

vol. ii., p. 166. At Klamath Lake they are noted for treachery.

_Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 205. 'The Tolowas resemble the Hoopas in

character, being a bold and masterly race, formidable in battle,

aggressive and haughty.' The Patawats are 'extremely timid and

inoffensive.' The Chihulas, like most of the coast tribes 'are

characterized by hideous and incredible superstitions.' The Modocs 'are

rather a cloddish, indolent, ordinarily good-natured race, but

treacherous at bottom, sullen when angered, and notorious for keeping

punic faith. Their bravery nobody can dispute.' The Yukas are a

'tigerish, truculent, sullen, thievish, and every way bad, but brave

race.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ On Trinity River 'they have acquired the

vices of the whites without any of their virtues.' _Heintzelman_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 391. Above the forks of the main Trinity

they are 'fierce and intractable.' On the Klamath they 'have a

reputation for treachery, as well as revengefulness; are thievish, and

much disposed to sulk if their whims are not in every way indulged.'

They 'blubber like a schoolboy at the application of a switch.' _Gibbs_,

in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 139, 141, 176. The Rogue River

Indians and Shastas 'are a warlike race, proud and haughty, but

treacherous and very degraded in their moral nature.' _Miller_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 361. At Rogue River they are 'brave, haughty,

indolent, and superstitious.' _Ostrander_, in _Id._, 1857, p. 363;

_Roseborough's letter to the author, MS._

[503] These are not to be confounded with the Yukas in Round Valley,

Tehama County.

[504] Spelled Walhalla on some maps.