Wuchse, doch trifft man auch hohe Gestalten unter ihnen an; sie sind
ziemlich wohl proportionirt, die Farbe der Haut ist bräunlich, doch ist
diese Farbe mehr eine Wirkung der Sonne als angeboren; die Augen und
Haare sind schwarz, die letzteren stehen straff.... Beide Geschlechter
sind von kräftigem Körperbau.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u.
Ethn._, p. 81. 'Quoique surpris dans un très-grand négligé, ces hommes me
parurent beaux, de haute taille, robustes et parfaitement découplés ...
traits réguliers ... yeux noirs ... nez aquilin surmonté d'un front
élevé, les pommettes des joues arrondies, ... fortes lèvres ... dents
blanches et bien rangées ... peau jaune cuivré, un cou annonçant la
vigueur et soutenu par de larges épaules ... un air intelligent et fier
à la fois.... Je trouvai toutes les femmes horriblement laides.'
_Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., 145-6. At the head of the Eel River
'the average height of these men was not over five feet four or five
inches. They were lightly built, with no superfluous flesh, but with
very deep chests and sinewy legs.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._,
vol. iii., p. 119. 'The Clear Lake Indians are of a very degraded caste;
their foreheads naturally being often as low as the compressed skulls of
the Chinooks, and their forms commonly small and ungainly.' _Id._, p.
108. At Bodega Bay 'they are an ugly and brutish race, many with negro
profiles.' _Id._, p. 103. 'They are physically an inferior race, and
have flat, unmeaning features, long, coarse, straight black hair, big
mouths, and very dark skins.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 120. 'Large and
strong, their colour being the same as that of the whole territory.'
_Maurelle's Jour._, p. 47. It is said of the natives of the Sacramento
valley, that 'their growth is short and stunted; they have short thick
necks, and clumsy heads; the forehead is low, the nose flat with broad
nostrils, the eyes very narrow and showing no intelligence, the
cheek-bones prominent, and the mouth large. The teeth are white, but
they do not stand in even rows: and their heads are covered by short,
thick, rough hair.... Their color is a dirty yellowish-brown.'
_Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 307. 'This race of Indians is probably
inferior to all others on the continent. Many of them are diminutive in
stature, but they do not lack muscular strength, and we saw some who
were tall and well-formed.... Their complexion is a dark mahogany, or
often nearly black, their faces round or square, with features
approximating nearer to the African than the Indian. Wide, enormous
mouth, noses nearly flat, and hair straight, black, and coarse....
Small, gleaming eyes.' _Johnson's Cal. and Ogn._, pp. 142-3. Of good
stature, strong and muscular. _Bryant's Cal._, p. 266. 'Rather below the
middle stature, but strong, well-knit fellows.... Good-looking, and well
limbed.' _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., pp. 81, 111. 'They were
in general fine stout men.' A great diversity of physiognomy was
noticeable. _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 105,
107. On the Sacramento 'were fine robust men, of low stature, and badly
formed.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 198. 'The mouth
is very large, and the nose broad and depressed.' 'Chiefly distinguished
by their dark color ... broad faces, a low forehead.' _Hale's Ethnog._,
in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 222. 'Their features are coarse, broad,
and of a dark chocolate color.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 2,
1860_. At Drake's Bay, just above San Francisco, the men are 'commonly
so strong of body, that that which two or three of our men could hardly
beare, one of them would take vpon his backe, and without grudging
carrie it easily away, vp hill and downe hill an English mile together.'
_Drake's World Encomp._, p. 131. 'Los Naturales de este sitio y Puerto
son algo trigueños, por lo quemados del Sol, aunque los venidos de la
otra banda del Puerto y del Estero ... son mas blancos y corpulentos.'
_Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 215. 'Ugly, stupid, and savage;
otherwise they are well formed, tolerably tall, and of a dark brown
complexion. The women are short, and very ugly; they have much of the
negro in their countenance.... Very long, smooth, and coal-black hair.'
_Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 282-3. 'They all have a very savage
look, and are of a very dark color.' _Chamisso_, in _Kotzebue's Voy._,
vol. iii., p. 47. 'Ill made; their faces ugly, presenting a dull, heavy,
and stupid countenance.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 13. The
Tcholovoni tribe 'differe beaucoup de toutes les autres par les traits
du visage par sa physionomie, par un extèrieur assez agréable.'
_Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p. 6., plate vi., vii., xii. 'The
Alchones are of good height, and the Tuluraios were thought to be,
generally, above the standard of Englishmen. Their complexion is much
darker than that of the South-sea Islanders, and their features far
inferior in beauty.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 76. At Santa Clara
they are 'of a blackish colour, they have flat faces, thick lips, and
black, coarse, straight hair.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 98.
'Their features are handsome, and well-proportioned; their countenances
are cheerful and interesting.' _Morrell's Voy._, p. 212. At Placerville
they are 'most repulsive-looking wretches.... They are nearly black, and
are exceedingly ugly.' _Borthwick's Three Years in Cal._, p. 128. In the
Yosemite Valley 'they are very dark colored,' and 'the women are
perfectly hideous.' _Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite_, p. 52. The Monos
on the east side of the Sierra are 'a fine looking race, straight, and
of good height, and appear to be active.' _Von Schmidt_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1856, p. 2-3. At Monterey 'ils sont en général bien faits, mais
faibles d'esprit et de corps.' In the vicinity of San Miguel, they are
'généralement d'une couleur foncée, sales et mal faits ... à l'exception
tout fois des Indiens qui habitent sur les bords de la rivière des
tremblements de terre, et sur la côte voisine. Ceux-ci sont blancs,
d'une joli figure, et leurs cheveux tirent sur le roux.' _Fages_, in
_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 332, 163; also quoted
in _Marmier_, _Notice sur les Indiens_, p. 236. 'Sont généralement
petits, faibles ... leur couleur est très-approchante de celle des
nègres dont les cheveux ne sont point laineux: ceux de ces peuples sont
longs et très-forts.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 281. 'La
taille des hommes est plus haute (than that of the Chilians), et leurs
muscles mieux prononcés.' The figure of the women 'est plus élevée (than
that of the Chilian women), et la forme de leurs membres est plus
régulière; elles sont en général d'une stature mieux développée et d'une
physionomie moins repoussante.' _Rollin_, in _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom.
iv., p. 52. At San José 'the men are almost all rather above the
middling stature, and well built; very few indeed are what may be called
undersized. Their complexions are dark but not negro like ... some
seemed to possess great muscular strength; they have very coarse black
hair.' Some of the women were more than five feet six inches in height.
And speaking of the Californian Indians, in general, 'they are of a
middling, or rather of a low stature, and of a dark brown colour,
approaching to black ... large projecting lips, and broad, flat,
negro-like noses; ... bear a strong resemblance to the negroes.... None
of the men we saw were above five feet high ... ill-proportioned ... we
had never seen a less pleasing specimen of the human race.'
_Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 194-5, 164, see plate. And speaking
generally of the Californian Indians: 'Die Männer sind im Allgemeinen
gut gebaut und von starker Körperbildung,' height 'zwischen fünf Fuss
vier Zoll und fünf Fuss zehn oder eilf Zoll.' Complexion 'die um ein
klein wenig heller als bei den Mulatten, also weit dunkler ist, als bei
den übrigen Indianerstämmen.' _Osswald_, _Californien_, p. 62. The coast
Indians 'are about five feet and a half in height, and rather slender
and feeble,' in the interior they 'are taller and more robust.'
_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 364. 'Cubische Schädelform, niedrige Stirn,
breites Gesicht, mit hervorragendem Jochbogen, breite Lippen und grosser
Mund, mehr platte Nase und am Innenwinkel herabgezogene Augen.'
_Wimmel_, _Californien_, pp. v, 177. 'Les Californiens sont presque
noirs; la disposition de leur yeux et l'ensemble de leur visage leur
donnent avec les européens une ressemblance assez marquée.' _Rossi_,
_Souvenirs_, pp. 279-80. 'They are small in stature; thin, squalid,
dirty, and degraded in appearance. In their habits little better than an
ourang-outang, they are certainly the worst type of savage I have ever
seen.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 249. 'More swarthy in complexion, and
of less stature than those east of the Rocky Mountains ... more of the
Asiatic cast of countenance than the eastern tribe.' _Delano's Life on
the Plains_, p. 304. 'Dépasse rarement la hauteur de cinq pieds deux ou
trois pouces; leur membres sont grêles et médiocrement musclés. Ils ont
de grosses lévres qui se projettent en avant, le nez large et aplati
comme les Ethiopiens; leurs cheveux sont noirs, rude et droits.'
_Auger_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 165. 'Generally of small stature, robust
appearance, and not well formed.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii.,
p. 91. 'Schön gewachsen und von schwärtzlich-brauner Farbe.'
_Mühlenpfordt Mejico_, tom. ii., part ii., p. 455. 'Low foreheads and
skins as black as Guinea negroes.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 85.
'En naissant les enfants sont presque blancs ... mais ils noircissent en
grandissant.' 'Depuis le nord du Rio Sacramento jusqu'au cap San Lucas
... leurs caractères physique, leurs moeurs et leurs usages sont les
mêmes.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 263, 367. 'Skin of such a
deep reddish-brown that it seems almost black.' _Figuier's Human Race_,
p. 493; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 528; _Forbes'
Cal._, pp. 180-3; _Harper's Monthly_, vol. xiii., p. 583. 'A fine set of
men, who, though belonging to different nationalities, had very much the
same outward appearance; so that when you have seen one you seem to have
seen them all.' _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, p. 15.
[506] On the Sacramento River 'the men universally had some show of a
beard, an inch or so in length, but very soft and fine.' _Pickering's
Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 105. 'They had beards and
whiskers an inch or two long, very soft and fine.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in
_U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 198. On Russian River 'they have quite
heavy moustaches and beards on the chin, but not much on the cheeks, and
they almost all suffer it to grow.' The Clear Lake Indians 'have also
considerable beards, and hair on the person.' At the head of South Fork
of Eel River, 'they pluck their beards.' Gibbs, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 108-119. At Monterey 'plusieurs ont de la barbe;
d'autres, suivant les pères missionaires, n'en ont jamais eu, et c'est
un question qui n'est pas même décidée dans le pays.' _La Pérouse_,
_Voy._, vol. ii., p. 282. 'Les Californiens ont la barbe plus fournie
que les Chiliens, et les parties génitales mieux garnies: cependant j'ai
remarqué, parmi les hommes, un grand nombre d'individus totalement
dépourvus de barbe; les femmes ont aussi peu de poil au pénil et aux
aisselles.' _Rollin_, in _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, vol. iv., p. 53. 'They
have the habit common to all American Indians of extracting the beard
and the hair of other parts of their body.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p.
364. Beards 'short, thin, and stiff.' _Bartlett's Nar._, vol. ii., p.
34. 'In general very scanty, although occasionally a full flowing beard
is observed.' _Forbes' Cal._, pp. 181-2. 'Beards thin; many shave them
close with mussel-shells.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 164. 'Ihr
Bart ist schwach.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, vol. v. At San Antonio, 'in
the olden times, before becoming christians, they pulled out their
beards.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 27, 1860_. Choris in his
_Voy. Pitt._, plates vi., vii., xii., of part iii., draws the Indians
with a very slight and scattered beard. 'Pluck out their beard.'
_Auger_, _Voy. in Cal._, p. 165. 'Wear whiskers.' _Thornton's Ogn. and
Cal._, vol. ii., p. 91. 'Les Indiens qui habitent dans la direction du
cap de Nouvel-An (del Año Nuevo) ... ont des moustaches.' _Fages_, in
_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 335. Mühlenpfordt
mentions that at the death of a relation, 'die Männer raufen Haupthaar
und Bart sich aus.' _Mejico_, vol. ii., part ii., p. 456.
[507] At Fort Ross 'Die Männer gehen ganz nackt, die Frauen hingegen
bedecken nur den mittleren Theil des Körpers von vorne und von hinten
mit den Fellen wilder Ziegen; das Haar binden die Männer auf dem
Schopfe, die Frauen am Nacken in Büschel zusammen; bisweilen lassen sie
es frei herunter wallen; die Männer heften die Büschel mit ziemlich
künstlich, aus einer rothen Palme geschnitzten Hölzchen fest.'
_Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 82. At Clear Lake 'the
women generally wear a small round, bowl-shaped basket on their heads;
and this is frequently interwoven with the red feathers of the
woodpecker, and edged with the plume tufts of the blue quail.' _Gibbs_,
in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 107. See also p. 68, plate xiv.,
for plate of ornaments. At Kelsey River, dress 'consists of a deer-skin
robe thrown over the shoulders.' _Id._, p. 122. In the Sacramento Valley
'they were perfectly naked.' _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p.
111. 'Both sexes have the ears pierced with large holes, through which
they pass a piece of wood as thick as a man's finger, decorated with
paintings or glass beads.' _Pfeiffer's Second Journ._, p. 307. 'The men
go entirely naked; but the women, with intuitive modesty, wear a small,
narrow, grass apron, which extends from the waist to the knees, leaving
their bodies and limbs partially exposed.' _Delano's Life on the
Plains_, pp. 305, 307. 'They wear fillets around their heads of leaves.'
_Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 192. 'The dress of the
women is a cincture, composed of narrow slips of fibrous bark, or of
strings of 'Californian flax,' or sometimes of rushes.' Men naked.
_Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 108. At Bodega
they 'most liberally presented us with plumes of feathers, rosaries of
bone, garments of feathers, as also garlands of the same materials,
which they wore round their head.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 47. 'The women
wore skins of animals about their shoulders and waists;' hair 'clubbed
behind.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 436. Around San Francisco Bay:
'in summer many go entirely naked. The women, however, wear a deer-skin,
or some other covering about their loins; but skin dresses are not
common.' To their ears the women 'attach long wooden cylinders,
variously carved, which serve the double purpose of ear-rings and
needle-cases.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 77. 'All go naked.'
_Chamisso_, in _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 48. 'The men either go
naked or wear a simple breech-cloth. The women wear a cloth or strips of
leather around their loins.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 33.
Three hundred years ago we are told that the men in the vicinity of San
Francisco Bay 'for the most part goe naked; the women take a kinde of
bulrushes, and kembing it after the manner of hemp, make themselues
thereof a loose garment, which being knitte about their middles, hanges
downe about their hippes, and so affordes to them a couering of that
which nature teaches should be hidden; about their shoulders they weare
also the skin of a deere, with the haire vpon it.' The king had upon his
shoulders 'a coate of the skins of conies, reaching to his wast; his
guard also had each coats of the same shape, but of other skin....
After these in their order, did follow the naked sort of common people,
whose haire being long, was gathered into a bunch behind, in which
stucke plumes of feathers; but in the forepart onely single feathers
like hornes, every one pleasing himselfe in his owne device.' _Drake's
World Encomp._, pp. 121, 126. 'Asi como Adamitas se presentan sin el
menor rubor ni vergüenza (esto es, los hombres) y para librarse del frio
que todo el año hace en esta Mision (San Francisco), principalmente las
mañanas, se embarran con lodo, diciendo que les preserva de él, y en
quanto empieza á calentar el Sol se lavan: las mugeres andan algo
honestas, hasta las muchachas chiquitas: usan para la honestidad de un
delantar que hacen de hilos de tule, ó juncia, que no pasa de la
rodilla, y otro atrás amarrados á la cintura que ambos forman como unas
enaguas, con que se presentan con alguna honestidad, y en las espaldas
se ponen otros semejantes para librarse en alguna manera del frio.'
_Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 217. At Monterey, and on the coast
between Monterey and Santa Barbara the dress 'du plus riche consiste en
un manteau da peau de loutre qui couvre ses reins et descend au dessous
des sines.... L'habillement des femmes est un manteau de peau de cerf
mal tannée.... Les jeunes filles au-dessous de neuf ans n'ont qu'une
simple ceinture et les enfans de l'autre sexe sont tout nus.' _La
Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 304-5. 'Ils se percent aussi les
oreilles, et y portent des ornemens d'un genre et d'un gout
trés-variés.' _Rollin_, in _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 53. 'Those
between Monterey and the extreme northern boundary of the Mexican
domain, shave their heads close.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in
Cal._, p. 239. On the coast between San Diego and San Francisco 'presque
tous ... vont entierement nus; ceux qui ont quelques vêtements, n'ont
autre chose qu'une casaque faite de courroies de peau de lapins, de
lièvres ou de loutres tressés ensemble, et qui ont conservé le poil. Les
femmes ont une espèce de tablier de roseaux tressés qui s'attache autour
de la taille par un cordon, et pend jusqu'aux genoux; une peau de cerf
mal tannée et mal préparée, jetée sur leurs épaules en guise de manteau,
compléte leur toilette.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844,
tom. ci., p. 155; see also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en
Cal._, p. 227. 'Sont tres peu couverts, et en été, la plupart vont tout
nus. Les femmes font usage de peaux de daim pour se couvrir.... Ces
femmes portent encore comme vêtement des espèces de couvertures sans
envers, faites en plumes tissues ensemble ... il a l'avantage d'être
très-chaud.... Elles portent généralement, au lieu de boucles
d'oreilles, des morceaux d'os ou de bois en forme de cylindre et
sculptés de différentes manières. Ces ornements sont creux et servent
également d'étuis pour renfermer leurs aiguilles.' _Petit-Thouars_,
_Voy._, tom. ii., p. 135. Speaking generally of the Californian Indians,
'both sexes go nearly naked, excepting a sort of wrapper round the
waist, only in the coldest part of the winter they throw over their
bodies a covering of deer-skin, or the skin of the sea-otter. They also
make themselves garments of the feathers of many different kinds of
water fowl, particularly ducks and geese, bound together fast in a sort
of ropes, which ropes are then united quite close so as to make
something like a feather skin.' It is very warm. 'In the same manner
they cut the sea-otter skins into small strips, which they twist
together, and then join them as they do the feathers, so that both sides
have the fur alike.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 163-4. See also
_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 364, and _Forbes' Cal._, p. 183. 'Im Winter
selbst tragen sie wenig Bekleidung, vielleicht nur eine Hirschhaut,
welche sie über die Schulter werfen; Männer, Frauen und Kinder gehen
selbst im Winter im Schnee barfuss.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 177;
_Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 249; _Patrick, Gilbert, Heald, and Von
Schmidt_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, pp. 240-4; _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._,
part iii., p. 4, and plate xii.; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii.,
part ii., p. 455; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 239; _Shea's
Catholic Missions_, p. 98; _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.
iv., p. 223; _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 457; _Augur_, _Voy. en Cal._, p.
100. After having collated the above notes I was rather taken aback by
meeting the following: 'The general costume of nearly all the
Californian Indians gives them rather an interesting appearance; when
fully dressed, their hair, which has been loose, is tied up, either with
a coronet of silver, or the thongs of skin, ornamented with feathers of
the brightest colours; bracelets made in a similar manner are wore;
breeches and leggings of doe-skin, sewed, not unfrequently with human
hair; a kind of kilt of varied coloured cloth or silk (!), fastened by a
scarf, round their waist; ... The women wear a cloth petticoat, dyed
either blue or red, doe-skin shirt, and leggings, with feathered
bracelets round their waist.' _Coulter's Adventures_, vol. i., pp.
172-3. Surely Mr Coulter should know an Indian dress from one composed
of Mexican cloth and trinkets.
[508] At Bodega the women 'were as much tatooed or punctured as any of
the females of the Sandwich islands.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p.
436. In the Sacramento Valley 'most of the men had some slight marks of
tattooing on the breast, disposed like a necklace.' _Pickering's Races_,
in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 105. Dana, in a note to Hale, says:
'The faces of the men were colored with black and red paint, fancifully
laid on in triangles and zigzag lines. The women were tattooed below the
mouth.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 222. 'Most of
them had some slight marks of tattooing on their breast; somewhat
similar to that of the Chinooks.... The face was usually painted, the
upper part of the cheek in the form of a triangle, with a blue-black
substance, mixed with some shiny particles that looked like pulverized
mica.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., pp. 198, 259. 'Their
faces daubed with a thick dark glossy substance like tar, in a line from
the outside corners of the eyes to the ends of the mouth, and back from
them to the hinge of the jawbone ... some also had their entire
foreheads coated over.' _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p. 111.
'The women are a little tattooed on the chin.' _Pfeiffer's Second
Journ._, p. 307. At Monterey and vicinity, 'se peignent le corps en
rouge, et en noir lorsqu'ils sont en deuil.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom.
ii., p. 305. 'Se peignent la peau pour se parer.' _Rollin_, in _La
Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 53. 'This one thing was obserued to bee
generall amongst them all, that euery one had his face painted, some
with white, some blacke, and some with other colours.' _Drake's World
Encomp._, p. 126. 'Tattooing is practised in these tribes by both sexes,
both to ornament the person and to distinguish one clan from another. It
is remarkable that the women mark their chins precisely in the same way
as the Esquimaux.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 77. 'Les indigènes
indepéndents de la Haute-Californie sont tatoués ... ces signes servent
d'ornement et de distinction, non seulement d'une tribu à une autre
tribu, mais encore, d'une famille à une autre famille.' _Petit-Thouars_,
_Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 134-5. 'Tattooing is also used, but principally
among the women. Some have only a double or triple line from each corner
of the mouth down to the chin; others have besides a cross stripe
extending from one of these stripes to the other; and most have simple
long and cross stripes from the chin over the neck down to the breast
and upon the shoulders.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 167; see
plate, p. 169. When dancing, 'ils se peignent sur le corps des lignes
régulières, noires, rouges et blanches. Quelques-uns ont la moitié du
corps, depuis la tête jusqu'en bas, barbouillée de noir, et l'autre de
rouge; le tout croisé par des raies blanches, d'autres se poudrent les
cheveux avec du duvet d'oiseaux.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p.
4; see also plate xii. 'I have never observed any particular figured
designs upon their persons, but the tattooing is generally on the chin,
though sometimes on the wrist and arm.' Mostly on the persons of the
females. _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223. 'Les
femmes seules emploient le tatouage.' _Auger_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 165.
[509] 'Il est bien rare qu'un Indien passe la nuit dans sa maison. Vers
le soir chacun prend son arc et ses flèches et va se réunir aux autres
dans de grandes cavernes, parce-qu'ils craignent d'être attaqués a
l'improviste par leurs ennemis et d'être surpris sans défense au milieu
de leurs femmes et de leurs enfants.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des
Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 316-7.
[510] Two authors describe their dwellings as being much smaller than I
have stated them to be: 'leur maisons ont quatre pieds de diamètre.'
_Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 238. Their wigwams
have 'une élévation au-dessus du sol de cinq à huit pieds et une
circonférence de dix à douze.' _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 172. The
authorities I have followed, and who agree in essential particulars,
are: _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 103, 106;
_Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 198; _Pfeiffer's Second
Journ._, pp. 307-8; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p.
106; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 242; _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol.
ii., pp. 34, 282; _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p. 2; _Drake's
World Encomp._, p. 121; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 30, with
cut; _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 13, 15; _Palou_, _Noticias_, in
_Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., vol. vi., pp. 367, 390; _Sutil y Mexicana_,
_Viage_, p. 165; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 295; _Delano's Life
on the Plains_, p. 306; _Gerstäcker's Journ._, p. 218; _Gilbert_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 242; _Patrick_, in _Id._, p. 240; _Jewett_,
in _Id._, p. 244; _Bailey_, in _Id._, 1858, p. 299; _Lord's Nat._, vol.
i., p. 248; _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 163; _Wimmel_,
_Californien_, pp. 177, 179; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 365;
_Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 5; _Baer_, _Stat. und Ethno._, p. 72;
_Kostromitonow_, in _Id._, p. 83; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 239;
_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., p. 456; _Johnston_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._,
vol. ii., p. 91; _Roquefeuil's Voy. Round the World_, p. 29; _Fages_, in
_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 316, 343.
[511] Wilkes, and the majority of writers, assert that the acorns are
sweet and palatable in their natural state; Kostromitonow, however,
says: 'Nachdem die Eicheln vom Baume gepflückt sind, werden sie in der
Sonne gedörrt, darauf gereinigt und in Körben mittelst besonders dazu
behauener Steine gestossen, dann wird im Sande oder sonst wo in lockerer
Erde eine Grube gegraben, die Eicheln werden hineingeschüttet und mit
Wasser übergossen, welches beständig von der Erde eingezogen wird.
Dieses Ausspülen wiederholt man so lange bis die Eicheln alle ihre
eigenthümliche Bitterkeit verloren haben.' _Baer_, _Stat. und Ethno._,
p. 84. The acorn bread 'looks and tastes like coarse black clay,
strongly resembling the soundings in Hampton roads, and being about as
savory and digestible.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 121. Never having eaten
'coarse black clay,' I cannot say how it tastes, but according to all
other authorities, this bread, were it not for the extreme filthiness of
those who prepare it, would be by no means disagreeable food.
[512] Pinole is an Aztec word, and is applied to any kind of grain or
seeds, parched and ground, before being made into dough. '_Pinolli_, la
harina de mayz y chia, antes que la deslian.' _Molina_, _Vocabulario_.
The Aztecs made pinole chiefly of maize or Indian corn.
[513] 'Nos trageron su regalo de tamales grandes de mas de á tercia con
su correspondiente grueso, amasados de semillas silvestres muy prietas
que parecen brea; los probé y no tienen mal gusto y son muy mantecosos.'
_Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 68.
Among the presents given to Drake by the Indians was 'a roote which they
call Petáh, whereof they make a kind of meale, and either bake it into
bread or eate it raw; broyled fishes, like a pilchard; the seede and
downe aforenamed, with such like.' _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 126.
Catch salmon in baskets. 'They neither sow nor reap, but burn their
meadows from time to time to increase their fertility.' _Chamisso_, in
_Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 48. 'Les rats, les insectes, les
serpentes, tout sans exception leur sert de nourriture.... Ils sont trop
maladroits et trop paresseux pour chasser.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part
iii., p. 2. 'Entre ellas tienen una especie de semilla negra, y de su
harina hacen unos tamales, á modo de bolas, de tamaño de una naranja,
que son muy sabrosos, que parecen de almendra tostada muy mantecosa.'
_Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 216; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_,
p. 164; _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 116. 'Their fastidiousness
does not prompt them to take the entrails out' of fishes and birds.
_Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 305. 'Live upon various plants in
their several seasons, besides grapes, and even use the Artemesia.'
_Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., pp. 202, 259. 'Ils trouvent
aussi autour d'eux une quantité d'aloès dont ils font un fréquent
usage.... Ils utilisent éncore la racine d'une espèce de roseau.... Ils
mangent aussi une fleur sucrée qui ressemble à celle de l'églantier
d'Espagne, et qui croît dans les endroits marécageux.' _Marmier_,
_Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, pp. 232-3, 237. Were cannibals and
their sorcerers still eat human flesh. _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii.,
pp. 362, 366-9. The Meewocs 'eat all creatures that swim in the waters,
all that fly through the air, and all that creep, crawl, or walk upon
the earth, with, perhaps a dozen exceptions.' _Powers_, in _Overland
Monthly_, vol. x., p. 324. 'Ils se nourrissent également d'une espèce de
gâteaux fabriqués avec du gland, et qu'ils roulent dans le sable avant
de le livrer à la cuisson; de là vient qu'ils sont, jeunes encore, les
dents usées jusqu'à la racine, et ce n'est pas, comme le dit Malte-Brun,
parce qu'ils ont l'habitude de les limer.' _Auger_, _Voy. en Cal._, p.
163. 'While I was standing there a couple of pretty young girls came
from the woods, with flat baskets full of flower-seed, emitting a
peculiar fragrance, which they also prepared for eating. They put some
live coals among the seed, and swinging it and throwing it together, to
shake the coals and the seed well, and bring them in continual and close
contact without burning the latter, they roasted it completely, and the
mixture smelled so beautiful and refreshing that I tasted a good handful
of it, and found it most excellent.' _Gerstaecker's Journ._, p. 211. See
farther: _Humboldt_, _Pol._, tom. i., pp. 324-5; _Holinski_, _La
Californie_, p. 174; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp.
106-7, 113; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, pp. 179, 181; _Kelly's Excursion to
Cal._, vol. ii., p. 113; _Taylor's El Dorado_, vol. i., p. 241; _King's
Rept._, in _Taylor's El Dorado_, vol. ii., p. 210; _Langsdorff's Voy._,
vol. ii., p. 163; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 248; _Vancouver's Voy._,
vol. ii., p. 36; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p.
103; _Petit-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 136-7; _Fremont's Explor.
Ex._, pp. 242, 244; _Johnson's Cal. and Ogn._, p. 142; _Hale's Ethnog._,
in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 222; _Placerville Index_, _Aug., 1859_;
_Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 303; _Patrick, McDermott,
Gilbert, Benitz, Jannson, Von Schmidt, McAdam, Bowlby, and Jewett_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, pp. 18, 41-4; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii.,
p. 282; _Helper's Land of Gold_, pp. 269-70; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._,
vol. iii., pp. 441-2; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, pp. 450-1; _Thornton's Ogn.
and Cal._, pp. 91-2, 152, 316; _Yate's Sketch of the Sacramento Valley
in 1842, MS._; _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 457; _McDaniels' Early Days of
Cal. MS._; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 339, 346; _Mühlenpfordt_,
_Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 455-6; _Knight's Pioneer Life, MS._
[514] When the Indian finds a tree stocked by the carpenter bird he
'kindles a fire at its base and keeps it up till the tree falls, when he
helps himself to the acorns.' _Helper's Land of Gold_, p. 269.
[515] _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 75.
[516] 'When a sturgeon is caught, the spinal marrow, which is considered
a delicacy, is drawn out whole, through a cut made in the back, and
devoured raw.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 32-3.
[517] _Browne_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xxiii., p. 315.
[518] 'They cook the flesh of this animal in holes dug in the ground and
curbed up with stone like wells. Over this they build large fires, heat
them thoroughly, clean out the coals and ashes, fill them with whale
flesh, cover the opening with sticks, leaves, grass and earth, and thus
bake their repast.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 366-7. 'Ils font rôtir
cette chair dans des trous creusés en terre.' _Marmier_, _Notice_, in
_Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 237.
[519] _Johnson's Cal. and Ogn._, p. 132; _Powers' Account of John A.
Sutter, MS._; and _Id._, _Letter to the author, MS._
[520] 'Reinlichkeit kennen sie nicht, und in ihren Hütten sind die
diversesten Parasiten vertreten.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 177. 'I
have seen them eating the vermin which they picked from each other's
heads, and from their blankets. Although they bathe frequently, they lay
for hours in the dirt, basking in the sun, covered with dust.' _Delano's
Life on the Plains_, p. 305. 'In their persons they are extremely
dirty.' Eat lice like the Tartars. _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 76-7.
'Very filthy, and showed less sense of decency in every respect than any
we had ever met with.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p.
106.
[521] 'Ein Bogen mit Pfeilen und ein Spiess sind ihre Waffen; alles
dieses wird meistens aus jungem Tannenholz verfertigt. Die Spitzen der
Pfeile und Spiesse bestehen aus scharfen, künstlich behauenen Steinen,
zur Bogensehne nehmen sie die Sehnen wilder Ziegen; ausserdem führen sie
in Kriegszeiten eine Art von Schleuder, mit welcher sie Steine auf eine
grosse Entfernung werfen.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u.
Ethno._, p. 89. Bow 'from three to four and a half feet long.'
_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 368. 'Their arms are clubs, spears of hard
wood, and the bow and arrow.... Arrows are mostly made of reeds.'
_Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Feb. 22, 1860_. 'Die einzige Waffe zur
Erlegung des Wildes ist ihnen der Bogen und Pfeil.' _Wimmel_,
_Californien_, p. 180. 'Their only arms were bows and arrows.' _Hale's
Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 222. Bows 'about thirty
inches long ... arrows are a species of reed ... spears are pointed with
bone.' _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 306. 'The quiver of dressed
deer-skin, holds both bow and arrows.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iii., p. 123. 'The point (of the arrow) itself is a piece
of flint chipped down into a flat diamond shape, about the size of a
diamond on a playing-card; the edges are very sharp, and are notched to
receive the tendons with which it is firmly secured to the arrow.'
_Borthwick's Three Years in Cal._, p. 131. 'Arrows are pointed with
flint, as are also their spears, which are very short. They do not use
the tomahawk or scalping knife.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii.,
p. 91. 'Leurs armes sont l'arc et les flèches armées d'un silex
très-artistement travaillé.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 305.
'Ces arcs sont encore garnis, au milieu, d'une petite lanière de cuir,
qui a pour object d'empêcher la flèche de dévier de la position qu'on
lui donne en la posant sur l'arc.... Ils prétendent que cette précaution
rend leurs coups encore plus sûrs. Les flèches sont moins longues que
l'arc, elles ont ordinairement de 80 à 85 centimètres de long, elles
sont faites d'un bois très-léger et sont égales en grosseur à chaque
extrémité ... l'autre extrémité de la flèche est garnie, sur quatre
faces, de barbes en plumes qui ont 10 centimètres de longueur sur 0,015
millimètres de hauteur.' _Petit-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 138. They
'maintain armories to make their bows, and arrows, and lances.' Arrows
'are tipped with barbed obsidian heads ... the shaft is ornamented with
rings of the distinguishing paint of the owner's rancheria. Their knives
and spear-points are made of obsidian and flint.' Arrows are of two
kinds, 'one short and light for killing game, and the other a war-shaft
measuring a cloth-yard in length.' _Revere's Tour_, pp. 121-2. 'Ces
flèches offrent peu de danger à une certaine distance, à cause de la
parabole qu'elles sont forcées de décrire, et qui donne à celui que les
voit venir la temps de les éviter.' _Auger_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 163. 'La
corde, faite avec du chanvre sylvestre, est garnie d'un petit morceau de
peau qui en étouffe le sifflement.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p.
378; see _Atlas_, plate 25. 'Ihre Waffen bestehen nur in Bogen und
Pfeil.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., part ii., p. 455. 'They have
no offensive arms at all, except bows and arrows, and these are small
and powerless.... Arrows are about two feet long.' _Gerstaecker's
Journ._, p. 212. 'Sometimes the bow is merely of wood and rudely made.'
_Chamisso_, in _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 48. 'Their weapons
consist only of bows and arrows; neither the tomahawk nor the spear is
ever seen in their hands.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 77. 'A portion
of the string is covered with downy fur' to deaden the sound. Arrows are
invariably pointed with flint. They have 'sometimes wooden barbs.'
Javelins pointed with flint, or sometimes simply sharpened at the end.
_Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 109. Arrows were
about three feet long, and pointed with flint. Short spears also pointed
with flint. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 198. 'Traian
unas lanzas cortas con su lengüeta de pedernal tan bien labradas como si
fuesen de hierro ó acero, con solo la diferencia de no estar lisas.'
_Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 68.
'Los mas de ellos traian varas largas en las manos á modo de lanzas.'
_Id._, p. 61; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 249; _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol.
ii., p. 165; _Life of Gov. L. W. Boggs, by his Son, MS._
[522] _Petit-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 139.
[523] _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 164;
_Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 228. It is
impossible to locate with certainty the San Miguel of Fages. There are
now several places of the name in California, of which the San Miguel in
San Luis Obispo County comes nearest the region in which, to agree with
his own narrative, Fages must have been at the time. The cimeter
mentioned by him, must have strongly resembled the _maquahuitl_ of the
ancient Mexicans, and it was possibly much farther south that he saw it.
[524] _Powers' Pomo, MS._; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 169.
[525] _Butte Record_, _Aug., 1866._
[526] 'Suelen entrar en ella entonando cánticos militares mezclados de
extraños alaridos; y acostumbran formarse los campeones en dos lineas
muy próximas para empezar disparándose flechazos. Como uno de sus
principales ardides consiste en intimidar al enemigo, para conseguirlo
procura cada partido que oiga el contrario los preparativos de la
batalla.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 170. 'On coming in sight of
the enemy they form in an extended line, something like light infantry,
and shouting, like bacchanals dance from side to side to prevent the foe
from taking deliberate aim.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 122.
[527] In the vicinity of Fort Ross: 'In ihren Kriegen wird
Unerschrockenheit geachtet; gefangene Feinde tödtet man nicht, sondern
wechselt sie nach beendigtem Kampfe aus; nie verurtheilt man sie zu
Sklaven.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 77. Near Feather River 'they
carry off their dead to prevent their being scalped, which next after
death they are most fearful of.' _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii.,
p. 83. In the Sacramento Valley 'the Californians differ from the other
North American tribes in the absence of the tomahawk and of the practice
of scalping.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 108.
At Clear Lake, 'they do not scalp the slain.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 122.
In the vicinity of San Francisco 'occasionally, they appear to have
eaten pieces of the bodies of their more distinguished adversaries
killed in battle.' _Soulé's Annals of San Francisco_, p. 52. At Monterey,
'lorsqu'ils avaient vaincu et mis à mort sur le champ de bataille des
chefs ou des hommes très-courageux, ils en mangeaient quelques morceaux,
moins en signe de haine et de vengeance, que comme un hommage qu'ils
rendaient à leur valeur, et dans la persuasion qua cette nourriture était
propre à augmenter leur courage.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p.
306. 'Muchos indios armados de arco y flechas y llamándolos vinieron
luego y me regularon muchos de ellos flechas, que es entre ellos la
mayor demostracion de paz.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Doc. Mex. Hist._,
serie iv., tom. vii., p. 53. At Santa Cruz they eat slices of the flesh
of a brave fallen enemy, thinking to gain some of his valour. They 'take
the scalps of their enemies ... they pluck out the eyes of their
enemies.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 370. 'Gefangene werden nicht
lange gehalten, sondern gleich getödtet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p.
178. In order to intimidate their enemies 'cometen con el propio fin en
las primeras víctimas las crueldades mas horrorosas.' _Sutil y
Mexicana_, _Viage_ p. 170.
[528] _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 126.
[529] 'Make baskets of the bark of trees.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p.
368. 'Make a very ingenious straw box for keeping their worm bait alive;
burying it in the earth, yet not allowing the worms to escape.'
_Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite_, p. 52. 'Die gewöhnlichste Form für den
Korb ist halbconisch, 3 Fuss lang und 18 Zoll breit.' _Wimmel_,
_Californien_, p. 182. 'Their baskets, made of willows, are perfectly
water-tight.' _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 305. 'They sometimes
ornament the smaller ones with beads, pearl-shell, feathers, &c.'
_Revere's Tour_, p. 122 'Leurs mortiers de pierre et divers autres
utensiles sont artistiquement incrustés de morceaux de nacre de perle
... garnissent leur calebasses et leur cruches d'ouvrages de vannerie
brodés avec des fils-déliés qu'elles tirent de diverses racines.'
_Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 233; _Langsdorff's
Voy._, vol. ii., p. 165; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 243; _Gibbs_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 107; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom.
ii., p. 367; _Chamisso_, in _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 48;
_Borthwick's Three Years in Cal._, p. 131; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._,
tom. i., p. 324.
[530] _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 47. At Clear Lake 'their canoes or rather
rafts are made of bundles of the tulé plant.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iii., p. 107. At San Francisco Bay and vicinity 'the only
canoes of the Indians are made of plaited reeds.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._,
vol. ii., p. 90. 'They do not possess horses or canoes of any kind; they
only know how to fasten together bundles of rushes, which carry them
over the water by their comparative lightness.' _Chamisso_, in
_Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 48. 'Les Indiens font leur pirogues à
l'instant où ils veulent entreprendre un voyage par eau; elles sont en
roseaux. Lorsque l'on y entre elles s'emplissent à moitié d'eau; de
sorte qu'assis, l'on en a jusqu'au gras de la jambe; on les fait aller
avec des avirons extrêmement longs, et pointus aux deux extremités.'
_Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p. 6. Had no boats, but it was
reported that they had previously used boats made of rushes.
_Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 103. 'The most
rude and sorry contrivances for embarcation I had ever beheld.... They
were constructed of rushes and dried grass of a long broad leaf, made up
into rolls the length of the canoe, the thickest in the middle and
regularly tapering to a point at each end ... appeared to be very ill
calculated to contend with wind and waves.... They conducted their canoe
or vessel by long double-bladed paddles, like those used by the
Esquimaux.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 5. 'The balsas are entirely
formed of the bulrush ... commonly the rowers sit on them soaked in
water, as they seldom rise above the surface.' _Forbes' Cal._, p. 191.
Build no canoes, but occasionally make use of rafts composed of one or
two logs, generally split. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v.,
p. 192. 'The "Balsa" is the only thing of the boat kind known among
them. It is constructed entirely of bulrushes ... sit flat upon the
craft, soaked in water, plying their paddles ... most of them in all
kinds of weather, are either below, or on a level with the water.'
_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 368. 'My opinion is that the Indians of
California, previous to the occupation by the Jesuit Fathers had no
other boats than those made from the tule, and even as late as 1840, I
never knew or heard of an Indian using any other.' _Phelps' Letter, MS._
[531] _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 103;
_Cronise's Nat. Wealth_, p. 23.
[532] _Roquefeuil's Voy._, pp. 25-6. Tule is an Aztec word, from
_tollin_, signifying rushes, flags, or reeds. _Molina_, _Vocabulario._
Mendoza says that when the ancient Mexicans arrived at the site of
Mexico, it was a complete swamp, covered 'con grandes matorrales de
enea, que llaman _tuli_.' _Esplicacion del Codice_, in _Kingsborough's
Mex. Antiq._, vol. v., p. 40. That the Spaniards themselves had not
boats at this time is also asserted by Kotzebue: 'That no one has yet
attempted to build even the simplest canoe in a country which produces a
superabundance of the finest wood for the purpose, is a striking proof
of the indolence of the Spaniards, and the stupidity of the Indians.'
_New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 90.
[533] _Phelps' Letter, MS._
[534] _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 415. 'Sending off a man with
great expedition, to vs in a canow.' _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 119.
[535] The shells 'they broke and rubbed down to a circular shape, to the
size of a dime, and strung them on a thread of sinews.' _Taylor_, in
_Cal. Farmer_, _March 2, 1860_. 'Three kinds of money were employed ...
white shell-beads, or rather buttons, pierced in the centre and strung
together, were rated at $5 a yard; periwinkles, at $1 a yard; fancy
marine shells, at various prices, from $3 to $10, or $15, according to
their beauty.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 325.
[536] The office of chief is hereditary in the male line only. The
widows and daughters of the chiefs are, however, treated with
distinction, and are not required to work, as other women. _Beechey's
Voy._, vol. ii., p. 73. In one case near Clear Lake, when 'the males of
a family had become extinct and a female only remained, she appointed a
chief.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. At the
Port of Sardinas 'durmió dos noches en la capitana una india anciana,
que era señora de estos pueblos, acompañada de muchos Indios.' _Sutil y
Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. xxxii.
[537] The Kainameahs had three hereditary chiefs. _Gibbs_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 103.
[538] In Russian River Valley and the vicinity: 'Die Achtung die man für
den Vater hegte, geht häufig auf den Sohn über; aber die Gewalt des
Oberhauptes ist im Allgemeinen sehr nichtig; denn es steht einem jeden
frei, seinen Geburtsort zu verlassen und einen anderen Aufenthalt zu
wählen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 77-8. 'Derjenige, der am meisten
Anverwandte besitzt, wird als Häuptling oder Tojon anerkannt; in
grösseren Wohnsitzen giebt es mehrere solcher Tojone, aber ihre
Autorität ist nichts sagend. Sie haben weder das Recht zu befehlen, noch
den Ungehorsam zu züchtigen.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u.
Ethno._, p. 86. At Clear Lake chiefdom was hereditary. _Gibbs_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. See also pp. 103, 110. Among
the Gualalas and Gallinomeros, chieftainship was hereditary. The Sanéls
live in large huts, each containing 20 or 30 persons related to each
other, each of these families has its own government. The Comachos paid
voluntary tribute for support of chief. _Powers' Pomo, MS._ In the
Sacramento Valley a chief has more authority than that arising merely
from his personal character. _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._,
vol. vi., p. 108. On the coast between San Diego and San Francisco, in
the vicinity of San Miguel 'chaque village est gouverné despotiquement
par un chef qui est seul arbitre de la paix et de la guerre.' _Fages_,
in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 163. See also
_Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 227; _Jewett_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 244; _Gerstaecker's Journ._, p. 213;
_Histoire Chrétienne de la Cal._, p. 52; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, pp.
177-8.
[539] 'El robo era un delito casi desconocido en ambas naciones. Entre
los Runsienes se miraba quasi con indiferencia el homicidio; pero no así
entre los Eslenes, los quales castigaban al delinquente con pena de
muerte.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 171. 'Im Fall ein Indianer ein
Verbrechen in irgend einem Stamme verübt hat, und die Häuptlinge sich
bestimmt haben ihn zu tödten, so geschieht dies durch Bogen und Pfeil.'
_Wimmel_, _Californien_, pp. 177-8; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol.
xii., p. 24.
[540] _Drake's World Encomp._, pp. 124-6.
[541] _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178.
[542] Near San Francisco, 'teniendo muchas mugeres, sin que entre ellas
se experimente la menor emulacion.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junipero Serra_,
p. 217. At Monterey 'la polygamie leur était permise.' _La Pérouse_,
_Voy._, tom. ii., p. 303. In Tuolumne County 'polygamy is practiced.'
_Healey_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 244. At Clear Lake 'polygamy is
practiced only by the chiefs.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 125. 'Bei manchen
Stämmen wird Vielweiberei gestattet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178.
'A man often marries a whole family, the mother and her daughters.... No
jealousies ever appear among these families of wives.' _Farnham's Life
in Cal._, p. 367. 'An Indian man may have as many wives as he can keep;
but a woman cannot have a plurality of husbands, or men to whom she owes
obedience.' _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 224. In
the Sacramento Valley 'the men in general have but one wife.'
_Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 108. 'Of these
Indians it is reported that no one has more than one wife.' _Wilkes'
Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 201. 'Entre los Runsienes y
Eslenes no era permitido á cada hombre tener mas de una muger.' _Sutil y
Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 170. At Clear Lake and down the coast to San
Francisco Bay 'they have but one wife at a time.' _Gibbs_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112. In the vicinity of Fort Ross
'es ist nicht erlaubt mehr als eine Frau zu haben.' _Kostromitonow_, in
_Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 88. In the country round San Miguel
'non-seulement ce capitaine a le droit d'avoir deux femmes, tandis que
les autres Indiens n'en ont qu'une, mais il peut les renvoyer quand cela
lui plaît, pour en prendre d'autres dans le village.' _Fages_, in
_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 163. See also
_Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 227.
[543] At Monterey, 'ils étaient même dans l'usage d'épouser toutes les
soeurs d'une famille.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 303. Near
Fort Ross, 'die Blutsverwandtschaft wird streng beachtet und es ist
nicht gestattet aus dem ersten oder zweiten Grade der Verwandtschaft zu
heirathen; selbst im Falle einer Scheidung darf der nächste Anverwandte
die Frau nicht ehelichen, doch giebt es auch Ausnahmen.' _Kostromitonow_,
in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 88. At San Francisco 'no conocen para
sus casamientos el parentezco de afinidad; antes bien este los incita á
recibir por sus propias mugeres á sus cuñadas, y aun á las suegras, y la
costumbre que observan es, que el que logra una muger, tiene por suyas á
todas sus hermanas.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 217.
'Parentage and other relations of consanguinity are no obstacles to
matrimony.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367. 'Souvent une femme presse
son mari d'épouser ses soeurs, et même sa mère, et cette proposition est
fréquemment acceptée.' _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._,
p. 235. 'Este método de comprar las mugeres era comun á entrambas
naciones (Runsienes y Eslenes), bien que entre los Runsienes hacia mucho
mas solemne el contrato la intervencion de los parientes de los novios,
contribuyendo los del varon con su quota, la qual se dividia entre los
de la novia al tiempo de entregar á esta.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage._
p. 171.
[544] _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223.
[545] _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. xii., p. 23.
[546] _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 306. At Santa Cruz, 'the Gentile
Indian, when he wishes to marry, goes to the hut of her he desires for a
wife, and sitting himself close by her, sighs without speaking a word,
and casting at her feet some beads on a string, goes out, and without
further ceremony he is married.' _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_,
_April 5, 1860_. At Clear Lake 'rape exists among them in an authorized
form, and it is the custom for a party of young men to surprise and
ravish a young girl, who becomes the wife of one of them.' _Revere's
Tour_, pp. 125-6.
[547] _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 234. At Clear
Lake 'if the parties separate the children go with the wife.' _Gibbs_,
in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112.
[548] _Powers' Pomo, MS._
[549] 'The Yukas are often brutal and cruel to their women and children,
especially to the women.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p.
308. In the vicinity of Fort Ross, 'sie lieben ihre Kinder mit grosser
Zärtlichkeit.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 77.
[550] _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178. 'The practice of abortion, so
common among the Chinooks and some other tribes in Oregon, is unknown
here.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 112-13.
[551] Mr Powers, in his _Pomo, MS._, makes this assertion upon what he
states to be reliable authority.
[552] For a full account of this custom of the couvade, as it existed in
various parts of the world, see _Tylor's Researches_, pp. 293-302, and
_Max Müller's Chips_, vol. ii., pp. 271-9. For its observance in
California, see _Venagas_, _Noticias de Cal._, tom. i., p. 94, and
_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367.
[553] 'It was not a thing at all uncommon, in the days of the Indians'
ancient prosperity, to see a woman become a mother at twelve or
fourteen. An instance was related to me where a girl had borne her
first-born at ten, as nearly as her years could be ascertained, her
husband, a White Man, being then sixty-odd.' _Powers_, in _Overland
Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 500.
[554] For further authorities on family and domestic affairs, see:
_Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 456; _Delano's Life on
the Plains_, pp. 306; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 190; _Fages_, in _Nouvelles
Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 317-26. Also quoted in _Marmier_,
_Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, pp. 232-35; _Wimmel_,
_Californien_, p. 178; _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv.,
pp. 223-4; _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_;
_Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 217; _Powers_, in _Overland
Monthly_, vol. ix., pp. 308, 500-6, vol. x., p. 325; _Pickering's
Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 106-8; _Sutil y Mexicana_,
_Viage_, pp. 170-1; _Borthwick's Three Years in Cal._, p. 129; _La
Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 303; _Rollin_, in _Id._, tom. iv., pp.
57-8; _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 145; _Gibbs_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 112-13; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S.
Ex. Ex._, vol. v., pp. 201, 259; _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 457; _Gilbert,
McAdam, and Jewett_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, pp. 242-4; _Revere's
Tour_, p. 126; _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_, 1852; _Farnham's Life in
Cal._, pp. 367-70; _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 77; _Kostromitonow_, in
_Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 83-8.
[555] Every traveler who has seen them dance enters into details of
dress, etc.; but no two of these accounts are alike, and the reason of
this is that they have no regular figures or costumes peculiar to their
dances, but that every man, when his dress is not paint only, wears all
the finery he possesses with an utter disregard for uniformity. 'At some
of their dances we were told that they avoid particular articles of
food, even fowls and eggs.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.
iii., p. 113. Dancing is executed at Santa Cruz, by forming a circle,
assuming a stooping posture, raising a loud, discordant chant, and,
without moving from their places, lifting and lowering a foot, and
twisting the body into various contortions. _Archives of Santa Cruz
Mission._ 'In their dances they sometimes wear white masks.' _Wilkes'
Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 192. 'Se poudrent les cheveux
avec du duvet d'oiseaux.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p. 4. When
a Wallie chief 'decides to hold a dance in his village, he dispatches
messengers to the neighboring rancherias, each bearing a string whereon
is tied a certain number of knots. Every morning thereafter the invited
chief unties one of the knots, and when the last but one is reached,
they joyfully set forth for the dance.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_,
vol. x., p. 325. For descriptions of dances of Neeshenams, see _Powers_,
in _Overland Monthly_, vol. xii., pp. 26-7.
[556] 'Each one had two and sometimes three whistles, made of reeds, in
his mouth.' _San Francisco Bulletin_, _Oct. 21, 1858._ 'Some had
whistles or double flageolets of reed which were stuck into their
noses.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 133. 'The Gentiles do not possess any
instrument whatever.' _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5,
1860_. 'Their own original instrument consists of a very primitive
whistle, some double, some single, and held in the mouth by one end,
without the aid of the fingers; they are about the size and length of a
common fife, and only about two notes can be sounded on them.' _Cal.
Farmer_, _Oct. 26, 1860_.
[557] 'They use a species of native tobacco of nauseous and sickening
odour.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 107. 'They
burned the aulone shell for the lime to mix with their tobacco, which
they swallowed to make them drunk.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April
27, 1860_. 'A species of tobacco is found on the sandy beaches which the
Indians prepare and smoke.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v.,
p. 202. 'Se pusieron á chupar y reparé en ellos la misma ceremonia de
esparcir el humo hácia arriba diciendo en cada bocanada unas palabras;
solo entendí una que fué _esmen_ que quiere decir sol; observé la misma
costumbre de chupar primero el mas principal, luego da la pipa á otro, y
da vuelta á otros.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie
iv., tom. vii., p. 69; see also p. 77.
[558] On the subject of amusements, see _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p.
282. _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 307; _Helper's Land of Gold_, pp.
271-2; _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 72, 76-7; _Kostromitonow_, in
_Id._, pp. 85-92; _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 173; _Comellas'
Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 5, 1860_; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p.
178; _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 128; _Revere's Tour_, pp. 120-133; _San
Francisco Bulletin_, _Oct. 21, 1858_, _Nov. 29, 1871_; _Powers_, in
_Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., pp. 307-8, 501-5, vol. x., pp. 325-7;
_Power's Pomo, MS._; _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 150;
_Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 127; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol.
iii., pp. 442-6; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367; _Hist. Chrétienne_,
pp. 53-4; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pp. ii., p. 456; _Choris_,
_Voy. Pitt._, pt. iii., pp. 4-5; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, vol. ii., pp.
306-7.
[559] The Meewocs 'believe that their male physicians, who are more
properly sorcerers, can sit on a mountain top fifty miles distant from a
man they wish to destroy, and compass his death by filliping poison
towards him from their finger-ends.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_,
vol. x., p. 327.
[560] 'I incautiously entered one of these caverns during the operation
above described, and was in a few moments so nearly suffocated with the
heat, smoke, and impure air, that I found it difficult to make my way
out.' _Bryant's Cal._, p. 272.
[561] 'Zur Heilung bedienen sich die Schamane der Kräuter und Wurzeln,
grösstentheils aber saugen sie mit dem Munde das Blut aus der kranken
Stelle aus, wobei sie Steinchen oder kleine Schlangen in den Mund nehmen
und darauf versichern, sie hätten dieselben aus der Wunde
herausgezogen.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 95;
see also pp. 83, 91, 94-5. 'Until now it has not been ascertained that
the Indians had any remedy for curing the sick or allaying their
sufferings. If they meet with an accident they invariably die.'
_Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_. 'Ring-worm is
cured by placing the milk of the poison oak in a circle round the
affected part.' _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 440. 'Among the
Meewocs stomachic affections and severe travail are treated with a
plaster of hot ashes and moist earth spread on the stomach.' _Powers_,
in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 327. See further: _Petit-Thouars_,
_Voy._, tom. ii., p. 140; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 370; _Holinski_,
_La Californie_, p. 173; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 324;
_Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 35, 78; _San Joaquin Republican_,
_Sept., 1858_; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 63; _Gibbs_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 103, 107; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U.
S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 193; _Pickering's Races_, in _Id._, vol. ix.,
p. 109; _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p.
333; also quoted in _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p.
237; _Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite_, p. 52; _Kelly's Excursion to
Cal._, vol. ii., p. 284; _Powers' Pomo, MS._; _Sutil y Mexicana_,
_Viage_, p. 166; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., p. 94; _Delano's
Life on the Plains_, p. 295; _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 152.
[562] 'From north to south, in the present California, up to the
Columbia river they burnt the dead in some tribes, and in others buried
them. These modes of sepulture differed every few leagues.' _Taylor's
Indianology_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 8, 1860_. A dead Oleepa was buried
by one woman in 'a pit about four feet deep, and ten feet in front of
the father's door.' _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 301. At Santa Cruz
'the Gentiles burn the bodies of their warriors and allies who fall in
war; those who die of natural death they inter at sundown.' _Comellas'
Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_. The Indians of the Bay of
San Francisco burned their dead with everything belonging to them, 'but
those of the more southern regions buried theirs.' _Domenech's Deserts_,
vol. ii., p. 363. In the vicinity of Clear Lake all the tribes with the
exception of the Yubas bury their dead. _Geiger_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,
1858, p. 289.
[563] 'Los Runsienes dividian últimamente entre los parientes las pocas
cosas que componian la propiedad del difunto. Los Eslenes, al contrario,
no solo no repartian cosa alguna, sino que todos sus amigos y súbditos
debian contribuir con algunos abalorios que enterraban con el cadáver
del fallecido.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 172. 'If a woman dies in
becoming a mother, the child, whether living or dead, is buried with its
mother.' _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 437.
[564] 'Die nächsten Anverwandten schneiden sich das Haar ab und werfen
es ins Feuer, wobei sie sich mit Steinen an die Brust schlagen, auf den
Boden stürzen, ja bisweilen aus besonderer Anhänglichkeit zu dem
Verstorbenen sich blutrünstig oder gar zu Tode stossen; doch sind solche
Fälle selten.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 88.
'The body is consumed upon a scaffold built over a hole, into which the
ashes are thrown and covered.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.
iii., p. 112. See also: _Tehama Gazette_, _May, 1859_; _Sutil y
Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 171-2; _Powers' Pomo, MS._; also in _Overland
Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 502, vol. x., p. 328, vol. xii., p. 28; _San
Francisco Evening Bulletin_, _April 4, 1861_; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, pp.
448-50; _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 306; _Placerville Index_,
1857; _Marmier_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, pp. 230, 236; _Hutchings'
Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 437; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178;
_Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 369; _Folsom Dispatch_, in _Cal. Farmer_,
_Nov. 9, 1860_; _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 225;
_D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 458; _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p.
242; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 195.
[565] In the Russian River Valley the Indians 'sind weichherzig, und von
Natur nicht rachsüchtig ... sie erlernen mit Leichtigkeit mancherlei
Handarbeiten und Gewerbe.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 77-8. Near
Fort Ross 'sind sie sanft und friedfertig, und sehr fähig, besonders in
der Auffassung sinnlicher Gegenstände. Nur in Folge ihrer unmässigen
Trägheit und Sorglosigkeit scheinen sie sehr dumm zu seyn.'
_Kostromitonow_, in _Id._, pp. 81-2. 'They appear ... by no means so
stupid' as those at the missions. _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p.
26. At Bodega Bay 'their disposition is most liberal.' _Maurelle's
Jour._, p. 47. At Clear Lake 'they are docile, mild, easily managed ...
roguish, ungrateful, and incorrigibly lazy ... cowardly and cringing
towards the whites ... thorough sensualists and most abandoned gamblers
... wretchedly improvident.' _Revere's Tour_, pp. 120-1. In the
Sacramento Valley they are 'excessively jealous of their squaws ...
stingy and inhospitable.' _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p. 114.
'A mirthful race, always disposed to jest and laugh.' _Dana_, in _Hale's
Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 222. 'Possessed of mean,
treacherous, and cowardly traits of character, and the most thievish
propensities.' _Johnson's Cal. and Ogn._, p. 143. In the vicinity of San
Francisco Bay 'they are certainly a race of the most miserable beings I
ever saw, possessing the faculty of human reason.' _Vancouver's Voy._,
vol. ii., p. 13. 'For the most part an idle, intemperate race.'
_Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., p. 78. 'They are a people of a
tractable, free, and louing nature, without guile or treachery.'
_Drake's World Encomp._, p. 131. 'Bastantes rancherias de gentiles muy
mansos y apacibles.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom.
vi., p. 497. 'Son muy mansos, afables, de buenas caras y los mas de
ellos barbados.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Id._, tom. vii., p. 59. At
Monterey they 'étaient lourds et peu intelligents.' Those living farther
from the missions were not without 'une certaine finesse, commune à tous
les hommes élevés dans l'état de nature.' _Petit-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom.
ii., p. 134. 'Ces peuples sont si peu courageux, qu'ils n'opposent
jamais aucune résistance aux trois ou quatre soldats qui violent si
évidement à leur égard le droit des gens.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom.
ii., p. 297. 'The Yukas are a tigerish, truculent, sullen, thievish, and
every way bad, but brave race.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol.
ix., p. 306. The Tahtoos were very cowardly and peace-loving. _Powers'
Pomo, MS._ Than the Oleepas 'a more jolly, laughter-loving, careless,
and good-natured people do not exist.... For intelligence they are far
behind the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains.' _Delano's Life on the
Plains_, p. 297. The Kannimares 'were considered a brave and warlike
Indian race.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_. The
condition of the Wallas 'is the most miserable that it is possible to
conceive; their mode of living, the most abject and destitute known to
man.' _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 241. The Fresno River
Indians 'are peaceable, quiet and industrious.' _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1854, p. 304. A rational, calculating people, generally
industrious. _Lewis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 291. On the coast
range north and east of Mendocino 'they are a timid and generally
inoffensive race.' _Bailey_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 304. In
Placer County they are industrious, honest, and temperate; the females
strictly virtuous. _Brown_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 243. Lazy,
trifling, drunken. _Applegate_, _Ib._ In Tuolumne: friendly, generally
honest, truthful; men lazy, women industrious. _Jewett_, _Id._, p. 244.
In the Yosemite Valley, 'though low in the scale of man, they are not
the abject creatures generally represented; they are mild, harmless, and
singularly honest.' _Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite_, p. 52. At Santa
Clara they have no ambition, are entirely regardless of reputation and
renown. _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 21. In stupid apathy 'they
exceed every race of men I have ever known, not excepting the degraded
races of Terra del Fuego or Van Dieman's Land.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._,
vol. ii., p. 97. At Santa Cruz 'they are so inclined to lying that they
almost always will confess offences they have not committed;' very
lustful and inhospitable. _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April
5, 1860_. At Kelsey River they are 'amiable and thievish.' _Gibbs_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 124. 'In general terms, the
California Indians are more timid, peaceable, and joyous than any of
their neighbors.' _Stephens_, in _Powers' Pomo, MS._ 'Their stupidity,
insensibility, ignorance, inconstancy, slavery to appetite, excessive
sloth and laziness, being absorbed for the time in the stir and din of
night-watching and battle, give them a new existence.' _Farnham's Life
in Cal._, p. 366. 'Faul und jeder Anstrengung abgeneigt.' _Osswald_,
_Californien_, p. 63. 'Stupidity seemed to be their distinctive
character.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 239. 'Loose, lazy,
careless, capricious, childish and fickle.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_,
_March 2, 1860_. 'They are really the most harmless tribes on the
American continent.' _Gerstaecker's Nar._, p. 212. Revengeful, timid,
treacherous and ungrateful. _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p.
284. 'Cowardly, treacherous, filthy and indolent.' _Johnston_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223. 'Dull, indolent, phlegmatic,
timid and of a gentle, submissive temper.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S.
Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 199. 'In stature no less than in mind are
certainly of a very inferior race of human beings.' _Langsdorff's Voy._,
pt. ii., p. 168. 'Pusillanimous.' _Forbes' Cal._, p. 183. 'Ils sont
également extrêmes dans l'expression de la joie et de la colère.'
_Rollin_, in _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 58. 'Seemed to be almost
of the lowest grade of human beings.' _King's Rept._, in _Bayard
Taylor's El Dorado, Appendix_, vol. ii., p. 210. 'Die Indianer von
Californien sind physisch und moralisch den andern Indianern
untergeordnet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 177. 'Su estupidez mas
parece un entorpecimiento de las potencias por falta de accion y por
pereza característica, que limitacion absoluta de sus facultades
intelectuales; y así quando se las pone en movimiento, y se les dan
ideas, no dexan de discernir y de aprender lo que se les enseña.' _Sutil
y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 164. 'I noticed that all the Indians from
Southern to Northern California were low, shiftless, indolent, and
cowardly.' _Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs_, p. 16. Cowardly and
treacherous in the extreme. _Life of Gov. L. W. Boggs, by his Son, MS._
[566] At Santa Catalina 'las mujeres son muy hermosas y honestas, los
niños son blancos y rubios y muy risueños.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, p.
18, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv. See also _Farnham's Life
in Cal._, p. 140; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 712. At
Santa Barbara, 'son mas altos, dispuestos, y membrados, que otros, que
antes se avian visto.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 714. On
the coast from San Diego to San Francisco they are 'd'une couleur
foncée, de petite taille, et assez mal faits.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles
Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 153; see also _Marmier_, _Notice_,
in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 226. At San Luis Rey, 'sont bien faits
et d'une taille moyenne.' _Id._, p. 171; quoted in _Marmier_, p. 229. An
Indian seen at Santa Inez Mission 'was about twenty-seven years old,
with a black thick beard, iris of the eyes light chocolate-brown, nose
small and round, lips not thick, face long and angular.' _Cal. Farmer_,
_May 4, 1860_. The Noches 'aunque de buena disposicion son delgados y
bastante delicados para andar á pié.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._,
serie ii., tom. i., p. 295. 'Well proportioned in figure, and of noble
appearance.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 45. 'The women (of the
Diegeños) are beautifully developed, and superbly formed, their bodies
as straight as an arrow.' _Michler_, in _Emory's U. S. and Mex., Bound.
Survey_, vol. i., p. 107. The Cahuillas 'are a filthy and
miserable-looking set, and great beggars, presenting an unfavorable
contrast to the Indian upon the Colorado.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R.
Rept._, vol. iii., p. 134.
[567] The ordinary cloak descends to the waist: 'le chef seul en a une
qui lui tombe jusqu'au jarret, et c'est là la seule marque de
distinction.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci.,
p. 172; see also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p.
229.
[568] These capes Father Crespi describes as being 'unos capotillos
hechos de pieles de liebres y conejos de que hacen tiras y tercidas como
mecate; cosen uno con otro y las defienden del frio cubriéndolas por la
honestidad.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., pp.
291-2; see also _Id._, p. 312.
[569] The lobo marino of the Spanish is the common seal and sea calf of
the English; le veau marin and phoque commun of the French; vecchio
marino of the Italians; Meerwolf and Meerhund of the Germans; Zee-Hund
of the Dutch; Sael-hund of the Danes; Sial of the Swedes; and moelrhon
of the Welsh. _Knight's Eng. Encyc. Nat. Hist._, vol. iv., p. 299.
[570] _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_.
[571] _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom.
iv., p. 18.
[572] This hair turban or coil 'sirve de bolsa para guardar en la cabeza
los abalorios y demas chucherias que se les dá.' _Palou_, _Vida de
Junípero Serra_, p. 215. The same custom seems to prevail among the
Cibolos of New Mexico, as Marmier, in his additional chapter in the
French edition of _Bryant's Cal._, p. 258, says: 'les hommes du peuple
tressent leurs cheveux avec des cordons, et y placent le peu d'objets
qu'ils possèdent, notamment la corne qui renferme leur tabac à fumer.'
[573] On the subject of dress see also _Navarrete_, _Introd._, in _Sutil
y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. lxiv.; _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p.
79; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 45; _Boscana_, in _Robinson's
Life in Cal._, p. 240; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 138; _Garces_, in
_Doc. Mex. Hist._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 294; _Marmier_, _Notice_, in
_Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 229.
[574] On the Los Angeles Coast: 'La ranchería se compone de veinte casas
hechas de zacate de forma esférica á modo de uno media naranja con su
respiradero en lo alto por donde les entra la luz y tiene salida el
humo.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 314;
_Hoffmann_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. v., p. 149.
[575] 'Partiéron de allí el 9, entráron en una ensenada espaciosa, y
siguiendo la costa viéron en ella un pueblo de Indios junto á la mar con
casas grandes á manera de las de Nueva-España.' _Navarrete_, _Introd._,
in _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. xxix., xxxi., xxxvi. The accounts of
Cabrillo's voyage are so confused that it is impossible to know the
exact locality in which he saw the people he describes. On this point
compare _Cabrillo_, _Relacion_, in _Col. Doc. Hist. Florida_, tom. i.,
p. 173; _Browne's Lower Cal._, pp. 18, 19; _Burney's Chron. Hist.
Discov._, vol. i., pp. 221-5; _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i.,
pp. 154-5; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 329; _Montanus_,
_Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 210-11; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist.
Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18; _De Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 306.
'Nur um die Meerenge von Santa Barbara fand man, 1769, die Bewohner ein
wenig gesittigter. Sie bauten grosse Häuser von pyramidaler Form, in
Dörfer vereint.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5.
[576] _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 259; _Bancroft's Nat.
Races_, vol. iii., pp. 163-9.
[577] 'One of their most remarkable superstitions is found in the fact of
their not eating the flesh of large game. This arises from their belief
that in the bodies of all large animals the souls of certain
generations, long since past, have entered.... A term of reproach from a
wild tribe to those more tamed is, "they eat venison."' _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. v., pp. 215-6; see also _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_.
[578] 'All their food was either cold or nearly so.... Salt was used
very sparingly in their food, from an idea that it had a tendency to
turn their hair gray.' _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_. 'I have seen many
instances of their taking a rabbit, and sucking its blood with
eagerness, previous to consuming the flesh in a crude state.' _Boscana_,
in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 239. 'Viven muy regalados con varias
semillas, y con la pesca que hacen en sus balsas de tule ... y
queriendoles dar cosa de comida, solian decir, que de aquello no, que lo
que querian era ropa; y solo con cosa de este género, eran los
cambalaches que hacian de su pescado con los Soldados y Arrieros.'
_Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 79. See also _Torquemada_,
_Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 712; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 139;
_Stanley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 102; _Id._, 1869, pp. 194-5;
_Walker_, in _Id._, 1872, p. 67; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p.
125; _Hoffmann_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. v., p. 149;
_Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., pp. 82-3.
[579] _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, pp. 83-4.
[580] _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, pp. 306-9.
[581] The baskets, though water-proof, 'were used only for dry purposes.
The vessels in use for liquids were roughly made of rushes and plastered
outside and in with bitumen or pitch, called by them _sanot_.' _Reid_,
in _Los Angeles Star_; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp.
454-5; and _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., p. 82.
[582] 'Leurs mortiers de pierre et divers autres ustensiles sont
incrustés avec beaucoup d'art de morceaux de nacre de perle.' _Fages_,
in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 319. 'Mortars and
pestles were made of granite, about sixteen inches wide at the top, ten
at the bottom, ten inches high and two thick.' Soapstone pots were
'about an inch in thickness, and procured from the Indians of Santa
Catalina; the cover used was of the same material.' _Reid_, in _Los
Angeles Star_. On the eastern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains,
blankets are made which will easily hold water. _Taylor_, in _San
Francisco Bulletin_, 1862, also quoted in _Shuck's Cal. Scrap Book_, p.
405. 'Todas sus obras son primorosas y bien acabadas.' _Crespi_, in
_Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 315.
[583] _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp.
319-20.
[584] 'The planks were bent and joined by the heat of fire, and then
paved with asphaltum, called by them chapapote.' _Taylor_, in _Cal.
Farmer_, _June 1, 1860_.
[585] At Santa Catalina Vizcaino saw 'vnas Canoguelas, que ellos vsan,
de Tablas bien hechas, como Barquillos, con las Popas, y Proas
levantadas, y mas altas, que el Cuerpo de la Barca, ò Canoa.'
_Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 712; see also _Salmeron_,
_Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18. On the
coast of Los Angeles Father Crespi saw 'canoas hechas de buenas tablas
de pino, bien ligadas y de una forma graciosa con dos proas.... Usan
remos largos de dos palas y vogan con indecible lijeriza y velocidad.'
_Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 315. At San
Diego Palou describes 'balsas de tule, en forma de Canoas, con lo que
entran muy adentro del mar.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 79;
_Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 240; _Marmier_, _Notice_, in
_Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 228. Description of balsas, which differ in
no respect from those used north.
[586] 'The worth of a rial was put on a string which passed twice and
a-half round the hand, i. e., from end of middle finger to wrist. Eight
of these strings passed for the value of a silver dollar.' _Cal.
Farmer_, _June 1, 1860_. 'Eight yards of these beads made about one
dollar of our currency.' _Id._, _Jan. 18, 1861_.
[587] 'If a quarrel occurred between parties of distinct lodges
(villages), each chief heard the witnesses produced by his own people;
and then, associated with the chief of the opposite side, they passed
sentence. In case they could not agree, an impartial chief was called
in, who heard the statements made by both, and he alone decided. There
was no appeal from his decision.' _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_.
[588] 'Pour tout ce qui concerne les affaires intérieures, l'influence
des devins est bien supérieure à la leur.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom.
ii., p. 373. At San Diego 'Chaque village est soumis aux ordres absolus
d'un chef.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p.
153; or see _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 226. 'I
have found that the captains have very little authority.' _Stanley_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 194.
[589] _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, pp. 262-9.
[590] Dr. Hoffman states that in the vicinity of San Diego 'their laws
allow them to keep as many wives as they can support.' _San Francisco
Medical Press_, vol. vi., p. 150. Fages, speaking of the Indians on the
coast from San Diego to San Francisco, says: 'Ces Indiens n'ont qu'une
seule femme à la fois, mais ils en changent aussi souvent que cela leur
convient.' _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 153. Of
those in the vicinity of San Luis Rey the same author says: 'Les chefs
de ce district ont le privilége de prendre deux on trois femmes, de les
répudier ou de les changer aussi souvent qu'ils le veulent; mais les
autres habitants n'en ont qu'une seule et ne peuvent les répudier qu'en
cas d'adultère.' _Id._, p. 173.
[591] 'Les veufs des deux sexes, qui veulent se remarier, ne peuvent le
faire qu'avec d'autres veufs.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._,
1844, tom. ci., p. 173; see also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy.
en Cal._, p. 230.
[592] 'The perverse child, invariably, was destroyed, and the parents of
such remained dishonored.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p.
270. 'Ils ne pensent pas à donner d'autre éducation à leurs enfants qu'à
enseigner aux fils exactement ce que faisait leur père; quant aux
filles, elles ont le droit de choisir l'occupation qui leur convient le
mieux.' _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1814, tom. ci., p.
153.
[593] The intoxicating liquor was 'made from a plant called _Pibat_,
which was reduced to a powder, and mixed with other intoxicating
ingredients.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 271.
[594] _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 215. For other descriptions of
ceremony observed at age of puberty, see: _Hoffman_, in _San Francisco
Medical Press_, vol. vi., pp. 150-1; _McKinstry_, in _San Francisco
Herald_, _June, 1853_.
[595] 'Pero en la Mision de S. Antonio se pudo algo averiguar, pues
avisando á los Padres, que en una de las casas de los Neófitos se habian
metido dos Gentiles, el uno con el traje natural de ellos, y el otro con
el trage de muger, expresándolo con el nombre de Joya (que dicen
llamarlos asi en su lengua nativa) fué luego el P. Misionero con el Cabo
y un Soldado á la casa á ver lo que buscaban, y los hallaron en el acto
de pecado nefando. Castigáronlos, aunque no con la pena merecida, y
afearonles el hecho tan enorme; y respondió el Gentil, que aquella Joya
era su muger.... Solo en el tramo de la Canal de Santa Bárbara, se
hallan muchos Joyas, pues raro es el Pueblo donde no se vean dos ó
tres.' _Palou_, _Vida de Junípero Serra_, p. 222. 'Así en esta ranchería
como en otros de la canal, hemos visto algunos gentiles con traje de
muger con sus nagüitas de gamusa, y muy engruesadas y limpias; no hemos
podido entender lo que significa, ni á qué fin.' _Crespi_, in _Doc.
Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., p. 325. See also _Boscana_, in
_Robinson's Life in Cal._, pp. 283-4; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p.
371; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. ii., pp. 427; _Fages_, in
_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 173.
[596] 'In some tribes the men and the women unite in the dance; in
others the men alone trip to the music of the women, whose songs are by
no means unpleasant to the ear.' _McKinstry_, in _S. Francisco Herald_,
_June 1853_. 'In their religious ceremonial dances they differ much.
While, in some tribes, all unite to celebrate them, in others, men alone
are allowed to dance, while the women assist in singing.' _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. v., p. 214-15.
[597] 'La danse est exécutée par deux couples au son d'une espèce de
flûte, les autres restent simples spectateurs et se contentent
d'augmenter le bruit en frappant des roseaux secs.' _Fages_, in
_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 176; _Boscana_, in
_Robinson's Life in Cal._, pp. 289-95; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v.,
pp. 214-15; _McKinstry_, in _S. Francisco Herald_, _June 1853_; _Reid_,
in _Los Angeles Star_; _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom.
vi., p. 322.
[598] _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 380. 'When the new year begun,
no thought was given to the past; and on this account, even amongst the
most intelligent, they could not tell the number of years which had
transpired, when desirous of giving an idea of any remote event.'
_Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 303.
[599] 'For Gonorrhoea they used a strong decoction of an herb that
grows very plentifully here, and is called by the Spanish "chancel
agua," and wild pigeon manure, rolled up into pills. The decoction is a
very bitter astringent, and may cure some sores, but that it fails in
many, I have undeniable proof. In syphilis they use the actual cautery,
a living coal of fire applied to the chancer, and a decoction of an
herb, said to be something like sarsaparilla, called rosia.' _Hoffman_,
in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. v., p. 152-3.
[600] I am indebted for the only information of value relating to the
medical usages of the southern California tribes, to _Boscana's MS._,
literally translated by Robinson in his _Life in Cal._, pp. 310-14, and
also given in substance in _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 378-9, and
to Reid's papers on the Indians of Los Angeles County, in the _Los
Angeles Star_, also quoted in _Cal. Farmer_, _Jan. 11, 1861._
[601] See _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 377-8, and plate, p. 248,
and Hoffmann, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. v., p. 152.
[602] 'The same custom is now in use, but not only applied to deaths,
but to their disappointments and adversities in life, thus making public
demonstration of their sorrow.' _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._,
pp. 314-15.
[603] _California Farmer_, _May 22, 1863_.
[604] _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_.
[605] The latitude of which he fixes at 34° 33´.
[606] _Fages_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp.
173-4. Quoted almost literally by _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_,
_Voy. en Cal._, p. 230.
[607] _Boscana_, in _Robinson's Life in Cal._, p. 317.
[608] In spelling the word Shoshone, I have followed the most common
orthography. Many, however, write it Shoshonee, others, Shoshonie,
either of which would perhaps give a better idea of the pronunciation of
the word, as the accent falls on the final _e_. The word means 'Snake
Indian,' according to Stuart, _Montana_, p. 80; and 'inland,' according
to Ross, _Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 249. I apply the name Shoshones to
the whole of this family; the Shoshones proper, including the Bannacks,
I call the Snakes; the remaining tribes I name collectively Utahs.
[609] See _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 249; _Parker's Explor. Tour_,
pp. 228-9; _Remy and Brenchley's Journey_, vol. i., p. 124; _Chandless'
Visit_, p. 118; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 377; _Carvalho's Incid. of
Trav._, p. 200; _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 178;
_Beckwith_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 42; _Farley's Sanitary
Rept._, in _San Francisco Medical Press_, vol. iii., p. 154; _Lord's
Nat._, vol. i., p. 298; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 88; _Hesperian
Magazine_, vol. x., p. 255; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 197;
_Prince_, quoted in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_; _Townsend's Nar._,
pp. 125, 133; _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, pp. 152, 194; _Coke's Rocky
Mountains_, p. 276; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, pp. 148, 267; _Lewis and
Clarke's Trav._, p. 312; _Figuier's Human Race_, p. 484; _Burton's City
of the Saints_, p. 585. Mention is made by Salmeron of a people living
south of Utah Lake, who were 'blancas, y rosadas las mejillas como los
franceses.' _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 101. Escalante,
speaking of Indians seen in the same region, lat. 39° 34´ 37´´, says:
'Eran estos de los barbones, y narices agujeradas, y en su idioma se
nombran Tirangapui, Tian los cinco, que con su capitan venieron primero,
tan crecida la barba, que parecian padres capuchinos ó belemitas.' _Doc.
Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 476. Wilkes writes, 'Southwest of
the Youta Lake live a tribe who are known by the name of the Monkey
Indians; a term which is not a mark of contempt, but is supposed to be a
corruption of their name.... They are reported to live in fastnesses
among high mountains; to have good clothing and houses; to manufacture
blankets, shoes, and various other articles, which they sell to the
neighboring tribes. Their colour is as light as that of the Spaniards;
and the women in particular are very beautiful, with delicate features,
and long flowing hair.... Some have attempted to connect these with an
account of an ancient Welsh colony, which others had thought they
discovered among the Mandans of the Missouri; while others were disposed
to believe they might still exist in the Monkeys of the Western
Mountains. There is another account which speaks of the Monquoi Indians,
who formerly inhabited Lower California, and were partially civilized by
the Spanish missionaries, but who have left that country, and of whom
all traces have long since been lost.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex.
Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 502-3. 'On the southern boundary of Utah exists a
peculiar race, of whom little is known. They are said to be
fair-skinned, and are called the "White Indians;" have blue eyes and
straight hair, and speak a kind of Spanish language differing from other
tribes.' _San Francisco Evening Bulletin_, _May 15, 1863_. Taylor has a
note on the subject, in which he says that these fair Indians were
doubtless the Moquis of Western New Mexico. _Cal. Farmer_, _June 26,
1863_. Although it is evident that this mysterious and probably mythic
people belong in no way to the Shoshone family, yet as they are
mentioned by several writers as dwelling in a region which is surrounded
on all sides by Shoshones, I have given this note, wherefrom the reader
can draw his own conclusions.
[610] _Beckwith_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 42; _Heap's Cent.
Route_, p. 102.
[611] Speaking of women: 'their breasts and stomachs were covered with
red mastic, made from an earth peculiar to these rocks, which rendered
them hideous. Their only covering was a pair of drawers of hare-skin,
badly sewn together, and in holes.' _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol.
ii., p. 386; see also vol. i., p. 127, and vol. ii., pp. 389, 404, 407.
'The women often dress in skirts made of entrails, dressed and sewed
together in a substantial way.' _Prince_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18,
1861_. Hareskins 'they cut into cords with the fur adhering; and braid
them together so as to form a sort of cloak with a hole in the middle,
through which they thrust their heads.' _Farnham's Life and Adven._, p.
376. The remaining authorities describe them as naked, or slightly and
miserably dressed; see _Stansbury's Rept._, pp. 82, 202-3; _Chandless'
Visit_, p. 291; _Heap's Cent. Route_, p. 100; _Irving's Bonneville's
Adven._, p. 255; _Bryant's Cal._, p. 194; _Forney_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1859, p. 365; _Dodge_, _Ib._, pp. 374-5; _Fenton_, in _Id._,
1869, p. 203; _Graves_, in _Id._, 1854, p. 178; _Burton's City of the
Saints_, pp. 217-18, 272-3, 581, 585; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, pp. 148,
168-9, 212, 218, 225, 227, 267; _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. 129; _Saxon's
Golden Gate_, p. 251; _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 197; _Brownell's
Ind. Races_, p. 539; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 331.
[612] _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 125, 133; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 25; _Dunn's
Oregon_, p. 325; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 228-30, 308-9; _Ross' Fur
Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 249-50, 257-8, vol. ii., pp. 22-3; _Chandless'
Visit_, p. 118; _Carvalho's Incid. of Trav._, p. 200; _White's Ogn._, p.
377; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 298; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp.
244, 281.
[613] 'The ermine is the fur known to the north-west traders by the name
of the white weasel, but is the genuine ermine.' _Lewis and Clarke's
Trav._, p. 313.
[614] _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 312-15.
[615] 'On y rencontre aussi des terres métalliques de différentes
couleurs, telles que vertes, bleues, jaunes, noires, blanches, et deux
sortes d'ocres, l'une pâle, l'autre d'un rouge brillant comme du
vermillion. Les Indiens en font très-grand cas; ils s'en servent pour se
peindre le corps et le visage.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des
Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 83.
[616] 'They remain in a semi-dormant, inactive state the entire winter,
leaving their lowly retreats only now and then, at the urgent calls of
nature, or to warm their burrows.... In the spring they creep from their
holes ... poor and emaciated, with barely flesh enough to hide their
bones, and so enervated from hard fare and frequent abstinence, that
they can scarcely move.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 179. Stansbury
mentions lodges in Utah, east of Salt Lake, which were constructed of
'cedar poles and logs of a considerable size, thatched with bark and
branches, and were quite warm and comfortable.' _Stansbury's Rept._, p.
111; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 334; _Irving's
Bonneville's Adven._, p. 255; _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. i.,
pp. 80-1, 129, vol. ii., pp. 362, 373; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in
_Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 101; _Farley_, in _San
Francisco Medical Press_, vol. iii., p. 154; _Farnham's Life in Cal._,
p. 378; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 538; _Heap's Cent. Route_, pp. 98-9;
_De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 28; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 247, vol.
ii., pp. 256-7; _Coke's Rocky Mountains_, p. 257; _Ross' Fur Hunters_,
vol. ii., p. 117; _White's Ogn._, p. 376; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 257,
290; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 305; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._,
1842-3, pp. 142, 212, 218; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 136; _Dunn's Oregon_,
pp. 325, 331-2, 337-8; _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. 179; _Farnham's Trav._,
pp. 58, 61-2; _Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 51; _Burton's City of the
Saints_, p. 573; _Knight's Pioneer Life, MS._
[617] _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 275; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 29; _Dennison_,
in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 375; _Saint-Amant_, _Voyages_, p. 325.
[618] 'They eat the seed of two species of Conifers, one about the size
of a hazel-nut, the other much smaller. They also eat a small
stone-fruit, somewhat red, or black in colour, and rather insipid;
different berries, among others, those of _Vaccinium_. They collect the
seed of the _Atriplex_ and _Chenopodium_, and occasionally some grasses.
Among roots, they highly value that of a bushy, yellowish and tolerably
large broomrape, which they cook or dry with the base, or root-stock,
which is enlarged, and constitutes the most nutritious part. They also
gather the napiform root of a _Cirsium acaule_, which they eat raw or
cooked; when cooked, it becomes quite black, resinous as pitch and
rather succulent; when raw, it is whitish, soft, and of a pleasant
flavour.' _Remy and Brenchley's Journey_, vol. i., p. 129. The Shoshones
of Utah and Nevada 'eat certain roots, which in their native state are
rank poison, called Tobacco root, but when put in a hole in the ground,
and a large fire burned over them, become wholesome diet.'
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. vi., p. 697. 'Of the roots used ... the
pap-pa, or wild potatoe, is abundant.' _Id._, vol. iv., p. 222; see also,
_Id._, vol. v., pp. 199-200. At Bear River, 'every living animal, thing,
insect, or worm they eat.' _Fremont's Explor. Exp._, p. 142, see also
pp. 148, 160, 173-4, 212, 218-19, 267, 273. Inland savages are
passionately fond of salt; those living near the sea detest it.
_Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 85. The
Utahs eat 'the cactus leaf, piñon-nut, and various barks; the seed of
the bunch-grass, and of the wheat, or yellow grass, somewhat resembling
rye, the rabbit-bush twigs, which are chewed, and various roots and
tubers; the soft sego bulb, the rootlet of the cat-tail flag, and of the
tule, which when sun-dried and powdered to flour, keeps through the
winter and is palatable even to white men.' _Burton's City of the
Saints_, p. 581, see also pp. 573, 577. The Pi-Edes 'live principally on
lizards, swifts, and horned toads.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865. p. 145; see
also _Id._, 1854, p. 229; 1856, p. 234; 1861, p. 112; 1859, p. 365;
1866, pp. 114; 1869, pp. 203, 216; 1870, pp. 95, 114; 1872, p. 59. The
Snakes eat a white-fleshed kind of beaver, which lives on poisonous
roots, whose flesh affects white people badly, though the Indians roast
and eat it with impunity. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 117, see
also vol. i., p. 269-72; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 539; _Farnham's
Life and Adven._, pp. 371, 376-8; _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, pp.
255, 257, 401-2; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 501;
_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 219; _Bryant's Cal._,
p. 202; _Stansbury's Rept._, pp. 77, 148, 233; _Kelly's Excursion_, vol.
i., p. 238; _Saxon's Golden Gate_, p. 251; _Smith_, in _Nouvelles
Annales des Voy._, 1828, tom. xxxvii., p. 209; _Scenes in the Rocky
Mts._, p. 178-9; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 144; _White's Ogn._, p. 376;
_Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 228-31, 309; _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 277;
_Irving's Astoria_, pp. 258, 295; _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 28-30, 127;
_Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 334; _Farnham's Trav._,
pp. 58, 61; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., pp. 242, 270, vol. ii., pp.
19, 60, 61, 64, 244, 311; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. ii., p. 534;
_Simpson's Route to Pac._, pp. 51-2; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp.
270, 288-9, 298-9; _Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada, MS._
[619] The Wararereeks are 'dirty in their camps, in their dress, and in
their persons.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 250. The persons of the
Piutes are 'more disgusting than those of the Hottentots. Their heads
are white with the germs of crawling filth.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 58.
'A filthy tribe--the prey of idleness and vermin.' _Farnham's Life and
Adven._, p. 325. Bryant says, of the Utahs between Salt Lake and Ogden's
Hole, 'I noticed the females hunting for the vermin in the heads and on
the bodies of their children; finding which they ate the animals with an
apparent relish.' _Bryant's Cal._, p. 154. The Snakes 'are filthy beyond
description.' _Townsend's Nar._, p. 137. 'J'ai vu les Sheyennes, les
Serpents, les Youts, etc., manger la vermine les uns des autres à pleins
peignes.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 47. 'The Snakes are rather cleanly in
their persons.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 61.
[620] 'A weapon called by the Chippeways, by whom it was formerly used,
the poggamoggon.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 309. Bulfinch,
_Oregon_, p. 126, says the stone weighs about two pounds. Salmeron also
mentions a similar weapon used by the people living south of Utah Lake;
concerning whom see note 187, p. 423.
[621] The Utahs 'no usan mas armas que las flechas y algunas lanzas de
perdernal, ni tienen otro peto, morrion ni espaldar que el que sacaron
del vientre de sus madres.' _Escalante_, quoted in _Salmeron_,
_Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, ser. iii., part iv., p. 126. 'Bows
made of the horns of the bighorn ... are formed by cementing with glue
flat pieces of the horn together, covering the back with sinewes and
glue, and loading the whole with an unusual quantity of ornaments.'
_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 309. At Ogden River, in Utah, they work
obsidian splinters 'into the most beautiful and deadly points, with
which they arm the end of their arrows.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._,
vol. i., p. 343. 'Pour toute arme, un arc, des flèches et un bâton
pointu.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 28. 'Bows and arrows are their
(Banattees) only weapons of defence.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p.
251. The arrows of the Pa-Utes 'are barbed with a very clear translucent
stone, a species of opal, nearly as hard as the diamond; and, shot from
their long bow, are almost as effective as a gunshot.' _Fremont's Expl.
Ex._, p. 267. The Pi-Utes and Pitches 'have no weapon of defence except
the club, and in the use of that they are very unskilful.' _Farnham's
Trav._, p. 58. Southwest of Great Salt Lake, 'their arms are clubs, with
small bows and arrows made of reeds.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p.
180. The Pi-Utes 'make some weapons of defence, as bows and arrows. The
bows are about six feet long; made of the savine (Juniperus sabina).'
_Farnham's Life and Adven._, p. 378; see farther, _Remy and Brenchley's
Journ._, vol. ii., pp. 291, 261; _Stansbury's Rept._, p. 232;
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 198; _Heap's Cent. Route_, pp. 56,
72, 77, 84, 99; _Palmer's Jour._, p. 134; _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. 129;
_Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, pp. 146, 255, 400; _Hale's Ethnog._, in
_U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 219; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 228-9,
233; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 279; _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des
Voy._, 1822, tom. xiii., p. 50; _Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada,
MS._; _Knight's Pioneer Life, MS._
[622] _Remy and Brenchley's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 407; _Heap's Cent.
Route_, p. 99; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p. 171.
[623] 'Taking an enemy's scalp is an honour quite independent of the act
of vanquishing him. To kill your adversary is of no importance unless
the scalp is brought from the field of battle, and were a warrior to
slay any number of his enemies in action, and others were to obtain the
scalps or first touch the dead, they would have all the honours, since
they have borne off the trophy.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 309; see
also p. 265. The Utahs 'will devour the heart of a brave man to increase
their courage, or chop it up, boil it in soup, engorge a ladleful, and
boast they have drunk the enemy's blood.' _Burton's City of the Saints_,
p. 581; see also p. 140. The Utahs never carry arrows when they intend
to fight on horseback. _Heap's Cent. Route_, p. 77; see also p. 100;
_Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, pp. 97, 99; _Stansbury's Rept._, p. 81;
_De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 28-9; _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 275, vol.
ii., pp. 93-6; _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p. 129; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 36.
[624] The pipe of the chief 'was made of a dense transparent green
stone, very highly polished, about two and a half inches long, and of an
oval figure, the bowl being in the same situation with the stem. A small
piece of burnt clay is placed in the bottom of the bowl to separate the
tobacco from the end of the stem.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 267.
Pots made of 'a stone found in the hills ... which, though soft and
white in its natural state, becomes very hard and black after exposure
to the fire.' _Id._, p. 312. 'These vessels, although rude and without
gloss, are nevertheless strong, and reflect much credit on Indian
ingenuity.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 274. Pipe-stems 'resemble a
walking-stick more than anything else, and they are generally of ash,
and from two-and-a-half to three feet long.' _Id._, vol. ii., p. 109.
'Cooking vessels very much resembling reversed bee-hives, made of basket
work covered with buffalo skins.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p.
244. Stansbury discovered pieces of broken Indian pottery and obsidian
about Salt Lake. _Stansbury's Rept._, p. 182. The material of baskets
'was mostly willow twig, with a layer of gum, probably from the pine
tree.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 573. The Utahs 'manufacture
very beautiful and serviceable blankets.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.
v., p. 200. 'Considering that they have nothing but stone hammers and
flint knives it is truly wonderful to see the exquisite finish and
neatness of their implements of war and hunting, as well as their
ear-rings and waist-bands, made of an amalgam of silver and lead.'
_Prince_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_. 'Les Indiens en font des
jarres, des pots, des plats de diverses formes. Ces vaisseaux
communiquent une odeur et une saveur très-agréables à tout ce qu'ils
renferment; ce qui provient sans doute de la dissolution de quelque
substance bitumineuse contenue dans l'argile.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles
Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 83. 'The pipes of these Indians
are either made of wood or of red earth; sometimes these earthen pipes
are exceedingly valuable, and Indians have been known to give a horse in
exchange for one of them.' _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. i., p.
130; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 128-32, 228-9, 234.
[625] _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 274.
[626] Among the Snakes in Idaho garments of four to five beaver-skins
were sold for a knife or an awl, and other articles of fur in
proportion. Horses were purchased for an axe each. A ship of
seventy-four guns might have been loaded with provision, such as dried
buffalo, bought with buttons and rings. Articles of real value they thus
disposed of cheaply, while articles of comparatively no value, such as
Indian head-dress and other curiosities, were held high. A beaver-skin
could thus be had for a brass-ring, while a necklace of bears' claws
could not be purchased for a dozen of the same rings. Axes, knives,
ammunition, beads, buttons and rings, were most in demand. Clothing was
of no value; a knife sold for as much as a blanket; and an ounce of
vermilion was of more value than a yard of fine cloth. _Ross' Fur
Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 257-9. See further, _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._,
p. 316; _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 133, 138; _Prince_, in _Cal. Farmer_,
_Oct. 18, 1861_; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 61.
[627] 'They inflict no penalties for minor offences, except loss of
character and disfellowship.' _Prince_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18,
1861_; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 306-7; _Remy and Brenchley's
Journ._, vol. i., p. 128.
[628] 'It is virtuous to seize and ravish the women of tribes with whom
they are at war, often among themselves, and to retain or sell them and
their children as slaves.' _Drews' Owyhee Recon._, p. 17. The Pi-Edes
'barter their children to the Utes proper for a few trinkets or bits of
clothing, by whom they are again sold to the Navajos for blankets.'
_Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 45. 'Some of the minor tribes in the
southern part of the Territory (Utah), near New Mexico, can scarcely
show a single squaw, having traded them off for horses and arms.'
_Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 582. 'Viennent trouver les blancs, et
leur vendent leurs enfants pour des bagatelles.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p.
29; _Knight's Pioneer Life, MS._; _Utah, Acts, Resolutions, etc._, p.
87.
[629] 'A refusal in these lands is often a serious business; the warrior
collects his friends, carries off the recusant fair, and after
subjecting her to the insults of all his companions espouses her.'
_Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 582.
[630] 'The women are exceedingly virtuous ... they are a kind of
mercantile commodity in the hands of their masters. Polygamy prevails
among the chiefs, but the number of wives is not unlimited.' _Remy and
Brenchley's Journ._, vol. i., pp. 123-8. They are given to sensual
excesses, and other immoralities. _Farnham's Trav._, p. 62; see also p.
60. 'Prostitution and illegitimacy are unknown ... they are not
permitted to marry until eighteen or twenty years old ... it is a
capital offence to marry any of another nation without special sanction
from their council and head chief. They allow but one wife.' _Prince_,
in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_. At the time of their confinement the
women 'sit apart; they never touch a cooking utensil, although it is not
held impure to address them, and they return only when the signs of
wrath have passed away.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 573.
'Infidelity of the wife, or prostitution of an unmarried female, is
punishable by death.' _Davies_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1861, p. 133. 'Our
Pi-Ute has a peculiar way of getting a foretaste of connubial bliss,
cohabiting experimentally with his intended for two or three days
previous to the nuptial ceremony, at the end of which time, either party
can stay further proceedings, to indulge other trials until a companion
more congenial is found.' _Farley_, in _San Francisco Medical Press_,
vol. iii., p. 155; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 307-8, 315; _De
Smet_, _Voy._, p. 27.
[631] The Snakes 'ont une sorte de tabac sauvage qui croît dans les
plaines contiguës aux montagnes du Spanish-River, il a les feuilles plus
étroites que le nôtre, il est plus agréable à fumer, ses effets étant
bien moins violens.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821,
tom. xii., pp. 82-3. The Kinik-kinik 'they obtain from three different
plants. One is a _Cornus_, resembling our _Cornus sanguinea_; after
having detached the epidermic cuticle, they scrape the bark and dry it,
when it is ready for use. Another is a Vaccinium with red berries; they
gather the leaves to smoke them when dry; the third is a small shrub,
the fruit and flower of which I have never seen, but resembles certain
species of Daphnads (particularly that of Kauai), the leaves of which
are in like manner smoked.' _Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. i., p.
130; see also p. 132; _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 250; _Lewis and
Clarke's Trav._, p. 306; _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p. 174; _De Smet_,
_Voy._, pp. 25-6; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 228-9, 237, 242-3.
[632] 'En deux occasions diverses, je comptai cinq personnes ainsi
montées, dont deux, certes, paraissaient aussi capables, chacune à elle
seule, de porter la pauvre bête, que le cheval était à même de supporter
leurs poids.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 127; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp.
266, 309-11, 316; _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 178.
[633] 'With strong constitutions generally, they either die at once or
readily recover.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 581. 'There is no
lack of pulmonary difficulties among them.' _Farley_, in _San Francisco
Medical Press_, vol. iii., p. 155. Syphilis usually kills them. _Lewis
and Clarke's Trav._, p. 316. 'The _convollaria stellata_ ... is the best
remedial plant known among those Indians.' _Fremont's Explor. Ex._, p.
273; _Davies_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1861, p. 132; _Prince_, in _Cal.
Farmer_, _Oct. 18, 1861_; _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 276; _Parker's Explor.
Tour_, pp. 228-9, 240-2.
[634] 'The Yutas make their graves high up the kanyons, usually in
clefts of rock.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 150. At the obsequies
of a chief of the Timpenaguchya tribe 'two squaws, two Pa Yuta children,
and fifteen of his best horses composed the "customs."' _Id._, p. 577.
'When a death takes place, they wrap the body in a skin or hide, and
drag it by the leg to a grave, which is heaped up with stones, as a
protection against wild beasts.' _Id._, p. 582; _Remy and Brenchley's
Journ._, vol. i., pp. 131, 345; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 28; _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 359, 363.
[635] The Shoshones of Carson Valley 'are very rigid in their morals.'
_Remy and Brenchley's Journ._, vol. i., p. 85. At Haw's Ranch, 'honest
and trustworthy, but lazy and dirty.' _Id._, p. 123. These Kusi-Utahs
'were very inoffensive and seemed perfectly guileless.' _Id._, vol. ii.,
p. 412. The Pai-uches are considered as mere dogs, the refuse of the
lowest order of humanity. _Farnham's Life and Adven._, p. 376. The
Timpanigos Yutas 'are a noble race ... brave and hospitable.' _Id._, p.
371. The Pi-utes are 'the most degraded and least intellectual Indians
known to the trappers.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 58. 'The Snakes are a very
intelligent race.' _Id._, p. 62. The Bannacks are 'a treacherous and
dangerous race.' _Id._, p. 76. The Pi-Edes are 'timid and dejected;' the
Snakes are 'fierce and warlike;' the Tosawitches 'very treacherous;' the
Bannacks 'treacherous;' the Washoes 'peaceable, but indolent.'
_Simpson's Route to Cal._, p. 45-9. The Utahs 'are brave, impudent, and
warlike ... of a revengeful disposition.' _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1854, p. 178. 'Industrious.' _Armstrong_, in _Id._, 1856, p.
233. 'A race of men whose cruelty is scarcely a stride removed from that
of cannibalism.' _Hurt_, in _Id._, p. 231. 'The Pah-utes are undoubtedly
the most interesting and docile Indians on the continent.' _Dodge_, in
_Id._, 1859, p. 374. The Utahs are 'fox-like, crafty, and cunning.'
_Archuleta_, in _Id._, 1865, p. 167. The Pi-Utes are 'teachable, kind,
and industrious ... scrupulously chaste in all their intercourse.'
_Parker_, in _Id._, 1866, p. 115. The Weber-Utes 'are the most worthless
and indolent of any in the Territory.' _Head_, in _Id._, p. 123. The
Bannocks 'seem to be imbued with a spirit of dash and bravery quite
unusual.' _Campbell_, in _Id._, p. 120. The Bannacks are 'energetic and
industrious.' _Danilson_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 288. The Washoes are docile
and tractable. _Douglas_, in _Id._, 1870, p. 96. The Pi-utes are 'not
warlike, rather cowardly, but pilfering and treacherous.' _Powell_, in
_Id._, 1871, p. 562. The Shoshokoes 'are extremely indolent, but a mild,
inoffensive race.' _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 257. The Snakes
'are a thoroughly savage and lazy tribe.' _Franchère's Nar._, p. 150.
The Shoshones are 'frank and communicative.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._,
p. 306. The Snakes are 'pacific, hospitable and honest.' _Dunn's
Oregon_, p. 325. 'The Snakes are a very intelligent race.' _White's
Ogn._, p. 379. The Pi-utes 'are as degraded a class of humanity as can
be found upon the earth. The male is proud, sullen, intensely
insolent.... They will not steal. The women are chaste, at least
toward their white brethren.' _Farley_, in _San Francisco Medical
Jour._, vol. iii., p. 154. The Snakes have been considered 'as rather
a dull and degraded people ... weak in intellect, and wanting in
courage. And this opinion is very probable to a casual observer at
first sight, or when seen in small numbers; for their apparent
timidity, grave, and reserved habits, give them an air of stupidity.
An intimate knowledge of the Snake character will, however, place them
on an equal footing with that of other kindred nations, either east or
west of the mountains, both in respect to their mental faculties and
moral attributes.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 151. 'Les
Sampectches, les Pagouts et les Ampayouts sont ... un peuple plus
misérable, plus dégradé et plus pauvre. Les Français les appellent
communément les Dignes-de-pitié, et ce nom leur convient à merveille.'
_De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 28. The Utahs 'pariassent doux et affables,
très-polis et hospitaliers pour les étrangers, et charitables entre
eux.' _Id._, p. 30. 'The Indians of Utah are the most miserable, if
not the most degraded, beings of all the vast American wilderness.'
_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 64. The Utahs 'possess a capacity
for improvement whenever circumstances favor them.' _Scenes in the
Rocky Mts._, p. 180. The Snakes are 'la plus mauvaise des races des
Peaux-Rouges que j'ai fréquentées. Ils sont aussi paresseux que peu
prévoyants.' _Saint-Amant_, _Voy._, p. 325. The Shoshones of Idaho are
'highly intelligent and lively ... the most virtuous and
unsophisticated of all the Indians of the United States.' _Taylor_, in
_Cal. Farmer_, _April 27, 1860_. The Washoes have 'superior
intelligence and aptitude for learning.' _Id._, _June 14, 1861_; see
also _Id._, _June 26, 1863_. The Nevada Shoshones 'are the most pure
and uncorrupted aborigines upon this continent ... they are
scrupulously clean in their persons, and chaste in their habits ...
though whole families live together, of all ages and both sexes, in
the same tent, immorality and crime are of rare occurrence.' _Prince_,
in _Id._, _Oct. 18, 1861_. The Bannacks 'are cowardly, treacherous,
filthy and indolent.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223. 'The
Utahs are predatory, voracious and perfidious. Plunderers and
murderers by habit ... when their ferocity is not excited, their
suspicions are so great as to render what they say unreliable, if they
do not remain altogether uncommunicative.' _Id._, vol. v., pp. 197-8.
The Pa-Vants 'are as brave and improvable as their neighbours are mean
and vile.' _Burton's City of the Saints_, p. 577. 'The Yuta is less
servile, and consequently has a higher ethnic status than the African
negro; he will not toil, and he turns at a kick or a blow.' _Id._, p.
581. The Shoshokoes 'are harmless and exceedingly timid and shy.'
_Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 538.
[Illustration: NATIVE RACES of the PACIFIC STATES
NEW MEXICAN GROUP]