Footnote 1611:_The geographical lore of the time of the Crusades

“Sephe,” “Thanet,” “Vecta,” “V̄en̄.” (Alderney?), “Grenese”

(Guernsey), “Purland,” “Sulli,” “Lundeth,” “Engleseia insula,” “Man,”

“Tyren insula” (this may be either Tiree or the peninsula of Kintyre,

Miller, _ibid._, p. 75), “insula Columkilli” (Icolmkill, or Iona),

“Orkades Insule” (_ibid._, p. 75).

Footnote 1612:

_Top. Hiber._, II, 15.

Footnote 1613:

_ibid._, II, 11.

Footnote 1614:

_ibid._, II, 13.

Footnote 1615:

_ibid._, II, 17.

Footnote 1616:

C. H. Haskins, _The De Arte Venandi cum Avibus of the Emperor

Frederick II_, in: English Historical Review, vol. xxxvi, London,

1921, p. 346, note 8; idem, _Studies_, 1924, p. 316, note 104.

“Gallandia” here may mean Greenland, although in Ordericus Vitalis

(_Hist. eccles._, II, 5) “Gollanda” is probably Gotland (see below, p.

487, note 455). Abu-l-Ḥasan, a Moslem geographer of the thirteenth

century, places the island of the white falcons to the west of

Denmark. “Its length from west to east is about seven days and its

breadth about four days.” He reports that white falcons are brought

from here for the Sultan of Egypt. He also speaks of a white bear in

these regions, which goes out into the sea and swims and catches fish

(Nansen, _Northern Mists_, 1911, vol. ii, pp. 208–209).

Footnote 1617:

_Íslendingabók_, 1, 2–3; translation from Nansen, _op. cit._, vol. i,

p. 254. The pre-Norse Christians in Iceland were Irish hermits, whose

visits to Thule or Iceland are described by Dicuil, _De mens. orb.

ter._, 7 (Letronne’s edit., p. 38). See also (_ibid._, pp. 165–166).

Footnote 1618:

_Hist. de antiq. reg. norwag._, 3, Storm’s edit., p. 8; translation

from Nansen, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 254. See above, p. 412, note 122.

Footnote 1619:

_Hist. Norweg._, I, Storm’s edit., p. 92; translation from Nansen,

_op. cit._, vol. i, p. 255.

Footnote 1620:

Translation from Nansen, _loc. cit._

Footnote 1621:

On Norse settlements and voyages on the coasts of Greenland, see

Nansen, _op. cit._, vol. i, pp. 258–311. The _Landnámabók_, I (transl.

in Vigfusson and York Powell, _Orig. Island._, vol. i, 1905, pp.

14–15) gives the distances in days’ sailing from points on the coast

of Iceland to points on the coasts of Norway, Greenland, Ireland, and

to “Svalbard” (possibly Spitsbergen; see above, p. 349). It was said

to have been a journey of seven _doegr_ from Cape Stat in Norway to

Cape Horn on the east coast of Iceland, of three (according to one

version of the _Landnámabók_) or of five (according to another

version) from Reykyanes to the Mare’s Leap in Ireland, of four _doegr_

from the northeasternmost cape of Iceland to Svalbard, and of one

across to Greenland at what was probably the narrowest passage. These

figures are difficult to interpret. The relative times given in no way

correspond to the actual relative distances, and we are not absolutely

certain what is meant by _doegr_. In fact Nansen writes that it is

hopeless to look for any system in these data (_op. cit._, vol. ii, p.

170). If we take _doegr_ to be a journey of twelve hours (as would

seem to be indicated by the _Heimskringla_, Morris and Magnússon’s

transl., vol. ii, p. 242; interpreted by Nansen, _op. cit._, pp. 170,

171, and note) the passage from Norway to Iceland would require

sailing at a rate of 155 sea miles in twenty-four hours, not

altogether excessive under favorable conditions. On the other hand,

the passage from Iceland to Ireland and to Greenland would necessitate

a speed of either 475 or 385 sea miles in twenty-four hours

respectively, which would be excellent speed for a modern liner. See

Nansen, _loc. cit._, and E. Magnússon’s note on the sailing directions

of the _Landnámabók_ in: Transactions of the Cambridge Philological

Society, vol. i, for 1872–1880, London, 1881, pp. 316–318.

Footnote 1622:

_Konungs-Skuggsjá_, 16 (Brenner’s edit.), pp. 47–48; translation from

Nansen, _Northern Mists._, 1911, vol. i, pp. 279–280.

Footnote 1623:

_Gesta Hammenb. eccl. pont._, IV, 39; translation from Nansen, _op.

cit._, vol. i, p. 195.

Footnote 1624:

_Gesta Danorum_, VIII, Holder’s edit., pp. 287–292.

Footnote 1625:

_Hist. Norweg._, I, Storm’s edit., pp. 75–76; translation from Nansen,

_op. cit._, vol. ii, p. 167.

Footnote 1626:

_Hist. Norweg._, I, Storm’s edit., pp. 78–79; translation from Nansen,

_op. cit._, vol. ii, p. 168. On the relation of this gulf with the

mythical Ginungagap (see above, p. 147) see Nansen, _op. cit._, vol.

ii, p. 239–240.

Footnote 1627:

_Landnámabók_, I, 1 (transl. in Vigfusson and York Powell, _Orig.

Island._, vol. i, 1905, p. 15.) See Nansen, _op. cit._, vol. ii, p.

166.

Footnote 1628:

Nansen, _loc. cit._

Footnote 1629:

It is of course not certain that Spitsbergen is meant by the

“Svalbard” of the _Icelandic Annals_. See the discussion in Nansen,

_op. cit._, vol. ii, pp. 166–171.

Footnote 1630:

Reeves, _Wineland_, 1890, p. 10.

Footnote 1631:

_ibid._, p. 81.

Footnote 1632:

English translation of these in Reeves, _op. cit._, pp. 28–52, 64–78.

Footnote 1633:

See above, p. 405, note 90. This part of the geographical description

is probably not the work of Abbot Nikulás Bergsson. See Nansen, _In

Northern Mists_, 1911, vol. i, p. 313.

Footnote 1634:

Nikulás Bergsson’s geographical description of the world, in:

Werlauff, _Symbolae_, 1821, p. 14.

Footnote 1635:

_Gesta Hammenb. eccl. pont._, IV, 38; translation from Reeves, _op.

cit._, p. 92.

Footnote 1636:

“Orcades insulae et Finlanda. Islanda quoque et Grenlanda, ultra quam

ad Septentrionem terra non reperitur, aliaeque plures usque in

Gollandam regi Noricorum subjiciuntur, et de toto orbe divitiae

navigio illuc advehuntur” (_Hist. eccles._, pt. III, bk. X, 5, in:

Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. clxxxviii, col. 727). “Finlanda” here refers

to Wineland (Rafn, _Antiq. americanae_, 1837, p. 337).

Footnote 1637:

See Rafn, _op. cit._, p. 338, note g; Lappenberg, in his edition of

Adam of Bremen in _Scriptores rerum germ._, Hanover, 1876, p. xvii,

maintained that this was a later interpolation made by Adam himself.

See Nansen, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 195; vol. ii, pp. 147–155.

Footnote 1638:

_Gesta Hammenb. eccl. pont._, IV, 38; translation from Reeves, _op.

cit._ pp. 92–93.

Footnote 1639:

_De imag. mundi_, I, 36.

Footnote 1640:

E. Renan, _Essais de morale et de critique_, 3rd edit., Paris, 1868,

p. 445, quoted by F. Michel, _Les voyages merveilleux de St. Brandan_,

Paris, 1878, p. vii.

Footnote 1641:

Schröder, _Sanct Brandan_, 1871 (under Brandan in the Bibliography),

p. vi.

Footnote 1642:

This résumé of the voyages of St. Brandan in the present text was made

from the Latin text of the _Peregrinatio_ given by Schröder, _op.

cit._, pp. 3–36. Reference has already been made to various aspects of

the voyages; see above, pp. 197–198, 224–225, 230–231.

Footnote 1643:

_De mensura orbis terrae_, 7 (Letronne’s edit., p. 40).

Footnote 1644:

The _Peregrinatio_ (Schröder, _op. cit._, p. 32) describes Paul’s

islet as being as long as it was broad and of equal height. This

suggests the lonely Rockall, some 280 miles west of the Outer

Hebrides. See J. B. Charcot, _Les croisières du “Pourquoi pas?” en

1921_, in: La Géographie, vol. xxxvi, Paris, 1922, pp. 475–476.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

Those who wish to carry out detailed investigations of the various

topics discussed in the present volume will find in the Notes and

Bibliography references to the original sources and to secondary works.

Owing, however, to the scattered nature of the references in the Notes

and to the alphabetical arrangement of the Bibliography it is impossible

from them alone to gain a rapid introduction to the outstanding

publications on the subject. To supply such an introduction is the

purpose of the following note.

Titles are not as a rule here cited in full, and the reader should

therefore turn to the Bibliography for the full titles, for indications

of the place and manner of publication, and for other bibliographical

details. The relatively few titles of publications mentioned here only

are given in full and are followed by the words “(not in Bibliography).”

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

The study of the geographical lore of the Middle Ages has been

approached by scholars from many different points of view. This is

reflected in the character of the bibliographies dealing specifically or

incidentally with this field. We may group these bibliographies

arbitrarily into three classes: (a) historical bibliographies; (b)

geographical bibliographies; (c) bibliographies devoted to the history

of science.

Historical Bibliographies

Among the historical bibliographies mention should first be made of

Chevalier’s _Répertoire des sources historiques du moyen

âge_, 1894–1907. Two volumes of this work, with the subtitle

_Bio-bibliographie_, list alphabetically a large number of personages of

importance in the Middle Ages. Brief biographical notes are given,

followed by extensive lists of references to publications by or in any

way relating to these personages. A great difficulty in using the

_Bio-bibliographie_ lies in the fact that no clues are given regarding

the type of publications to which reference is made. We are not told

whether these publications are printed texts of medieval works,

scholarly treatises, or merely passing and relatively unimportant

allusions. In a third volume of Chevalier’s _Répertoire_ (with the

subtitle _Topo-bibliographie_) the effort is made to list alphabetically

a multitude of topics relating to medieval history and life and, as in

the _Bio-bibliographie_, to give references to publications upon these

topics. Here again, owing to the lack of critical evaluation of the

references as well as to the somewhat arbitrary selection of the topical

headings, the work is of very uneven utility.

Whereas Chevalier attempts to cover the entire range of medieval

civilization, the writings of the historians and chroniclers of the age

are dealt with in Potthast’s indispensable _Bibliotheca historica medii

aevi_, 1896. The main part of these volumes consists of an alphabetical

repertory of names and titles with references to manuscripts, editions,

translations, and secondary works explanatory of the sources. There are

also included highly useful synopses of the contents of the great

collections of medieval sources (see below, pp. 493–495) and an appendix

in which the titles of the original sources are given chronologically

within regional divisions.

For a general guide to many of the more important books and articles on

medieval history, L. J. Paetow’s _Guide to the Study of Medieval History

for Students, Teachers, and Librarians_ (University of California

Syllabus Series, no. 90), Berkeley, Cal., 1917 (not in Bibliography), is

valuable. A large part of Paetow’s book is devoted to medieval culture.

Though by no means exhaustive, the _Guide_ is excellent for orienting

the student in an unfamiliar field.

We refrain from mentioning other historical bibliographies of regions

and topics relating to the Middle Ages. References to many of these may

readily be found in the first chapter of Paetow’s _Guide_ and in the

various paragraphs entitled “Bibliographies” appended to the topical

sections of that publication.

Geographical Bibliographies

The bibliography of ancient and medieval geography has been dealt with

at some length in the summaries of the progress of geographical research

that have appeared from time to time in the _Geographisches Jahrbuch_

published by Justus Perthes, Gotha (not in Bibliography), which since

1880 has been edited by Professor Hermann Wagner of Göttingen. The

ancient period has been covered by Professor Eugen Oberhummer in vols.

xix (1896), xxii (1899), xxviii (1905), and xxxiv (1911); the medieval

by Professors Sophus Ruge and Walther Ruge in vols. xviii (1895), xx

(1897), xxiii (1900), xxvi (1903), and xxx (1907). These reports are

running commentaries on the progress of current investigation, with

references to the literature in the footnotes.

A section on the history of geography, with occasional references to

publications in the medieval field, has appeared regularly in the

_Bibliographie géographique annuelle_ (not in Bibliography) of the

periodical Annales de Géographie, published by Armand Colin, Paris,

1893–1914, and in its continuation, _Bibliographie géographique

1915–1919, 1920–1921, 1922_ (not in Bibliography), published under the

auspices of the Association de Géographes Français. References to

secondary works in medieval geography are also given in the annual

volumes of _Bibliotheca Geographica_ (not in Bibliography), published by

the Gesellschaft für Erdkunde Berlin, and covering 1891 to 1912.

Bibliographies of the History of Science

References to publications on medieval geography as a part of the

history of science may be found in the critical bibliographies that have

been included since its inception in 1913 in each number of the

periodical Isis: International Review Devoted to the History of Science

and Civilization, Brussels.

DICTIONARIES

Research in the field covered by the present volume requires a working

knowledge of medieval Latin, the language in which most of the original

sources were written. Medieval Latin is not difficult—except in

occasional passages—for one who has some knowledge of classical Latin.

The great dictionary of C. D. Du Cange, _Glossarium ad scriptores mediae

et infimae latinitatis_ (not in Bibliography), first published at Paris

in 1678 and subsequently in other editions (the latest at Niort,

1883–1887), is indispensable. For medieval French, consult F. E.

Godefroy, _Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française_, 10 vols.,

Paris, 1881–1902 (not in Bibliography).

MANUSCRIPTS

Many of the works of medieval authors have never been printed. They can

be consulted only in the collections of manuscripts of the libraries of

Europe and, to a limited extent, of America. While research in

manuscripts is not absolutely essential for a general study like the

present, no detailed research can very well be conducted without direct

recourse to unprinted documents.

The use of medieval manuscripts is an art in itself, requiring some

familiarity with paleography. The handwritings of the twelfth and

thirteenth centuries, however, are frequently not difficult to decipher.

On this subject consult: E. M. Thompson, _An Introduction to Greek and

Latin Palaeography_, Oxford, 1912 (not in Bibliography), and, for

abbreviations commonly used in manuscripts, A. Cappelli, _Lexicon

abbreviaturarum ...: Dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane ..._,

Milan, 1899, 2nd edit., Milan, 1912 (not in Bibliography).

A list of catalogues of collections of manuscripts will be found in a

publication of the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris: _Collection

alphabétique des livres imprimés mis à la disposition des lecteurs dans

la salle de travail, suivi de la liste des catalogues usuels du

département des manuscrits_, Paris, 1910 (not in Bibliography). Useful

references to manuscripts of some of the writings on geography and

natural science of the Middle Ages are included in Beazley, _Dawn of

Modern Geography_, 1897–1906, in Thorndike, _History of Magic and

Experimental Science_, 1923, and in Haskins, _Studies in the History of

Mediaeval Science_, 1924. References to manuscript maps will be found in

Miller, _Mappaemundi_, 1895–1898.

COLLECTIONS OF ORIGINAL SOURCES

The great printed collections of historical sources dealing with the

Middle Ages are discussed in Paetow’s _Guide_ (see above, p. 492) and

analyzed in Potthast’s _Bibliotheca_ (see above, p. 491). In the

Bibliography of the present volume reference is made to printed texts of

individual works. It will therefore not be necessary here to do more

than indicate the titles of a few of the collections most important from

the point of view of medieval geography.

The _Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum_, 1866 ff., is a

collection of critically edited texts of the writings of the Latin

Church Fathers. Migne, _Patrologiae cursus completus ... series latina_

(referred to in the Notes as _Pat. lat._), 1844–1864, contains texts,

for the most part uncritical, not only of the writings of the Church

Fathers but also of a vast assemblage of works bearing directly or

indirectly on the medieval Church.

In nearly all the nations of Europe the publication has been carried

through or is in progress of great collections of sources dealing with

the national history during the Middle Ages. To mention briefly a few of

these, we may refer first to the _Rerum britannicarum medii aevi

scriptores_, 1858–1891, usually known as the “Rolls Series.” This series

includes not only the works of the historians and chroniclers of Britain

of the Middle Ages but also those of many British writers on matters of

geography and natural science. The _Monumenta Germaniae historica_,

1826–1874 and 1876 ff., contains in its magnificent volumes documents

relating to all aspects of the history and life of the medieval Germans

and incidentally of Europe as a whole. Many of the texts of the

_Monumenta_ have been more critically edited in the _Scriptores rerum

germanicarum in usum scholarum ex Monumentis Germaniae historicis

recusi_, 1840 ff. For France there are the _Rerum gallicarum et

francicarum scriptores_, or _Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la

France_, Paris, 1738–1904 (not in Bibliography), and the publications of

the Société de l’Histoire de France, Paris, 1835 ff. (not in

Bibliography); for the Crusades the most important collection is the

_Recueil des historiens des croisades_, 14 vols., Paris, 1841–1898 (not

in Bibliography).

Collections dealing more especially with texts of geographical

importance are, for ancient geography, Müller’s _Geographi graeci

minores_, 1882, and Riese’s _Geographi latini minores_, 1878.

Itineraries to and descriptions of the Holy Land will be found in

Tobler, _Descriptiones terrae sanctae_, 1874, Tobler, _Itinera ... saec.

iv-xi_, 1877, Michelant and Reynaud, _Itinéraires à Jerusalem_, 1882,

and Tobler, Molinier, and Kohler, _Itinera ... bellis sacris anteriora_,

1880–1885. English translations of certain medieval travels in Palestine

will be found in Thomas Wright, _Early Travels in Palestine_, 1848, and

in the _Library_ of the Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, 1885–1897.

Texts and English translations for the early exploration of Iceland will

be found in Vigfusson and Yorke Powell, _Origines islandicae_, 1905.

Documents relating to the Norse discovery of America are included in

Rafn, _Antiquitates americanae_, 1837–1841; and Reeves, _The Finding of

Wineland the Good_, 1890, gives English translations of the Vineland

voyages. On the texts of the great Asiatic voyages of the thirteenth and

fourteenth centuries, which do not fall within the scope of the present

volume, see above, pp. 269–270, and p. 465, notes 70, 71, 74, 75.

The primary collection of facsimiles of medieval maps prior to the

appearance of the portolan charts is Miller, _Mappaemundi_, 1895–1898;

critical texts with references to manuscripts and discussions are here

given. Reproductions of early medieval maps are also given in the

atlases to Santarem, _Essai sur l’histoire de la cosmographie et de la

cartographie_, 1849–1852, and to Lelewel, _Géographie du moyen âge_,

1852–1857.

A selection of medieval texts dealing with meteorology will be found in

Hellmann, _Denkmäler mittelalterlicher Meteorologie_, 1904.

SECONDARY WORKS

We may divide our treatment of secondary works into two parts: first, a

discussion of publications dealing with the broader background of

medieval life and thus, incidentally, with the geographical lore of the

period; second, a discussion of publications dealing directly with the

geographical and related lore of antiquity and the Middle Ages or with

the enlargement of geographical knowledge. The titles of secondary works

relating to the specific writings or authors referred to in the present

volume may readily be found by using the cross-references in the

Bibliography.

Background of Medieval Intellectual Life

In order not to expand our discussion beyond due measure, we shall

restrict ourselves in this section to mentioning a very few publications

the majority of which have been of direct service in the preparation of

the present volume.

For a broad and brilliantly written treatment of medieval intellectual

activity in its many phases, we may refer to H. O. Taylor, _The

Mediaeval Mind: A History of the Development of Thought and Emotion in

the Middle Ages_, 2 vols., New York, 1911, revised edit., 1914 (not in

Bibliography). Haskins’ _Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science_,

1924, which appeared while the present volume was in press, is

fundamental for the history of science in Western Europe in the twelfth

and thirteenth centuries. Several of its chapters are revisions of

articles which had previously appeared, but other parts of the work are

entirely new contributions. The volume is based to a very large extent

upon hitherto unpublished sources; many critical and interesting

passages of Latin texts are published in it for the first time. Poole’s

_Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought and Learning_, 1920,

is a discussion of the work of a few selected exponents of typical modes

of medieval thought. The original work of the scholars of Chartres in

the Middle Ages is the subject of Clerval’s _Écoles de Chartres_, 1895.

The Latin literature of the period as a whole is dealt with in Gröber,

_Übersicht über die lateinische Literatur von der Mitte des 6.

Jahrhunderts bis 1350_, 1888–1902, and medieval Latin literature prior

to the middle of the eleventh century is treated in greater detail in M.

Manitius, _Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters_, vol.

1, 1911. On the Latin poetry of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries

consult Francke, _Geschichte der lateinischen Schulpoesie_, 1879. For

the French literature of the age there is the important volume of Gaston

Paris, _La littérature française au moyen âge_, 1914, or the English

translation.

Medieval philosophy is outlined in De Wulf, _Histoire de la philosophie

médiévale_, 1900, or the English translation.

On the art of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries as expressing the

thought of the time the student should read Mâle’s two volumes, _L’art

religieux du xii^e siècle_, 1922, and _L’art religieux du xiii^e

siècle_, 1910, or the English translation of the volume dealing with the

thirteenth century.

An old but highly suggestive treatise on the natural science of the

early twelfth century is that of C. B. Jourdain, _Dissertation sur

l’état de la philosophie naturelle_, 1838. Natural science, magic, and

legendary lore of the first thirteen centuries of the Christian era form

the topics of Thorndike’s learned _History of Magic and Experimental

Science_, 1923. Some of these subjects as they were embodied in medieval

French encyclopedias compiled for the use of the layman are illustrated

in C. V. Langlois, _La connaissance de la nature_, 1911. Legendary lore

more especially is the theme of Denis’ little _Monde enchanté_, 1843, of

Berger de Xivrey’s _Traditions tératologiques_, 1836, and, more

recently, of Graf’s _Miti, leggende e superstizioni_, 1892–1893.

The relation between theology and natural science in the Middle Ages has

been a matter of controversy. From a point of view relatively favorable

to medieval science the subject was discussed by Zöckler, _Geschichte

der Beziehungen zwischen Theologie und Naturwissenschaft_, vol. i, 1877;

from a more critical point of view, by Draper, _Conflict Between

Religion and Science_, 1875, and in White’s scholarly _Warfare of

Science with Theology_, 1895.

The influence of classical scholarship upon medieval thought was potent.

This topic as a whole is dealt with in much detail in Sandys’ monumental

_History of Classical Scholarship_, 3rd edit., vol. i, 1921. On the use

of classical works in the Middle Ages see also the two monographs of M.

Manitius, _Beiträge zur Geschichte der römischen Prosaiker_, 1890, and

_Philologisches aus alten Bibliothekskatalogen_, 1892. In regard to

medieval Latin translations from the Greek, Arabic, and Hebrew, the

formerly authoritative treatises of Amable Jourdain, _Recherches

critiques_, 1843, and Wüstenfeld, _Übersetzungen arabischer Werke_,

1877, have to a large extent been superseded by the researches of

Steinschneider (_Hebräische Übersetzungen_, 1893; _Europäische

Übersetzungen_, 1905–1906), Mandonnet (_Siger de Brabant_, 1908, 1911),

Grabmann (_Forschungen über die lateinischen Aristotelesübersetzungen_,

1916), Haskins (_Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science_, 1924),

and others (see above, pp. 95–102, and notes 32–70 on pp. 398–403).

The Geographical Lore of Antiquity and of the Middle Ages

The publications dealing with ancient and medieval geographical lore may

be divided into three groups: those devoted to (a) the history of

geography as a whole; (b) the history of geography in particular

periods; (c) the history of particular aspects of geography.

_The History of Geography as a Whole_

With the exception of a few brief popular works, the writer knows of

only three general histories of geography in which the attempt is made

to cover the entire field. These are Louis Vivien de St. Martin,

_Histoire de la géographie et des découvertes géographiques depuis les

temps les plus reculés jusqu’à nos jours_, with atlas, Paris, 1873 (not

in Bibliography); Peschel, _Geschichte der Erdkunde_, 1877; and Günther,

_Geschichte der Erdkunde_, 1904. The first is concerned primarily with

explorations and the expansion of regional knowledge; in its pages the

medieval period receives but scant attention. Peschel aimed to cover

both exploration and scientific geography, and his work, though old, is

of great value: scholarly, well balanced, and clearly written. Whereas

Peschel stopped with the early nineteenth century, Günther carries the

record through that century; his book contains a wealth of detail and of

useful bibliographical notes.

_The History of Geography in Particular Periods_

1. _Ancient Geography._ Bunbury’s _History of Ancient Geography_, 1879,

remains to the present day the only work of large scope on Greek and

Latin geography as a whole. Tozer’s delightful _History of Ancient

Geography_, 1897, is a good introduction to the subject but is

inadequate for detailed research. A scholarly treatment of the

scientific geography of the Greeks is Berger’s _Geschichte der

wissenschaftlichen Erdkunde der Griechen_, 1903. The most extensive

recent treatment of classical geography as a whole, with numerous

references, is Gisinger’s article “Geographie” in _Paulys

Real-Encyclopädie_, 1924. The evolution of those theories of ancient

geography which prepared the way toward the discovery of America is

admirably outlined in the now somewhat out of date but nevertheless

useful and stimulating chapter by Tillinghast, _Geographical Knowledge

of the Ancients in Relation to the Discovery of America_, in the first

volume of Winsor’s _Narrative and Critical History_, 1889. Alexander von

Humboldt in the first part of the _Examen critique de l’histoire de la

géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique

aux quinzième et seizième siècles_, Paris, 1st edit., 1814–1834 (not in

Bibliography), probed deeply into the history of ancient geography. See

also C. B. Jourdain, _De l’influence d’Aristote ... sur la découverte du

Nouveau-Monde_, 1861.

2. _Medieval Geography._ Santarem’s _Essai sur l’histoire de la

cosmographie et de la cartographie_, 1849–1852, marks one of the

earliest attempts in modern times to open up the subject of medieval

geography. It consists of a mass of detailed notes on the regional

geographical theories of the cosmographers of the Middle Ages. Lelewel’s

_Géographie du moyen âge_, 1852–1857, is a work of erudition

exasperating in the confusion of its arrangement, the difficulty of its

style, and the untenability of many of its theories. Lelewel, however,

went beyond Santarem in his endeavor to take into consideration the work

of Arabic as well as of Occidental geographical authors.

The most recent broad history of medieval geography is Beazley’s

important _Dawn of Modern Geography_, 1897–1906. These three volumes are

the result of long and arduous research and will probably remain for

many years to come on the whole the most satisfactory general treatment

of the subject. They cover the period from 300 to 1420 A. D. Attention

is given to the explorations and geographical science not only of the

Christians but also of the Arabs and Chinese (the two latter subjects,

however, having been studied through translations and secondary works

only). Throughout, especial stress is laid upon the record of travel and

exploration and upon the historical events that led to the acquisition

of geographical information by travel and exploration. In the first two

volumes, on the period until 1260, extensive chapters are devoted to

“Geographical Theory,” but in the third, covering 1260 to 1420, only 29

out of a total of 541 pages are given to geographical theory, and the

chapter on geographical theory of the period from 900 to 1260 in the

second volume barely touches upon the various topics discussed in

Chapters V to X of the present book. To illustrate the theoretical

“earth-knowledge” of the “Central Middle Age period” Beazley discusses

three examples only, the work of Constantine Porphyrogenetos, that of

Adam of Bremen, and the chief maps of the age. There is either the

briefest passing mention or else no reference whatever to the writings

of the highly characteristic authors the study of whose geographical

opinions is the main purpose of the present volume—such writers as Peter

Abelard, Peter Comestor, Hildegard of Bingen, Bernard and Theodoric of

Chartres, Adelard of Bath, William of Conches, Gerard of Cremona,

Michael Scot, Robert Grosseteste, Gervase of Tilbury, Otto of Freising,

Gunther of Pairis, Giraldus Cambrensis, Saxo Grammaticus, Guy of

Bazoches, and the various translators from the Arabic. Furthermore,

Beazley makes no attempt to give a systematic analysis of the various

elements that constituted the geographical lore of the scholar or

educated reader of Western Europe in the age of the Crusades.

A scholarly account of the geography of the Church Fathers is Marinelli,

_La geografia e i padri della chiesa_, 1882 (also translated into

German). Very full references are here given in footnotes.

On the geography of the Moslems of the Middle Ages the first volume of

Reinaud’s _Géographie d’Aboulféda_, 1848, though now more than seventy

years old, is still, to our knowledge, the only thoroughly scholarly

work covering the whole field in detail. More recent, but much briefer

treatments are those of Baron Carra de Vaux in the second volume of his

_Penseurs de l’Islam_, 1921, and of Carl Schoy in various articles

(cited in the Bibliography under his name), especially the article in

the Geographical Review, 1924.

_The History of Particular Aspects of Geography_

1. _Cosmogony and Cosmology._ Duhem’s great _Système du monde_,

1913–1917, is now the fundamental history of the evolution of

cosmological doctrines from the time of Plato to the fourteenth century.

To it the writer owes, to a large extent, his guidance to the original

sources as well as much of the material which he has necessarily

accepted at second hand in those parts of the present book which deal

with the origins and the larger relations of the earth to the remainder

of the universe. For the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Werner’s two

monographs, _Die Kosmologie ... Wilhelm von Conches_, 1873, and _Die

Kosmologie ... des Roger Baco_, 1879, are important. On the development

of Christian theories of the Creation one should also consult Zöckler,

_Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Theologie und Naturwissenschaft_,

1877–1879, and Robbins, _Hexaemeral Literature_, 1912. See also A. C.

McGiffert, _The God of the Early Christians_, New York, 1924 (not in

Bibliography), for the theologians’ view of the Creation in the early

centuries of our era. An interesting monograph on the ancient theory of

the periodic destruction and rebirth of the universe is that of Günther,

_Die antike Apokatastasis_, 1916.

2. _Larger problems of terrestrial geography._ These problems are dealt

with by Kretschmer in the monograph discussed in the following

subsection (3).

Several important studies have been written on the medieval beliefs

regarding the shape of the earth. Günther, in his _Studien zur

Geschichte der mathematischen und physikalischen Geographie_, 1877–1879,

treated the subject from the point of view shared by many Protestants;

Schneid, _Die Lehre von der Erdrundung_, 1877, replied to Günther from

the Catholic point of view. More recently the matter has been discussed

by Betten (see above, p. 384, note 48). Proofs of the curvature of the

earth adduced in antiquity and during the Middle Ages are the topic of a

monograph by Günther, _Optische Beweisung für die Erdkrümmung_, 1920.

On the Eratosthenic measurement of the size of the earth and its

subsequent influence the fundamental work is now the two volumes of

Thalamas, _Étude bibliographique de la géographie d’Ératosthène_, 1921,

and _La géographie d’Ératosthène_, 1921. Other interesting studies in

this field are those of Mori, _La misurazione eratostenica_, 1911,

Decourdemanche, _Note sur l’estimation de la longeur du degré

terrestre_, 1913, and Miller, _Die Erdmessung im Alterthum_, 1919.

The problems of the antipodes and the austral continent are sketched

historically by Rainaud, _Le continent austral_, 1893; the antipodes

more particularly by Boffito, _La leggenda degli antipodi_, 1903.

Three important discussions of the evolution of ancient and medieval

theories regarding the relative positions and extent of areas of land

and water on the earth’s surface and of the relations which obtain

between the spheres of land and of water are Günther, _Ältere und neuere

Hypothesen_ ..., forming part iii of his _Studien zur Geschichte der

mathematischen und physikalischen Geographie_, 1879; Boffito, _La

controversia dell’acqua e della terra prima e dopo di Dante_, forming

Memoria I of his _Intorno alla “Quaestio de aqua et terra,”_ 1902; and

Norlind, _Das Problem des gegenseitigen Verhältnisses von Land und

Wasser_, 1918.

3. _Physical Geography._ An important monograph on the physical

geography of the Christian Middle Ages is Kretschmer, _Die physische

Erdkunde im christlichen Mittelalter_, 1889. After a discussion of the

sources—both Greek and Latin—Kretschmer takes up systematically the

problems of the size and shape of the earth, the question of the

antipodes, medieval theories of the divergent centers of the spheres of

earth and water, the compass, and the physical geography of the waters,

the atmosphere, and the lands. The topics dealt with are similar to

those treated in parts of Chapter VI and in Chapters VII, VIII, and IX

of the present volume. On the other hand, Kretschmer neglects the

interesting question of theories of the origin of the earth. In dealing

with physical geography he gives little attention to the writers of the

age of the Crusades. With the exception of William of Conches, he

neglects the same authors of that age whom Beazley neglects (see above,

p. 498).

Several works on particular phases of ancient and medieval physical

geography deserve special mention. An elaborate study of the

meteorological lore of the Greeks is that of Gilbert, _Die

meteorologischen Theorien des griechischen Altertums_, 1907. A German

doctoral dissertation is devoted to the theories of the Church Fathers

in regard to meteorology: Hoffmann, _Die Anschauungen der Kirchenväter

über Meteorologie_, 1907 (see also Günther, _Notiz zur Geschichte der

Klimatologie_, 1887). Medieval wind-roses are discussed in Cusa, _Sulla

denominazione dei venti_, 1884; Revelli, _Una “rosa dei venti,”_ 1910;

and Bertolini, _L’orologio solare di Aquileia e la sistemazione della

rosa dei venti_, 1916. Dissertations by Frahm (_Das Meer und die

Seefahrt in der altfranzösischen Literatur_, 1914) and Koch (_Das Meer

in der mittelhochdeutschen Epik_, 1910) deal respectively with the sea

as depicted in old French literature and in the Middle High German epic.

The basic study of the history of theories of the tides in antiquity and

during the Middle Ages is Almagià, _La dottrina della marea_, 1905.

Material, pleasingly presented, on the history of geology, with,

incidentally, some interesting observations on medieval physical

geography, will be found in Geikie, _Founders of Geology_, 1905.

Medieval beliefs regarding the interior of the earth, volcanoes, and

earthquakes are outlined by Stegmann in a dissertation, _Die

Anschauungen ... über die endogenen Erscheinungen der Erde_, 1913.

Classical and medieval ideas of the arrangement of the mountains of the

earth’s surface form the subject of Benl’s dissertation, _Hypothesen

über die regelmässige Anordnung der Erdgebirge_, 1905.

4. _Feeling for Nature._ The feeling for nature as expressed in the

Latin literature of antiquity is the topic of a delightful book by

Geikie, _The Love of Nature Among the Romans_, 1912. On the feeling for

nature in the medieval period we may refer to the works of Biese, _Die

Entwicklung des Naturgefühls_, 1892 (or the English translation), and of

Ganzenmüller, _Das Naturgefühl_, 1914. To the latter the writer is

especially indebted for numerous references to source material that

might otherwise have been overlooked. Interesting studies of early

mountain climbing are those of Gribble, _The Early Mountaineers_, 1899;

Günther, _Wissenschaftliche Bergbesteigungen_, 1896; and W. W. Hyde,

_The Development of the Appreciation of Mountain Scenery in Modern

Times_, in: Geographical Review, vol. iii, 1917, pp. 107–118 (not in

Bibliography), though none of these devotes a great deal of attention to

the period of the Crusades.

5. _Astronomical Geography._ On the history of the invention and use of

methods of determining latitude, see Schoy, _Die geschichtliche

Entwicklung der Polhöhenbestimmung_, 1911; on longitudes, Schoy’s

_Längenbestimmung und Zentralmeridian_, 1915. See also the various

articles and monographs on Ptolemy cited in the cross-references under

Ptolemy in the Bibliography. Knowledge of latitudes and longitudes in

the Christian West in the Middle Ages is discussed by J. K. Wright,

_Notes on the Knowledge of Latitudes and Longitudes_, 1923.

6. _Cartography._ The history of cartography is discussed in the works

mentioned in the sections on the history of geography as a whole and in

particular periods, pp. 497–498 above. To the cartography of the ancient

period as a whole are devoted two important recent publications:

Kubitschek’s article “Karten” in _Paulys Real-Encyclopädie_, 1919, and

Cebrian, _Geschichte der Kartographie_, 1923. The most complete single

study of the medieval cartography of the period with which we have to

deal is Miller, _Mappaemundi_, 1895–1898. Other publications which deal

incidentally but significantly with the cartography of the pre-portolan

period are the works of Pullé, Simar, and Langenmaier referred to in

subsection 7, immediately below.

7. _Regional Geography._ The fundamental study of belief in the

Terrestrial Paradise is that of Coli, _Il paradiso terrestre_, 1897,

although the matter has also been discussed by Graf in his _La leggenda

del paradiso terrestre_, 1878, and in his _Miti, leggende e

superstizioni_, 1892–1893.

The growth of medieval knowledge of Asia is traced in the introduction

to Yule, _Cathay and the Way Thither_, 1913–1916, and much important

material on this topic may be gleaned from the notes in the third

edition of Yule’s _Marco Polo_, 1903, and from Cordier’s _Ser Marco

Polo_, 1920. India as depicted on medieval maps is the subject of an

interesting treatise by Pullé, _La cartografia antica dell’India_,

1901–1905. Lowes, in _The Dry Sea_, 1905, deals with interesting

problems in the geography of Central Asia in the Middle Ages (see also

Pelliot, _Chrétiens d’Asie centrale et d’Extrême-Orient_, 1914). On the

history of commercial connections between the Near East and Europe

during our period, two highly important books are Heyd, _Commerce du

Levant_, 1885–1886 (reprinted 1923), and Schaube, _Handelsgeschichte der

romanischen Völker des Mittelmeergebiets_, 1906. Dreesbach, _Der Orient

in der altfranzösischen Kreuzzugsliteratur_, 1901, is a résumé of

notices relating to the Near East as they appear in French literature of

the Crusades.

Two scholarly works deal with the widening of Western knowledge of

Central Africa in antiquity and during the Middle Ages. These are Simar,

_La géographie de l’Afrique centrale_, 1912, and Langenmaier, _Alte

Kenntnis ... der Zentralafrikanischen Seenregion_, 1916. Schaube’s

_Handelsgeschichte_ and Mas-Latrie, _Traités de paix et de commerce ...,

concernant les relations des Chrétiens avec les Arabes de l’Afrique

septentrionale_, 1866, are also important for the relations between

Europe and North Africa.

Not much has been written in modern times upon the geography of Europe

as it was conceived in the period covered by the present book. Hungary

as it figures in the _chansons de geste_ is the subject of an article by

Karl, _La Hongrie ... dans les chansons de geste_, 1908, and there are

other monographs of limited scope, but no general discussion. The

progress of geographical knowledge of the North is outlined by Moritz,

_Die geographische Kenntnis von den Nord- und Ostseeküsten_, 1904;

Weinhold, _Die Polargegenden Europas_, 1871; and especially by Nansen,

_In Northern Mists_, 1911. The history of Icelandic geography (both of

historical geography and of geographical studies in Iceland) is treated

by Thoroddsen, _Geschichte der isländischen Geographie_, 1897. European

wanderings in the Atlantic and legends of fabulous islands in that ocean

have been made the subject of a large library of books and monographs.

We may mention here Westropp, _Brasil and the Legendary Islands of the

Atlantic_, 1912, and the recent volume of Babcock, _Legendary Islands of

the Atlantic_, 1922.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

This bibliography is intended merely as an aid to those who wish to

carry on further studies of the topics covered by this book. It is in no

sense complete. The publications listed are for the most part only those

to which reference is made in the Notes. Enough, but only enough,

additional information is given about each entry to enable the reader to

identify it. In the case of original sources the attempt has been made

to refer to modern critical editions, and only to manuscripts or early

printed editions where modern critical editions are lacking. More

complete bibliographical information may be obtained from the

publications discussed on pp. 491–493 above.

The arrangement is alphabetical by authors and, in the case of anonymous

works, by the first important word in the titles. (Collections of

sources are in general placed under the editor’s name.) The names of

authors of original sources, or the titles in the case of anonymous

original sources or collections of sources, are given in capital

letters, the former in Roman, the latter in italic type. The names of

authors of modern, secondary studies are set in small letters in Roman

type. Different works by the same ancient, Arabic, or medieval author

are listed together in the same entry and are indicated by Roman

numerals. Different works by the same modern author are listed

separately and are arranged chronologically.

Cross-references within the Bibliography are, as in the Notes, given in

abbreviated form. The full titles of the works referred to will be found

in the Bibliography in their proper places.

For a topical discussion of the bibliography of ancient and medieval

geography, see the Bibliographical Note above.

ABDIAS, PSEUDO-. _Abdiae, Babyloniae primi episcopi, ab apostolis

constituti, De historia certaminis apostolici libri X, Julio

Africano interprete._ Paris, 1551, 1560, 1566, etc.

ABELARD, PETER. I. _Expositio in hexaemeron_, in: Migne, _Pat. lat._,

vol. clxxviii, cols. 731–784. II. _Sermones_, in: Migne, _op.

cit._, cols. 379–610. III. _Sic et non_, in: Migne, _op. cit._,

cols. 1329–1610.

ABŪ-L-FIDĀ. _Géographie d’Aboulféda, traduite de l’arabe en français._

Vol. i (Paris, 1848) of this work, by J. T. Reinaud, is a general

introduction to Moslem geography. Vol. ii, pt. 1 (Paris, 1848),

forms the first part of the French translation and is also by J.

T. Reinaud. Vol. ii, pt. 2 (Paris, 1883), contains the second part

of the translation and is by Stanislas Guyard.

ABŪ MAʿSHAR (ALBUMASAR). _The Great Book of the Introduction._ This

was translated into Latin by Hermann the Dalmatian and by John of

Seville. The title of Hermann’s translation reads in the

manuscript _Liber introductorius in astrologiam_ (see Haskins,

_Studies_, 1924, p. 45); editions printed in Venice, 1489, 1495,

1506, bear the title _Introductorium in astronomiam_ (see Duhem,

_Système_, vol. iii, 1915, p. 174, note 6, and Haskins, _loc.

cit._)

ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, APOCRYPHAL. _Acta apostolorum apocrypha_ ...

etc., edited by L. F. C. von Tischendorf, Leipzig, 1851. _Acta

apostolorum apocrypha post Constantinum Tischendorf denuo

ediderunt R. A. Lipsius et [A.] M. Bonnet_, Leipzig, 1891–1903.

Acts of Thomas in vol. ii, pt. 2, of this edition. English

translation by M. R. James, _The Apocryphal New Testament_, Oxford

University Press, 1924.

ADAM OF BREMEN. _Gesta Hammenburgensis_ (or _Hammaburgensis_)

_ecclesiae pontificum_ (also called _Historia ecclesiastica_, or

_Bremensium praesulum historia_), edited by J. M. Lappenberg, in:

_Mon. Germ. hist._, Scriptores, vol. vii, 1846, pp. 280–389, and

in: _Scriptores rerum germ. in usum scholarum_, Hanover, 1876.

See Björnbo, A. A.; Kohlmann, P. W.; Krabbo, _Nordeuropa_, 1909.

ADELARD OF BATH. I. _De eodem et diverso_, edited by Hans Willner, in:

Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters, vol. iv,

pt. I, Münster, 1903. II. _Quaestiones naturales._ There is no

modern edition of the text of this work. An English translation is

found in Gollancz, _Dodi ve-Nechdi_, 1920, pp. 87–161. The

references in the present work are to the chapters as numbered in

the Louvain incunabulum, ap. 1484, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris

(shelf-mark “Rés. R. 900”). In parentheses are given references to

the chapters as numbered in the twelfth-century manuscript,

Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds latin, no. 6415. For further

bibliographical references, see Haskins, _Adelard_, 1911, p. 493;

the same, _Studies_, 1924, p. 26. III. Translation of _Khorazmian

Tables_. In MSS. only. See Haskins, _loc. cit._; KHWĀRIZMĪ, Al-,

II.

Adler, M. N. See BENJAMIN OF TUDELA.

_ADVENTU, DE, PATRIARCHAE INDORUM AD URBEM SUB CALISTO PAPA II._ In:

Zarncke, _Priester Johannes_, Erste Abhandlung, in: Abhandlungen,

vol. vii, 1879, pp. 837–843 (also numbered 11–17).

AETHICUS OF ISTRIA. _Cosmographia Aethici Istrici_, edited by H.

Wuttke, Leipzig, 1854.

AGRIPPA. Map of the world. See Detlefsen, D.; Lessert, C. P. de.

Ainsworth, W. F. See PETACHIA OF RATISBON.

ALAN OF LILLE. I. _De planctu naturae_, in: Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol.

ccx, cols. 430–482. English translation by D. M. Moffat, _The

Complaint of Nature by Alain of Lille_, New York, 1908. II.

_Anticlaudianus_, in: Migne, _op. cit._, cols. 482–576.

Al-BATTĀNĪ, Al-FARGHĀNĪ, and other Arabic names beginning with the

article Al. See under first letter of main part of name.

ALBERTUS MAGNUS (OF BOLLSTADT). _Opera omnia_, edited by Petrus Jammy,

21 vols., Lyons, 1651. Also an edition by Augustus Borgnet, 38

vols., Paris, 1890–1899 (not seen).

For brief discussion of the geographical works, see above p. 406,

note 93.

ALBUMASAR. See ABŪ MAʿSHAR.

_ALEXANDER THE GREAT, ROMANCE OF._ I. _Pseudo-Callisthenes_, edited by

C. Müller and included in a volume with F. Dübner’s edition of

Arrian’s _Anabasis_ and _Indica_, Paris, 1846 (also 1877). II.

Julius Valerius, _Res gesta Alexandri Macedoniae II_, edited by B.

Kübler, Leipzig, 1888. III. _Epitoma Julii Valerii_, edited by J.

Zacher in his _Pseudo-Callisthenes: Forschungen zur Kritik und

Geschichte der ältesten Aufzeichnung der Alexandersage_, Halle,

1867. See _De Julii Valerii epitoma oxoniense_, by G. G. Cillie

(Dissertation, University of Strasburg, 1905). IV. _Epistola ad

Aristotelem de mirabilibus Indiae_, edited by F. Pfister in his:

_Kleine Texte zum Alexanderroman_, Heidelberg, 1910. See also

Thorndike, _Magic_, 1923, vol. i, pp. 555–556, footnote 2. V.

_Historia de praeliis_ of Leo Archipresbyter. See Landgraf, G. VI.

_Iter ad Paradisum_, edited by J. Zacher, Regimonti (Königsberg),

1859 (not seen). VII. The Romance in alexandrines: _Li romans

d’Alixandre par Lambert li Tors et Alexandre de Bernay_, edited by

Heinrich Michelant, in: Bibliothek des Literarischen Vereins in

Stuttgart, vol. xiii, 1846; F. le Court de la Villethassetz and E.

Talbot, _Alexandriade ou chanson de geste d’Alexandre le Grand, de

Lambert le Court et Alexandre de Bernay_, Dinan, Huart, and Paris,

1861.

See Meyer, P. For further references to texts and secondary works

on Oriental versions see Thorndike, _Magic_, 1923, vol. i, pp.

551–552.

ALEXANDER NECKAM. See NECKAM, ALEXANDER.

ALEXANDER III (Pope). See PRESTER JOHN, III.

ALEXANDRE DE BERNAI. See _ALEXANDER THE GREAT, ROMANCE OF_, VII.

_ALEXANDRIADE._ See _ALEXANDER THE GREAT, ROMANCE OF_, VII.

ALFRAGANUS. See FARGHĀNĪ, Al-.

ALFRED THE GREAT. See Geidel, H.

ALFRED OF SARESHEL. I. _De motu cordis._ Extracts were published by C.

S. Barach in: Bibliotheca philosophorum mediae aetatis, vol. ii,

Innsbruck, 1878. II. _Liber de congelatis._ Baeumker, _Alfred von

Sareshel_, 1913, p. 27, note, states that this work was printed

under the title _Avicennae de congelatione et conglutinatione

lapidum_, in: _Theatrum chemicum, praecipuos selectorum auctorum

tractatus de chemiae et lapidis philosophici_ ... etc., vol. iv,

Argentorati (Strasburg), 1659, pp. 883–887 (not seen), and that it

was also printed in: _Gebri, régis Arabum ... summa perfectionis

Magisterii, in sua natura ... denique libri Investigationis

Magisterii et Testamenti eiusdem Gebri ac aurei Trium Verborum

libelli et Avicennae ... mineralium additione castigatissimi_,

“Gedani” (Danzig), 1682, pp. 245–253 (not seen).

See Baeumker, C.

Almagià, Roberto. _La dottrina della marea nell’antichità classica e

nel medio evo_, in: Memorie della Reale Accademia dei Lincei,

Classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche, e naturali, series 5, vol.

v, Rome, 1905, pp. 375–514. (Also printed separately.)

The most authoritative study of the history of theories of the

tides in ancient and medieval times.

ALPETRAGIUS. See BITRŪJĪ, Al-.

ALPHONSI, PETER (PETRUS ANFUSI). _Dialogus cum Judeo._ Bibliothèque

Nationale MSS., fonds latin, no. 10722, fols. 3ff.; also in:

Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. clvii, cols. 527–706.

Amari, M. _Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia_, 3 vols., Florence,

1854–1872.

Contains material on Edrisi and earlier Moslem geographers of

Sicily.

AMBROISE. _L’Estoire de la guerre sainte: Histoire en vers de la

troisième croisade_, edited by Gaston Paris, Paris, 1897.

ANAXIMANDER. See Heidel, W. A.

Anderson, R. B. See SNORRI STURLUSON, II.

Andriani, Giuseppe. _La carta dialettologica d’Italia secondo Dante_

in: Atti dell’ VIII Congresso Geografico Italiano, vol. ii,

Florence, 1923, pp. 255–263.

ANFUSI, PETRUS. See ALPHONSI, PETER.

ANONYMOUS. See under initial letter of first important word of title.

_ANTIQUITATES AMERICANAE._ See Rafn, C. C.

ARI FRODHI. _Íslendingabók._ For editions see Hermannsson, _Bibl.

Icelandic Sagas_, 1908, pp. 56–59. English translation in:

Vigfusson and York Powell, _Origines Islandicae_, vol. i, 1905,

pp. 279–306.

ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS. See Heath, T.

ARISTOTLE. _Aristoteles, graece (et latine, interpretibus variis), ex

recensione Imm. Bekkeri, edidit Academia Regia Borussica_, 5

vols., Berlin, 1830–1870. This is the best general edition of the

Greek text of the works of Aristotle and is known as the Berlin

edition. It was reprinted with the title _Aristotelis opera,

graece, ex recensione Imm. Bekkeri, accedunt indices sylburgiani_,

11 vols., Oxford, 1837. There is also the following useful edition

with Latin translations: _Aristotelis opera omnia, graece et

latine, cum indice nominum et rerum absolutissimo_, 5 vols., Paris

(Firmin-Didot), 1848–1886. An English translation is appearing

entitled: _The Works of Aristotle, Translated into English_,

Oxford (Clarendon Press), 1908ff.; in this the _De caelo_

(translated by J. L. Stocks), 1922, _De generatione et

corruptione_ (translated by H. H. Joachim), 1922, the spurious _De

mundo_ (translated by E. S. Forster), 1914, and the

_Meteorologica_ (translated by E. W. Webster), 1923, have

appeared, together with other works of lesser geographical

interest. The best Greek text of the _Meteorology_ is that of F.

H. Fobes, _Aristotelis meteorologicorum libri quattuor_,

Cambridge, Mass., 1919.

See also Duhem, _Du temps_, 1909; Endrös, A.; Fobes, F. H.;

Grabmann, M.; Hammer-Jensen, I.; Jourdain, A.; Jourdain, C. B.,

_Infl. d’Aristote_, 1861; von Lippmann, E. O.; Lones, T. E.;

Mandonnet, P.

ARNOLD OF CHARTRES. _De sex dierum operibus_, in: Migne, _Pat. lat._,

vol. clxxxix, cols. 1513–1570.

ARNOLD OF LÜBECK. _Chronica Slavorum_, edited by J. M. Lappenberg, in:

_Mon. Germ. hist._, Scriptores, vol. xxi, pp. 115–250, and in:

_Scriptores rerum germ. in usum scholarum_, Hanover, 1868.

ARNOLD THE SAXON. Encyclopedic work published in part by Valentin

Rose, _Aristoteles de lapidibus und Arnoldus Saxo_, in:

Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum, vol. xviii (new series, vol.

vi), Berlin 1875, pp. 424–454.

See Stange, E.

Asher, A. See BENJAMIN OF TUDELA.

ATHELHARD. See ADELARD OF BATH; KHWĀRIZMĪ, Al-, II.

AUGUSTINE, Saint. Works in Migne, _Pat. lat._, vols. xxxii-xlvii. Also

in part in _Corpus script. eccl. lat._

AVERROËS. See IBN RUSHD.

Avezac, [Armand] d’. _Coup d’oeuil historique sur la projection des

cartes de géographie_, in: Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de

Paris, series 5, vol. v, 1863, pp. 257–361, 438–485. (Also printed

separately, Paris, 1863.)

Still the classical and probably the most satisfactory treatment

of the subject.

AVICENNA (IBN SINĀ). See ALFRED OF SARESHEL, II; IBN SINĀ; and above,

p. 401, note 60.

Babcock, W. H. _Saint Brendan’s Explorations and Islands_, in:

Geographical Review, vol. viii, New York, 1919, pp. 37–46.

Babcock, W. H. _Legendary Islands of the Atlantic_ (American

Geographical Society Research Series, no. 8), New York, 1922.

BACON, ROGER. I. _The Opus majus of Roger Bacon_, edited by J. H.

Bridges, 3 vols., Oxford, 1897–1900. II. _Opus minus_, _Opus

tertium_, _Compendium philosophiae_, edited by J. S. Brewer, in:

_Fr. Rogeri Bacon opera quaedam hactenus inedita_ (Rolls Series,

no. 15), London, 1859. III. _Communia naturalium_, edited by

Robert Steele, in: _Opera hactenus inedita Rogeri Baconi_, fascs.

ii, iii, iv, Oxford, 1905, 1911, 1913. IV. _Secretum secretorum_,

edited by Robert Steele, _op. cit._, fasc. v, Oxford, 1920.

See Bridges, J. H.; Little, A. G.; Steele, R.; Werner, _Kosm.

Roger Baco_, 1879.

Baeumker, Clemens. _Die Stellung des Alfred von Sareshel (Alfredus

Anglicus) und seiner Schrift De motu cordis in der

Wissenschaft des beginnenden XIII. Jahrhunderts_, in:

Koeniglich-bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften,

Sitzungsberichte, Philosophisch-philologische und historische

Klasse, Munich, 1913, Abhandlung 9. (Also published

separately, Munich, 1913.)

Barthold, W. _Die geographische und historische Erforschung des

Orients mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der russischen Arbeiten_

(Quellen und Forschungen zur Erd- und Kulturkunde herausgegeben

von R. Strube, vol. viii), Leipzig, 1913.

Summary of the history of relations between Orient and Occident to

the nineteenth century. Extensive bibliographies.

BARTHOLOMEW ANGLICUS. _De proprietatibus rerum._ There is no modern

edition. Translations of extracts will be found in: Robert Steele,

_Mediaeval Lore_, London, 1907.

BATTĀNĪ, Al-. _Astronomy._ Arabic text with Latin translation and

commentary in C. A. Nallino, _Al-Battānī sive Albatenii opus

astronomicum_, in: Pubblicazioni del Reale Osservatorio di Brera

in Milano, no. xl, pts. 1–3, Milan, 1899–1907.

See PLATO OF TIVOLI.

Baur, L. _Der Einfluss des Robert Grosseteste auf die

wissenschaftliche Richtung des Roger Bacon_, in: Little, _Roger

Bacon Essays_, 1914, pp. 33–54.

Beazley, C. R. _The Dawn of Modern Geography_, 3 vols., London,

1897–1906.

This, the most extensive and satisfactory work on medieval

geography as a whole, covers the period from 300 to 1420 A. D. The

main emphasis is laid upon the history of discovery and

exploration. The study of the geographical science of the latter

part of the Middle Ages is relatively brief (see above, p. 498).

BEDE, The Venerable. I. _De natura rerum_, edited by J. A. Giles, _The

Complete Works of the Venerable Bede (Bedae opera quae supersunt

omnia)_, vol. vi, London, 1843, pp. 99–138. Also in Migne, _Pat.

lat._, vol. xc, cols. 187–278. II. _De temporum ratione_, edited

by Giles, _op. cit._, pp. 139–342. Also in Migne, _op. cit._, vol.

xc, cols. 293–578. III. _Hexaemeron, sive libri quatuor in

principium Genesis_, in: Migne, _op. cit._, vol. xci, cols. 9–190.

See above, p. 387, note 68.

[BENEDICT OF PETERBOROUGH.] I. _Gesta regis Henrici II_; II. _Gesta

regis Ricardi_; both in: _The Chronicle of the Reigns of Henry II

and Richard I, A. D. 1169–1192_, edited by William Stubbs (Rolls

Series, no. 49), 2 vols., London, 1867.

These two works have been erroneously ascribed to Benedict of

Peterborough.

Benini, R. _Origine, sito, forma e dimensioni del Monte del Purgatorio

e dell’Inferno dantesco_, in: Rendiconti della Reale Accademia dei

Lincei, Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, series

5, vol. xxv, Rome, 1917, pp. 1015–1129.

This important study of the cosmography of Dante came to the

present writer’s attention when this book was in press.

Benisch, A. See PETACHIA OF RATISBON.

BENJAMIN OF TUDELA. _The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela_, text

and English translation by A. Asher, 2 vols., London and Berlin,

1840–1841; _The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela_, critical text,

English translation, and commentary, edited by M. N. Adler,

London, 1907.

See Borchardt, P.; Zunz, —.

Benl, Oskar. _Frühere und spätere Hypothesen über die regelmässige

Anordnung der Erdgebirge nach bestimmten Himmelsrichtungen_

(Dissertation, University of Munich, 1905).

Berger, Hugo. _Geschichte der wissenschaftlichen Erdkunde der

Griechen_, 2nd edit., Leipzig, 1903.

The fundamental work on the geographical science of antiquity.

Berger, Hugo. _Die Lehre von der Kugelgestalt der Erde im Altertum_,

in: Geographische Zeitschrift., vol. xii, Leipzig, 1906, pp.

20–37.

Berger de Xivrey, [J.]. _Traditions tératologiques, ou récits de

l’antiquité et du moyen-âge en Occident sur quelques points de la

fable, du merveilleux et de l’histoire naturelle_, Paris, 1836.

Throws light on the marvels of India.

BERGSSON, NIKULÁS. See NIKULÁS BERGSSON.

BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, Saint. Works will be found in: Migne, _Pat.

lat._, vols. clxxxii-clxxxv. There are numerous other editions.

See also: _The Life and Works of St. Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux,

Edited by Dom John Mabillon, Translated and Edited with Additional

Notes_ by Samuel J. Eales, 4 vols., London, vols. i and ii, 1889,

vols. iii and iv, 1896. This translation is from the fourth

edition of Mabillon, Paris, 1839.

BERNARD SYLVESTER. _De mundi universitate_, edited by C. S. Barach and

J. Wrobel, in: Bibliotheca philosophorum mediae aetatis, vol. i,

Innsbruck, 1876.

See Hauréau, _Mémoire_, 1883; Langlois, C. V., _Maître Bernard_,

1893; Poole, R. L., _Masters_, 1920.

Bertolini, G. L. _I quattro angoli del mondo e la forma della terra

nel passo di Rabano Mauro_, in: Bollettino della Società

Geografica Italiana, vol. xlvii, Rome, 1910, pp. 1433–1441.

Bertolini, G. L. _L’orologio solare di Aquileia e la sistemazione

della rosa dei venti nel medio evo_, in: Bollettino della Reale

Società Geografica Italiana, vol. liii, Rome, 1916, pp. 969–985.

_BIBLE, THE._ Citations are to the Vulgate; translations, except where

otherwise stated, from the Douai and Rheims version.

Biese, A. _Die Entwicklung des Naturgefühls im Mittelalter und

Neuzeit_, Leipzig, 1892. English translation with title _The

Development of the Feeling for Nature in the Middle Ages and

Modern Times_, London, 1905 (not seen).

Birkenmajer, Alexander. _Eine neue Handschrift des “Liber de naturis

inferiorum et superiorum” des Daniel von Merlai_, in: Archiv für

die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und Technik, vol. ix,

Leipzig, 1920, pp. 45–51 (not seen).

BITRŪJĪ, Al- (ALPETRAGIUS). _On the Sphere._ This work was translated

into Latin by Michael Scot in 1217 (on manuscripts see Haskins,

_Michael Scot_, 1921–1922, p. 251, note 3; the same, _Studies_,

1924, p. 273, note 9). It was also translated into Latin from the

Hebrew version of Moses ben Samuel ben Tibbon (1259) by the

Neapolitan Jew Calo Calonymos ben David under the title

_Alpetragii Arabi planetarum theorica_ ... etc., Venice, 1528 (not

seen; cited by Duhem, _Système_, vol. ii, 1914, p. 146).

Björnbo, A. A. _Adam af Bremens Nordensopfattelse_, in: Aarböger for

nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie, Copenhagen, 1909 (not seen).

Blázquez y Delgado Aguilera, Antonio. _San Isidoro de Sevilla: Mapa

mundi_, in: Boletín de la Real Sociedad Geográfica, vol. 50,

Madrid, 1908, pp. 207–272, 306–358.

Boffito, Giuseppe. _Intorno alla “Quaestio de aqua et terra”

attribuita a Dante_: Memoria I, _La controversia dell’acqua e

della terra prima e dopo di Dante_, in: Memorie della Reale

Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, series 2, vol. li, Appr.

nell’adunanza del 23 giugno 1901, Turin, 1902, pp. 73–159; Memoria

II, _Il trattato dantesco_, in: _op. cit._, series 2, vol. lii,

Appr. nell’adunanza del giugno 1902, Turin, 1903, pp. 257–342. See

also above, p. 410, note 98.

Boffito, Giuseppe. _La leggenda degli antipodi_, in: _Miscellanea di

studi critici ed. in onore di Arturo Graf_, Bergamo, 1903, pp.

583–601.

Boncompagni, Baldassare. _Delle versione fatte da Platone Tiburtino,

traduttore de secolo duodecimo: Notizie_, Rome, 1851.

Boncompagni, Baldassare. _Della vita e delle opere di Gherardo

Cremonese, traduttore del secolo duodecimo, e di Gherardo da

Sabbionetta, astronomo del secolo decimoterzo: Notizie raccolte

da —_, in: Atti dell’Accademia Pontifica dei Nuovi Lincei, anno

IV, sesione VII del 27 giugno, 1851, Rome, 1851. (Also published

separately.)

Borchardt, Paul. _L’itinéraire de Rabbi Benjamin de Tudèle en Chine_,

in: T’oung Pao, ou archives concernant l’histoire, les langues, la

géographie et l’ethnographie de l’Asie orientale, vol. xxiii,

Leiden, 1924, pp. 31–35.

See above, p. 414, note 156.

BRANDAN (BRENDAN), Saint. _Peregrinatio sancti Brandani abbatis._

Latin text and early German versions edited by Carl Schröder,

_Sanct Brandan: Ein lateinischer und drei deutsche Texte_,

Erlangen, 1871. Latin, Flemish, and French texts in: A. Jubinal,

_La légende latine de Saint Brendaines_, Paris, 1836. Anglo-Norman

text in: H. Suchier, _Brandans Seefahrt (anglonormannischer Text

der Handschrift Cotton, Vesp. B. X._), in: Romanische Studien

herausgegeben von E. Böhmer, vol. i, pt. 5, Strasburg, 1875, pp.

553–588.

See Babcock, W. H.; Goeje, M. J. de.

Brehaut, Ernest. _An Encyclopedist of the Dark Ages: Isidore of

Seville_ (Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and

Public Law, vol. xlviii, no. 1), New York, 1912.

Part I deals with Isidore’s life, writings, relation to previous

culture, his general view of the universe, and his attitude toward

education. Part II consists of commentary and translation of

selected passages from the _Etymologiae_, including extracts from

Book XIV, “On the Earth and Its Parts.”

Bréhier, Louis. _Les colonies d’orientaux en Occident au commencement

du moyen-âge, v^e-viii^e siècle_, in: Byzantinische Zeitschrift,

vol. xii, no. i, Munich, 1903, pp. 1–39.

Bréhier, Louis. _L’Église et l’Orient au moyen âge: Les croisades_,

Paris, 1911.

BRENDAN, Saint. See BRANDAN, Saint.

Bresslau, H. _Die Chroniken des Frutolf von Bamberg und des Ekkehard

von Aura_, in: Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche

Geschichtskunde, vol. xxi, Hanover, 1895, pp. 197–234.

Bridges, J. H. _The Life and Work of Roger Bacon: An Introduction to

the Opus Majus_, edited by H. G. James, London, 1914.

Brown, J. Wood. _An Enquiry into the Life and Legend of Michael Scot_,

Edinburgh, 1897.

Unreliable. See Haskins, _Michael Scot_, 1921–1922, p. 250; the

same, _Studies_, 1924, p. 272.

BRUNETTO LATINO (or LATINI). See LATINO, BRUNETTO.

Bruun, P. _Die Verwandlungen des Presbiters Johannes_, in: Zeitschrift

der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, vol. xi, 1876, pp.

279–314.

Bubnov, Nicholaus. See GERBERT (SYLVESTER II).

Bunbury, E. H. _A History of Ancient Geography_, 2 vols., London,

1879.

Scholarly and accurate. Though old, the best work on the subject

in English.

CALLISTHENES, PSEUDO-. See ALEXANDER THE GREAT, ROMANCE OF, I.

CAMBRENSIS, GIRALDUS. See GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS.

CAPELLA, MARTIANUS. _De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii_, edited by F.

Eyssenhardt, Leipzig (Teubner), 1866.

See Mori, _Misuraz. eratos._, 1911.

Capelle, Wilhelm. _Berges- und Wolkenhöhen bei griechischen Physikern_

(Στοιχεῖα: Studien zur Geschichte des antiken Weltbildes und der

griechischen Wissenschaft herausgegeben von Franz Boll, vol. v),

Leipzig and Berlin, 1916.

Carmoly, E., transl. and edit. _ITINÉRAIRES DE LA TERRE SAINTE

DES XIII^e, XIV^e, XV^e, XVI^e, ET XVII^e SIÈCLES traduits

de l’hébreu, et accompagnés de tables, de cartes et

d’éclaircissements_, Brussels, 1847.

Carra de Vaux, [Bernard.] _Les penseurs de l’Islam_, vols. i and ii,

Paris, 1921; vol. iii, 1923 (to be complete in 5 vols.).

The first three chapters of vol. ii give an admirable popular

account of the geographers of Islam and their work.

Cebrian, Konstantin. _Geschichte der Kartographie: Ein Beitrag zur

Entwicklung des Kartenbildes und Kartenwesens. I. Altertum. 1. Von

den ersten Versuchen der Länderabbildung bis auf Marinos und

Ptolemaios (Zur Alexandrinischen Schule)_, (Geographische

Bausteine, edited by Hermann Haack, vol. x), Gotha, 1923.

Useful general history, sometimes misleading in details. The

author was killed in the World War, and hence the present part

represents the only part published. Contains an appendix by Joseph

Fischer, _Ptolemaios als Kartograph_, pp. 113–129, in which the

endeavor is made to correct Cebrian’s misapprehensions regarding

Ptolemy.

Chevalier, Ulysse. _Répertoire des sources historiques du moyen âge_:

(1) _Bio-bibliographie_, 2 vols., Paris, 1905–1907; (2)

_Topo-bibliographie_, Montbéliard, 1894–1899, 1903.

See above, p. 491.

_CHRONICLES AND MEMORIALS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND._ See “_ROLLS

SERIES_.”

Clarke, John. See SENECA.

CLEOMEDES. _De motu circulari corporum caelestium libri duo_, edited

by Hermann Ziegler, Leipzig (Teubner), 1891.

Clerval, A. _Les écoles de Chartres au moyen âge du v^e au xvi^e

siècle._ (Mémoires de la Société Archéologique d’Eure-et-Loir, no.

11), Paris, 1895.

Important study of the scholars of the leading intellectual center

of France in the early twelfth century.

Coli, Edoardo. _Il paradiso terrestre dantesco_ (Pubblicazioni del R.

Istituto di Studi Superiori Pratici e di Perfezionamento in

Firenze, Sezione di filosofia e lettere, vol. ii, no. 28),

Florence, 1897.

Columba, G. M. _La questione soliniana e la letteratura geografica dei

Romani_, in: Atti della Reale Accademia di Scienze, vol. xi,

Palermo, 1920 (not seen).

COMESTOR, PETER. _Historia scholastica_, in: Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol.

cxcviii, cols. 1045–1722.

See Masson, G.

CONRAD OF QUERFURT. Letter describing journey through Italy, in:

Arnold of Lübeck, _Chronica Slavorum_, v, 19, in: _Mon. Germ.

hist._, Scriptores, vol. xxi, pp. 192–196.

Coolidge, W. A. B. _The Alps in Nature and History_, New York, 1908.

Contains compact, scholarly discussions of Alpine history and of

the great passes.

Cordier, Henri. _Documents historiques et géographiques relatifs à

l’Indochine_, 4 vols., Paris, 1910–1914.

Includes texts of Greek and Latin authors relating to the Far East

from the fourth century before Christ to the fourteenth of our

era. Also Oriental geographical texts.

Cordier, Henri, on Marco Polo. See POLO, MARCO.

_CORPUS SCRIPTORUM ECCLESIASTICORUM LATINORUM_, Vienna, 1866ff. 65

vols. have appeared (1924).

Great collection of critical texts of the Church Fathers until the

seventh century.

Cousin, G. _Etudes de géographie ancienne_, Paris and Nancy, 1906.

Chapter 38 is on the geography of the East in the writings of

Henri de Valenciennes and Villehardouin.

Cumont, Franz. _After Life in Roman Paganism_, New Haven, 1922.

Cusa, Salvatore. _Sulla denominazione dei venti e dei punti cardinali,

e specialmente de Nord, Est, Sud, Ouest_, in: Terzo Congresso

Geografico Internazionale tenuto a Venezia dal 15 al 22 settembre

1881, vol. ii, Rome, 1884, pp. 375–415.

Dahlmann, Joseph. _Die Thomas-Legende und die ältesten historischen

Beziehungen des Christentums zum fernen Osten im Lichte der

indischen Altertumskunde_, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1912.

DANIEL OF MORLEY. _De philosophia_, or _Liber de naturis inferiorum et

superiorum_, edited by K. Sudhoff in: Archiv für die Geschichte

der Naturwissenschaften und Technik, vol. viii, pts. 1–3, Leipzig,

June, 1917, pp. 1–40.

See Birkenmajer, A.; Singer, _Daniel of Morley_, 1920.

DANTE. I. _Tutte le opere_, edited by Edward Moore, Oxford, 1894. A

convenient edition of all the works. II. _The Convivio [Convito]

of Dante Alighieri_, translated by P. H. Wicksteed, London, 1903.

III. _Dante, De vulgari eloquentia_, translated by A. G. F.

Howell, London, 1890. IV. _The Divine Comedy._ Among the numerous

English translations note especially that of C. E. Norton, 3

vols., Boston, 1891–1892. V. _Quaestio de aqua et terra_ [not

certainly the work of Dante], edited by C. L. Shadwell, Oxford,

1909, with English translation. German translation by Josef

Krejcik, _Dantes Quaestio de aqua et terra_, in: Kartographische

und Schulgeographische Zeitschrift, vol. ix, Vienna, 1921, pp.

107–110, 136–140.

For further material on Dante’s cosmology and geography see

Andriani, G.; Benini, R.; Boffito, _Intorno alla “Quaestio de aqua

et terra_,” 1902–1903; Coli, E.; Moore, E.; Mori, _La geogr._,

1922; Schmidt, W.; and references in Krejcik, _op. cit._

Daunou, P. C. F. _Discours sur l’état des lettres au xiii^e siècle_,

Paris, 1860. Also in: _Histoire littéraire de la France_, vol.

xvi, Paris, 1824, pp. 1–254.

Chapter 17 is on geography and voyages.

_DE_, etc. For anonymous works title of which begins with _DE_ see

under initial letter of principal word of title.

Decourdemanche, J. A. _Note sur l’estimation de la longeur du degré

terrestre chez les Grecs, les Arabes, et dans l’Inde_, in: Journal

asiatique, series 11, vol. 1, Paris, 1913, pp. 427–444.

Presents a hazardous theory.

De Goeje, M. J. See Goeje, M. J. de.

Delaborde, H. F. See WILLIAM THE BRETON.

Delambre, J. B. J. _Histoire de l’astronomie du moyen âge_, Paris,

1819.

Old but still a standard work on medieval astronomy.

De La Roncière, Charles. See La Roncière, Charles de.

Delisle, Léopold. See GODFREY OF VITERBO.

Denis, Ferdinand. _Le monde enchanté: Cosmographie et histoire

naturelle fantastiques du moyen âge_, Paris, 1843.

Popular, though scholarly, work on medieval marvels.

_DESCRIPTIONES TERRAE SANCTAE._ See Tobler, Titus.

Detlefsen, D. _Ursprung, Einrichtung und Bedeutung der Erdkarte

Agrippas_ (Quellen und Forschungen zur alten Geschichte und

Geographie herausgegeben von W. Sieglin, no. 13), Berlin, 1906.

Detlefsen, D. _Die Geographie Afrikas bei Plinius und Mela und ihre

Quellen_ (Quellen und Forschungen zur alten Geschichte und

Geographie herausgegeben von W. Sieglin, no. 14), Berlin, 1909.