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Belgique, Bulletin de la Classe des lettres, Brussels, 1914, pp.
163–187.
Vaux, Carra de. See Carra de Vaux, B.
Vidier, A. _La mappemonde de Théodulfe et la mappemonde de Ripoll
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Vigfusson, Gudbrand, and F. York Powell, edits, and transls. _ORIGINES
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VINCENT OF BEAUVAIS. I. _Speculum naturale_ and (II) _Speculum
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_Bibliotheca_, vol. ii, 1896, p. 1095.
VITALIS, ORDERICUS. See ORDERICUS VITALIS.
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Vulpinus, T. See GUNTHER OF PAIRIS.
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Data on the voyages northward described by Adam of Bremen, Saxo
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Werlauff, E. C. _Symbolae ad geographiam medii aevi ex monumentis
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A brief summary of the status of Icelandic geographical knowledge
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A wealth of material is here brought together in an attempt to
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WILLIAM OF AUVERGNE. _De universo_, in: _Guillelmi Alverni, episcopi
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WILLIAM THE BRETON. _Philippidos libri XII_, or _Gesta Philippi regis
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WILLIAM OF CONCHES. I. _De philosophia mundi_ (or _Philosophicarum et
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elementorum philosophiae libri quattuor_), edited in: Migne, _Pat.
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chapters of this edition); also in: Migne, _op. cit._, vol. xc,
cols. 1127–1182, among the works of Bede. See above, p. 398, note
28. Book III, chs. 1–11 and 15, dealing with meteorology, are
printed in Hellmann, _Denkmäler_ 1904, pp. 62–74. II. _Dragmaticon
philosophiae._ This is the title given in the manuscripts. This
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_Dialogus de substantis physicis, ante annos ducentos confectus a
Vuilhelmo Aneponymo philosopho. Item libri tres incerti authoris
eiusdem aetatis. I. De calore vitalis. II. De mari aquis. III. De
fluminum origine. Industria Guilelmi Grataroli medici_ ... etc.
The portion of _Dragmaticon philosophiae_ dealing with meteorology
is published in Hellmann, _Denkmäler_, 1904, pp. 42–45.
See Werner, _Kosm. Wilhelm von Conches_, 1873.
WILLIAM FITZSTEPHEN. See FITZSTEPHEN, WILLIAM.
WILLIAM OF TYRE. _Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum_,
or _Belli sacri historia_, in: _Recueil des historiens des
croisades_, Historiens Occidentaux, vol. i, Paris, 1844. Also in:
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translation edited by Paulin Paris, _Guillaume de Tyr et ses
continuateurs_, 2 vols., Paris, 1879–1880.
Wisotzki, Emil. _Zeitströmungen in der Geographie_, Leipzig, 1897.
Important study of tendencies of geographical thought in the
sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, with occasional references to
the earlier periods.
Woepcke, Franz. _Notice sur quelques manuscrits arabes ... relatifs
aux mathématiques et récemment acquis par la Bibliothèque
Impériale_, in: Journal asiatique, series 5, vol. xix, Paris,
1862, pp. 101–127.
Wolkenhauer, W. _Aus der Geschichte der Kartographie_, in: Deutsche
geographische Blätter, vol. xxxiv, Bremen, 1911, pp. 120–129 (on
the cartography of the Greeks and Romans), vol. xxxv, 1912, pp.
29–47 (on medieval and Moslem cartography).
A useful summary. Maps are listed and bibliographical data
appended.
Wright, J. K. _Notes on the Knowledge of Latitudes and Longitudes in
the Middle Ages_, in: Isis: International Review Devoted to the
History of Science and Civilization, vol. v, pt. 1, Brussels,
1923, pp. 75–98.
Wright, Thomas, edit. _Popular Treatises on Science Written During the
Middle Ages in Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman, and English_, London,
1841.
Wright, Thomas. _EARLY TRAVELS IN PALESTINE_ (Bohn’s Antiquarian
Library), London, 1848.
Translations of medieval books of travel.
Wulf, Maurice de. _Histoire de la philosophie médiévale, précédée d’un
aperçu sur la philosophie ancienne_, Louvain, 1900 (4th edit.,
Louvain, 1912). English translation by P. Coffey entitled _History
of Medieval Philosophy_, London and New York, 1909.
Wüstenfeld, F. _Die Übersetzungen arabischer Werke in das
Lateinische seit dem XI. Jahrhundert_, in: Abhandlungen der
königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen,
Philologisch-historische Klasse, vol. xxii, no. 2, 1877.
Now superseded by Steinschneider, _Europ. Übersetz._, 1905–1906.
Xivrey, Berger de. See Berger de Xivrey, J.
York Powell, F. See SAXO GRAMMATICUS; Vigfusson, G., and F. York
Powell.
Yule, Sir Henry. _Cathay and the Way Thither_, 2nd edit., edited by
Henri Cordier, 4 vols., Hakluyt Society [publs.], series 2, vols.
xxxiii, xxxvii, xxxviii, xli, London, 1913–1916.
The best general account of the development of Western knowledge
of the Far East in ancient and medieval times. Translations of the
sources are given with commentaries. The introduction is an
excellent outline of the entire subject.
See also POLO, MARCO.
Zarncke, Friedrich. See PRESTER JOHN.
ZARQALĪ, Az-. _Canons on the Toledo Tables._ Unpublished. On
manuscripts, see Steinschneider, _Études sur Zarkali_, in:
Bollettino, vol. xx, 1887, pp. 1–36, 575–604.
See GERARD OF CREMONA, II.
Zervos, Charles. _Un philosophe néoplatonicien du XI^e siècle, Michel
Psellos: Sa vie, son oeuvre, ses luttes philosophiques, son
influence_, Paris, 1919.
Zeuss, Kaspar. _Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme_, Munich, 1837.
Many quotations from chronicles and medieval historians. Useful in
determining changes in the names of tribes.
Zimmer, Heinrich. _Über die frühesten Berührungen der Iren mit den
Nordgermanen_, in: Koeniglich Preussiche Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, Berlin, 1891, pp. 279–317.
Zöckler, _O. Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Theologie
und Naturwissenschaft mit besondrer Rücksicht auf
Schöpfungsgeschichte_, 2 vols., Gütersloh, 1877–1879: vol. i, _Von
den Anfängen der christlichen Kirche bis auf Newton und Leibniz_;
vol. ii, _Von Newton und Leibniz bis zur Gegenwart_.
A thorough study of the development of natural science in its
relation to theology. The author attempts to show that medieval
theology was not adverse to the growth of natural science.
Analyses given of theories of the Creation.
Zunz, ——. _Essay on the Geographical Literature of the Jews from the
Remotest Times to the Year 1841_, in: _The Itinerary of Rabbi
Benjamin of Tudela_, edited by A. Asher, vol. ii, London and
Berlin, 1841, pp. 230–317.
INDEX
_Matter in the Notes (pp. 365–487) that can readily be found from
references in the text is omitted in the index._
_Titles in the Bibliography (pp. 503–543), as such, are also omitted
in the index._
Abbreviations, medieval, 493
Abelard, Peter, 31, 89, 151;
on the congregation of the waters, 184, 186;
on Nile flood, 206;
on the rivers of Paradise, 264;
on the water above the firmament, 182, 184
Abu-l-Ḥasan, 485
Abū Maʿshar, 82, 83, 86, 193;
on the tides, 84
Abyss, 59
Abyssinia, 283, 286, 292
Accuracy, gradations of, in knowledge, 256;
in relation to medieval maps, 247, 248
Acheron, 282
Acre, 294, 308
Adam and Eve, 254, 261
Adam of Bremen, 48, 51, 111, 223;
geography, 481;
on northern Europe, 327, 329;
on northern ocean, 348, 350
Ad-Dir, 87
Adelard of Bath, 92, 135, 158, 170, 171, 188, 189, 200, 260;
Aristotelian influence upon, 401;
on authority, 135;
on boundaries, 128;
on earthquakes, 227;
on the saltness of the sea, 189;
on subdivision of land areas, 210;
on the support of the earth, 154;
on the tides, 192, 439–440;
translations, 95;
on winds, 172.
_See also_ Khorazmian Tables
Aden, 292, 299
Aden, Gulf of, 281
Adrastias, 368
Aegean Sea, 25, 26, 37
Aethicus of Istria, 44, 49
Africa, 19, 39, 41, 55, 71, 258, 298;
limits, 74;
west of Egypt, 300
Africa, Central, traditional view, 306
Africa, North, 257
Agareni, 287
Agathodaemon’s map, 242, 453, 456
Agisymba, 41
Agobard, 57
Agriculture and soils, 232
Agrippa, 36
Akaba, 294, 295
Alan of Lille, 128, 136
Alani, 290
Albania (Scotia), 336
Alberic of Besançon, 113
Albertus Magnus, 22, 101, 106;
writings, 406
Alemannia, name, 325
Alexander Neckam. _See_ Neckam, Alexander
Alexander of Bernai, 113
Alexander the Great, 26, 38;
Gog and Magog and, 287;
Paradise and, 262;
Romance of, 49, 50, 73, 113, 205, 214, 275;
his view from a mountain summit, 216;
visit to India, 275;
visit to the sea floor, 199
Alexander III, Pope, 286
Alexandreis, 113
Alexandria, 38, 299
Alfraganus. _See_ Farghānī, Al-
Alfred of Sareshel, 402;
on origin of mountains, 213
Alfred the Great, 49, 75
Algeria, 302
Allegory, 89, 90, 135, 136, 153, 236
Almagest, 78, 98
Almohads, 301, 302
Alpetragius, 77.
_See also_ Biṭrūjī, Al-
Alphonsi, Peter (Petrus Anfusi), 95, 96, 121, 162, 168, 169, 185, 380
Alps, 217, 219;
knowledge of, 323;
“Pyrenean,” 319, 323;
routes across, 324
Alsace, 332
Altitudes, 32, 214
Altmann of Passau, 216
Amazons, 285, 329
Ambroise, 296;
on the Assassins, 298;
on Sicily, 311;
on summer heat of Palestine, 176
Ambrose, 59, 61
America, Icelandic discovery, 391;
Norsemen in, 76
Amor reorum, Mount, 260
Amphitrite, 159, 428
Anaxagoras, 31
Ancient geography, 9–42;
works on, 497
Andamans, 280
Anglesey, 344, 345
Anglia, 336
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 74
Animals, 143
Anselm of Canterbury, 217
Antichthones, 160
Antioch, 239, 295
Antipodal regions, 157;
belief that they were inhabited, 159
Antipodeans, 158, 257
Antipodes, 19, 28, 55, 160, 385, 386, 429
Antiquarian interests, 321
Antiquity, geographical lore of, 9–42;
works on, 496
Antoikoi, 160
Apennines, 315, 319, 323
Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles, 379
Apokatastasis, 367
Apostles, Apocryphal Acts of, 379;
the twelve, 123 (ill.), 278
Apulia, 319, 320
Aquinas, Thomas, 91
Arabia, Benjamin of Tudela on, 291
Arabic, translations from, 95
Arabic geography, 77–87
Arabic literature, 87
Arabs, 109
Arachosia, 288
Ararat, Mount, 270
Araxes, 282
Arbela, battle of, 35
Archeology, 321
Arculf, 259
Arethusa, 311
Argare, 280
Argentina (Strasburg), 333
Argyre, 280
Ari Frodhi, 111, 346, 349
Arin (Arim), 82, 86, 95, 96, 162
Aristippus, Henricus, 398, 402
Aristotelianism, 100;
effects, 138;
introduced through Arabic works, 98;
opponents, 101
Aristotle, 9, 24, 30;
on circumference of the earth, 16;
on cosmic cycles, 13;
on depth of the seas, 25;
on earthquakes and volcanoes, 32;
on the elements, 12, 20;
on exhalations and vapors, 22;
on extent of the oikoumene, 19;
on height of mountains, 32;
on immobility of the earth, 370;
influence, 98;
influence among the Moslems, 77;
on interior of the earth, 29;
on shape of the earth, 368;
Western knowledge of, 99, 400, 401
Ark, 234
Arklow, 195, 196, 206
Arles, 334
Armenia, 270, 288, 289
Armenia, Little, 296
Armorica, 336
Arnold of Chartres, 145
Arnold of Lübeck, 117, 317
Arnold the Saxon, 100, 408
Arthur, King, 311
Arts, medieval, 127
Asceticism, 64
Asia, 19, 39, 70, 71, 258;
early relations of eastern and western, 266;
European knowledge of, 265;
great mountain system, 270;
opening of, in the thirteenth century, 266
Asia, Central, 282
Asia, Western, 257, 288;
as described by the Crusaders, 296
Asia Minor, 270, 295
Assassins, 298
Assyria, 288
Astrology, 13, 51, 52, 85, 244, 246;
geography and, 128
Astronomical geography, of the known world, 241–246;
Moslem contribution, 82;
works on, 501
Astronomical observations, 243
Astronomy, in map making, 242, 244, 246, 457 (with map)
Atlantic Ocean, 19, 25;
fabulous islands, 350;
legends of islands, 75.
_See also_ Western Ocean
Atlantis, 351
Atlas, Mount, 301;
Nile and, 304, 305
Atmosphere, 21, 166;
circulation, 24, 172;
composition, 166;
upper levels, 167
Augustine (Saint), 47, 52, 54, 56, 59, 60, 61, 66, 144–145;
on Paradise, 262
Augustine (seventh century), 61
Aurea Chersonesus, 280
Aurea gemma, 104
Auster, 173, 174
Austral continent, 157, 257
Australia, 281
Authority, 135, 358
Avalanches, 218
Avars, 315
Averroës (Ibn Rushd), 77, 85, 100, 420, 437
Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā), 77, 213, 446
Azores, 334
Azov, Sea of, 314
Babylon, 289, 298
Babylonian astrology and geography, 391
Bacchus, 275
Bacon, Roger, 102, 106, 163, 164, 188, 258, 372, 420;
on the height of mountains, 447;
Opus majus, 269, 409;
works, 408
Bactria, 270
Baghdad, 86, 117, 118, 176, 282, 297;
Benjamin of Tudela on, 289
Baldach, 289
Baleares, 310
Balkan Peninsula, 316
Baltic, term, 482
Baltic Sea, 40, 75, 112, 327;
regions, 327
Bang, W., 478
Barbaric Sea, 281
Barbaro, Monte, 221
Bardo, Mount, 319, 323
Bartholomew Anglicus, 106, 177, 227;
on origin of mountains, 213
Basil, 61
Batiffol, Pierre, 379
Battānī, Al-, 78, 87, 96, 97, 162, 245;
on the Indian Ocean, 280;
on the Mediterranean, 307
Bavaria, 325
Beatus maps, 68, 69 (ill.), 122, 123 (ill.), 157, 249, 251, 252
Beauty, 63, 64;
of mountains, 215
Beazley, C. R., xix, 269, 498
Bede, the Venerable, 48, 53, 54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 143;
on Nile flood, 206
Bedouins, 297
Beginning of the world, 140
Benedict, Saint, 236
Benedict of Peterborough, 109, 308, 433
Bengal, Bay of, 281
Benjamin of Tudela, 117;
on Alexandria, 299;
on Arabia, 291;
on Baghdad, 289;
on Central Asia, 282;
on China, 272;
on climates, 176;
on Constantinople, 318;
on India, 274;
on Islam, 297;
on Italy, 478;
on the Nile flood, 300;
on the Sahara, 474;
on Slavic Europe, 314
Bergsson, Nikulás. _See_ Nikulás Bergsson
Bernard of Chartres, 91, 93
Bernard of Clairvaux, on nature, 235, 238;
on the sea as the source of waters, 200
Bernard Sylvester of Tours, 92, 93, 134, 135, 148, 158, 199, 265;
on tripartite division of the oikoumene, 258;
on interrelations of the parts of the universe, 231;
on orographic systems, 215;
theory of Creation, 139, 145;
on the tides, 190;
on zones, 156
Betten, F. S., 384
Biarma, 75, 313, 348
Bible, 3, 43, 134;
interpretation, 46, 380;
position, 45
Bibliographical Note, 491
Bibliographie géographique, 492
Bibliographies, description, 491
Bibliography, 503
Bibliotheca Geographica, 492
Bingen, 327
Birds, 204, 217, 230, 281, 326
Birka, 329
Biṭrūjī, Al-, 77, 83, 85
Black Sea, 312, 313.
_See also_ Euxine
Blake, R. P., xx, 389
Blood vessels, 148, 185
Blue sky, 436
Boëthius, 57
Bohemia, 87
Boniface, Saint, 57
Borchardt, Paul, 414, 474
Boreas, 173, 174
Borneo, 42
Borysthenes, 242
Bothnia, Gulf of, 328
Boundaries, 128
Brahmins, 74, 273, 285
Brandan, Saint, 50, 75, 178, 220, 263;
on antipodes, 159;
islands of, 230, 351;
legend, 115;
visits to volcanic isles, 224, 225;
wanderings, 197
Brecknock, Lake, 208, 340
Bremen, 111, 112
Brenner Pass, 324
Bretschneider, E., 464
Bristol, 195
Britain, 24, 39;
dimensions, 336;
maps, 126;
maps of Matthew Paris, 342, 343 (ill.)
Britannic Sea, 335, 336
British Isles, 335, 337;
cities, 335, 336;
coast tides, 194;
rivers, 336, 344
Brittany, 336, 341
Brooks, A. A., xxi
Brothers of Piety and Sincerity, 83, 394
Brunetto Latino. _See_ Latino, Brunetto
Burkhard, 476
Byzantine literature, 44, 378
Byzantium, 278
Cadiz, 301
Cahun, Léon, 464
Cairo, 289, 297, 298, 300
Calabria, 319, 322
Caliphs, 289, 290, 297
Callisthenes, 49
Camargue, 333
Cambria, 336
Camels, 296
Canary Islands, 37, 39, 86, 334
Canigou, Mount, 209, 214, 449
Cannibalism, 330
Cape Verde Islands, 334
Capella, Martianus, 9, 11, 16, 18, 44, 48, 71;
on antipodeans, 160;
De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii, 54, 127, 366;
on sphericity of the earth, 15, 54
Capelle, Wilhelm, 365
Cappadocia, 270
Cappelli, A., 493
Captivity, Head of the, 290, 291
Carolingian Renaissance, 44, 54, 65
Carthage, 300
Cartography, 35, 247;
ancient, 376, 377;
development, 254;
works on, 501.
_See also_ Maps
Casentino, 217
Caspian Sea, 37, 38, 282, 288
Castile, 322
Castorius, 381
Casule, Mons (Hekla), 223
Cathay, 266, 271
Caucasus Mountains, 270, 281, 282
Cavagum (Canigou), Mount, 209, 214, 449
Caverns, 27, 28, 59, 172
Cecco d’ Ascoli, 57
Celestial influences, 12, 51
Cenis, Mont, 324
Center of the world, 259;
position, 260.
_See also_ Arin
Cephalonia, 309
Ceraunes, Montes, 462
Ceylon, 38, 39, 280, 281
Chalcidius, 9, 47
Chaldea, 289
Changes, geographical, 83
Channing, Edward, 372, 460
Chaos, 140, 141, 147
Charcot, J. B., 487
Charinus, Lucius, 379
Charlemagne, 44, 65
Chartres, school of, 91, 94, 134
Chevalier, Ulysse, 491
China, 39, 40, 41, 87, 266;
word first used, 271
China Sea, 281
Chrisa, 280
Christian kingdom in Asia, 269, 275, 278, 283
Christian names in Asia, 284
Christianity, 43
Chronicon novaliciense, 448
Chryse, 40, 41, 280
Church Fathers, 44, 46;
interpretation of the Bible, 46
Circumference of the earth, 16
Cisalpine, term, 324
Cities, descriptions of, 289, 299, 318, 321, 331, 341;
exaggeration of plans on maps, 249
Civilization, westward flow, 233, 235
Classical influences, 47
Clement of Alexandria, 51
Cleomedes, 15, 16
Climata, 242;
parallels of latitude and (with diagr.), 453–456
Climates, 23;
distribution, 177;
divisions of the ancient geographers, 242;
East and West, differences, 177;
hot and cold, 176;
influence on man, 180;
topographic influences on, 177
Climatology, 23, 166, 175
Climax, Mount, 303
Clotted sea, 442
Cloud breezes, 172
Clouds, 168
Cold, 23, 57, 176
Comestor, Peter, 91, 138, 151, 170, 184, 185, 213, 214;
on the atmosphere, 168;
on the Creation, 140, 143, 144;
on river Pison, 273
Cones of celestial light, 163, 191
Congregation of the waters, 184, 188
Conrad of Querfurt, 116, 221, 311, 321
Constantinople, 43, 110, 295, 317;
city and people, 318;
Italian colonies in, 318
Continental hypothesis, 19
Continents, 71;
fourth continent, 157
Conway, River, 206
Coördinates, geographical, 243;
map constructed from points of Paris MS. of Marseilles Tables, 245
Corbianus, 239
Corfu, 309, 310
Cornwall, 335, 336, 341, 344
Corsica, 310
Corus, 434
Cosmas Indicopleustes, 152, 378, 380
Cosmic cycles, 13, 83
Cosmogony, 12, 133;
works on, 499
Cosmography, 127, 133
Cosmology, 51, 133;
character, 134;
works on, 499
Countrysides, 235, 237;
practical interest in, 238
Crates of Mallos, 18;
theory of the arrangement of the world, 158
Cratesian theory, 19, 158
Creation, 2, 45, 52, 133, 135;
Bernard Sylvester’s account, 145;
commencement versus, 382;
function of light, 143;
Icelandic account, 146;
problems, 139;
processes, 141;
Theodoric of Chartres’ theory, 141;
Theodoric’s work on, 92;
William of Conches’ theory, 142.
_See also_ Works of the Six Days
Crebonensus, 196
Crete, 310
Crimea, 313
Crusaders’ routes, 307, 317
Crusades, historians and histories, 109;
geographical knowledge enlarged by, 292;
regional knowledge and, 293;
time of, 1
Ctesias, 37, 467
Cumont, Franz, 29
Cyclades, 310
Cycles, cosmic, 13, 83
Cyclopes, 224, 329, 348
Cynocephali, 274, 276 (ill.), 304, 468
Cyprus, 310
Cyrenaica, 300
Cyrus, 38
Damascus, 239
Damietta, 299
Daniel of Morley, 97, 151, 418
Dante, 106;
on excentric spheres of land and water, 437;
linguistic geography in, 484
Danube, 24, 325, 327
Dara, 305, 306
Dead, world of the, 27, 28
Dead Sea, 208, 288, 292;
legends, 472
Dee, 206, 336, 346
Degree, measurement, 55, 85
Deluge, 170, 184, 261
Denmark, 112, 327, 329
Deserts, 228
Devils, 224
Devision, La, de la terre de oultremer et des choses qui i sont, 110
Dew, 184
Dicaearchus, 33
Dictionaries, 493
Dicuil, 48, 61, 62, 75
Dieterici, Friedrich, 394
Dionysius Periegetes, 49
Dir, Ad-, 87
Doegr, 486
Dominicus Gondisalvi (Gondissalinus), 99, 128
Dreesbach, E., 296
Dublin, 195
Du Cange, C. D., 493
Duhem, Pierre, 99, 401, 418, 499
Dwarfs, 329
Eadmer, 448
Earth, 2, 21;
center, 16;
as center of the universe (with diagr.), 422, 426;
circumference, 16;
established above the waters, 186;
flatness, 53;
immobility, 15, 153, 370;
interior, 27, 28, 29, 443;
mountain in the north, 152;
navel, 260, 461;
oval shape, 153;
shape, 152, 368;
shape and size, 53;
shape, movements, and size, 150;
situation, 150;
size, 54, 155;
sphericity, 15, 54, 383, 384, 425;
upon the waters, 60
Earthquakes, 21, 23, 137, 227;
causes, 31
East, place on maps, 251.
_See also_ Orient
Ecbatana, 284
Eclipses, 34, 246
Eddas, 110;
account of Creation, 146
Eden, Garden of, 71, 170, 251;
Augustine on its location, 262;
meaning, 261
Edessa, 278, 283, 294
Edrisi, 80
Egypt, 30, 206, 239, 270;
as part of Asia, 298;
descriptions, 298, 299
Ehstland, 328
Einhard, 328
Elbe, 327
Elements, the four, 20, 28, 29;
magical control, 203;
transformation, 29
Elysian Fields, 28
Encyclopedias, 47, 102;
thirteenth-century productions, 106, 408
End of the ages, 234
Endres, J. A., 403, 481
England, 119, 336, 344;
earthquakes, 228
Englishmen at Prester John’s court, 286
Environment, influences on man, 232;
influences on plant and animal life, 231
Eolian (Lipari) Islands, 32, 222
Eolus, 221
Equatorial region, Grosseteste on, 163;
habitability, 162
Equatorial zone, 157
Equilibrium of forces, 155
Eratosthenes, 10, 38, 155;
on the circumference of the earth, 16, 17;
on currents, 26;
on extent of the oikoumene, 39, 377;
measurements of the earth, 55;
on mountain heights, 33;
on zones, 18
Eric the Red, 349
Eridanus, 319
Erigena. _See_ John Scot Erigena
Erosion, 446
Esdras, Second Book of, 188
Esthetic feeling for nature, 237
Esthonia, 328
Eternity of the universe, 145
Etesian winds, 24, 30, 31, 373
Ethiopia, 24, 31, 283;
application of the name, 303;
India and, 303
Ethiopians, 24, 41
Etna, Mount, 32, 220, 221, 311;
Michael Scot on, 222
Etymology, example of free, 445
Euphrates, 72, 265, 288
Euripus, 26
Europe, 71, 74, 258;
northeastern regions, 312;
regional knowledge of, 257;
relative position of certain points as shown in medieval
astronomical tables, 457 (with map);
Slavic, 314
Eurus, 173, 174
Eustace of Kent, 114
Euxine, 25, 26, 37, 312
Evaporation, 27
Ewyas, valley of, 340
Exeter, 336
Exploration, Moslem, 87;
northern Europe, 75
Fabianus, 25
Fabulous tales, 37, 38
Fallon, G. R., xxi
Falones, 315
Fārābī, Al-, 416
Farghānī, Al-, 78, 85, 151, 152, 243, 287
Faroe Islands, 346, 352
Felix, Marcus Minutius, 24
Fetellus (Fretellus), 116
Fimbultyr, 147
Finns, 329
Fires, 32;
at the center of the universe, 369
Firmament, 58;
waters above and below, 58, 182
Fitzstephen, William, on London, 341
Flatey Book, 349
Flatness of the earth, 53, 152
Flood, Great, 59.
_See also_ Deluge
Floods, 170
Fog, 432
Fons humoris, 185
Forests, Ireland, 338;
representation on maps, 253
Fortunate Islands, 86
Fossils on mountains, 432
Fountain of Youth, 204, 285
Four elements, 20, 28, 29.
_See also_ Elements
Four land masses, 18
France, 331;
Hungary and, 316;
southern, 333
Francis, Saint, of Assisi, 217
Frazer, J. G., 203, 387
Frederick II, Emperor, 99, 100, 138, 200, 222, 345
Frisia Minor, 327
Frodhi, Ari. _See_ Ari Frodhi
Gades (Cadiz), 301
Gallandia, 346
Ganges, 273, 280
Ganzenmüller, W., 65
Garamantes, 41, 42
Garden. _See_ Eden
Gasquet, A., 379
Gaul, 331
Genesis, Book of, 45, 53
Genoa, 479;
trade with Africa, 301
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 50
Geoffrey of St. Victor, 127, 159
Geographical bibliographies, 492
Geographical changes, 83
Geographical lore, character of, summary, 358–361;
origins, 3;
outstanding elements of, summary, 353–358;
works on, 496
Geographical lore of the time of the Crusades, term, 1
Geographisches Jahrbuch, 492
Geography, 127;
astrology and, 128;
history of, works on, 497;
history of, in particular periods, works on, 497;
history of particular aspects, works on, 499;
place in medieval knowledge, 127.
_See also_ Ancient Geography; Astronomical geography; Babylonian
astrology and geography; Mathematical geography; Medieval
geography; Physical geography; Regional geography
Geometry, 127
Geomorphology, 62, 210, 213
Gerald of Barry. _See_ Giraldus Cambrensis
Gerard of Cremona, 79, 96, 97, 99, 246
Gerard of Sabbionetta, 400
Gerbert, 47, 48, 55, 65
Gerizim, Mount, 460, 461
Germany, description, 325
Gervase of Canterbury, 119
Gervase of Tilbury, 50, 104, 138, 151, 157, 170, 176, 189, 196, 213,
214, 215, 241, 270, 280, 298, 322;
on bottom of the sea, 198;
on Britain, 336;
on center of the earth, 259, 260;
on climatic influence on man, 180;
on the Dead Sea, 208;
on Ethiopia, 303;
on Etna, 311;
on France (southern), 333;
on India, 272;
on the Mediterranean, 307;
on mouths of Hell, 209, 225;
on mysterious cave, 161;
on the Nile, 305;
his Otia imperialia on regional geography, 256;
on qualities of land areas, 211, 230;
on rivers of Paradise, 211;
on sea above the atmosphere, 183;
on the Seres, 271;
on shape of the earth, 152;
on Sinai, 214;
on springs and wells, 185, 203;
on the terrestrial Paradise, 261, 262;
on volcanic features of Naples, 221;
on volcanoes, 226;
on winds, 171, 172, 175
Gesta Hammenburgensis, 112
Gesta regis Henrici Secundi, 228
Gesta regis Ricardi, 109, 433;
instructions for navigation in Mediterranean 308.
_See also_ Benedict of Peterborough
Geysers, 203, 204
Gihon, 72, 290, 304
Gilson, J. P., 461
Ginungagap, 147, 486
Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald of Barry), 50, 119, 137, 159, 214, 241;
on climate of Ireland, 178, 180;
comparison of East and West, 174, 177, 211;
on course of rivers, 205, 206;
eye for local topography, 240;
on Iceland, Thule, Orkneys, Shetlands, 345;
on Ireland and Wales, 215, 216, 232, 233, 337;
on islands, 211, 229, 230;
on lakes, 207;
on marine phenomena, 196;
on precipitation, 170;
tidal studies, 194;
on volcanoes of Iceland, 222;
on wells and springs, 203
Glaciers, 219
Globe, 15
God, 53, 134, 135, 136
Godard, Léon, 474
Godefroy, F. E., 493
Godfrey of Viterbo, 119;
on Alsace, 332;
on Gog and Magog, 288, 471;
on the golden ball of empire, 159;
on Lombardy, 320;
on Paradise, 263;
on Sicily, 311.
Gog and Magog, 46, 50, 282;
Bible accounts, 72;
stories about, 287
Gold, 265, 275, 280, 281, 285, 316
Golden ball of empire, 159
Gollanda, 485, 487
Gondisalvi, Dominicus. _See_ Dominicus Gondisalvi
Gossouin of Metz, 105, 405
Grabmann, M., 401
Great Summer, 14
Great Winter, 14, 27
Great Years, 13, 52, 82;
duration, 14, 367;
theory, 14
Greece, 317, 318
Greek Fathers, 54
Greek geographers, 3, 4
Greek language, 44, 95;
translations from, 95, 398
Greek regional knowledge, 37
Green Sea, 281
Greenland, 76, 111, 257;
description, 347;
Norse settlements and voyages on the coast of, 486
Greenland Annals, 111
Gregory, Master, 321
Gregory of Nyssa, 30, 58, 60
Griffons, 272, 274, 280, 281
Grosseteste, Robert, 101, 147, 159, 262;
on the congregation of the waters, 187;
on the habitable parts of the earth, 163–165;
on mountains in polar regions, 179;
on oceans, 159;
on temperature of the air, 167;
theory of Creation, 144;
on the tides, 190
Ground water, 199
Grousset, René, 464
Guido’s encyclopedia, 49, 103, 104, 124, 125
Gundophorus, 275, 278, 286
Günther, Siegmund, 497
Gunther of Pairis, 108, 233;
on climatic influence of mountains, 178;
on Germany, 326;
on Italy, 180, 320;
on mountains, 217;
on northern Europe, 330
Gurganim, 290
Guy of Bazoches, 116, 311;
on Etna, 221;
on the Mediterranean, 310;
on nature, 237;
on Paris, 331
Gymnosophists, 274
Habitable regions, 17
Hades, 28
Ḥamd-Allāh Mustaufī, 446
Hardy, T. D., 382
Haskins, C. H., xx, 495
Hearth of the universe, 369
Heat, 23, 57
Heavens, blueness, 436
Hebrides, 344, 351
Hecataeus, 37
Hedin, Sven, 464
Heimskringla, 111, 448, 486
Hekla, 223, 225
Hell, 29, 62, 153, 209, 227;
cold hell, 225;
volcanoes as gates of, 225
Helluland, 76
Helmold, 328
Henry of Mayence, 124;
outline map, 245 (ill.), 251, 252
Heraclius, 287
Hercules, 275
Hercules, Pillars of, 26, 301
Hercynian Forest, 326
Hereford map, sections showing marvels of India, 276 (ill.), 277
(ill.)
Hermann of Reichenau, 55
Hermann the Dalmatian, 82, 83, 92, 95, 97, 168, 262
Hermits, 64
Herodotus, 30, 37
Herrad of Landsperg, 104
Herrmann, Albert, 464
Hesiod, 18
Hesperides, 350
Hibernia, 335
Hildegard of Bingen, 90, 148, 171, 396;
macrocosm, microcosm, and winds, 148, 149 (ill.);
microcosm, 436;
position of the earth, 151;
on the rivers of her country, 326;
on the shape of the earth, 152;
on soil and agriculture, 232;
theories on the structure of the earth, 423;
on the tides, 439;
on the waters above the firmament, 183;
on the waters of the lands, 201, 202;
on winds, 171
Himalayas, 273
Hindu religion, 82
Hindustan, 272
Hipparchus, 10, 15, 35, 38
Hippo, 300
Hirth, Friedrich, 464
Historia Norwegiae, 112, 223;
on Iceland, 346;
on polar seas, 348;
on use of skis, 329;
on volcanic upheaval off Iceland, 137
Historians of the Crusades, 109
Historical bibliographies, 491
Historical narratives, 107
History of geography, xix;
works on, 497
Hoffman, Rudolf, 379
Holy Ghost, 141
Holy Land, 51, 70, 176, 257;
guidebooks, 115;
histories, 109;
travel to, 293, 294
Homer, 18, 37
Honorius Inclusus, 103, 403
Honorius of Autun, 103, 403
Hornelen, 448
Horses, Arabian, 296
Hospitallers, 316
Hugh of Amiens, 418
Hugh of St. Victor, 90, 143, 144, 153, 184, 234
Hulna, 279
Human sacrifice, 329, 482
Humboldt, Alexander von, 497
Hungarians, 315
Hungary, 267, 268, 313;
description, 314;
France and, 316
Huns, 315
Hyde, W. W., 501
Hydrography on maps, 253
Hyères, Îles de, 333
Hyle, 140
Hyperboreans, 71, 179, 312
Hyrcania, 270, 281, 188
Ibn Ḥauqal, 77
Ibn Rushd (Averroës), 77, 85, 100, 420, 437
Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), 77, 213, 446
Ibn Yūnūs, 395
Icebergs, 198
Iceland, 76, 111, 176, 345;
glaciers, 219;
in Icelandic literature, 346;
springs and wells, 203, 204;
volcanoes, 222
Icelandic Annals, 111, 349
Icelandic discovery of America, 391
Iconium, 296
Idrīsī, Al-. _See_ Edrisi
Image du monde, L’, 105, 151, 159, 189, 227, 241, 256;
on Mongibel, 220
Imagine mundi, De, 103, 151, 155, 157, 159, 171, 185, 188, 189, 227,
241, 307;
on Africa, 300;
on Asiatic mountains, 270;
on British Isles, 325;
on division of the earth, 259;
on Egypt, 298;
on fabulous isles of the Atlantic, 350;
on Germany, 325;
on Gog and Magog, 287;
on regional geography, 256;
on rivers of Paradise, 264;
on Saba in Ethiopia, 303;
on size of the earth, 155;
on size of mountains, 214;
on springs, 202;
on subdivisions of land areas, 211;
on tides, 441
Immobility of the earth, 15, 153
India, 24, 37, 42, 176, 263, 270;
broad meaning, 272;
Christians in, 114;
facts known about, 273;
legends of saints in, 74;
marvels, 274, 276 (ill.), 277 (ill.);
subdivisions, 272
Indian Ocean, 19, 37, 40, 279;
Al-Battānī on, 280;
islands, 280
Intellectual life, medieval, works on, 495
Interpretation of the Bible, 46;
symbolic, 206
Iran, 281
Ireland, 50, 119, 176, 178, 180, 335;
coast tides, 194;
Giraldus Cambrensis on, 337;
healthfulness, 212;
lakes, 207, 208;
properties of the soil, 212, 445;
rivers, 205, 336, 339;
topography, 240
Ireland the Great, 76
Irish, 338, 339
Isidore of Seville, 11, 48, 54, 56, 59, 60, 62, 241, 259, 305
Islandia, 346
Islands, fabulous, 350;
Indian Ocean, 280;
Mediterranean, 309;
miraculous, 230, 231;
origins, 229;
representation on maps, 335;
St. Brandan’s visits to, 230;
volcanic, 224;
of Western Ocean, 334
Islands of the Blessed, 28
Íslendingabók, 111, 346
Istakhrī, Al-, 77
Ister, 24
Italian traders, 293, 294, 295, 296, 299
Italians in Constantinople, 318
Italy, 180;
city states, 320;
description, 319, 478;
dialectic regions, 484;
northern, 319;
regional divisions, 479
Iter ad Paradisum, 113, 262
Ithaca, 309
Itineraries, 33
Jacques de Vitry, 105
Java, 42
Jenghiz Khan, 266, 284
Jerome, 58, 64, 73, 125
Jerusalem, 68, 110, 249;
as center of the oikoumene, 259;
Kingdom of, 294;
pilgrimages to, 117;
plans, 126, 250 (ill.)
Jews, 282;
in Arabia, 291;
in Baghdad, 290;
in Constantinople, 319;
travelers, 117
Joerg, W. L. G., xvi
John of Bremble, on mountains, 218
John of Holywood (Sacrobosco), 96, 97, 98, 241;
on the earth as the center of the universe, 151, 422 (diagr.);
on immobility of the earth, 154;
on shape of the earth, 152;
on size of the earth, 155, 426
John of India, Patriarch, 114, 272, 278
John of Pian de Carpine, 269
John of Salisbury, 136
John of Seville (Johannes Hispanensis, John of Luna), 96;
on climates, 243
John of Würzburg, 115
John Scot Erigena, 47, 48, 55
Jordanus of Severac, 373
Jornandes, 49
Josephus, 58
Jourdain, C. B., 496, 497
Judas, 225
Julius Valerius, 50
Jumna, 328
Jupiter Ammon, Temple of, 302
Kålund, K., 405
Karentet, 309
Karst, 27
Kelly, Matthew, 484
Keraits, 284
Kheibar, 291
Khorazmian Tables, 82, 95.
_See also_ Adelard of Bath
Khulam, 274
Khwārizmī, Al-, 78, 82, 86, 96, 244, 392, 394, 456
Kiev, 314, 477
King’s Mirror, 105, 347;
on volcanoes in Iceland, 223, 225
Kitāb ṣūrat-al-arḍ, 78
Knowledge, classification, 127, 129;
modern compared with medieval, 256
Known world. _See_ Oikoumene
Komans, 313, 314, 315
Konungs-Skuggsjá. _See_ King’s Mirror
Koran, 53, 73
Krachkovskii, ——, 389
Kretschmer, Konrad, xix, 500
Kufar-al-Turak, 282, 284
Kurland, 328
Lactantius Firmianus, 47, 54, 56
Lakes, 207;
in Ireland, 338
Lambert li Tors, 113
Lambert of St. Omer, 103, 155;
map, 124, 125, 158;
on sphericity of universe, 150;
on winds, 174;
on tides, 192
Lamprecht, 113
Land surface, representation on maps, 253
Landnámabók, 76, 111, 346, 486
Landogna, F., 479
Lands, 31, 62, 210;
classification of areas, 210;
deathless, 211;
distribution of waters and, 187;
effect on waters which spring from the land, 202;
qualitative and quantitative subdivisions, 210, 211;
theory of four masses, 18;
veins, cavities, and tunnels in, 27
Landscape, 63, 210
Langka, 86
Languages, 348;
kinship, 484
Laodicea, 295
Lapps, 329
La Roncière, C., xx, 81
Latin, medieval, 493
Latin writers, 11
Latino, Brunetto, 106, 186, 187
Latitude, 34, 85, 242, 244;
methods of finding, 244;
parallels of latitude and climata (with diagr.), 453–456;
phenomena resulting from differences in, 241
La Verna, 217
Legends, 49, 113
Leif Ericsson, 349
Lemannus, 325
Lentulus, 312
Leo Archipresbyter, 381, 412
Le Strange, Guy, 446
Letters of travel, 116
Levant, 177;
Occidental population in, 294;
trade, 293;
traders, 378
Level of the sea, 188
Liber de proprietatibus elementorum, 82, 83
Liber floridus, 103
Libya, 258, 292, 300
Light, function in the Creation, 143
Ligurinus, 108
Linguistic geography, 340, 484
Lipari Islands. _See_ Eolian Islands
Literal interpretation of the Bible, 46, 380
Liver Sea, 442
Llanthoni Abbey, 216
Location, 34, 85
Loegria, 336
Lombard, Peter, 91, 137, 140, 142, 143;
on Paradise, 261, 462
Lombards, 180, 232, 312, 320
Lombardy, 320, 332
London, 335, 336;
Fitzstephen’s account, 341
Longitude, 34, 85, 244;
methods of finding, 246;
prime meridian, 86
Lost Island, 351
Lost tribes, 282, 285, 288
Lot’s wife, 472
Lucidaire, 404
Lucidarius, 104
Lucius, Gratianus, 483
Lucydary, 404
Lynch, John, 483
Macarius, Saint, 263
McCartney, E. S., 367, 432
McGiffert, A. C., 383, 499
Macrobius, 9, 11, 16, 18, 44, 47, 66, 258;
on antipodeans, 160;
popularity, 366;
on southern limit of the oikoumene, 378;
on tides, 27
Macrocosm, 147;
microcosm and, 148, 149 (ill.)
_See also_ Microcosm
Madeira, 334
Maelstrom, 61
Maghreb, 301
Magi, 284
Magna Graecia, 319
Magonia, 58
Magyars, 316
Main (river), 326, 327
Malay Peninsula, 41, 280
Malaya, 280, 281
Man, Isle of, 335, 345
Manegold, 47
Manegold’s Contra Wolfelmum opusculum, 161
Mantichora, 277 (ill.), 468
Mantua, 311
Manuscripts, 493
Maps, 121;
Beatus, 68, 69 (ill.), 122, 123 (ill.);
character and value, 247;
conventions, 251;
details, 247–254;
distortion, 249;
early, 65;
early, classification, 389;
European points in medieval astronomical tables as compared with
actual position, 457 (with map);
exaggeration, 249;
inaccuracy, 247;
of Lambert, Guido, Henry of Mayence, etc., 124;
Macrobian, 66;
regional, 125;
Roman, 34, 36;
Sallust, 67 (ill.), 68, 121;
Scriptural effect on, 45;
symbols and legends, 252;
T-O maps, 66, 121;
technique, 251;
zone maps, 121, 122 (ill.).
_See also_ Cartography
Marbod of Rennes, on love of nature, 238
Marco Polo. _See_ Polo, Marco
Marine life, 309
Marinelli, G., 471
Marinus of Tyre, 10
Markland, 76, 350
Marquart, J., 478
Marr, N. I., 389
Marseilles, 308, 309, 333
Marseilles Tables, 96, 162, 244;
authorship, 456;
on determination of longitude, 246;
on habitability of equatorial region, 162;
map constructed from positions given in Paris MS. of, 245
Marvels, of Ethiopia, 303;
of India, 274, 276 (ill.), 277 (ill.)
Maslama-al-Majrīṭi, 95
Masson, Paul, 442
Masʿūdī, Al-, 50, 77
Materia, 141, 142, 144
Mathematical geography, 33, 65
Matter, preëxistence, 139;
orthodox view, 139;
rational view, 141
Matthew, Saint, 272
Matthew Paris, 125;
maps of Britain, 126, 342, 343 (ill.);
on the Tatars, 267
Maur, Raban, 48, 385
Mauretania, 300, 306
Mayence, 326
Mazdeus, 278
Mcerloba, M. J. K., 389
Mecca, 85, 297
Media, 288
Medieval geography, works on, 497
Medieval intellectual life, works on, 495
Medina, 295
Mediterranean Sea, 25, 37, 257;
commerce between northern and southern shores, 301;
during the Crusades, 307;
islands, 309;
length, 86, 307;
map of region constructed from position given in Paris MS. of
Marseilles Tables, also outline map of Henry of Mayence, 245;
name, 307;
names of parts, 475;
navigation, instructions, 308;
speed of journeys in, 476
Megasthenes, 24, 38
Meiryonidd (Merioneth), 215
Mela, Pomponius, 40
Meridian, prime, 86
Merioneth, 340
Meroë, 298, 305, 377
Merriman, R. B., 474
Meru, Mount, 86
Mesopotamia, 270, 288, 289, 294
Messina, 312
Meteorology, 21, 57, 166
Michael Scot, 99, 100, 138, 151, 183, 225;
on the Eolian Isles and Etna, 222;
on hot springs, 202
Michel, F., 487
Microcosm, 147, 148, 185;
macrocosm and, 148, 149 (ill.)
Middle Ages, 2;
geographical lore, works on, 496;
science, 43, 44;
writings, 88
Midgard, 147
Migne, J. P., 494
Milan, 320
Milford Haven, 195
Miller, Konrad, 121
Minutius Felix, Marcus, 24
Mirabilia urbis Romae, 321
Mirage, 311
Missions to the Mongols, 268, 269
Mistral, 173, 175, 180, 333
Mohammedans, 297
Mona, 214
Mongibel (Etna), 220, 311
Mongol conquests, 266
Mongol princes, 284
Mongols in Russia, 313
Monsoons, 24, 40
Monsters, 263, 274, 276 (ill.), 277 (ill.), 309, 329, 348;
in Ethiopia, 303;
lands of, 257
Mont St. Michel, 441
Moon and tides, 61, 84, 190
Morava-Maritsa valley, 317
Morgain, 311
Moritz, Bernhard, 472
Morocco, 302
Moselle, 326, 327
Moslems, 43;
contribution of, 77;
exploration and travel, 87
Mosquitoes, 296
Moule, A. C., 439, 442
Mountaineering, 220, 448, 501
Mountains, 30, 212;
Asia, great system, 270;
atmosphere of, 168, 178;
beauty, appreciation of, 215;
height, 32, 447;
influence on climate, 178;
medieval feeling about, 217;
miraculous qualities, 214;
mountain in the north of the earth, 152;
observation of phenomena, 215;
origin, 213;
in polar regions, 179;
religious attitude toward, 216;
representation on maps, 253;
saline, in the sea, 189;
size and height, 214
Mozambique Channel, 281
Munster, Ireland, miraculous spring, 203
Mysticism, 90, 237
Naples, 221, 322
Narbonnese, 333
Natural defenses, 233
Natural laws, 136
Nature, early Christian attitude toward, 64;
esthetic appreciation of, 63, 237;
feeling for, works on, 500;
medieval attitude toward, 64, 389;
practical interest in, 238;
spiritual feeling for, 235
Naval expedition in the Red Sea in twelfth century, 295
Navel of the earth, 260, 461
Navigation, 81, 246, 248;
speed of travel, 308, 476
Neagh, Lough, 208
Nearchus, 26, 38
Neckam, Alexander, 93, 138, 228, 232, 264;
on Britain, 336;
on springs, 204;
on the tides, 193;
on volcanoes, 226;
on the waters, 186, 188, 189
Neoplatonism, 47
Nestorian Christianity in Asia, 269, 275, 284
New Compendium, 116
Nicaea, 296
Nicholas, Abbot, 405
Niger, 41, 304, 305
Nikulás Bergsson of Thverá, 115, 405
Nile, 24, 41, 71, 298, 300;
flood, 30, 60, 206, 300;
sources, 304
Nilometer, 300
Nineveh, 289
Noah, 170
Normans in Sicily, 79, 81
Norsemen and America, 76
Northmen, 51, 70, 75
Norway, 112, 328, 329
Notes, 365
Nous, 146, 156
Nuchul, 305, 306
Oblong circle, 153
Observation, 84;
geography of, 255;
of mountains, 215
Occident, climate, 177;
Orient compared with, by Giraldus Cambrensis, 211
Ocean, 24;
bottom, 198;
circulation, 25;
encircling the earth, 18;
relative areas of land and sea, 187;
saltness, 189;
as source of the waters of the land, 200;
uniform level, explanation, 188.
_See also_ Sea
Ocean currents, 173, 192
Oceanus Britannicus, 335
Oder, 327
Odin, 147
Odjein, 86
Odo, 279
Oikoumene, 18, 187;
astronomical geography of, 241;
center, 259;
extent, 19;
limit, 39, 41, 377;
three parts—Asia, Libya, and Europe, 258;
as a whole, 257
Old Compendium, 116
Old Man of the Mountain, 298
Olympus, Mount, 168, 204, 214
Ophir, 275
Ordericus Vitalis, 272, 278, 350
Orient, 238;
climate, 177;
ideas transmitted to the West, 82;
Occident compared with, by Giraldus Cambrensis, 211
Origen, 52
Original sources, collections, 493
Orkneys, 335, 344, 345
Orosius, 44, 48, 66, 103, 258, 259, 483;
on the Nile, 304, 305
Orthodox works, 137
Oscorus, 282
Osma Beatus map, 123 (with ill.)
Ostrogard, 477
Otia imperialia, 104, 256
Otto of Freising, 107, 262, 325;
on the Alps and Apennines, 323;
on Babylon and Cairo, 289;
on France, 331;
on Germany, 326;
on Gog and Magog, 287–288;
on Hungary, 315;
on the influence of climate on man, 180;
on the influence of environment on man, 232;
on Italy, 180, 319;
on a certain John of the Far East, 283;
on mountains, 217;
on the mutability of things, 234;
practical interest in nature, 239
Oxus, 282, 290
Paetow, L. J., 492
Paleography, 493
Palestine, 270;
exaggeration on maps, 249.
_See also_ Holy Land
Palingenesis, 13, 51
Pannonia, 314, 323
Pappas, Nicholas, 198
Paradise, 42, 45, 63, 71, 261, 352;
journeys to, 263;
location, 261;
rivers of, 28, 72, 185, 205, 264;
types of legends of, 463
Paraskévopoulos, J. S., 373
Paris, description, 331
Paris, Matthew. _See_ Matthew Paris
Parmenides, 17
Parthia, 270, 288
Partholan, 338
Pasquali, Giorgio, 374
Patrick, Saint, 212
Patristic literature, 44, 46.
_See also_ Church Fathers
Patroclus, 38
Paul the Deacon, 61
Pausanius, 271
Peeters, Paul, 389
Pelion, 33
Pelliot, Paul, 465
Pentapolis, 300
Perdita, 351
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 40, 271
Persia, 37, 267, 272, 288
Persian Gulf, 279, 281
Peschel, Oscar, 497
Petachia of Ratisbon, 117, 118, 289;
on Slavic Europe, 314
Petchenegs, 313, 314, 315
Peter Abelard. _See_ Abelard, Peter
Peter Alphonsi. _See_ Alphonsi, Peter
Peter Comestor. _See_ Comestor, Peter
Peter Lombard. _See_ Lombard, Peter
Peter of St. Cloud, 113
Petrarch’s ascent of Mont Ventoux, 212
Peutinger Table, 35
Philip, Master, 286
Phillips, W. R., 379
Philolaus, 369
Philosophy, 89, 91, 127
Physical geography, 19, 57, 89;
works on, 500
Pian de Carpine. _See_ John of Pian de Carpine
Pilgrim narratives, 71, 115
Pilgrims, 51, 212
Pillar of salt, 472
Pillars of Hercules, 26, 301
Piracy, 310, 330
Pisa, 479
Pison, 72, 273, 279
Planisphere, 377
Plano Carpini. _See_ John of Pian de Carpine
Plato, 9;
on cosmic cycles, 13;
on earthquakes and volcanoes, 32;
on interior of the earth, 29, 32;
on sphericity of the earth, 15
Plato of Tivoli, 96, 162.
_See also_ Battānī, Al-
Platonism, 51, 135
Pliny the Elder, 11, 15, 16, 20, 23, 24, 25–27, 31, 35, 40, 41, 220,
377;
popularity, 365
Po, 319
Poisons, 212, 310, 338
Poland, 233, 267, 313, 314, 315
Polar caps, 156, 157
Polar regions, Grosseteste on, 165;
influence of mountains on climate, 179
Polar seas, 348
Polo, Marco, 269, 270, 272, 284
Polo, Nicolo and Maffeo, 269
Polybius, 10
Pomeranians, 328
Pontianum (pontias), 175
Popularization of knowledge, 105
Porus, 287
Posidonius, 10, 16, 26, 33, 373
Pozzuoli, 209, 211, 221, 225
Precession of the equinoxes, 83, 164
Precipitation, 169
Prester John, 74, 265, 269;
alliance desired by Western powers, 286;
court, 286;
on the desert, 229;
on the Fountain of Youth, 204;
kingdom, 283;
kingdom as described in his Letter, 285;
legend, origins, 283;
Letter, 114, 271, 272;
palace, 278, 286
Priscian, 49
Procopius, 73
Prodigies, 228
Proprietatibus elementorum, Liber de, 83
Proserpina, 311
Provençaux, 334
Provence, 333
Prussians, 328
Psellos, Michael, 378
Pseudo-Abdias, 379
Pseudo-Callisthenes, 49, 73, 113
Pseudo-Methodius, 50, 73
Ptolemy, Claudius, 10, 15, 16, 35, 36, 77;
Africa on his map, 41;
“Almagest,” influence of, 78;
“Geography,” 10, 19, 34;
“Geography,” influence of, 48, 78;
parallels and climates, 242, 453–456 (with diagr.)
Pumice, 222
Purgatory, Mount of, 463
Putrid Sea, 314
Pygmies, 274, 317
Pyramids of light rays, 163, 164, 191
Pyrenean Alps, 319, 323
Pythagoreans, 9, 15
Pytheas of Marseilles, 26, 39
Quadrivium, 127
Quilon, 274
Raban Maur, 48, 385
Raeburn, H., 448
Ragewin (Rahewin), 108, 233, 325;
on northern Europe, 330;
on Poland, 313
Rainfall, 169
Rainmaking, 203
Ratisbon, 325
Ravenelle, 317
Ravenna, 251
Ravenna geographer, 49, 124
Raymond of Marseilles. _See_ Marseilles Tables
Rays of light, 163, 164, 191
Red Sea, 279, 281, 289;
naval expedition in twelfth century, 295
Redemptorists, 302
Regional geography, 36, 255;
ancient limits on the south and east, 41;
expansion of Greek, 37;
Hellenistic, 39;
medieval, 70, 255–352;
regions grouped as known, little-known, or unknown, 257;
works on, 501
Regional maps, 125
Reinhardt, Karl, 365
Remy of Auxerre, 48
Renaissance, 293
Renan, E., 487
Reykyanes, Cape, 223
Rhaetia, 325
Rhine, 326, 327, 331, 332
Rhipaean Mountains, 242, 312, 329
Rhodes, 310
Rhone, 333
Richard Coeur-de-Lion, 109, 110, 308, 322
Richard of St. Victor, 190
Rivers, 27;
connection between seas and, 185;
Hildegard on, 326;
origin, 29;
peculiarities, 206;
representation on maps, 253;
source, 205;
underworld, 28
Rivers of Paradise, 28, 72, 185, 205, 264
Robert de Clari, 110, 313
Robert Grosseteste. _See_ Grosseteste, Robert
Robert of Retines, 92, 97
Robinson, G. W., xxi
Rochemelon, 448
Rockall, 487
Rockhill, W. W., 464
Roger of Hereford, 97
Roger of Hoveden, 109;
on coasts of Iberian Peninsula, 322;
on the Mediterranean, 308
Roger II, 79, 80, 198
Roland and Oliver, 311
Rolls Series, 494
Roman de toute chevalerie, 412
Romance of Alexander. _See_ Alexander the Great
Rome, 479;
anonymous guide, 121;
climate, 180;
decay, 321;
Mirabilia urbis Romae, 321;
wonders in, 321
Roncaglia, 324
Rubruck. _See_ William of Rubruck
Rudolf of Hohen-Ems, 274
Rupert of Deutz, on origin of mountains, 213
Russia, 87, 118, 176, 257, 267;
northern, 312;
southern, 313
Saba, 291, 303
Sacrobosco. _See_ John of Holywood
Saewulf, 115, 260
Sagas, 51, 110, 346
St. Bernard Pass, 218, 324
St. Rhémy, 218
St. Sever Beatus map, 68, 69 (ill.)
Saints’ Land of Promise, 231, 262, 351, 352
Salamander, 285
Salimbene, Fra, 448
Saline mountains in the sea, 25, 189
Sallust maps, 67 (ill.), 68, 121
Salt, 25;
African, 302
Saltness of the ocean, 189
Samarkand, 282, 290
Samland, 328
Sanaa, 291
Sandaruk, 275
Sandy Sea, 229, 285
Sanjar, 282
Santa Quaranta, 309
Saracens, 287, 294, 297, 312
Sarandib, 281
Sardinia, 308, 310, 319
Sargasso Sea, 442
Saxo Grammaticus, 112, 203;
on farther Biarmaland, 348;
on northern Europe, 327, 328, 329;
on the geysers of Iceland, 204;
on the glaciers of Iceland, 219;
on the volcanoes of Iceland, 223
Saxony, 327
Scandia, 328
Scandinavia, 39, 106, 257, 327, 328;
historical works, 110;
Latin histories, 111
Scenery, 63;
appreciation, 215, 235;
Guy of Bazoches and, 237
Schechter, S., 471
Schmidlin, I., 452
Schneid, M., 383
Schneider, A., 401, 418
Science, 43;
bibliographies of the history of, 492;
character, 134;
medieval, 128;
stagnation in early Middle Ages, 44
Scilly Isles, 335
Scot. _See_ John Scot Erigena
Scot, Michael. _See_ Michael Scot
Scotia, 335, 336
Scotland, 335, 336, 344
Scriptures, 43.
_See also_ Bible
Scylla and Charybdis, 311
Scythia, 37, 49, 270, 281
Scythian Sea, 330
Sea, 25;
above the atmosphere, 183;
connection between seas and rivers, 185;
depth, 25;
influence on climate, 178;
physical geography of, 61;
recessions, 196;
saltness, 25;
speed of medieval travel by sea, 308, 476;
sphericity, 369.
_See also_ Ocean
Secondary works, 495
Seh, 327
Seine, 186, 193, 331
Seneca, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 174;
popularity, 366
Sententiae of Peter Lombard, 91
Septimer Pass, 324
Seres, 39;
land of the, 270, 271
Serica, 40
Serpents, 310, 335, 345
Servi, 317
Seth, son of Adam, 263
Seven liberal arts, 127
Seven wonders of the world, 321
Severian of Gabala, 54, 234
Shannon, 205, 339
Sheba, 290, 291
Sheba, Queen of, 291, 303
Shetlands, 345
Siberia, 290
Sic et non, 91
Sicades, 333
Sicilo-Moslem geography, 81
Sicily, 226, 303, 310, 319, 322;
description, 311;
geography in, 79;
volcanic regions, 221
Sigurd the Crusader, 111
Silk, 271
Silkworms, 271, 285
Simar, T., 306
Simoom, 175
Sinae, 271
Sinai, Mount, 214, 291
Singer, Charles, xxi, 423
Sinus Codanus, 40
Situ terrarum, De, 259, 262, 405
Six Days, nature of, 144.
_See also_ Works of the Six Days
Ski-runner, 482
Skiapodes, 157, 254, 274, 275, 276 (ill.)
Skis, 329, 482
Skraelings, 349
Skridfinns, 329
Sky, blueness, 436
Slavonia, 328
Smalserhorn, 448
Smith, J. R., 375
Snorri Sturluson, 111, 448.
_See also_ Heimskringla
Snow, 167, 214
Snowdon, Mount, 208, 215, 340, 344;
floating island in a lake on, 230
Soil and agriculture, 232
Solinus, 11, 44, 241, 337;
interpolation in, 176
Sources, collections of original, 493;
secondary, 495
Southern hemisphere, 164
Spain, 322;
Christian and Saracenic, 322
Speculum mundi, 405
Sphericity of the earth, 15, 54, 152, 158, 383, 384, 425
Sphericity of the universe, 150
Spirit of God, 141
Spitsbergen, 349
Springs, 199, 374–375;
hot, 202, 221;
miraculous, 203;
in Munster, Ireland, 203
Stade, 16, 33
Staffordshire, 205
Stagnation, scientific, 44
Stars, 51, 52
Stoechades, 333
Storms. _See_ Winds
Strabo, 10, 40
Strasburg, 333
Striguus, 316
Stromboli, 222
Stubbs, William, 469
Sturluson, Snorri. _See_ Snorri Sturluson
Submarine eruption, 223
Subterranean channels, 27, 264
Sucades, 333
Sugar, 296
Sullivan, R. J., 446
Sulphur, 202, 222, 226
Sulpicius Severus, 214
Sumatra, 280
Summa philosophiae, 408
Sur (Tyre), 296
Svalbard, 349, 486
Svantevith, 328
Swabia, 325
Sweat of the earth, 199
Sweden, 328, 329
Syene, 298
Sylvester, Bernard. _See_ Bernard Sylvester
Sylvester II, 47
Symbolic interpretation, 206
Symbols on maps, 252
Syria, 292, 294, 296;
European occupation, 294
Syrtes, 301
Systems, 129
Tabula Peutingeriana, 35
Tanai, 291
Tanaïs (Don), 71, 312
Tangier (Tingi), 301
Taormina, 311
Taprobane, 38, 280, 310
Tartarus, 28
Tatars, 267
Taylor, H. O., 416, 495
Teima, 291
Temperature, 23, 57
Templars, 316
Temujin, 266
Tenedos, 310
Terrestrial degree, measurement, 85
Terrestrial geography, works on, 499
Terrestrial Paradise, 63, 261.
_See also_ Eden; Paradise
Tertullian, 46
Thames, 344
Thanet, 335, 342
Thebes, Egypt, 298
Theoderic (pilgrim), 115
Theodoric (Thierry) of Chartres, 91, 92, 93, 134, 135, 182;
on immobility of the earth, 154;
on precipitation, 169;
theory of Creation, 139, 141, 144
Theodosia, 312
Theodricus monachus, 346, 412
Theology, 89
Thessalonica, 317
Thina, 40
Thinae, 271
Thomas, Saint, 272;
Church of, in India, 279;
in India, 74;
preaching in India, 275
Thomas Aquinas, 91
Thomas of Cantimpré, 408
Thompson, E. M., 493
Thule, 39, 75, 176, 211, 241, 335, 345
Tibet, 282, 290
Tibiariae, 281
Tides, 21, 25, 26, 61, 173;
Adelard of Bath on, 192, 439–440;
astrological and physical theories, 190;
British and Irish coasts, 194;
Chinese knowledge, 439;
Giraldus Cambrensis’ studies, 194;
moon and, 190;
Moslem theories, 84;
terrestrial causation, 192
Tigris, 72, 265, 284, 288, 289, 290, 294
Tilmas, 291
T-O maps, 66, 121, 259;
types, 67 (ills.)
Togarmim, 290
Toledo, 322
Toledo Tables, 79, 96, 242, 244, 392, 394, 400
Topography, influence on climate, 177;
local, 240;
as a natural defense, 233;
works on, 118
Tortona, 323
Tractatus excerptionum, 405.
_See also_ Situ terrarum, De
Tradition, 270;
geography of, 255
Transalpine, term, 324
Translations from the Arabic, 95
Translations from the Greek, 95, 398
Transmutation, 29, 30, 60
Transposition of land and sea, 83
Travelers, 116, 292;
Jewish, 117, 289
Travels, 269;
books of, 50;
letters of, 116
Trees of the sun and moon, 275
Triangulation, 33
Triffar, 309
Tripartite division, 258
Tripolis, 300
Trivium, 127
Troglodytes, 304
Tudela, 117
Tunis, 301, 302
Turegum (Zurich), 325
Turkestan, 267, 282
Twelfth-century renaissance, 1
Typhoons, 272
Ukraine, 313, 314
Ultima Tile, 346
Underground waters, 27, 28
Underworld rivers, 28
Universe, 12;
Bible opposed to theory of an eternal, 51;
eternity, 145;
history, 51;
sphericity, 150
Upsala, 329
Urals, 312
Vapor, 166, 168, 169, 172, 185, 191, 202
Venetian traders, 295
Ventoux, Mont, 212
Vesuvius, Mount, 220, 221, 322
Viedebantt, Oscar, 371
Vignaud, Henry, 459
Vikings, 110
Vincent of Beauvais, 106, 405–406
Virgil, 221
Virgil, bishop of Salzburg, 57, 386
Virginum, Mons, 221
Vitruvius, 16
Vivaldi, Fulberto, 448
Vivien de St. Martin, Louis, 497
Volcanic islands, 224
Volcanoes, 21, 62, 137;
causes, 31;
as gates of Hell, 225;
Iceland, 222;
regions of, in Italy and Sicily, 220;
visits to, 220
Voyages, 70
Vulcanism, causes, 225
Vulcano, 222
Wales, 120, 179, 195, 344;
description, 340;
Giraldus Cambrensis on, 337, 340;
lakes, 207;
landscape, 216;
local topography, 240;
marine encroachments, 196–197;
mountains, 215;
natural defensibility, 233;
rivers, 206, 340
Walter of Châtillon (of Lille), 108, 113;
on a mountain view, 216
Walter of Metz, 105, 405
Warner, G. F., 461
Waters, 20, 21, 24;
above the firmament, 58, 182;
congregation of, 59, 184, 188;
distribution of land and, 187;
distribution on the earth, 437;
earth upon the waters, 60, 186;
effect of land on waters which spring from it, 202;
of the lands, 199;
purpose of waters above the firmament, 184;
qualities of waters of the lands, 201, 202
Wells, 199;
miraculous, 203
Welsh, 340
Welsh language, 340
Wensinck, A. I., 460
Werner, Karl, 499
West. _See_ Occident
Western Ocean, 25, 257;
islands, 334.
_See also_ Atlantic Ocean
Westward flow of civilization, 233, 235
Whirlpools, 194, 348, 349, 388
White-men’s-land, 76
Wicklow, 195, 206
William of Auvergne, 101, 138, 145, 183
William of Conches, 93, 135, 136, 151, 157, 158, 160, 185, 189, 214,
227;
on the atmosphere, 166;
on atmospheric circulation, 172;
on climates, 177;
on climatic influence of mountains, 178;
on clouds, 168;
on elements, 418;
on eternity of universe, 145;
on floods, 170;
on ground water, 199;
on precipitation, 169;
rationalism, 136;
on shape of the earth, 152;
on springs and wells, 202;
theory of Creation, 141, 142;
on tides, 192;
on the waters, 182;
on winds, 171, 172, 173, 174
William of Malmsbury, 469
William of Rubruck, 269
William of Tyre, 109;
on Alexandria, 299;
on the Assassins, 298;
on the desert, 228;
on Egypt, 299, 300;
on the simoom, 175;
on Western Asia, 296, 297
William the Breton, 108, 417;
on French landscapes, 483;
on the tides, 193, 441
Winchester, 336
Wind blowers, 252
Wind-blown horns, 221
Winds, 22, 32, 171;
cause, 172;
local, 175;
names, 173;
qualities, 174;
supernatural production, 171, 433
Wineland, 76;
position, 349
Wolfelm of Cologne, 161
Woman, 143
Wonders of the world, 321
Wood, G. A., 469
Works of the Six Days, 53, 134, 135, 137;
medieval discussions of, 138
World, medieval conception, 71
World center, 259.
_See also_ Arin; Jerusalem
World Soul, 16, 141, 231, 419
Worms region, 326
Writings, Middle Age, 88
Xenophon, 38
Ydonus, 273
Yemen, 290, 291
Ymer, 147
Youth, Fountain of, 204, 285
Zachary, Pope, 57
Zanzibar, 87
Zarqalī, Az-, 79, 86, 96, 245
Zemarchus, 50
Zephyr, 173, 174
Zin, 272
Zion, Mount, 260, 463
Zone maps, 121, 122 (ill.)
Zones, 17, 23, 55, 156, 157
Zurich, 325
ERRATA
p. 71, line 13: _for_ Tanais _read_ Tanaïs.
p. 112, line 8: for _Hamm-burgensis_ read _Hammenburgensis_.
p. 242, line 7: _for_ Borysthenes Dnieper _read_ Borysthenes
(Dnieper).
p. 273, line 16 from bottom: _for_ “Pison” _read_ “Phison.”
p. 509, line 16: for _Michael Scot, 1921–1922_, read _Michael Scot_,
1921–1922.
p. 516, line 21: _for_ Giordano _read_ Giordano Carlo.
The titles of Hugh of St. Victor’s _De arca Noë mystica_ and _De arca
Noe morali_ are thus spelled in Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. clxxvi (not
_De archa_, etc., as throughout the present volume).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
● Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
● Corrected Errata.
● Renumbered footnotes.
● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.