Keep a perfectly sweet, clean vat and spotless, shining apparatus and
utensils.
Make an olfactory test of every mess of milk before it is dumped into
the weighing can, and reject all that is tainted, unclean or tending
toward the sour, as by the acceptance of such injured milk you damage
your own trade reputation, detract from the dividend of every patron
who furnishes perfect milk and irreparably wrong every consumer of
the cheese.
Insist on each one of your patrons straining their milk through a
fine cloth strainer of double thickness, and use the same yourself
for it to pass through into the vat.
In heating up your milk to a temperature to meet a reception of the
rennet, stir it frequently and gently.
Never set above 86° Fahrenheit in spring and fall and 84° in summer.
Remember that too high heat before setting separates the butter
globules from the milk structure and that they are subsequently lost
in the whey.
Use nothing but stone jars for keeping rennet. If a mess of rennet
worth, perhaps, a dollar should get slightly tainted, throw it away
rather than impregnate it through $200 worth of cheese and cause
serious illness among numerous human beings.
Use only annottoine cut directly from the seed by the chemical action
of potash.
The imputation that urine is used in the paste preparation should
make every manufacturer shun it with loathing until the vile stigma
is disproved.
Be at least five minutes in stirring the rennet into milk. Stir
it with great gentleness, so that the butter globules will not be
displaced.
Curd should stand not less than forty or more than sixty minutes
after the application of rennet before cutting, the variation in
time to be governed by season, condition of milk and desired keeping
qualities. Curd is fit to cut up when it will split clean before
the finger but is not so brittle as to break before the advancing
knife. Cut first with the horizontal knife lengthways, then crossway,
then lengthways with the perpendicular blade. If milk is very ripe,
and a quick scald is necessary, cut once more crossway with the
perpendicular blade. Never slash curd in cutting, as it starts milky
whey and lowers your yield.
After cutting curd if milk is in normal condition, it is, perhaps,
better to agitate the curd gently for a few moments before heat is
applied. If milk has already taken on acid, apply heat immediately
after cutting. In agitating curd use the hands for the first fifteen
minutes, then manipulate it with a rake.
Stir only enough to keep it separated and prevent it from scorching
on the hot bottom of the vat.
Remember that cooking curd thoroughly is, without doubt, the most
important part of the whole programme of cheese making.
Do not place sole reliance on thermometer figures—let your judgment
rule supreme above that. See that every day’s curd—the product of
milk in all stages of maturity—does not part with the whey until it
is cooked to a state of contractibility in which the cubes will
separate by expansion after pressure by squeezing in the hand. No
maker considers his bread free from rawness until it has received a
certain amount of heat in the oven, and no cheese maker can expect
to get a mellow, firm cheese unless he cooks his curd as above
described. By using the smallest amount of heat possible to cook curd
within a reasonable time, a finer quality of cheese is secured and a
better yield.
Hold curd in the whey until it will string fine threads, one-fourth
of an inch in length, on the hot iron.
Aim to have the whey well drained out of the curd before it is
ground. Do not grind curd when it is too hot. If necessary, cut into
small blocks or strips and scatter over the bottom of the vat, to
cool to a temperature to about 85° Fahrenheit before grinding.
Cheese makers should not be too much wedded to fixed rules. For
instance, do not always hold curd in the whey until it shows a
quarter of an inch of acid by the iron simply because it may be a
rule. Let your judgment rise supreme over all rules. Frequently,
through the summer there are cool nights when the milk keeps so sweet
that the next day no acid will show by the time you have the curd
thoroughly cooked. At such times, as an experiment, draw off the whey
sweet and let the curd develop acid in the pack. For your particular
locality, quality of milk and character of feed, such a method may
produce finer cheese than if soured in the whey, and it may not. You
must test all of these little details to find out.
Two pounds of salt and the fractional parts of a third pound, up to
sixteen ounces per 1,000 pounds of milk, covers the cheese maker’s
scale for the season in this department. As a rule, two pounds in
the spring, with a gradual ascendancy in quantity as the apex of hot
weather approaches, and then a declination in quantity toward fall,
is about the average amount used per 1,000 pounds of milk for the
Cheddar process. There are more makers who do not salt above two and
a half pounds in hot weather than there are who use three pounds.
High salting retards curing, and the object now is to get a new
cheese onto the market as quickly as possible. With a wet curd salt a
little more than the rule by which you are running, so as to make up
the loss that goes out with the whey.