THE RESTORATION, AND REVOLUTION OF 1688.
THE first step, of course, on the restoration of Charles II., was to
undo everything in the Ordnance, and remove every official bearing the
mark of the Protectorate. Having filled the vacant places with his own
nominees, he seemed to consider his duty done, and, with one exception,
the official history of the Ordnance for the next few years was a blank.
The exception was the Company of Gunners at the Tower, which from 52, in
1661, rose to 90 in the following year, 98 in 1664, and then the old
normal number 100.
But the work in the Department done by the Master-General, Sir William
Compton, although not of a demonstrative character, was good and useful,
and prepared the way for the reformations introduced by his more able
successor, Lord Dartmouth. The Master-Gunners of England were now chosen
from a higher social grade than before. In 1660 Colonel James Weymes
held the appointment, followed in 1666 by Captain Valentine Pyne, and in
1677 by Captain Richard Leake. A new appointment was created for Captain
Martin Beckman—that of Chief Firemaster. His skill in his department was
rewarded by knighthood, and he held the appointment, not merely until
the Revolution of 1688, but also under William III., having apparently
overcome any scruples as to deserting his former masters. A Surveyor-
General of the Ordnance, Jonas Moore by name, was appointed in 1669, who
afterwards received permission to travel on the Continent to perfect
himself in Artillery studies, for which purpose he received the sum of
100_l._ a year.
The names of the Ordnance in the various fortifications in England
during the reign of Charles II. were as follows:—
BRASS ORDNANCE.
Cannon of 8.
Cannon of 7.
Demi-cannon.
24 prs.
Culverings.
12 prs.
Demi-culverings.
8 prs.
6 prs.
Sakers.
Mynions.
3 prs.
Falcon.
Falconett.
Brass baces of 7 bores.
Inch and ¼ bore, and 7 other sizes.
IRON ORDNANCE.
Cannon of 7.
Demi-cannon.
24 prs.
Culverings.
12 prs.
Demi-culverings.
8 prs.
6 prs.
Sakers.
Mynions.
3 prs.
Falcon.
Falconett.
Rabonett.
BRASS MORTAR PIECES.
18½ in.[5]
16½ in.
13¼ in.
9 in.
8¾ in.
8 in.
7¾ in.
7¼ in.
6½ in.
6¼ in.
4½ in.
4¼ in.
IRON MORTAR PIECES.
12½ in.
4¼ in.
_Taken from Harl. MS. 4244._
The reader will observe the immense varieties of mortars, and the large
calibres, compared with those of the present day. They were much used on
board the bomb-vessels; but it is difficult to see the advantage of so
many small mortars, varying so slightly in calibre.
From an account of some new ordnance made in 1671, we find that iron
cannon of 7 were 10 feet long, and weighed on an average 63 cwt., or 9½
feet long, and weighing from 54 cwt. to 60 cwts. Iron culverings of 10
feet in length averaged 43 cwt. in weight, and demi-culverings of the
same length averaged in weight about 35 cwt. Iron falconetts are
mentioned 4 feet in length, and weighing from 300 to 312 lbs.
The King, having occasion to send a present to the Emperor of Morocco,
not an unfrequent occurrence, selected on one occasion four iron demi-
culverings, and three brass demi-cannon of 8½ feet long, with one brass
culvering of 11½ feet. A more frequent present to that monarch was
gunpowder, or a quantity of muskets.
The salutes in the Tower were fired from culverings and 8-pounders, and
were in a very special manner under the command of the Master-General
himself. As little liberty of thought was left to the subordinates at
the Tower as possible. Warnings of preparation were forwarded often days
before, followed at intervals by reminders that the salute was not to be
fired until a positive order should reach the Tower from the Master-
General.
The letter-books at the Tower teem with correspondence and orders on
this subject, and the Master-General seemed to write as many letters to
his loving friends at the Tower about a birthday salute, about which no
mistake could well occur, as he did about a salute of another kind,
albeit a birthday one, when on the 10th June, 1688, "it pleased Almighty
God, about ten o'clock of the morning, to bless his Majesty and his
Royal Consort, the Queen, with the birth of a hopefull son, and his
Majesty's kingdom and dominions with a Prince: for which inestimable
blessing" public rejoicing was invited. It was a false tale which the
guns rang out from the Tower:—only a few months, and the hopeful babe
was a fugitive with its ill-fated father, and remained an exile for his
life.
"He was indeed the most unfortunate of Princes, destined to seventy-
seven years of exile and wandering, of vain projects, of honours
more galling than insults, and hopes such as make the heart
sick."[6]
At this time, Woolwich was gradually increasing in importance as an
Artillery Depôt, and in 1672 the beginning of the Laboratory was laid,
70 feet long, "for receiving fireworks."
In 1682 Lord Dartmouth was appointed Master-General, and from this date
until the Revolution the student of the Ordnance MSS. recognizes the
existence of a master-spirit, and a clear-headed man of business. In
1683 he obtained authority from the King to reorganize the whole
department, and define the duties of every official—a task which he
performed so well that his work remained as the standard rule for the
Board until it ceased to exist. His physical activity was as great as
his mental: not a garrison in the kingdom was safe from his personal
inspection; and the results of his examination were so eminently
unsatisfactory as to call forth orders which, while calculated to
prevent, had the effect also of revealing to posterity abuses of the
grossest description. Not merely was neglect discovered among the
storekeepers and gunners of the various garrisons—not merely ignorance
and incapacity—but it was ascertained to be not unusual for a Master-
Gunner to omit reporting the death of his subordinates, while continuing
however to draw their pay. Lord Dartmouth's measures comprised the
weeding out of the incapable gunners; the issue of stern warnings to
all; the bringing the Storekeepers (who had hitherto held their
appointments by letters patent from the Exchequer) under the immediate
jurisdiction of the Board of Ordnance; the increase of the more educated
element among the few Artillerymen on the permanent establishment, by
the appointment of Gentlemen of the Ordnance, "lest the ready effects of
our Artillery in any respect may perhaps be wanting when occasion shall
be offered;" the appointment of Engineers to superintend the
fortifications, with salaries of 100_l._ a year, under a Chief Engineer,
Sir Bernard de Gomme; the encouragement of foreign travel and study; and
the creation of discipline among the gunners at the Tower. Among the
various causes of regret which affected Lord Dartmouth after the
Revolution, probably none were more felt than the sorrow that he had
been unable to complete the reformation in the Ordnance which he had so
thoroughly and ably commenced.
As a specimen of a train of Lord Dartmouth's time may be taken the one
ordered to march on 21st June, 1685, to join Lord Feversham's force at
Chippenham, and to proceed against the rebels. It consisted of
Pay per diem.
£ _s._ _d._
Comptroller 0 15 0
His clerk 0 3 0
Commissary of the Artillery 0 10 0
His two clerks 0 6 0
Paymaster of the Train 0 8 0
His clerk 0 3 0
Master of the Waggons 0 10 0
Two assistants 0 8 0
Commissary of the draught horses 0 8 0
Two assistants 0 8 0
Gentlemen of the Ordnance, three at 5_s._ each 0 15 0
Purveyor 0 5 0
Provost-Marshal 0 6 0
Two assistants 0 10 0
Master-Gunner 0 5 0
Two Mates at 3_s._ 0 6 0
32 Gunners at 2_s._ 3 4 0
32 Matrosses at 1_s._ 6_d._ 2 8 0
Conductors, six at 2_s._ 6_d._ 0 15 0
Chirurgeon 0 4 0
His Mate 0 2 6
Tent-keeper 0 4 0
His assistant 0 1 6
Master-Smith 0 4 0
Two Smiths 0 4 0
One Farrier 0 2 6
Master-Carpenter 0 3 0
Four Carpenters at 2_s._ each 0 8 0
Master-Wheelwright 0 3 0
Two Wheelers 0 4 0
Master Collar-Maker 0 3 0
One Collar-maker 0 2 0
Master-Cooper 0 2 6
Gunsmith 0 1 6
Captain of the Pioneers 0 4 0
One Sergeant 0 2 0
One Corporal 0 1 6
One Drummer 0 1 0
20 Pioneers 1 0 0
118 Drivers at 1_s._ each 5 18 0
——— —— ——
Total per diem £22 9 0
——— —— ——
The guns used were brass Falcons and iron 3-pounders.
On examining the comparative pay of the various ranks, the Provost-
Marshal seems to be well paid, ranking as he does in that respect with
the Surgeon, and the Captain of the Pioneers. But if we may judge of the
discipline of his train from one incident which has survived, his office
can have been no sinecure. We find on the 23rd December, 1685, the King
and Privy Council assembled at Whitehall, discussing gravely some
conduct of certain members of the train, which had formed matter of
complaint and petition from his Majesty's lieges. Four unhappy farmers
had had a yoke of oxen pressed from each—the day after the rebels had
been defeated—to bring off the carriages of the King's train of
Artillery (then immovable, as might have been expected), and the animals
had been made to travel as far as Devizes, forty miles from their home.
One of the farmers, William Pope by name, had accompanied the train, in
order that he might bring the oxen back. On applying for them at the end
of the journey, the conductor "did abuse William Pope, one of the
petitioners, by threatening to hang him for a rebel, as in the petition
is more at large set forth." So the farmers now prayed to have their
oxen, with the yokes and furniture, or their value, restored to them.
As the King in Council was graciously pleased to refer the complaint to
Lord Dartmouth, with a view to justice being done, the reader need not
doubt that the petitioners went away satisfied.
The details, contained in the Ordnance books, of the camp ordered by the
King in 1686 to be formed at Hounslow, give the first intimation of that
distribution of the Artillery of an Army, known as Battalion guns, a
system which lasted in principle until 1871, although the guns ceased to
be subdivided in such small divisions a good many years before. As,
however, until 1871, the batteries had to accommodate themselves to the
movements of the battalions near them, it may be said with truth that
until then they were really Battalion guns. James II. ordered fourteen
regiments to encamp at Hounslow with a view to overawing the disaffected
part of the populace; but the effect was to reveal instead the
unmistakable sympathy which existed between the troops and the people;
so the camp was abruptly broken up. The Battalion guns were brass 3-
pounders, under Gentlemen of the Ordnance, with a few other attendants,
and escorted _to their places by the Grenadiers of the various
Regiments_. Two demi-culverins of 10 feet in length, and six small
mortar pieces, were also sent from the Tower to the camp.
In 1687, uneasiness was felt about Ireland, and large quantities of
stores were assembled at Chester, for ready transit to that country if
required. A large issue of mortars for that service was also made, the
calibres being 14¼, 10, and 7 inches, and the diameters of the shells
being respectively a quarter of an inch less. Among other guns which
occur by name in the Ordnance lists of this year, and which have not yet
been mentioned, are culverin drakes of 8 feet in length; saker-drakes of
the same; and saker square guns also 8 feet long.
In the spring of 1688, his fatal year, King James was advised by Lord
Dartmouth to send a young Gentleman of the Ordnance to Hungary to the
Emperor's camp to improve himself in the art military, "to observe and
take notice of their method of marching, encamping, embattling,
exercising, ordering their trains of Artillery, their manner of
approaching, besieging, or attacking any town, their mines, Batteries,
lines of circumvallation and contravallation, their way of
fortification, their foundries, instruments of war, engines, and what
else may occur observable; and for his encouragement herein he was
allowed the salary of 1_l._ per diem, besides such advance as was
considered reasonable."
A long and difficult lesson was this which Richard Burton had to learn,
and ere it should be mastered the Sovereign who encouraged him should be
gone from Whitehall.
It was on the 15th of October, 1688, that undoubted advice reached the
King that "a great and sudden invasion, with "an armed force of
foreigners, was about to be made, in a hostile manner, upon his
kingdom;" and although it is not contemplated to describe the campaigns
of the pre-regimental days, a description of the train of Artillery with
which he proposed to meet the invasion, and which was prepared for the
purpose, cannot fail to be interesting. It is the most largely officered
train which we have as yet met; and it was announced that, should the
King accompany it at any time himself, it should be further increased by
the presence of the Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance, the Comptroller-
General, the Principal Engineer, the Master-Gunner of England and his
Clerks, the Chief Firemaster and his Mate, the Keepers and Makers of the
Royal Tents and their Assistants. Exclusive of these, whose presence was
conditional, the following was the _personnel_ of
_James II.'s Artillery Train to Resist the Invasion of 1688_.
The reader will observe that in this train the Master-General is not
included, even in the contingency of the King's accompanying it himself.
Lord Dartmouth had another duty to perform. He had been appointed
Admiral of the Fleet which was to engage, if possible, the immense
number of vessels which accompanied William to England. The winds fought
against Dartmouth. First, he was kept at the mouth of the Thames by the
same east winds that wafted the enemy to their landing-place at Torbay;
and when, at last, able with a fair wind to follow down the Channel in
pursuit, just as he reached Portsmouth, the wind changed: he had to run
into that harbour, and his opportunity was lost—an opportunity, too,
which might have reversed the whole story of the Revolution, for there
was more loyalty to the King in the navy than in the army,—a loyalty
which was whetted, as Macaulay well points out, by old grudges between
the English and Dutch seamen; and there was in James's Admiral an
ability and an integrity which cannot be doubted. Had the engagement
taken place, and the King's fleet been successful, it does not require
much experience of the world's history to say that the Revolution would
have been postponed for years, if not for ever, for it is marvellous how
loyal waverers become to the side which has the first success. Nor is
this the first or only case on which a kingdom, or something equally
valuable, has hung upon a change of wind. How history would have to be
re-written had James Watt but lived two centuries earlier than he did!
The Lieutenant-General who was to command the train was Sir Henry Shore,
who had been appointed an Assistant and Deputy at the Board to Sir Henry
Tichborne. The latter was, doubtless, the Lieutenant-General, whose
presence would also have been required had the King in person
accompanied the train.
A LIST OF THE PROPER PERSONS, MINISTERS, AND ATTENDANTS,
OF THE TRAYNE OF ARTILLERY, VIZ.—
Pay per diem.
£ _s._ _d._
Lieutenant-General Conditional 3 0 0
His Secretary Conditional 0 5 0
A clerke under him Conditional 0 4 0
Comptroller General Conditional 2 0 0
His two clerks at 4_s._ each Conditional 0 8 0
Comptroller to the Trayne 0 15 0
His clerke 0 4 0
Adjutant to the Trayne 0 10 0
Commissary of Ammunition for the Trayne and Army 0 10 0
His two clerkes at 3_s._ each 0 6 0
Paymaster 0 8 0
His clerke 0 4 0
Comptroller of the B. Trayne 0 10 0
His clerke 0 2 0
Engineer 0 10 0
His clerke 0 4 0
Waggon-master 0 10 0
His assistant 0 4 0
Commissary of the draught horses 0 8 0
His assistant 0 4 0
Gentlemen of the Ordnance, four at 5_s._ each 1 0 0
Quartermaster 0 5 0
Surveyor 0 5 0
Provost Marshall 0 6 0
His two assistants at 2_s._ 6_d._ each 0 5 0
Firemaster to the Trayne 0 5 0
His mate 0 4 0
Four assistants at 3_s._ each 0 12 0
Chief Bombardier 0 3 0
12 Bombardiers at 2_s._ each 1 4 0
Chief Petardier 0 3 0
Four Petardiers at 2_s._ each 0 8 0
Master Gunner of the Trayne 0 5 0
His two mates at 3_s._ each 0 6 0
Gunners, 30 at 2_s._ each 3 0 0
Matrosses, 40 at 1_s._ 6_d._ each 3 0 0
One Battery Master 0 10 0
His two assistants at 4_s._ each 0 8 0
One Bridge Master 0 8 0
His six attendants at 3_s._ 6_d._ each 1 1 0
A Tinman 0 3 6
Chief Conductor 0 5 0
Conductors to the Trayne and Army, 10 at 2_s._ 6_d._ 1 5 0
each
Chyrurgeon 0 4 0
His mate 0 2 6
His Majesty's Tent keepers and makers Conditional.
Their two assistants at 3_s._ each Conditional.
A Tent keeper and maker 0 4 0
His assistants 0 2 8
A Messenger to attend y^e Principall officers of y^e 0 4 0
Trayne
Ladle maker 0 4 0
Master Smith 0 4 0
Master Farryer 0 4 0
His four servants at 2_s._ each 0 8 0
Master Carpenter 0 4 0
His three servants at 3_s._ each 0 9 0
Master Wheelwright 0 4 0
His four servants at 2_s._ 6_d._ each 0 10 0
Master Collar-maker 0 4 0
Two servants at 2_s._ each 0 4 0
Master Cooper 0 4 0
One servant 0 2 6
A Gunsmith 0 4 0
His servant 0 2 0
Captain of the Pyoneers 0 5 0
Sixty Pyoneers at 1_s._ each 3 0 0
Two Sergeants at 2_s._ each 0 4 0
Two Corporalls at 1_s._ 6_d._ each 0 3 0
Two Drummers at 1_s._ 6_d._ each 0 3 0
Two servants to y^e Master Smith 0 4 0
(Signed) DARTMOUTH.
The reader will observe that the position of the medical officers of a
train was still a very degraded one, relatively speaking, in point of
pay. The surgeon ranked with the ladle-maker, the chief artificers, and
the messenger; while his assistant received the same remuneration for
his services as did the servants of the master wheelwright and master
cooper. The presence, in this train, of an Adjutant and a Battery
Master, is worthy of note, and also the intimation that then, as now, on
service, the Artillery had to take their share in the transport of the
small-arm ammunition of the Army.
History moved rapidly now. After James's flight and a brief interregnum,
the Ordnance Office moves on again with spirit under the new Master-
General, the Duke de Schomberg. Judging from the vigorous conduct
displayed by him during his brief career at the Board, one cannot but
regret that it was so soon cut short. One little anecdote reveals the
energy of the man's character, and enlists the sympathy of that part of
posterity—and the name is Legion!—which has suffered from red tape and
routine. There was naturally a strong feeling in Scotland against the
new King. Presbyterianism itself could not dull the beating of the
national heart, which was moved by the memories of the old line of
Monarchs which had been given to England, whose gracious ways almost
condoned their offences, and whose offences were easily forgotten in
this their hour of tribulation.
Men, guns, ammunition, and transport were all required for Edinburgh and
Berwick; but between the demand and the supply stood that national
buffer which seems to be England's old man of the sea—a public
department. For transport the Master-General had to consult the
Admiralty, who, being consulted, began to coil the red tape round the
Master's neck, and nothing more. He entreats, implores, and prays for
even one ship to carry special engineers and messages to the Forth; but
the Admiralty quietly pigeon-holes his prayers in a style worthy of two
centuries later. The Duke will have none of it: he writes to the Board
to give up this useless correspondence with a wooden-headed Department;
to take his own private yacht, and carry out the King's service, without
delay. Would that, to every wearied postulant, there were a private
yacht to waft him out of the stagnant pool which officialism considers
the perfection of Departmental Management, and in which he might drift
away from the very memory of pigeon-holes and precedents!
As might be expected, volumes of warrants, at this time, reveal the
changes made among the officials of the Ordnance. The preparing of a
warrant implied a fee; it is not to be wondered at, therefore, that they
were many. No office under the Ordnance was too low to escape the
necessity of a warrant. There were chimney-sweeps to the Ordnance who
have been made immortal by this necessity, paviours, druggists,
messengers, and labourers. All must be made public characters, because
all must pay. Sex is no protection. Candidates for Ordnance appointments
who belong to the fair sex cannot plead shyness and modesty in bar of
their warrants. So that Mary Pickering, who was reappointed _cooper_ at
the Fort of Upnor, near Chatham, and Mary Braybrooke, appointed _turner_
at the same time, have come down to posterity for the fee of ten
shillings, when fairer and nobler maidens have been forgotten.
There are many Dutch, German, and even French names among the new
officials appointed for the Board's service. But reappointments are, by
no means, rare, if the old incumbents would but change their allegiance.
Among the changes introduced by the Duke de Schomberg was one by which
not merely were there gentlemen of the Ordnance for the Tower and the
various trains, but also "for the out parts:" and if there were no
heavier duties for them to perform than those specified in their
warrants, they must have had a very easy time of it, and earned their
forty pounds a year without much labour. According to their warrants,
their duty was to see that "all y^e aprons, beds, and coynes belonging
to their Majesties' Traynes of Artillery at y^e outposts do remain upon
the guns and carriages." If this were really all they had to do, the old
gunners of garrisons might have done it quite as well for half the
money.
The difficulty of getting arms for the troops which were being raised
for service in Ireland alarmed the Board greatly. Very strong measures
had to be taken: penalties were threatened on every one who kept arms
concealed, or failed to bring them to the Board; and a house-to-house
search was authorized. Gunsmiths were forbidden to sell to private
individuals, and commanded to devote all their energies to manufacturing
arms for the Board, and yet the need was sore. Horses, also, had to be
bought, and could with difficulty be obtained; and such as were procured
could not bear the test of examination. So bad were they, that at last
the Master-General inspected in person not merely the horses bought for
the Artillery, but also the persons who bought them. At his first
inspection he found them all faulty—rejecting some because they were too
slight, some because they were lame, and one because it was an old
coach-horse. With the difficulty of getting horses came also the
difficulty of procuring forage. The contract for the horses of the
Traynes for Chester and Ireland reached the unprecedented sum of fifteen
pence per horse for each day.
To add to the other troubles of the new Board, the Chief Firemaster and
Engineer (Sir Martin Beckman), with all the keenness and zeal of a
renegade, kept worrying it about the state of the various Forts and
Barracks; whose defects, he assured the Board, he had repeatedly urged
on the two preceding monarchs, but without avail, on account of the
deficiency of funds. "Berwick," he begged to assure the Board, "is
getting more defenceless every year, and will take 31,000_l._ to be
spent at once to prevent the place from being safely insulted." For six
years past he assured the Board that Hull had been going to ruin: the
earthworks had been abused by the garrison, who had suffered all sorts
of animals to tread down the facings, and had, in the night-time, driven
in cattle, and made the people pay money before they released them; and
when they turned the cattle and horses out, they drove them through the
embrasures and portholes, and so destroyed the facings, that, without
speedy repair and care, his Majesty would certainly be obliged to make
new ones.
The bomb-vessels also occupied the attention of the Board. More
practical Artillerymen were required than could be granted without
greatly increasing the permanent establishment. So a compromise was
made; and a number of men were hired and appointed _practitioner_
bombardiers, at the same rate of pay as others of the same rank, viz.
2_s._ per diem, but with the condition that the moment their services
were no longer required they would be dispensed with.
There were calls, also, from the West Indies on the sore-pressed Board.
A train of brass Ordnance was sent there, to which were attached the
following, among other officials:—A Firemaster, at 10_s._ a day; a
Master-Gunner, at 5_s._; Engineers, at various rates, but generally
10_s._, who were ordered to send home frequent reports and sketches;
Bombardiers, at 2_s._ 6_d._; and a proportion of Gunners and Matrosses,
at 2_s._ and 1_s._ 6_d._ per diem respectively, whose employment was
guaranteed to them for six months at least.
As if the Admiralty, the horsedealers, the West Indies, Scotland,
Ireland, and unseasonable zeal were not enough, there must come upon the
scene of the Board's deliberations that irrepressible being, the "old
soldier." The first Board of William and Mary was generous in its
dealings with its officials almost to a fault. This is a failing which
soon reaches ears, however distant. Several miners absent in Scotland,
hoping that in the confusion the vouchers had been mislaid, complained
that they were in arrears of their pay, "whereby," said the scoundrels,
"they were discouraged from performing their duties on this expedition."
Enquiries were made by the Board, and in the emphatic language of their
minute, it was found "that they _lied_, having been fully paid up."
When the time came for the Duke to shake off the immediate worries of
the office, as he proceeded to Chester and to Ireland, his relief must
have been great. With him he took the chief waggon-master to assist in
the organization of the train in Ireland, leaving his deputy at the
Tower to perform his duties. The suite of the Master-General on his ride
to Chester included six sumpter mules with six sumpter men, clad in
large grey coats, the sleeves faced with _orange_, and "the coats to be
paid for out of their pay."
Only two more remarks remain to be made. The proportion of drivers to
the horses of William's train of Artillery in Ireland may be gathered
from an order still preserved directing a fresh lot of horses and men to
be raised in the following proportions: one hundred and eighty horses;
thirty-six carters, and thirty-six boys.
Next, the dress of the train can be learned from the following warrant,
ordering:—
"That the gunners, matrosses, and tradesmen have coates of blew,
with Brass Buttons, and lyned with orange bass, and hats with orange
silk Galoome. The carters, grey coates lyned with the same. That
order be given for the making of these cloaths forthwith, and the
money to be deducted by equal proportions out of their paye by the
Treasurer of the Trayne."
(Signed) "SCHOMBERG."
From a marginal note, we learn that the number of gunners and matrosses
with the train was 147, and of carters, 200; these being the numbers of
suits of clothes respectively ordered.
It was with this train to Ireland that we find the first notice of the
kettledrums and drummers ever taking the field.[7]
-----
Footnote 5:
The brass 18½-in. mortars were used at the Siege of Limerick in 1689,
and in the porch of the cathedral in that city one of the shells is
still to be seen. An interesting account of Artillery details at that
siege is to be found in Story's 'History of the Wars in Ireland.'
Footnote 6:
Macaulay.
Footnote 7:
Miller.