[1] Cf. the Lutheran theologian Ernst Sartorius in his _Lehre von der
heiligen Liebe_ (1844), _Lehre_ ii. pp. 21 et seq.: "the Son of God
veils his all-seeing eye and descends into human darkness and as
child of man opens his eye as the gradually growing light of the
world of humanity, until at the right hand of the Father he allows it
to shine forth in all its glory." See Loofs, Art. "Kenosis" in
Herzog-Hauck, _Realencyklopadie_ (ed. 1901), x. 247.
GORE. (1) (O. Eng. _gor_, dung or filth), a word formerly used in the
sense of dirt, but now confined to blood that has thickened after being
shed. (2) (O. Eng. _gara_, probably connected with _gare_, an old word
for "spear"), something of triangular shape, resembling therefore a
spear-head. The word is used for a tapering strip of land, in the
"common or open field" system of agriculture, where from the shape of
the land the acre or half-acre strips could not be portioned out in
straight divisions. Similarly "gore" is used in the United States,
especially in Maine and Vermont, for a strip of land left out in
surveying when divisions are made and boundaries marked. The triangular
sections of material used in forming the covering of a balloon or an
umbrella are also called "gores," and in dressmaking the term is used
for a triangular piece of material inserted in a dress to adjust the
difference in widths. To gore, i.e. to stab or pierce with any sharp
instrument, but more particularly used of piercing with the horns of a
bull, is probably directly connected with _gare_, a spear.
GOREE, an island off the west coast of Africa, forming part of the
French colony of Senegal. It lies at the entrance of the large natural
harbour formed by the peninsula of Cape Verde. The island, some 900 yds.
long by 330 broad, and 3 m. distant from the nearest point of the
mainland, is mostly barren rock. The greater part of its surface is
occupied by a town, formerly a thriving commercial entrepot and a strong
military post. Until 1906 it was a free port. With the rise of Dakar
(q.v.), c. 1860, on the adjacent coast, Goree lost its trade and its
inhabitants, mostly Jolofs, had dwindled in 1905 to about 1500. Its
healthy climate, however, makes it useful as a sanatorium. The streets
are narrow, and the houses, mainly built of dark-red stone, are
flat-roofed. The castle of St Michael, the governor's residence, the
hospital and barracks, testify to the former importance of the town.
Within the castle is an artesian well, the only water-supply, save that
collected in rain tanks, on the island. Goree was first occupied by the
Dutch, who took possession of it early in the 17th century and called it
Goeree or Goedereede, in memory of the island on their own coast now
united with Overflakkee. Its native name is Bir, i.e. a belly, in
allusion to its shape. It was captured by the English under Commodore
(afterwards Admiral Sir Robert) Holmes in 1663, but retaken in the
following year by de Ruyter. The Dutch were finally expelled in 1677 by
the French under Admiral d'Estrees. Goree subsequently fell again into
the hands of the English, but was definitely occupied by France in 1817
(see SENEGAL: _History_).
GORGE, strictly the French word for the throat considered externally.
Hence it is applied in falconry to a hawk's crop, and thus, with the
sense of something greedy or ravenous, to food given to a hawk and to
the contents of a hawk's crop or stomach. It is from this sense that the
expression of a person's "gorge rising at" anything in the sense of
loathing or disgust is derived. "Gorge," from analogy with "throat," is
used with the meaning of a narrow opening as of a ravine or valley
between hills; in fortification, of the neck of an outwork or bastion;
and in architecture, of the narrow part of a Roman Doric column, between
the echinus and the astragal. From "gorge" also comes a diminutive
"gorget," a portion of a woman's costume in the middle ages, being a
close form of wimple covering the neck and upper part of the breast, and
also that part of the body armour covering the neck and collarbone (see
GORGET). The word "gorgeous," of splendid or magnificent appearance,
comes from the O. Fr. _gorgias_, with the same meaning, and has very
doubtfully been connected with gorge, a ruffle or neck-covering, of a
supposed elaborate kind.
GORGEI, ARTHUR (1818- ), Hungarian soldier, was born at Toporcz, in
Upper Hungary, on the 30th of January 1818. He came of a Saxon noble
family who were converts to Protestantism. In 1837 he entered the
Bodyguard of Hungarian Nobles at Vienna, where he combined military
service with a course of study at the university. In 1845, on the death
of his father, he retired from the army and devoted himself to the study
of chemistry at Prague, after which he retired to the family estates in
Hungary. On the outbreak of the revolutionary War of 1848, Gorgei
offered his sword to the Hungarian government. Entering the Honved army
with the rank of captain, he was employed in the purchase of arms, and
soon became major and commandant of the national guards north of the
Theiss. Whilst he was engaged in preventing the Croatian army from
crossing the Danube, at the island of Csepel, below Pest, the wealthy
Hungarian magnate Count Eugene Zichy fell into his hands, and Gorgei
caused him to be arraigned before a court-martial on a charge of treason
and immediately hanged. After various successes over the Croatian
forces, of which the most remarkable was that at Ozora, where 10,000
prisoners fell into his hands, Gorgei was appointed commander of the
army of the Upper Danube, but, on the advance of Prince Windischgratz
across the Leitha, he resolved to fall back, and in spite of the
remonstrances of Kossuth he held to his resolution and retreated upon
Waitzen. Here, irritated by what he considered undue interference with
his plans, he issued (January 5th, 1849) a proclamation throwing the
blame for the recent want of success upon the government, thus virtually
revolting against their authority. Gorgei retired to the Hungarian
Erzgebirge and conducted operations on his own initiative. Meanwhile the
supreme command had been conferred upon the Pole Dembinski, but the
latter fought without success the battle of Kapolna, at which action
Gorgei's corps arrived too late to take an effective part, and some time
after this the command was again conferred upon Gorgei. The campaign in
the spring of 1849 was brilliantly conducted by him, and in a series of
engagements, he defeated Windischgratz. In April he won the victories of
Godollo Izaszeg and Nagy Sarlo, relieved Komorn, and again won a battle
at Acs or Waitzen. Had he followed up his successes by taking the
offensive against the Austrian frontier, he might perhaps have dictated
terms in the Austrian capital itself. As it was, he contented himself
with reducing Ofen, the Hungarian capital, in which he desired to
re-establish the diet, and after effecting this capture he remained
inactive for some weeks. Meanwhile, at a diet held at Debreczin, Kossuth
had formally proposed the dethronement of the Habsburg dynasty and
Hungary had been proclaimed a republic. Gorgei had refused the
field-marshal's baton offered him by Kossuth and was by no means in
sympathy with the new regime. However, he accepted the portfolio of
minister of war, while retaining the command of the troops in the field.
The Russians had now intervened in the struggle and made common cause
with the Austrians; the allies were advancing into Hungary on all sides,
and Gorgei was defeated by Haynau at Pered (20th-21st of June). Kossuth,
perceiving the impossibility of continuing the struggle and being
unwilling himself to make terms, resigned his position as dictator, and
was succeeded by Gorgei, who meanwhile had been fighting hard against
the various columns of the enemy. Gorgei, convinced that he could not
break through the enemy's lines, surrendered, with his army of 20,000
infantry and 2000 cavalry, to the Russian general Rudiger at Vilagos.
Gorgei was not court-marshaled, as were his generals, but kept in
confinement at Klagenfurt, where he lived, chiefly employed in chemical
work, until 1867, when he was pardoned and returned to Hungary. The
surrender, and particularly the fact that his life was spared while his
generals and many of his officers and men were hanged or shot, led,
perhaps naturally, to his being accused of treason by public opinion of
his countrymen. After his release he played no further part in public
life. Even in 1885 an attempt which was made by a large number of his
old comrades to rehabilitate him was not favourably received in Hungary.
After some years' work as a railway engineer he retired to Visegrad,
where he lived thenceforward in retreat. (See also HUNGARY: _History_.)
General Gorgei wrote a justification of his operations (_Mein Leben und
Wirken in Ungarn_ 1848-1859, Leipzig, 1852), an anonymous paper under
the title _Was verdanken wir der Revolution?_ (1875), and a reply to
Kossuth's charges (signed "Joh. Demar") in _Budapesti Szemle_, 1881,
25-26. Amongst those who wrote in his favour were Captain Stephan Gorgei
(_1848 es 1849 bol_, Budapest, 1885), and Colonel Aschermann (_Ein
offenes Wort in der Sache des Honved-Generals Arthur Gorgei_,
Klausenburg, 1867).
See also A. G. Horn, _Gorgei, Oberkommandant d. ung. Armee_ (Leipzig,
1850); Kinety, _Gorgei's Life and Work in Hungary_ (London, 1853);
Szinyei, in _Magyar Irok_ (iii. 1378), Hentaller, _Gorgei as a
Statesman_ (Hungarian); Elemar, _Gorgei in 1848-1849_ (Hungarian,
Budapest, 1886).
GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647), English colonial pioneer in
America and the founder of Maine, was born in Somersetshire, England,
probably in 1566. From youth both a soldier and a sailor, he was a
prisoner in Spain at the age of twenty-one, having been captured by a
ship of the Spanish Armada. In 1589 he was in command of a small body of
troops fighting for Henry IV. of France, and after distinguishing
himself at the siege of Rouen was knighted there in 1591. In 1596 he was
commissioned captain and keeper of the castle and fort at Plymouth and
captain of St Nicholas Isle; in 1597 he accompanied Essex on the
expedition to the Azores; in 1599 assisted him in the attempt to
suppress the Tyrone rebellion in Ireland, and in 1600 was implicated in
Essex's own attempt at rebellion in London. In 1603, on the accession of
James I., he was suspended from his post at Plymouth, but was restored
in the same year and continued to serve as "governor of the forts and
island of Plymouth" until 1629, when, his garrison having been without
pay for three and a half years, his fort a ruin, and all his
applications for aid having been ignored, he resigned. About 1605 he
began to be greatly interested in the New World; in 1606 he became a
member of the Plymouth Company, and he laboured zealously for the
founding of the Popham colony at the mouth of the Sagadahoc (now the
Kennebec) river in 1607. For several years following the failure of that
enterprise in 1608 he continued to fit out ships for fishing, trading
and exploring, with colonization as the chief end in view. He was
largely instrumental in procuring the new charter of 1620 for the
Plymouth Company, and was at all times of its existence perhaps the most
influential member of that body. He was the recipient, either solely or
jointly, of several grants of territory from it, for one of which he
received in 1639 the royal charter of Maine (see MAINE). In 1635 he
sought to be appointed governor-general of all New England, but the
English Civil War--in which he espoused the royal cause--prevented him
from ever actually holding that office. A short time before his death at
Long Ashton in 1647 he wrote his _Briefe Narration of the Originall
Undertakings of the Advancement of Plantations into the Parts of
America_. He was an advocate, especially late in life, of the feudal
type of colony.
See J. P. Baxter (ed.), _Sir Ferdinando Gorges and his Province of
Maine_ (3 vols., Boston, 1890; in the Prince Society Publications),
the first volume of which is a memoir of Gorges, and the other volumes
contain a reprint of the _Briefe Narration_, Gorges's letters, and
other documentary material.
GORGET (O. Fr. _gorgete_, dim. of _gorge_, throat), the name applied
after about 1480 to the collar-piece of a suit of armour. It was
generally formed of small overlapping rings of plate, and attached
either to the body armour or to the armet. It was worn in the 16th and
17th centuries with the half-armour, with the plain cuirass, and even
occasionally without any body armour at all. During these times it
gradually became a distinctive badge for officers, and as such it
survived in several armies--in the form of a small metal plate affixed
to the front of the collar of the uniform coat--until after the
Napoleonic wars. In the German army to-day a gorget-plate of this sort
is the distinctive mark of military police, while the former officer's
gorget is represented in British uniforms by the red patches or tabs
worn on the collar by staff officers and by the white patches of the
midshipmen in the Royal Navy.
GORGIAS (c. 483-375 B.C.), Greek sophist and rhetorician, was a native
of Leontini in Sicily. In 427 he was sent by his fellow-citizens at the
head of an embassy to ask Athenian protection against the aggression of
the Syracusans. He subsequently settled in Athens, and supported himself
by the practice of oratory and by teaching rhetoric. He died at Larissa
in Thessaly. His chief claim to recognition consists in the fact that he
transplanted rhetoric to Greece, and contributed to the diffusion of the
Attic dialect as the language of literary prose. He was the author of a
lost work _On Nature or the Non-existent_ ([Greek: Peri tou me ontos e
peri physeos], fragments edited by M. C. Valeton, 1876), the substance
of which may be gathered from the writings of Sextus Empiricus, and also
from the treatise (ascribed to Theophrastus) _De Melisso, Xenophane,
Gorgia_. Gorgias is the central figure in the Platonic dialogue
_Gorgias_. The genuineness of two rhetorical exercises (_The Encomium of
Helen_ and _The Defence of Palamedes_, edited with Antiphon by F. Blass
in the Teubner series, 1881), which have come down under his name, is
disputed.
For his philosophical opinions see SOPHISTS and SCEPTICISM. See also
Gomperz, _Greek Thinkers_, Eng. trans. vol. i. bk. iii. chap. vii.;
Jebb's _Attic Orators_, introd. to vol. i. (1893); F. Blass, _Die
attische Beredsamkeit_, i. (1887); and article RHETORIC.
GORGON, GORGONS (Gr. [Greek: Gorgo], [Greek: Gorgones], the "terrible,"
or, according to some, the "loud-roaring"), a figure or figures in Greek
mythology. Homer speaks of only one Gorgon, whose head is represented in
the _Iliad_ (v. 741) as fixed in the centre of the aegis of Zeus. In the
_Odyssey_ (xi. 633) she is a monster of the under-world. Hesiod
increases the number of Gorgons to three--Stheno (the mighty), Euryale
(the far-springer) and Medusa (the queen), and makes them the daughters
of the sea-god Phorcys and of Keto. Their home is on the farthest side
of the western ocean; according to later authorities, in Libya (Hesiod,
_Theog._ 274; Herodotus ii. 91; Pausanias ii. 21). The Attic tradition,
reproduced in Euripides (_Ion_ 1002), regarded the Gorgon as a monster,
produced by Gaea to aid her sons the giants against the gods and slain
by Athena (the passage is a _locus classicus_ on the aegis of Athena).
The Gorgons are represented as winged creatures, having the form of
young women; their hair consists of snakes; they are round-faced,
flat-nosed, with tongues lolling out and large projecting teeth.
Sometimes they have wings of gold, brazen claws and the tusks of boars.
Medusa was the only one of the three who was mortal; hence Perseus was
able to kill her by cutting off her head. From the blood that spurted
from her neck sprang Chrysaor and Pegasus, her two sons by Poseidon. The
head, which had the power of turning into stone all who looked upon it,
was given to Athena, who placed it in her shield; according to another
account, Perseus buried it in the market-place of Argos. The hideously
grotesque original type of the Gorgoneion, as the Gorgon's head was
called, was placed on the walls of cities, and on shields and
breastplates to terrify an enemy (cf. the hideous faces on Chinese
soldiers' shields), and used generally as an amulet, a protection
against the evil eye. Heracles is said to have obtained a lock of
Medusa's hair (which possessed the same powers as the head) from Athena
and given it to Sterope, the daughter of Cepheus, as a protection for
the town of Tegea against attack (Apollodorus ii. 7. 3). According to
Roscher, it was supposed, when exposed to view, to bring on a storm,
which put the enemy to flight. Frazer (_Golden Bough_, i. 378) gives
examples of the superstition that cut hair caused storms. According to
the later idea of Medusa as a beautiful maiden, whose hair had been
changed into snakes by Athena, the head was represented in works of art
with a wonderfully handsome face, wrapped in the calm repose of death.
The Rondanini Medusa at Munich is a famous specimen of this conception.
Various accounts of the Gorgons were given by later ancient writers.
According to Diod. Sic. (iii. 54. 55) they were female warriors living
near Lake Tritonis in Libya, whose queen was Medusa; according to
Alexander of Myndus, quoted in Athenaeus (v. p. 221), they were terrible
wild animals whose mere look turned men to stone. Pliny (_Nat. Hist._
vi. 36 [31]) describes them as savage women, whose persons were covered
with hair, which gave rise to the story of their snaky hair and girdle.
Modern authorities have explained them as the personification of the
waves of the sea or of the barren, unproductive coast of Libya; or as
the awful darkness of the storm-cloud, which comes from the west and is
scattered by the sun-god Perseus. More recent is the explanation of
anthropologists that Medusa, whose virtue is really in her head, is
derived from the ritual mask common to primitive cults.
See Jane E. Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_
(1903); W. H. Roscher, _Die Gorgonen und Verwandtes_ (1879); J. Six,
_De Gorgone_ (1885), on the types of the Gorgon's head; articles by
Roscher and Furtwangler in Roscher's _Lexikon der Mythologie_, by G.
Glotz in Daremberg and Saglio's _Dictionnaire des antiquites_, and by
R. Gadechens in Ersch and Gruber's _Allgemeine Encyclopadie_; N. G.
Polites ([Greek: Ho peri ton Gorgonon mythos para to Helleniko lao],
1878) gives an account of the Gorgons, and of the various
superstitions connected with them, from the modern Greek point of
view, which regards them as malevolent spirits of the sea.
GORGONZOLA, a town of Lombardy, Italy, in the province of Milan, from
which it is 11 m. E.N.E. by steam tramway. Pop. (1901) 5134. It is the
centre of the district in which is produced the well-known Gorgonzola
cheese.
GORI, a town of Russian Transcaucasia, in the government of Tiflis and
49 m. by rail N.W. of the city of Tiflis, on the river Kura; altitude,
2010 ft. Pop. (1897) 10,457. The surrounding country is very
picturesque. Gori has a high school for girls, and a school for Russian
and Tatar teachers. At one time celebrated for its silk and cotton
stuffs, it is now famous for corn, reputed the best in Georgia, and the
wine is also esteemed. The climate is excellent, delightfully cool in
summer, owing to the refreshing breezes from the mountains, though these
are, however, at times disagreeable in winter. Gori was founded (1123)
by the Georgian king David II., the Renovater, for the Armenians who
fled their country on the Persian invasion. The earliest remains of the
fortress are Byzantine; it was thoroughly restored in 1634-1658, but
destroyed by Nadir Shah of Persia in the 18th century. There is a church
constructed in the 17th century by Capuchin missionaries from Rome. Five
miles east of Gori is the remarkable rock-cut town of Uplis-tsykhe,
which was a fortress in the time of Alexander the Great of Macedon, and
an inhabited city in the reign of the Georgian king Bagrat III.
(980-1014).
GORILLA (or PONGO), the largest of the man-like apes, and a native of
West Africa from the Congo to Cameroon, whence it extends eastwards
across the continent to German East Africa. Many naturalists regard the
gorilla as best included in the same genus as the chimpanzee, in which
case it should be known as _Anthropopithecus gorilla_, but by others it
is regarded as the representative of a genus by itself, when its title
will be _Gorilla savagei_, or _G. gorilla_. That there are local forms
of gorilla is quite certain: but whether any of these are entitled to
rank as distinct species may be a matter of opinion. It was long
supposed that the apes encountered on an island off the west coast of
Africa by Hanno, the Carthaginian, were gorillas, but in the opinion of
some of those best qualified to judge, it is probable that the creatures
in question were really baboons. The first real account of the gorilla
appears to be the one given by an English sailor, Andrew Battel, who
spent some time in the wilds of West Africa during and about the year
1590; his account being presented in Purchas's _Pilgrimage_, published
in the year 1613. From this it appears that Battel was familiar with
both the chimpanzee and the gorilla, the former of which he terms engeco
and the latter pongo--names which ought apparently to be adopted for
these two species in place of those now in use. Between Battel's time
and 1846 nothing appears to have been heard of the gorilla or pongo, but
in that year a missionary at the Gabun accidentally discovered a skull
of the huge ape; and in 1847 a sketch of that specimen, together with
two others, came into the hands of Sir R. Owen, by whom the name
_Gorilla savagei_ was proposed for the new ape in 1848. Dr Thomas
Savage, a missionary at the Gabun, who sent Owen information with regard
to the original skull, had, however, himself proposed the name
_Troglodytes gorilla_ in 1847. The first complete skeleton of a gorilla
sent to Europe was received at the museum of the Royal College of
Surgeons in 1851, and the first complete skin appears to have reached
the British Museum in 1858. Paul B. du Chaillu's account (1861) of his
journeys in the Gabun region popularized the knowledge of the existence
of the gorilla. Male gorillas largely exceed the females in size, and
attain a height of from 5-1/2 ft. to 6-1/2 ft., or perhaps even more.
Some of the features distinguishing the gorilla from the mere
gorilla-like chimpanzees will be found mentioned in the article
PRIMATES. Among them are the small ears, elongated head, the presence of
a deep groove alongside the nostrils, the small size of the thumb, and
the great length of the arm, which reaches half-way down the shin-bone
(tibia) in the erect posture. In old males the eyes are overhung by a
beetling penthouse of bone, the hinder half of the middle line of the
skull bears a wall-like bony ridge for the attachment of the powerful
jaw-muscles, and the tusks, or canines, are of monstrous size, recalling
those of a carnivorous animal. The general colour is blackish, with a
more or less marked grey or brownish tinge on the hair of the shoulders,
and sometimes of chestnut on the head. Mr G. L. Bates (in _Proc. Zool.
Soc._, 1905, vol. i.) states that gorillas only leave the depths of the
forest to enter the outlying clearings in the neighbourhood of human
settlements when they are attracted by some special fruit or succulent
plant; the favourite being the fruit of the "mejom," a tall cane-like
plant (perhaps a kind of _Amomum_) which grows abundantly on deserted
clearings. At one isolated village the natives, who were unarmed,
reported that they not unfrequently saw and heard the gorillas, which
broke down the stalks of the plantains in the rear of the habitations to
tear out and eat the tender heart. On the old clearings of another
village Mr Bates himself, although he did not see a gorilla, saw the
fresh tracks of these great apes and the torn stems and discarded fruit
rinds of the "mejoms," as well as the broken stalks of the latter, which
had been used for beds. On another occasion he came across the bed of an
old gorilla which had been used only the night before, as was proved by
a negro woman, who on the previous evening had heard the animal breaking
and treading down the stalks to form its couch. According to native
report, the gorillas sleep on these beds, which are of sufficient
thickness to raise them a foot or two above the ground, in a sitting
posture, with the head inclined forwards on the breast. In the first
case Mr Bates states that the tracks and beds indicated the presence of
three or four gorillas, some of which were small. This account does not
by any means accord with one given by von Koppenfels, in which it is
stated that while the old male gorilla sleeps in a sitting posture at
the base of a tree-trunk (no mention being made of a bed), the female
and young ones pass the night in a nest in the tree several yards above
the ground, made by bending the boughs together and covering them with
twigs and moss. Mr Bates's account, as being based on actual inspection
of the beds, is probably the more trustworthy. Even when asleep and
snoring, gorillas are difficult to approach, since they awake at the
slightest rustle, and an attempt to surround the one heard making his
bed by the woman resulted in failure. Most gorillas killed by natives
are believed by Mr Bates to have been encountered suddenly in the
daytime on the ground or in low trees in the outlying clearings. Many
natives, even if armed, refuse, however, to molest an adult male
gorilla, on account of its ferocity when wounded. Mr Bates, like Mr
Winwood Reade, refused to credit du Chaillu's account of his having
killed gorillas, and stated that the only instance he knew of one of
these animals being slain by a European was an old male (now in Mr
Walter Rothschild's museum at Tring) shot by the German trader Paschen
in the Yaunde district, of which an illustrated account was published in
1901. Mr E. J. Corns states, however, that two European traders,
apparently in the "'eighties" of the 19th century, were in the habit of
surrounding and capturing these animals as occasion offered.[1] Fully
adult gorillas have never been seen alive in captivity--and perhaps
never will be, as the creature is ferocious and morose to a degree. So
long ago as the year 1855, when the species was known to zoologists only
by its skeleton, a gorilla was actually living in England. This animal,
a young female, came from the Gabun, and was kept for some months in
Wombwell's travelling menagerie, where it was treated as a pet. On its
death, the body was sent to Mr Charles Waterton, of Walton Hall, by whom
the skin was mounted in a grotesque manner, and the skeleton given to
the Leeds museum. Apparently, however, it was not till several years
later that the skin was recognized by Mr A. D. Bartlett as that of a
gorilla; the animal having probably been regarded by its owner as a
chimpanzee. A young male was purchased by the Zoological Society in
October 1887, from Mr Cross, the Liverpool dealer in animals. At the
time of arrival it was supposed to be about three years old, and stood
2-1/2 ft. high. A second, a male, supposed to be rather older, was
acquired in March 1896, having been brought to Liverpool from the French
Congo. It is described as having been thoroughly healthy at the date of
its arrival, and of an amiable and tractable disposition. Neither
survived long. Two others were received in the Zoological Society's
menagerie in 1904, and another was housed there for a short time in the
following year, while a fifth was received in 1906. Falkenstein's
gorilla, exhibited at the Westminster aquarium under the name of pongo,
and afterwards at the Berlin aquarium, survived for eighteen months.
"Pussi," the gorilla of the Breslau Zoological Gardens, holds a record
for longevity, with over seven years of menagerie life. Writing in 1903
Mr W. T. Hornaday stated that but one live gorilla, and that a tiny
infant, had ever landed in the United States; and it lived only five
days after arrival. (R. L.*)