3. (Ph. D.) The corresponding preparation of the Ph. D. is classed under
Ointments, and contains lard.
4. (Commercial.) On the large scale lard or suet is substituted for oil,
by which means less wax is required. The following is a good form where a
cheap article is wanted, and is that commonly adopted in the wholesale
trade:--
Clarified mutton suet, 5-1/2 lbs.; white wax and spermaceti, of each 3/4
lb.; as above.
_Obs._ The materials should be melted by a very gentle heat (that of a
water bath is best) in a clean stoneware vessel, and as soon as perfect
liquefaction takes place, the heat should be withdrawn, and the fluid
cerate strained into a clean vessel, and stirred with a clean wooden
spatula until it solidifies. To facilitate the cooling, the vessel may be
placed in cold water or in a current of cold air. In this way the product
is rendered both whiter and finer than when the liquid mass is allowed to
cool by itself. By adding a little flowers of benzoin with the oil, or a
little nitric ether when the cerate is about half cold, this, as well as
other like preparations, will keep for years without becoming rancid or
suffering any material change of condition.
_Uses, &c._ Emollient and cooling. It is commonly employed as a soft,
cooling dressing, as a lip salve, as an application to chaps, chilblains,
&c.
=Cerate, Sul'phur.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM SULPHU'RIS, C. SULPHURA'TUM, L.
_Prep._ (P. C.) Washed sulphur, 2 parts; cerate of Galen, 7 parts; almond
oil, 1 part; mix. In itch, &c.
=Cerate, Sul'phide of Mer'cury.= _Prep._ (Swediaur.) Yellow resin, 1/2
oz.; yellow wax and lard, of each 1/2 lb.; vermilion, 20 gr. As a dressing
to unhealthy ulcers. See CERATE, CINNABAR.
=Cerate, Tobac'co.= _Prep._ Beeswax, 3 oz.; yellow resin, 1 oz.; olive
oil, 6 oz.; tobacco juice, 4 oz.; mix and evaporate to dryness, and when
nearly cold, add bergamot, 2 dr. Used to destroy pediculi, &c.
=Cerate, Touch.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM PRO TEC'TU, L.; CERAT POUR LE TOUCHER,
Fr. _Prep._ (Soubeiran.) Spermaceti and yellow wax, of each 1 part; olive
oil, 16 parts; melt, add caustic soda, 1 part, and stir until cold. Used
in hospitals for practising the touching in accouchements.
=Cerate, Turner's.= See CERATE, CALAMINE.
=Cerate, Ver'digris.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM ÆRU'GINIS, C. CU'PRI DIACETA'TIS, L.
_Prep._ 1. Resin cerate, 19 parts; verdigris (in fine powder), 1 part.
2. (For. Ph.) Wax and resin, of each 6 parts; Venice turpentine, 5 parts;
linseed oil, 2 parts; verdigris, 1 part. Used as a mild escharotic and
stimulant to fungous ulcers, warts, corns, &c.
=Cerate, White.= See CERATE, SPERMACETI.
=Cerate, Zinc.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM ZINC'I, C. Z. OXY'DI, L. _Prep._ 1. Oxide
of zinc, 20 gr., spermaceti cerate, 1 oz. Used in sore nipples,
excoriations, &c.; and in chronic ophthalmia.
2. (Compound; CERA'TUM ZINCI COMPOSITUM, L.)--_a._ To the last add
calomel, 10 gr. Used as the last, and in scrofulous ophthalmia.
_b._ (Mid. Hosp.) Zinc ointment and compound lead ointment, equal parts.
Cooling, astringent; in excoriations, and as a dressing for ulcers.
_c._ (Hufeland.) Oxide of zinc and lycopodium, of each 15 gr.; simple
cerate, 1/2 oz. In sore nipples, ulcerations of the breast, tetters, &c.
It acts best when diluted with half its weight of spermaceti cerate.
_d._ (U. S. Ph.) Precipitated carbonate zinc, 2 oz.; simple cerate, 10 oz.
A substitute for calamine cerate.
=CEREB'RIC ACID.= A peculiar acid compound, first noticed by M. Frémy,
obtained along with oleo-phosphoric acid when the brain and nerves are
treated with hot alcohol. It is solid, white, crystalline; freely soluble
in boiling alcohol, and forms a solid gelatinous mass with hot water;
fusible with decomposition, exhaling a peculiar odour, and leaving much
charcoal behind. It has been found also in the yolk of eggs, in seminal
fluid, and in pus. With the alkalies it forms insoluble salts termed
cerebrates.
=CEREB'ROLEIN.= When oleo-phosphoric acid is boiled in water, it is
resolved into a fluid neutral oil and phosphoric acid, which dissolves.
The former is cerebrolein.
=CE'RIN=, HC_{27}H_{53}O_{2}. (Brodie.) _Syn._ CEROTIC ACID. When pure
beeswax (bleached) is digested in boiling alcohol for some time, a
solution of myricin and cerin is formed. The former is deposited as the
liquid cools, and the latter may be obtained by evaporating the decanted
portion. Cerin is a white, crystallisable substance, soluble in 16 parts
of boiling alcohol; it fuses at 144° Fahr.; and is readily saponified with
caustic alkaline lyes. It greatly resembles white wax, of which, indeed,
it forms from 70%; to 80%.
=CERISIN.= A substance obtained from ozokerit or fossil wax, very similar
in appearance and properties to white wax, for which it has been proposed
as a substitute in pharmaceutical preparations. At present it is chiefly
used in the manufacture of candles. Cerisin appears to be one of the
paraffins. It differs, however, from ordinary paraffin in not being
unctuous to the touch, in being non-translucent and firmer in texture, and
in having a higher fusing point. It seems to be intermediate between
ordinary paraffin and wax.
=CE'RIUM.= Ce. A metal discovered in 1803 by Hisinger and Berzelius in the
mineral named cerite.
=Cerium Oxalate.= (Ph. B.) It may be obtained as a precipitate by adding a
solution of oxalate of ammonia to a soluble salt of cerium.--_Dose_, 1 to
2 gr. Given in the vomiting of pregnancy.
=CE'ROMEL.= _Prep._ (Van Mons.) Beeswax, 1 oz.; honey, 4 oz.; melt
together and stir until cold. An excellent application to irritable
ulcers, abraded surfaces, sore nipples, &c.
=CERO'TIC ACID.= See CERIN.
=CESSPOOLS.= It may be well to point out that the local authorities of any
district in which a cesspool is situated are required by the Public Health
Act--1. To see that it is so constructed and kept as to prevent its
becoming either a nuisance or detrimental to health. 2. That an
examination of any cesspool can be made by the sanitary inspector, or by
any officer appointed by the local authority, after notice of entry has
been served upon those who are the occupiers of the premises on which it
is situated. 3. The local authority may itself undertake the cleansing of
a cesspool, or it may enact bye-laws imposing this duty on the occupiers
of the premises. 4. If the local authority, after having undertaken the
cleansing of a cesspool, fail to do its duty, it becomes liable, after
notice from an occupier, for the payment to the said occupier of a penalty
not exceeding five shillings a day during default. 5. Any person in an
urban district who allows the contents of a cesspool to overflow, or to
soak therefrom, incurs a penalty of forty shillings for each offence, and
a further charge of five shillings a day for the continuance of the
offence after notice. 6. Information of any nuisance under the said Act in
the district of any local authority may be given to such local authority
by any person aggrieved thereby, or by any two inhabitant householders of
such district, or by any officer of such authority, or by the relieving
officer, or by any constable or officer of the police force of such
district.
It does not come within our province to enter into details as to the best
method of building a cesspool.
We may, however, state, that owing to the defective and leaky construction
of a cesspool, it very frequently becomes a serious source of dangerous
contamination to the wells in the neighbourhood, as well as a ready means
of contagion, when it contains the excreta of fever patients. The outbreak
of typhoid fever at the west end of London in 1874, the origin of which
was traced to the milk supply, was owing to the vessels in which the milk
was collected in the country having been washed out with water taken from
a well near a cesspool, into which ran the contents of a privy belonging
to a house, some of the inmates of which were labouring under typhoid
fever.
For a cesspool not to be injurious to health it should be water-tight and
ventilated by a shaft; it should never be allowed to overflow; and should
be sunk at as great a distance from houses or dwellings as possible.
=CE'TIN.= C_{32}H_{64}O_{2}. Chevreul applied this name to pure
spermaceti. _Prep._ Dissolve spermaceti in boiling alcohol, and collect
the crystals that are deposited as the solution cools. Bright pearly
crystals, melting at 120°, and subliming at 670° Fahr. See SPERMACETI.
=CETRAR'IC ACID.= H_{2}C_{18}H_{14}O_{8}. _Syn._ CETRAR'IN. The bitter
principle of Iceland moss (_Cetraria Islandica_). It exists, in the free
state, in the cortical portion of the thallus.
_Prep._ 1. Iceland moss (bruised), 1 part; rectified spirit, 6 parts; boil
in a covered vessel for half an hour; express the liquor whilst hot,
filter, and distil off the spirit; redissolve the residuum in boiling
alcohol, decant the clear, and let the solution cool slowly; lastly,
collect the crystals and preserve them out of contact with air.
2. (Herberger.) Iceland moss (in coarse powder), 1 lb.; alcohol (·883), 4
lbs.; boil as before, cool until vapours cease to rise, express the
tincture, add hydrochloric acid, 3 dr., (dissolved in) water, 2 oz.; let
it rest for a night in a closed matrass; then decant, throw the deposit on
a filter, press it in bibulous paper, and whilst still moist wash it with
both alcohol and ether; lastly, purify it by digestion in boiling alcohol,
as before.
_Prop., &c._ Pure cetraric acid occurs under the form of minute, shining,
acicular crystals; it is intensely bitter, non-volatile, scarcely soluble
in water, ether, and cold alcohol; soluble in alkaline solutions forming
soluble salts, which give a red colour with the persalts of iron, and a
yellow one with acetate of lead. The compounds are called
cetrarates.--_Dose_, 2 to 4 gr. every three hours, as a febrifuge; 1 to 3
gr. thrice daily, as a tonic.
=CHA'BERT'S OIL.= _Syn._ CHABERT'S EMPYREUMAT'IC OIL; O'LEUM
EMPYREUMAT'ICUM CHABERTI, O. CONTRA TÆNIAM CHABERTI, L. _Prep._ (Ph. Bor.
1847.) From empyreumatic oil of hartshorn, 1 part; oil of turpentine, 3
parts; mix and distil over three fourths only in a glass retort, and keep
it in well-stopped bottles. In tapeworm.--_Dose_, 2 teaspoonfuls in water,
night and morning, until 4 to 6 or even 7 oz. have been taken; a cathartic
being also administered from time to time.
=CHAFING.= See EXCORIATIONS.
=CHAIRS.= The black leather work of chairs, settees, &c., may be restored
by first well washing off the dirt with a little warm soap and water, and
afterwards with clean water. The brown and faded portions may now be
retained by means of a little black ink, or preferably, black reviver, and
when this has got thoroughly dry, they may be touched over with white of
egg, stained and mixed with a little sugar-candy. When the surface is
nearly dry, it should be polished off with a clean brush.
=CHALK.= _Syn._ SOFT CARBONATE OF LIME, or CARBONATE OF CALCIUM, EARTHY C.
OF L.; CRE'TA, L. Chalk is largely used in the arts and manufactures, and
in medicine. The natural varieties are remarkable for the fossils which
they contain. The COLOURED CHALKS which are used as pigments and for
crayons generally contain both clay and magnesia, as well as oxide of
iron, and are minerals quite distinct from WHITE CHALK, or CHALK properly
so called. The latter is an AMORPHOUS CARBONATE OF LIME. Exposed for some
time to a red heat, it is converted into QUICK-LIME; ground in mills and
elutriated, it forms WHITING; the same process performed more carefully
and on a smaller scale produces the PREPARED CHALK used in medicine. When
prepared artificially (by precipitation), it is the PRECIPITATED CHALK of
modern pharmacy. (See _below_.)
=Chalk, Black.= A variety of drawing slate.
=Chalk, Brown.= A familiar name for umber.
=Chalk, Cam'phorated.= _Syn._ CRETACEOUS TOOTH POWDER, CAM'PHORATED T. P.;
CRE'TA CAM'PHORATA, C. CUM CAMPHO'RA, L. _Prep._ 1. Camphor, 1 oz.; add a
few drops of spirit of wine, reduce it to a very fine powder, and mix it
(perfectly) with precipitated chalk, 7 oz.; lastly, pass it through a
clean, fine sieve, and keep it in a corked bottle. These proportions make
the strongest "CAMPHORATED TOOTH POWDER" of the shops.
2. Camphor, 1 oz.; precipitated chalk, 15 oz.; as before. These are the
best and safest proportions, and those now generally adopted by the
West-end perfumers.
3. As either of the above, but using prepared chalk in lieu of
precipitated chalk. Less white and velvety, but cleans the teeth better
than the softer article.
_Uses, &c._ Camphorated chalk is much esteemed as a dentifrice; especially
by smokers, and those troubled with foul teeth, or offensive breath. It
may be scented with a few drops (3 or 4 to each oz.) of otto of roses, oil
of cloves, or neroli, or of the essences of ambergris, musk, or vanilla;
but care must be taken not to overdo it. When the teeth are much furred or
discoloured, it may be mixed with about one seventh of its weight of
finely powdered pumice stone (sifted through lawn), which will render it
more effective. A little carmine, rouge, light red (burnt ochre), red
coral, or rose pink, is also sometimes added to give it a tinge
approaching that of the gums. The quantity of camphor (1 to 3 or 4)
commonly ordered in certain books is absurdly large, and would render the
compound not only unpleasant in use, but actually detrimental to the
teeth. See DENTIFRICES.
=Chalk, French.= Soap stone or steatite, a soft magnesian mineral,
possessing the property of writing on glass. It is used by tailors for
marking cloths. Its powder (obtained by scraping) is very soft, velvety,
and absorbent of grease. It forms the boot powder of the boot- and
shoe-makers.
=Chalk Mixture.= _Syn._ MISTURA CRETÆ, L. Prepared chalk, 1 part; gum
arabic (in powder), 1 part; syrup, 2 parts; cinnamon water, 30 parts; mix
by trituration.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 oz., with astringent tinctures and opium.
Care should be taken to use the prepared chalk as directed; the
precipitated chalk has a crystalline character, and is said to occasion
irritation of the bowels. (Squire.)
=Chalk, Precip'itated.= _Syn._ PRECIPITATED CAR'BONATE OF LIME; CRE'TA
PRÆCIPITA'TA, CAL'CIS CARB'ONAS PRÆCIPITA'TUM, L. _Prep._ 1. By adding to
a solution of chloride of calcium, any quantity, another of carbonate of
soda (both cold), and well washing the precipitate with pure water, and
drying it out of the dust.
2. (Ph. D.) Solution of chloride of calcium (Ph. D.), 5 parts; carbonate
of soda, 3 parts; (dissolved in) water, 4 parts.
3. (B. P.) Dissolve chloride of calcium, 5 oz.; and carbonate of soda, 13
oz.; each in two pints of boiling distilled water; mix the two solutions,
and allow the precipitate to subside. Collect this on a calico filter,
wash it with boiling distilled water, until the washing cease to give a
precipitate with nitrate of silver, and try the product at the temperature
of 212° F.
_Uses, &c._ It is chiefly employed for making aromatic confection,
cretaceous powder, and chalk mixture. That of the shops is seldom pure,
the refuse of the soda-water makers (sulphate of lime) being commonly sold
for it. When pure it is wholly soluble, with effervescence, in dilute
hydrochloric acid. (See _below_.)
=Chalk, Prepa''red.= _Syn._ CRE'TA (Ph. E. & Ph. L. 1836), CRE'TA
PREPARA'TA (Ph. L. 1851), CRE'TA AL'BA (Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. D.
1836.) Rub chalk, 1 lb., with sufficient water, add gradually, until
reduced to a smooth cream; then stir this into a large quantity of water,
and, after a short interval, to allow the coarser particles to subside,
pour off the supernatant water (still turbid) into another vessel, and
allow the suspended powder to settle; lastly, collect the chalk so
prepared and dry it. In the same way shells are prepared, after being
first freed from impurities and washed with boiling water.
2. (Commercial; WHI'TING.) On the large scale the chalk is ground in
mills, and the elutriation and deposit made in large reservoirs. It is now
seldom prepared by the druggist.
_Pur._ Almost entirely soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, provided it
contains no sulphate of lime or silica, giving off small bubbles of
carbonic acid gas.
_Test._ The salt formed by dissolving the chalk in hydrochloric acid, if
rendered neutral by evaporation to dryness and redissolved in water, gives
only a very scanty precipitate on the addition of a saccharated solution
of lime, indicating absence of phosphate. (B. P.)
_Uses, &c._ In _medicine_, as an absorbent, antacid, and desiccant; in
acidity, heartburn, dyspepsia, and other like stomach affections, and in
diarrh[oe]a, depending on acidity or irritation; in the latter, generally
combined with aromatics, astringents, or opium. It forms a valuable
dusting powder in excoriations, ulcers, &c., especially in those of
children.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to a spoonful, in a little water or milk, or
made into a mixture with mucilage or syrup.
=Chalk, Red.= A natural clay containing about 18% of protoxide and
carbonate of iron.
=CHALYB'EATES.= _Syn._ CHALYBEA'TA, FERRUGIN'EA, L. The medicinal
qualities of the preparations of iron are noticed under the name of that
metal. Those most frequently employed in medicine are--IRON FILINGS;
QUEVENNE'S IRON; the BLACK OXIDE, MAGNETIC OXIDE, and SESQUIOXIDE OF IRON;
the AMMONIO-CHLORIDE and SESQUICHLORIDE; the CARBONATE and SACCHARINE
CARBONATE; the CITRATE and AMMONIO-CITRATE; the IODIDE, LACTATE, and
SULPHATE; the TARTRATE, AMMONIO-TARTRATE, and POTASSIO-TARTRATE OF IRON;
and the CHALYBEATE MINERAL WATERS. For the doses, &c., see the respective
articles.
=CHAM'OMILE.= _Syn._ ANTHE'MIS, L. The flowers of the _Anthemis nobilis_
(_Anthemidis Flores_, B. P.). They are bitter, stomachic, and tonic; in
dyspepsia, loss of appetite, intermittents, &c. They are an effectual
remedy for nightmare; and, according to Dr Schall, the only certain remedy
for that complaint.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr., or more, in powder or made
into a tea. Fomentations are also made with it. See EXTRACTS, OILS, PILLS,
&c.
=CHAMPAGNE'.= See WINES.
=CHAPS.= These are too well known to require description. Chapped hands
are common amongst persons with a languid circulation, who are continually
"dabbling" in water during cold weather. Chapped lips generally occur in
persons with pallid, bluish, moist lips, who are much exposed to the wind
in dry cold weather; especially in those who are continually moving from
heated apartments to the external air. The application of a little COLD
CREAM, POMATUM, SPERMACETI OINTMENT, LARD, or any similar article, will
generally prevent chaps on the lips, and chaps and chilblains on the
hands. Persons employed in oil and tallow works, or about oil, and who
have consequently their hands continually in contact with greasy matter,
never suffer from these things. A little oil or unguent of any kind, well
rubbed on the hands on going to rest (removing the superfluous portion
with a cloth), will not only preserve them from cold, but tend to render
them both soft and white. See CHILBLAIN.
=CHAR (Potted).= The flesh of the _Salmo Alpinus_ (Linn.), or trout of the
Alps, common in the lakes of Lapland, preserved by the common process of
potting.
=CHAR'BON-ROUX= [Fr.]. See CHARCOAL, WOOD (_below_).
=CHAR'COAL.= Charcoal is made by charring organic substances, such as
wood, bone, blood, &c., and is, in other words, the fixed residuum of
vegetable or animal matter exposed to a high temperature out of contact
with atmospheric air.
There are several different varieties of charcoal, the chief of which,
however, are wood and animal charcoal.
=Charcoal, Animal.= _Syn._ ANIMAL BLACK, BONE BLACK, IVORY BLACK, CARBO
ANIMALIS. The charcoal obtained by igniting bone in close vessels, but
often applied likewise to any charcoal obtained from animal matter.
_Commercial._ Bones (deprived of their grease by boiling) are broken to
pieces, and put into small cast-iron pots, varying from 3/8 to 1/2 an inch
in thickness. Two of these being filled, are dexterously placed with their
mouths together and then luted with loam. A number of these vessels are
then placed side by side and piled on each other, in an oven resembling a
potter's kiln, to the number of 100 or 150, or even more. The fire is next
kindled, and the heat kept up strongly for 10 or 12 hours, according to
circumstances, until the process is completed. The whole is then allowed
to cool before opening the pots.