sparsum, _Sowerby_, Gen. Shells.[1]
clavatum, _Chenu_, Illust. Conch.
Teredo nucivorus, _Spengl_. Skr. Nat. Sels.[2]
Solen truncatus, _Wood_, Gen. Conch.
linearis, _Wood_, Gen. Conch.
cultellus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
radiatus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Anatina subrostrata, _Lamarck_, Anim. s. Vert.
Anatinella Nicobarica, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
Lutraria Egyptiaca, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Blainvillea vitrea, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[3]
Scrobicularia angulata, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[4]
Mactra complanata, _Deshayes_, Proc. Zool. Soc.[5]
tumida, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
antiquata, _Reeve_ (as of _Spengler_), Conch. Icon.
cygnea, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Corbiculoides, _Deshayes_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Mesodesma Layardi, _Deshayes_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
striata, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[6]
Crassatella rostrata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
sulcata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Amphidesma duplicatum, _Sowerby_. Species Conch.
Pandora Ceylonica, _Sowerby_, Conch. Mis.
Galeomma Layardi. _Deshayes_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Kellia peculiaris, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Petricola cultellus, _Deshayes_ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.
Sanguinolaria rosea, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Psammobia rostrata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
occidens, _Gm_. Systema Naturæ.
Skinneri, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.[7]
Layardi, _Desh_. P.Z. Soc. 1854.
lunulata, _Desh_. P.Z. Soc. 1854.
amethystus, _Wood_, Gen. Conch.[8]
rugosa, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.[9]
Tellina virgata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[10]
rugosa, _Born_. Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
ostracea, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
ala, _Hanley_, Thesaur. Conch. i.
inæqualis, _Hanley_, Thesaur. Conch. i.
Layardi, _Deshayes_, P.Z. Soc. 1854.
callosa, _Deshayes_, P.Z. Soc. 1854.
rubra, _Deshayes_, P.Z. Soc. 1854.
abbreviata, _Deshayes_, P.Z. Soc. 1854.
foliacea, _Linn_. Systema Naturæ.
lingua-felis, _Linn_. Systema Naturæ,
vulsella, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[11]
Lucina interrupta, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.[12]
Layardi, _Deshayes_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855.
Donax scortum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
cuneata, _Linn_. Syst, Nat.
faba, _Chem_. Conch. Cab.
spinosa, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
paxillus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Cyrena Ceylanica, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Tennentii, _Hanley_, P. Z. Soc. 1858.
Cytherea Erycina, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[13]
meretrix, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[14]
castanea, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
castrensis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
casta, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
costata, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
læta, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
trimaculata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Hebræa, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
rugifera, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
scripta, _Linn_. Syst. Nat
gibbia, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Meroe, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
testudinalis, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
seminuda, _Anton_. Wiegm. Arch. Nat. 1837.
Cytherea seminuda, _Anton._[15]
Venus reticulata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[16]
pinguis, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
recens, _Philippi_, Abbild. Neuer Conch.
thiara, _Dillw_. Descriptive Cat. Shells.
Malabarica, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Bruguieri, _Hanley_, Recent Bivalves,
papilionacea, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Indica, _Sowerby_, Thesaur. Conch. ii.
inflata, _Deshayes_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.[17]
Ceylonensis, _Sowerby_, Thes. Conch. ii.
literata, _Linn_. Systema Naturæ,
textrix, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[18]
Cardium unedo, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
maculosum, _Wood_, Gen. Con.
leucostomum, _Born_. Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
rugosum, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
biradiatum, _Bruguiere_, Encyc. Méth. Vers.
attenuatum, _Sowerby_, Conch. Illust.
enode, _Sowerby_, Conch Illust.
papyraceum, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
ringiculum, _Sowerby_, Conch. Illust.
subrugosum, _Sowerby_, Conch. Illust.
latum, _Born_, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
Asiaticum, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Cardita variegata, _Bruguiere_, Encyc. Méthod. Vers.
bicolor, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Arca rhombea, _Born_, Test. Mus.
vellicata, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
cruciata, _Philippi_, Ab. Neuer Conch.
decussata, _Reeve_ (as of Sowerby), Conch. Icon.[19]
scapha, _Meuschen_, in Gronov. Zoo.
Pectunculus nodosus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
pectiniformis, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Nucula mitralis, _Hinds_, Zool. voy. Sul.
Layardi, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Nucula Mauritii (_Hanley_ as of _Hinds_), Recent Bivalves.
Unio corrugatus, _Müller_, Hist. Verm Ter.[20]
marginalis, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Lithodomus cinnamoneus, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Mytilus viridis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[21]
bilocularis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Pinna inflata, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
cancellata, _Mawe_, Intr. Lin. Conch.
Malleus vulgaris, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
albus, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Meleagrina margaritifera, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
vexillum, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.[22]
Avicula macroptera, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Lima squamosa, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Pecten plica, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
radula, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
pleuronectes, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
pallium, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
senator, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
histrionicus, _Gm_, Syst. Nat.
Indicus, _Deshayes_, Voyage Belanger.
Layardi, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Spondylus Layardi, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon,
candidus, _Reeve_ (as of _Lam_.) Conch. Icon.
Ostrea hyotis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
glaucina, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Mytiloides, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert,
cucullata? var. _Born_. Test. Mus Vind.[23]
Vulsella Pholadiformis, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon. (immature).
Placuna placenta, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Lingula anatina, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Hyalæa tridentata, _For_. Anim. Orient.[24]
Chiton, 2 species (_Layard_).
Patella Reynaudii, _Deshayes_, Voy. Be.
testudinaria, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Emarginula fissurata, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[25] _Lam_.
Calyptræa (Crucibulum) violascens,
_Carpenter_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Dentalium octogonum, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert
aprinum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Bulla soluta, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[26]
vexillum, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Bruguieri, _Adams_, Thes. Conch.
elongata, _Adams_, Thes. Conch.
ampulla, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Lamellaria (as Marsenia Indica, _Leach_. in Brit. Mus.) allied to
L. Mauritiana, if not it.
Vaginula maculata, _Templ_. An. Nat.
Limax, 2 sp.
Parmacella Tennentii, _Templ_.[27]
Vitrina irradians, _Pfeiffer_, Hon. Helic.
Edgariana, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
membranacea, _Benson_, Annal. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
Helix hæmastoma, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
vittata, _Müller_, Vermium Terrestrium.
bistrialis, _Beck_, in Pfeiffer, Symbol. Helic.
Tranquebarica, _Fabricius_, in _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Juliana, _Gray_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834.
Waltoni, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842.
Skinneri, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon, vii.
corylus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon. vii.
umbrina, (_Reeve_, as of _Pfeiff_.), Conch. Icon. vii.
fallaciosa, _Férassac_ Hist. Mollus.
Rivolii, _Deshayes_, Enc. Méth. Vers. ii.
Charpentieri, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
erronea, _Albers, Zeitschr_. Mal. 1853.
carneola, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
convexiuscula, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
ganoma, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Chenui, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
semidecussata, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
phoenix, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
superba, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Ceylanica, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Gardneri, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
coriaria, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Layardi, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
concavospira, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
novella, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
verrucula, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
hyphasma, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Emiliana, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Woodiana, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
partita, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
biciliata, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Isabellina, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc.
trifilosa, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool Soc. 1854.
politissima, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Thwaitesii, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
nepos, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855.
subopaca, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.
subconoidea, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
ceraria. _Benson_, Annals Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
vilipensa, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
perfucata, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
puteolus, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
mononema, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
marcida, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
galerus, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1856 (xviii.)
albizonata, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
Nietneri, _Dohrn_, MS.[28]
Grevillei, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Streptaxis Layardi, _Pfeiff._ Mon. Helic.
Cingalensis, _Pfeiff._ Monog. Helic.
Pupa muscerda, _Benson_, Annals Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
mimula, _Benson_, Ann. Nat Hist. 1856 (xviii.)
Ceylanica, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Bulimus
trifasciatus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
pullus, _Gray._ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834.
gracilis, _Hutton_, Journ. Asiat. Soc. iii.
punctatus, _Anton_, Verzeichn. Conch.
Ceylanicus, _Pfeiff_. (? lævis, _Gray_, in Index
Testaceologicus.)
adumbratus, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
intermedius, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
proletarius, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
albizonatus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
mavortius, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
fuscoventris, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1856 (xviii.)
rufopictus, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1856 (xviii.)
panos, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
Achatina nitens, _Gray_, Spicilegia Zool.
inornata, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
capillacea, _Pfeiff_. Monog, Helic.
Ceylanica, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Punctogallana, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
pachycheila, _Benson_.
veruina, _Bens_. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
parabilis, _Bens_. Ann. Nat. Hist 1856 (xviii.)
Succinea Ceylanica, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Auricula Ceylanica, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.[29]
Ceylanica, _Petit_, Proc. Zool Soc. 1842.[30]
Layardi, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.[31]
pellucens, _Menke_, Synopsis Moll.
Pythia Ceylanica, _Pfeiff_. Zeitschr. Malacoz. 1853.
ovata, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Truncatella Ceylanica, _Pfeiff_ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Cyclostoma (_Cyclophorus_) Ceylanicum, _Sowerby_, Thes. Conch.
involvulum, _Müller_, Verm. Terrest.
Menkeanum, _Philippi_, Zeitsch. Mal. 1847.
punctatum, _Grateloup_. Act. Lin. Bordeaux (xi.)
Loxostoma, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
alabastrum, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
Bairdii, _Pfeiff_. Monog Pneumon.
Thwaitesii, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
annulatum, _Troschel_, in Pfeiff. Mon. Pneumon.
parapsis, _Bens_. Ann. Nat. Hist 1853 (xii.)
parma, _Bens_. Ann. Nat Hist. 1856 (xviii.)
cratera, _Bens_. Ann. Nat. Hist 1856 (xviii.)
(_Leptopoma_) halophilum, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist.
(ser. 2. vii.) 1851.
orophilum, _Bens_. Annals Nat. Hist. (ser. 2. xi.)
apicatum, _Bens_. Ann. Nat Hist 1856 (xviii.)
conulus, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
flammeum, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
semiclausum, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
poecilum, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
elatum, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
Cyclostoma _(Aulopoma)_.
Itieri, _Guérin_, Rev. Zool. 1847.
helicinum, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Hoffmeisteri, _Troschel_, Zeitschr. Mal. 1847.
grande, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
spheroideum, _Dohrn_, Malak. Blätter.
(?) gradatum, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneum.
Cyclostoma (_Pterocyclos_).
Cingalense, _Bens_. Ann. Nat Hist. (ser. 2. xi.)
Troscheli, _Bens_. Ann. Nat. Hist 1851.
Cumingii, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
bifrons, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
Cataulus Templemani, _Pfeiff_. Mon. Pneu.
eurytrema, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
marginatus, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.
duplicatus, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
aureus, _Pfeiff._ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855.
Layardi, _Gray_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
Austenianus _Bens._ Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
Thwaitesii, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
Cumingii, _Pfeiff_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
decorus, _Bens_. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853.
hæmastoma, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Planorbis Coromandelianus, _Fabric_, in _Dorhrn's_ MS.
Stelzeneri, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
elegantulus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
Limnæa tigrina, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
pinguis, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
Melania tuberculata, _Müller_, Verm. Ter.[32]
spinulosa, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
corrugata, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
rudis, _Lea_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
acanthica, _Lea_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
Zeylanica, _Lea_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
confusa, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
datura, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
Layardi, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
Paludomus abbreviatus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
clavatus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
dilatatus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
globulosus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
decussatus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
nigricans, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
constrictus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
bicinctus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
phasianinus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
lævis, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
palustris, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. So. 1854.
fulguratus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. So. 1857.
nasutus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
sphæricus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. So. 1857.
solidus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
distinguendus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
Cumingianus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
dromedarius, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
Skinneri, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
Swainsoni, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. So. 1857.
nodulosus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. So. 1857.
Paludomus (_Tanalia_).
loricatus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
erinaceus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
æreus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
Layardi, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
undatus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Gardneri, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Tennentii, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Reevei, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
violaceus, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. So. 1854.
similis, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
funiculatus, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Paludomus (_Philopotamis_).
sulcatus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
regalis, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Thwaitesii, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Pirena atra, _Linn_. Systema Naturæ.
Paludina melanostoma, _Bens_.
Ceylanica, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. So. 1857.
Bythinia stenothyroides, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
modesta, _Dohrn_, MS.
inconspicua, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
Ampullaria Layardi, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
moesta, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
cinerea, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Woodwardi, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
Tischbeini, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
carinata, _Swainson_, Zool. Illus ser. 2
paludinoides, Cat. _Cristofori & Jan._[33]
Malabarica, _Philippi_, in Kust. ed. Chem.[33]
Luzonica, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.[33]
Sumatrensis, _Philippi_, in Kust. ed. Chem.[33]
Navicella eximia, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon,
reticulata, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Livesayi, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
squamata, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. So. 1858.
depressa, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Neritina crepidularia, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
melanostoma, _Troschel_, Wiegm. Arch. Nat. 1837.
triserialis, _Sowerby_, Conch. Illustr.
Colombaria, _Recluz_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845.
Perottetiana, _Recluz_, Revue Zool. Cuvier, 1841.
Ceylanensis, _Recluz_, Mag. Conch. 1851.
Layardi, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
rostrata, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
reticulata, _Sowerby_, Conch. Illustr.
Nerita plicata, _Linn_. Systema Naturæ.
costata, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
plexa, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[34]
Natica aurantia, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
mammilla, _Linn_. Systema Naturæ.
picta, _Reeve (as of Recluz)_, Conch. Icon.
arachnoidea, _Gm_. Systema Naturæ.
lineata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
adusta, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab f. 1926-7, and _Karsten_.[35]
pellis-tigrina, _Karsten_, Mus. Lesk.[36]
didyma, _Bolten_, Mus.[37]
Ianthina prolongata, _Blainv._, Diction. Sciences Nat. xxiv.
communis, _Krauss_, (as of _Lamarck_ in part) Sud-Afrik.
Mollusk.
Sigaretus. A species (possibly Javanicus) is known to have been
collected. I have not seen it.
Stomatella calliostoma, _Adams_, Thesaur. Conch
Holiotis varia, _Linn._ Systema Naturæ.
striata, _Martini_ (as of _Linn._), Conch. Cab. i.
semistriata, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Tornatella solidula, _Linn._ Systema Nat.
Pyramidella maculosa, _Lam._, Anim. s. Vert.
Eulima Martini, _Adams_, Thes. Conch. ii.
Siliquaria muricata, _Born_, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
Scalaria raricostata, _Lam._, Anim. s. Vert.
Delphinula laciniata, _Lam._, Anim. s. Vert.
distorta, _Linn._, Syst. Nat.[38]
Solarium perdix, _Hinds._, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Layardi, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.[39]
Rotella vestiaria, _Linn._, Syst. Nat.
Phorus pallidulus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon. i.
Trochus elegantulus, _Gray_, Index Tes. Suppl.
Niloticus, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
Monodonta labio, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
canaliculata, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
Turbo versicolor, _Gm._ Syst. Nat.
princeps, _Philippi_.[40]
Planaxis undulatus, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.[41]
Littorina angulifera, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
melanostoma, _Gray_, Zool., Beech.
Chemnitzia trilineata, _Adams_, Proc. Zool Soc. 1853..
lirata, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.
Phasianella lineolata, _Gray_, Index Test. Suppl.
Turritella bacillum, _Kiener_, Coquilles Vivantes.
columnaris, _Kiener_, Coquilles Vivantes.
duplicata, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
attenuata, _Reeve_, Syst. Nat.
Cerithium fluviatile, _Potiez & Michaud_, Galerie Douai.
Layardi (Cerithidea), _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
aluco, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
asperum, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
telescopium, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
palustre obeliscus, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
fasciatum, _Brug._, Encycl. Méth. Vers
rubus, _Sowerby_ (as of _Martyn_), Thes. Conch. ii.
Sowerbyi, _Kiener_, Coquilles Vivantes (teste Sir E. Tennent).
Pleurotoma Indica, _Deshayes_, Voyage Belanger.
virgo, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
Turbinella pyrum, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
rapa, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert. (the Chank.)
cornigera, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
spirillus, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
Cancellaria trigonostoma, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.[43]
scalata, _Sowerby_, Thesaur. Conch.
articularis, _Sowerby_, Thesaur, Conch.
Littoriniformis, _Sowerby_, Thes. Conch.
contabulata, _Sowerby_, Thes. Conch.
Fasciolaria filamentosa, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
trapezium, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
Fusus longissimus, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
colus, _Linn._ Mus. Lud. Ulricæ.
toreuma, _Deshayes_, (as Murex t. _Martyn_). ed.
_Lam._ Amin. s. Vert.
laticostatus, _Deshayes_, Magas. Zool. 1831.
Blosvillei, _Deshayes_, Encyl. Méthod. Vers., ii.
Pyrula rapa, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.[44]
citrina, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
pugilina, _Born_, Test. Mus. Vind.[45]
ficus, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
ficoides, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
Ranella crumena, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
spinosa, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
rana, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.[46]
margaritula, _Deshayes_, Voy. Belanger.
Murex haustellum, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
adustus, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
microphyllus, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
anguliferus, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
palmarosæ, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
ternispina, _Kiener_, (as of _Lam._), Coquilles Vivantes.
tenuispina, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
ferrugo, _Mawe_, Index. Test. Suppl.[47]
Reeveanus, _Shuttleworth_, (teste _Cuming_)
Triton anus, _Linn_, Syst. Nat.[48]
mulus, _Dillwyn_, Descript. Cat. Shells.
retusus, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
pyrum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
clavator, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Ceylonensis, _Sowerby_, Proc. Zool. Soc.
lotorium, _Lam_. (not _Linn_.) Anim. s. Vert.
lampas, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Pterocera lambis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
millepeda, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Strombus canarium, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[49]
succinctus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
fasciatus, _Born_, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
Sibbaldii, _Sowerby_, Thesaur. Conch. t.
lentiginosus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
marginatus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Lamarckii, _Sowerby_, Thesaur. Conch.
Cassis glauca, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[50]
canaliculata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Zeylanica, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
areola, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Ricinula alboiabris, _Blainv_. Nouv. Ann. Mus. H. N. i.[51]
horrida, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
morus, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Purpura fiscella, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Persica, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
hystrix, _Lam_. (not _Linn_.) Anim. s. Vert.
granatina, _Deshayes_, Voy. Belanger.
mancinella, _Lam_. (as of _Linn_.) Anim. s. Vert.
bufo, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
carinifera, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Harpa conoidalis, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
minor, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Dolium pomum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
olearium, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
perdix, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
maculatum, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Nassa ornata, _Kiener_, Coq. Vivantes.[52]
verrucosa, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
crenulata, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
olivacea, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
glans, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
arcularia, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
papillosa, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Phos virgatus, _Hinds_, Zool. Sul. Moll.
retecosus, _Hinds_, Zool. Sulphur, Moll.
senticosus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Buccinum melanostoma, _Sowerly_, App. to Tankerv. Cat.
erythrostoma, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Proteus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
rubiginosum, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Eburna spirata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[53]
canaliculata, _Schumacher_, Sys. Anim. s. Vert.[54]
Ceylanica, _Bruguiere_, En. Méth. Vers.
Bullia vittata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
lineolata, _Sowerby_, Tankerv. Cat.[55]
Melanoides, _Deshayes_, Voy. Belan
Terebra chlorata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
muscaria, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
lævigata, _Gray_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834.
maculata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
subulata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
concinna, _Deshayes_, ed. _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
myurus, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
tigrina, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
Cerithina, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Columbella flavida, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
fulgurans, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
mendicaria, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
scripta, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.(teste _Jay_).
Mitra episcopalis, _Dillwyn_, Descript. Cat. Shells.
cardinalis, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
crebrilirata, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
punctostriata, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
insculpta, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Layard, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.[56]
Voluta vexillum, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Lapponica, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Melo Indicus, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
Marginella Sarda, _Kiener_, Coq. Vivantes.
Ovulum ovum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
verrucosum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
pudicum, _Adams_, Proc. Zool Soc. 1854.
Cypræa Argus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Arabica, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Mauritiana, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
hirundo, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Lynx, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
asellus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
erosa, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
vitellus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
stolida, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
mappa, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
helvola, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
errones, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
cribraria, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
globulus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
clandestina, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
ocellata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
caurica, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
tabescens, _Solander_, in Dillwyn Descr. Cat. Shells.
gangrenosa, _Solander_, in Dillwyn Desc. Cat. Shells.
interrupta, _Gray_, Zool. Journ. i.
lentiginosa, _Gray_, Zool. Journ. i.
pyriformis, _Gray_, Zool. Journ. i.
nivosa, _Broderip_, Zool. Journ. iii.
poraria, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
testudinaria, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Terebellum subulatum, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Ancillaria glabrata, _Linn_. Syst Nat.
candida, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Oliva Maura, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
erythrostoma, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert,
gibbosa, _Born_, Test. Mus. Cæs.[57]
nebulosa, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Macleayana, _Duclos_, Monograph of Oliva.
episcopalis, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert,
elegans, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert,
ispidula, _Linn_. Syst. Nat. (partly).[58]
Zeilanica, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert,
undata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
frisans, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert, (teste _Duclos_).
Conus miles, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
generalis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
betulinus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
stercus-muscarum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Hebræus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
virgo, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
geographicus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
aulicus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
figulinus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
striatus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
senator, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[58]
literatus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat
imperialis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
textile, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
terebra, _Born_, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
tessellatus, _Born_, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
Augur, _Bruguiere_, Encycl. Méth. Vers.
obesus, _Bruguiere_ Encycl. Méth. Vers.
araneosus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
gubernator, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
monile, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
nimbosus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
eburneus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
vitulinus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
quercinus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
lividus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
Omaria, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
Maldivus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
nocturnus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
Ceylonensis, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
arenatus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
Nicobaricus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
glans, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
Amadis, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
punctatus, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
minimus, _Reeve_ (as of _Linn_.), Conch. Icon.
terminus, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
lineatus, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
episcopus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
verriculum, _Reeve_, Conch. Cab.
zonatus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
rattus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers. (teste _Chemn_.)
pertusus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
Nussatella, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
lithoglyphus, _Brug_. En. Méth. Vers.[59]
tulipa, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Ammiralis, _var. Linn,_ teste _Brug._
Spirula Peronii, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vett.
Sepia Hieredda, _Rang_. Magas, Zool, ser. i. p. 100.
Sepioteuthis, _Sp_.
Loligo, _Sp_.
[Footnote 1: A. dichotomum, _Chenu_.]
[Footnote 2: Fistulana gregata, _Lam_.]
[Footnote 3: Blainvillea, _Hupé_.]
[Footnote 4: Latraria tellinoides, _Lam_.]
[Footnote 5: I have also seen M. hians of Philippi in a Ceylon
collection.]
[Footnote 6: M. Taprobanensis, _Index Test. Suppl_.]
[Footnote 7: Psammotella Skinneri, _Reeve_.]
[Footnote 8: P. cærulescens, _Lam_.]
[Footnote 9: Sanguinolaria rugosa, _Lam_.]
[Footnote 10: T. striatula of Lamarck is also supposed to be indigenous
to Ceylon.]
[Footnote 11: T. rostrata, _Lam_.]
[Footnote 12: L. divaricata is found, also, in mixed Ceylon
collections.]
[Footnote 13: C. dispar of Chemnitz is occasionally found in Ceylon
collections.]
[Footnote 14: C. impudica, _Lam_.]
[Footnote 15: As Donax.]
[Footnote 16: V. corbis, _Lam_.]
[Footnote 17: As Tapes.]
[Footnote 18: V. textile, _Lam_.]
[Footnote 19: ? Arca Helblingii, _Chemn_.]
[Footnote 20: Mr. Cuming informs me that he has forwarded no less than
six distinct _Uniones_ from Ceylon to Isaac Lea of Philadelphia for
determination or description.]
[Footnote 21: M. smaragdinus, _Chemn_.]
[Footnote 22: As Avicula.]
[Footnote 23: The specimens are not in a fitting state for positive
determination. They are strong, extremely narrow, with the beak of the
lower valve much produced, the inner edge of the upper valve
denticulated throughout. The muscular impressions are dusky brown.]
[Footnote 24: An Anomia.]
[Footnote 25: The fissurata of Humphreys and Dacosta, pl. 4--E. rubra,
_Lamarck_.]
[Footnote 26: B. Ceylanica, _Brug_.]
[Footnote 27: P. Tennentii. "Greyish brown, with longitudinal rows of
rufous spots, forming interrupted bands along the sides. A singularly
handsome species, having similar habits to _Limax_. Found in the valleys
of the Kalany Ganga, near Ruanwellé."--_Templeton_ MSS.]
[Footnote 28: Not far from bistrialis and Ceylanica. The manuscript
species of Mr. Dohrn will shortly appear in his intended work upon the
land and fluviatile shells of Ceylon.]
[Footnote 29: As Ellobium.]
[Footnote 30: As Melampus.]
[Footnote 31: As Ophicardelis.]
[Footnote 32: M. fasciolata, _Olivier_.]
[Footnote 33: These four species are included on the authority of Mr.
Dohrn.]
[Footnote 34: N. exuvia, _Lam_. not _Linn_.]
[Footnote 35: Conch. Cab. f. 1926-7, and N. melanostoma, _Lam_. in
part.]
[Footnote 36: Chemn, Conch. Cab, 1892-3.]
[Footnote 37: N. glaucina, _Lam._ not _Linn._]
[Footnote 38: Not of _Lamarck_. D. atrata. _Reeve_.]
[Footnote 39: Philippia L.]
[Footnote 40: Zeit. Mal. 1846 for T. argyrostoma, _Lam._ not _Linn._]
[Footnote 41: Buccinum pyramidatum, _Gm._ in part: B. sulcatum, var. C.
of _Brug_.]
[Footnote 42: Teste Cuming.]
[Footnote 43: As Delphinulat.]
[Footnote 44: P. papyracea, _Lam._ In mixed collections I have seen the
Chinese P. bezoar of _Lamarck_ as from Ceylon.]
[Footnote 45: P. vespertilio, _Gm._]
[Footnote 46: R. albivaricosa, _Reeve_.]
[Footnote 47: M. anguliferus var. _Lam._]
[Footnote 48: T. cynocephalus of _Lamarck_ is also met with in Ceylon
collections.]
[Footnote 49: S. incisus of the Index Testaceologicus (urceus, var.
_Sow_. Thesaur.) is found in mixed Ceylon collections.]
[Footnote 50: C. plicaria of _Lamarck_, and C. coronulata of _Sowerby_,
are also said to be found in Ceylon.]
[Footnote 51: As Purpura.]
[Footnote 52: N. suturalis, _Reeve_ (as of _Lam_.), is met with in mixed
Ceylon collections.]
[Footnote 53: E. areolata _Lam_.]
[Footnote 54: E. spirata, _Lam_. not _Linn_.]
[Footnote 55: B Belangeri, _Kiener_.]
[Footnote 56: As Turricula L.]
[Footnote 57: 0. utriculus, _Dillwyn_.]
[Footnote 58: C. planorbis, _Born_; C, vulpinus, _Lam_.]
[Footnote 59: Conus ermineus, _Born_, in part.]
A conclusion not unworthy of observation may be deduced from this
catalogue; namely, that Ceylon was the unknown, and hence
unacknowledged, source of almost every extra-European shell which has
been described by Linnæus without a recorded habitat. This fact gives to
Ceylon specimens an importance which can only be appreciated by
collectors and the students of Mollusca.
2 RADIATA.
The eastern seas are profusely stocked with radiated animals, but it is
to be regretted that they have as yet received but little attention from
English naturalists. Dr. Kelaart has, however, devoted himself to the
investigation of some of the Singhalese species, and has given the
fruits of his discoveries in the Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the
Asiatic Society for 1856-8. Our information respecting the radiata on
the confines of the island is, therefore, very scanty; with the
exception of the genera[1] examined by him. Hence the notice of this
extensive class of animals must be limited to indicating a few of those
which exhibit striking peculiarities, or which admit of the most common
observation.
[Footnote 1: Actinia, 9 sp.: Anthea, 4 sp.; Actinodendron, 3 sp.;
Dioscosoma, 1 sp.; Peechea, 1 sp.; Zoanthura, 1 sp.]
_Star Fish._--Very large species of _Ophiuridæ_ are to be met with at
Trincomalie, crawling busily about, and insinuating their long
serpentine arms into the irregularities and perforations in the rocks.
To these they attach themselves with such a firm grasp, especially when
they perceive that they have attracted attention, that it is next to
impossible to procure unmutilated specimens without previously depriving
them of life, or at least modifying their muscular tenacity. The upper
surface is of a dark purple colour, and coarsely spined; the arms of the
largest specimens are more than a foot in length, and very fragile.
The star fishes, with immovable rays[1], are not by any means rare; many
kinds are brought up in the nets, or may be extracted from the stomachs
of the larger market fish. One very large species[2], figured by
Joinville in the manuscript volume in the library at the India House, is
not uncommon; it has thick arms, from which and the disc numerous large
fleshy cirrhi of a bright crimson colour project downwards, giving the
creature a remarkable aspect. No description of it, so far as I am aware
has appeared in any systematic work on zoology.
[Footnote 1: _Asterias_, Linn.]
[Footnote 2: _Pentaceros?_]
_Sea Slugs._--There are a few species of _Holothuriæ_, of which the
trepang is the best known example. It is largely collected in the Gulf
of Manaar, and dried in the sun to prepare it for export to China. A
good description and figure of it are still desiderata.
_Parasitic Worms._--Of these entozoa, the _Filaria medinensis_, or
guinea worm, which burrows in the cellular tissue under the skin, is
well known in the north of the island, but rarely found in the damper
districts of the south and west. In Ceylon, as elsewhere, the natives
attribute its occurrence to drinking the waters of particular wells; but
this belief is inconsistent with the fact that its lodgment in the human
body is almost always effected just above the ankle, which shows that
the minute parasites are transferred to the skin of the leg from the
moist vegetation bordering the footpaths leading to wells. The creatures
are at this period minute, and the process of insinuation is painless
and imperceptible. It is only when they attain to considerable size, a
foot or more in length, that the operation of extracting them is
resorted to, when exercise may have given rise to inconvenience and
inflammation.
_Planaria_.--In the journal above alluded to, Dr. Kelaart has given
descriptions of fifteen species of planaria, and four of a new genus,
instituted by him for the reception of those differing from the normal
kinds by some peculiarities which they exhibit in common. At Point
Pedro, Mr. Edgar Layard met with one on the bark of trees, after heavy
rain, which would appear to belong to the subgenus _geoplana_.[1]
[Footnote 1: "A curious species, which is of a light brown above, white
underneath; very broad and thin, and has a peculiarly shaped tail,
half-moon-shaped, in fact, like a grocer's cheese knife."]
_Acalephæ_.--Acalephæ[1] are plentiful, so much so, indeed, that they
occasionally tempt the larger cetacea into the Gulf of Manaar. In the
calmer months of the year, when the sea is glassy, and for hours
together undisturbed by a ripple, the minute descriptions are rendered
perceptible by their beautiful prismatic tinting. So great is their
transparency that they are only to be distinguished from the water by
the return of the reflected light that glances from their delicate and
polished surfaces. Less frequently they are traced by the faint hues of
their tiny peduncles, arms, or tentaculæ; and it has been well observed
that they often give the seas in which they abound the appearance of
being crowded with flakes of half-melted snow. The larger kinds, when
undisturbed in their native haunts, attain to considerable size. A
faintly blue medusa, nearly a foot across, may be seen in the Gulf of
Manaar, where, no doubt, others of still larger growth are to be found.
[Footnote 1: Jellyfish.]
The remaining orders, including the corals, madrepores, and other
polypi, have yet to find a naturalist to undertake their investigation,
but in all probability the species are not very numerous.
CHAP. VI
INSECTS.
Owing to the combination of heat, moisture, and vegetation, the myriads
of insects in Ceylon form one of the characteristic features of the
island. In the solitude of the forests there is a perpetual music from
their soothing and melodious hum, which frequently swells to a startling
sound as the cicada trills his sonorous drum on the sunny bark of some
tall tree. At morning the dew hangs in diamond drops on the threads and
gossamer which the spiders suspend across every pathway; and above the
pool dragon flies, of more than metallic lustre, flash in the early
sunbeams. The earth teems with countless ants, which emerge from beneath
its surface, or make their devious highways to ascend to their nests in
the trees. Lustrous beetles, with their golden elytra, bask on the
leaves, whilst minuter species dash through the air in circles, which
the ear can follow by the booming of their tiny wings. Butterflies of
large size and gorgeous colouring flutter over the endless expanse of
flowers, and frequently the extraordinary sight presents itself of
flights of these delicate creatures, generally of a white or pale yellow
hue, apparently miles in breadth, and of such prodigious extension as to
occupy hours, and even days, uninterruptedly in their passage--whence
coming no one knows; wither going no one can tell.[1] As day declines,
the moths issue from their retreats, the crickets add their shrill
voices to swell the din; and when darkness descends, the eye is charmed
with the millions of emerald lamps lighted up by the fire-flies amidst
the surrounding gloom.
[Footnote 1: The butterflies I have seen in these wonderful migrations
in Ceylon were mostly _Callidryas Hilariæ, C. Alcmeone_, and _C.
Pyranthe_, with straggling individuals of the genus _Euploea, E. Coras_,
and _E. Prothoe_. Their passage took place in April and May, generally
in a north-easterly direction.]
No attempt has as yet been made to describe the class systematically,
much less to enumerate the prodigious number of species which abound in
every locality. Occasional observers have, from time to time,
contributed notices of particular families to the Scientific
Associations of Europe, but their papers remain undigested, and the time
has not yet arrived for the preparation of an Entomology of the island.
What Darwin remarks of the Coleoptera of Brazil is nearly as applicable
to the same order of insects in Ceylon: "The number of minute and
obscurely coloured beetles is exceedingly great; the cabinets of Europe
can as yet, with partial exceptions, boast only of the larger species
from tropical climates, and it is sufficient to disturb the composure of
an entomologist to look forward to the future dimensions of a catalogue
with any pretensions to completeness."[l]
[Footnote 1: _Nat. Journal_, p. 39.]
M. Neitner, a German entomologist, who has spent some years in Ceylon,
has recently published, in one of the local periodicals, a series of
papers on the Coleoptera of the island, in which every species
introduced is stated to be previously undescribed.[1]
[Footnote 1: Republished in the _Ann. Nat. Hist_.]
COLEOPTERA.--_Buprestidoe; Golden Beetles_.--In the morning the
herbaceous plants, especially on the eastern side of the island, are
studded with these gorgeous beetles whose golden elytra[1] are used to
enrich the embroidery of the Indian zenana, whilst the lustrous joints
of the legs are strung on silken threads, and form necklaces and
bracelets of singular brilliancy.
[Footnote 1: _Sternocera Chrysis; S. sternicornis_.]
These exquisite colours are not confined to one order, and some of the
Elateridæ[1] and Lamellicorns exhibit hues of green and blue, that rival
the deepest tints of the emerald and sapphire.
[Footnote 1: Of the family of _Elateridæ_, one of the finest is a
Singhalese species, the _Compsosternus Templetonii_, of an exquisite
golden green colour, with blue reflections (described and figured by Mr.
WESTWOOD in his _Cabinet of Oriental Entomology_, pl. 35, f. 1). In the
same work is figured another species of large size, also from Ceylon,
this is the _Alaus sordidus_.--WESTWOOD, 1. c. pl. 35, f. 9.]
_Scavenger Beetles_.--Scavenger beetles[1] are to be seen wherever the
presence of putrescent and offensive matter affords opportunity for the
display of their repulsive but most curious instincts; fastening on it
with eagerness, severing it into lumps proportionate to their strength,
and rolling it along in search of some place sufficiently soft in which
to bury it, after having deposited their eggs in the centre. I had
frequent opportunities, especially in traversing the sandy jungles in
the level plains to the north of the island, of observing the unfailing
appearance of these creatures instantly on the dropping of horse dung,
or any other substance suitable for their purpose; although not one was
visible but a moment before. Their approach through the air is announced
by a loud and joyous booming sound, as they dash in rapid circles in
search of the desired object, led by their sense of smell, but evidently
little assisted by the eye in shaping their course towards it. In these
excursions they exhibit a strength of wing and sustained power of
flight, such as is possessed by no other class of beetles with which I
am acquainted, but which is obviously indispensable for the due
performance of the useful functions they discharge.
[Footnote 1: _Ateuchus sacer; Copris sagax; C. capucinus_, &c. &c.]
_The Coco-nut Beetle._--In the luxuriant forests of Ceylon, the
extensive family of Longicorns live in destructive abundance. Their
ravages are painfully familiar to the coco-nut planters.[1] The larva of
one species of large dimensions, _Batocera rubus_[2], called by the
Singhalese "_Cooroominya_" makes its way into the stems of the younger
trees, and after perforating them in all directions, it forms a cocoon
of the gnawed wood and sawdust, in which it reposes during its sleep as
a pupa, till the arrival of the period when it emerges as a perfect
beetle. Notwithstanding the repulsive aspect of the large pulpy larvæ of
these beetles, they are esteemed a luxury by the Malabar coolies, who so
far avail themselves of the privilege accorded by the Levitical law,
which permitted the Hebrews to eat "the beetle after his kind."[3]
[Footnote 1: There is a paper in the _Journ. of the Asiat. Society of
Ceylon_, May, 1845, by Mr. CAPPER, on the ravages perpetrated by these
beetles. The writer had recently passed through several coco-nut
plantations, "varying in extent from 20 to 150 acres, and about two to
three years old; and in these he did not discover a single young tree
untouched by the cooroominya."--P. 49.]
[Footnote 2: Called also B. _octo-maculatus; Lamia rubus_, Fabr.]
[Footnote 3: Leviticus, xi. 22.]
_Tortoise Beetles_.--There is one family of insects, the members of
which cannot fail to strike the traveller by their singular beauty, the
_Cassidiadæ_ or tortoise beetles, in which the outer shell overlaps the
body, and the limbs are susceptible of being drawn entirely within it.
The rim is frequently of a different tint from the centre, and one
species which I have seen is quite startling from the brilliancy of its
colouring, which gives it the appearance of a ruby enclosed in a frame
of pearl; but this wonderful effect disappears immediately on the death
of the insect.[1]
[Footnote 1: One species, the _Cassida farinosa_, frequent in the jungle
which surrounded my official residence at Kandy, is covered profusely
with a snow-white powder, arranged in delicate filaments, which it moves
without dispersing: but when dead they fall rapidly to dust.]
ORTHOPTERA. _The Soothsayer_.--But the admiration of colours is still
less exciting than the astonishment created by the forms in which some
of the insect families present themselves, especially the "soothsayers"
(_Mantidæ_) and "walking leaves." The latter[1], exhibiting the most
cunning of all nature's devices for the preservation of her creatures,
are found in the jungle in all varieties of hue, from the pale yellow of
an opening bud to the rich green of the full-blown leaf, and the
withered tint of decaying foliage. And so perfect is the imitation in
structure and articulation, that these amazing insects when at rest are
almost indistinguishable from the verdure around them: not the wings
alone being modelled to resemble ribbed and fibrous follicles, but every
joint of the legs being expanded into a broad plait like a half-opened
leaflet.
[Footnote 1: _Phyllium siccifolium._]
It rests on its abdomen, the legs serving to drag it slowly along, and
thus the flatness of its attitude serves still further to add to the
appearance of a leaf. One of the most marvellous incidents connected
with its organisation was exhibited by one which I kept under a glass
shade on my table; it laid a quantity of eggs, that, in colour and
shape, were not to be discerned from _seeds_. They were brown and
pentangular, with a short stem, and slightly punctured at the
intersections.
[Illustration: EGGS OF THE LEAF INSECT.]
The "soothsayer," on the other hand _(Mantis superstitiosa_ Fab.[1]),
little justifies by its propensities the appearance of gentleness, and
the attitudes of sanctity, which have obtained for it its title of the
praying mantis. Its habits are carnivorous, and degenerate into
cannibalism, as it preys on the weaker individuals of its own species.
Two which I enclosed in a box were both found dead a few hours after,
literally severed limb from limb in their encounter. The formation of
the foreleg enables the tibia to be so closed on the sharp edge of the
thigh as to amputate any slender substance grasped within it.
[Footnote 1: _M. aridifolia_ and _M. extensicollis_, as well as _Empusa
gongyloides_, remarkable for the long leaf-like head, and dilatations on
the posterior thighs, are common in the island.]
_The Stick-insect_--The _Phasmidoe_ or spectres, another class of
orthoptera, present as close a resemblance to small branches or leafless
twigs as their congeners do to green leaves. The wing-covers, where they
exist, instead of being expanded, are applied so closely to the body as
to detract nothing from its rounded form, and hence the name which they
have acquired of "_walking-sticks_." Like the _Phyllium_, the _Phasma_
lives exclusively on vegetables, and some attain the length of several
inches.
Of all the other tribes of the _Orthoptera_ Ceylon possesses many
representatives; in swarms of cockroaches, grasshoppers, locusts, and
crickets.
NEUROPTERA. _Dragon-flies._--Of the _Neuroptera_, some of the
dragon-flies are pre-eminently beautiful; one species, with rich
brown-coloured spots upon its gauzy wings, is to be seen near every
pool.[1] Another[2], which dances above the mountain streams in Oovah,
and amongst the hills descending towards Kandy, gleams in the sun as if
each of its green enamelled wings had been sliced from an emerald.[3]
[Footnote 1: _Libellula pulchella._]
[Footnote 2: _Euphoea splendens_, Hagen.]
[Footnote 3: _Gymnacantha subinterrupta_, Ramb. distinguished by its
large size, is plentiful about the mountain streamlets.]
_The Ant-lion_.--Of the ant-lion, whose larvæ have earned a bad renown
from their predaceous ingenuity, Ceylon has, at least, four species,
which seem peculiar to the island.[1] This singular creature,
preparatory to its pupal transformation, contrives to excavate a conical
pitfall in the dust to the depth of about an inch, in the bottom of
which it conceals itself, exposing only its open mandibles above the
surface; and here every ant and soft-bodied insect which, curiosity
tempts to descend, or accident may precipitate into the trap, is
ruthlessly seized and devoured by its ambushed inhabitant.
[Footnote 1: _Palpares contrarius_, Walker; _Myrmeleon gravis_, Walker;
_M. dirus_, Walker; _M. barbarus_, Walker.]
_The White Ant_--But of the insects of this order the most noted are the
_white ants_ or termites (which are ants only by a misnomer). They are,
unfortunately, at once ubiquitous and innumerable in every spot where
the climate is not too chilly, or the soil too sandy, for them to
construct their domed edifices.
These they raise from a considerable depth under ground, excavating the
clay with their mandibles, and moistening it with tenacious saliva[1]
until it assume the appearance, and almost the consistency, of
sandstone. So delicate is the trituration to which they subject this
material, that the goldsmiths of Ceylon employ the powdered clay of the
ant hills in preference to all other substances in the preparation of
crucibles and moulds for their finer castings; and KNOX says, in his
time, "the people used this clay to make their earthen gods of, it is so
pure and fine."[2] These structures the termites erect with such
perseverance and durability that they frequently rise to the height of
ten or twelve feet from the ground, with a corresponding diameter. They
are so firm in their texture that the weight of a horse makes no
apparent indentation on their solidity; and even the intense rains of
the monsoon, which no cement or mortar can long resist, fail to
penetrate the surface or substance of an ant hill.[3]
[Footnote 1: It becomes an interesting question whence the termites
derive the large supplies of moisture with which they not only temper
the clay for the construction of their long covered-ways above ground,
but for keeping their passages uniformly damp and cool below the
surface. Yet their habits in this particular are unvarying, in the
seasons of droughts as well as after rain; in the driest and least
promising positions, in situations inaccessible to drainage from above,
and cut off by rocks and impervious strata from springs from below. Dr.
Livingstone, struck with this phenomenon in Southern Africa, asks: "Can
the white ants possess the power of combining the oxygen and hydrogen of
their vegetable food by vital force so as to form water?"--_Travels_, p.
22. And he describes at Angola an insect (A. goudotti? Bennett.)
resembling the _Aphrophora spumaria_; seven or eight individuals of
which distil several pints of water every night.--P. 414. It is highly
probable that the termites are endowed with some such faculty: nor is it
more remarkable that an insect should combine the gases of its food to
produce water, than that a fish should decompose water in order to
provide itself with gas. FOURCROIX found the contents of the air-bladder
in a carp to be pure nitrogen.--_Yarrell_, vol. i. p. 42. And the
aquatic larva of the dragon-fly extracts air for its respiration from
the water in which it is submerged. A similar mystery pervades the
inquiry whence plants under peculiar circumstances derive the water
essential to vegetation.]
[Footnote 2: KNOX'S _Ceylon_, Part I, ch. vi. p. 24.]
[Footnote 3: Dr. HOOKER, in his _Himalayan Journal_ (vol. i. p. 20) is
of opinion that the nests of the termites are not independent
structures, but that their nucleus is "the debris of clumps of bamboos
or the trunks of large trees which these insects have destroyed." He
supposes that the dead tree falls leaving the stump coated with sand,
_which the action of the weather soon fashions info a cone_. But
independently of the fact that the "action of the weather" produces
little or no effect on the closely cemented clay of the white ants'
nest, they may be daily seen constructing their edifices in the very
form of a cone, which they ever after retain. Besides which, they appear
in the midst of terraces and fields where no trees are to be seen; and
Dr. Hooker seems to overlook the fact that the termites rarely attack a
living tree; and although their nests may be built against one, it
continues to flourish not the less for their presence.]
In their earlier stages the termites proceed with such energetic
rapidity, that I have seen a pinnacle of moist clay, six inches in
height and twice as large in diameter, constructed underneath a table
between sitting down to dinner and the removal of the cloth.
As these lofty mounds of earth have all been carried up from beneath the
surface, a cave of corresponding dimensions is necessarily scooped out
below, and here, under the multitude of cupolas and pinnacles which
canopy it above, the termites hollow out the royal chamber for their
queen, with spacious nurseries surrounding it on all sides. Store-rooms
and magazines occupy the lower apartments, and all are connected by
arched galleries, long passages, and doorways of the most intricate and
elaborate construction. In the centre and underneath the spacious dome
is the recess for the queen--a hideous creature, with the head and
thorax of an ordinary termite, but a body swollen to a hundred times its
usual and proportionate bulk, and presenting the appearance of a mass of
shapeless pulp. From this great progenitrix proceed the myriads which
people the subterranean hive, consisting, like the communities of the
genuine ants, of labourers and soldiers, which are destined never to
acquire a fuller development than that of larvas, and the perfect
insects which in due time become invested with wings and take their
departing flight from the cave. But their new equipment seems only
destined to facilitate their dispersion from the parent nest, which
takes place at dusk; and almost as quickly as they leave it they divest
themselves of their ineffectual wings, waving them impatiently and
twisting them in every direction till they become detached and drop off,
and the swarm, within a few hours of their emancipation, become a prey
to the night-jars and bats, which are instantly attracted to them as
they issue in a cloud from the ground. I am not prepared to say that the
other insectivorous birds would not gladly make a meal of the termites,
but, seeing that in Ceylon their numbers are chiefly kept in check by
the crepuscular birds, it is observable, at least as a coincidence, that
the dispersion of the swarm generally takes place at _twilight_. Those
that escape the _caprimulgi_ lose their wings before morning, and are
then disposed of by the crows.
The strange peculiarity of the omnivorous ravages of the white ants is
that they shrink from the light, in all their expeditions for providing
food they construct a covered pathway of moistened clay, and their
galleries above ground extend to an incredible distance from the central
nest. No timber, except ebony and ironwood, which are too hard, and
those which are strongly impregnated with camphor or aromatic oils,
which they dislike, presents any obstacle to their ingress. I have had a
case of wine filled, in the course of two days, with almost solid clay,
and only discovered the presence of the white ants by the bursting of
the corks. I have had a portmanteau in my tent so peopled with them in
the course of a single night that the contents were found worthless in
the morning. In an incredibly short time a detachment of these pests
will destroy a press full of records, reducing the paper to fragments;
and a shelf of books will be tunnelled into a gallery if it happen to be
in their line of march.
The timbers of a house when fairly attacked are eaten from within till
the beams are reduced to an absolute shell, so thin that it may be
punched through with the point of the finger: and even kyanized wood,
unless impregnated with an extra quantity of corrosive sublimate,
appears to occasion them no inconvenience. The only effectual precaution
for the protection of furniture is incessant vigilance--the constant
watching of every article, and its daily removal from place to place, in
order to baffle their assaults.
They do not appear in the hills above the elevation of 2000 feet. One
species of white ant, the _Termes Taprobanes_, was at one time believed
by Mr. Walker to be peculiar to the island, but it has recently been
found in Sumatra and Borneo, and in some parts of Hindustan.
HYMENOPTERA. _Mason Wasp_.--In Ceylon as in all other countries, the
order of hymenopterous insects arrests us less by the beauty of their
forms than the marvels of their sagacity and the achievements of their
instinct. A fossorial wasp of the family of _Sphegidoe_,[1] which is
distinguished by its metallic lustre, enters by the open windows, and
disarms irritation at its movements by admiration of the graceful
industry with which it stops up the keyholes and similar apertures with
clay in order to build in them a cell, into which it thrusts the pupa of
some other insect, within whose body it has previously introduced its
own eggs; and, enclosing the whole with moistened earth, the young
parasite, after undergoing its transformations, gnaws its way into
light, and emerges a four-winged fly.[2]
[Footnote 1: It belongs to the genus _Pelopoeus_, _P. Spinoloe_, St.
Fargeau. The _Ampulex compressa_, which drags about the larvæ of
cockroaches into which it has implanted its eggs, belongs to the same
family.]
[Footnote 2: Mr. E. L. Layard has given an interesting account of this
Mason wasp in the _Annals and Magazine of Nat. History_ for May, 1853.
"I have frequently," he says, "selected one of these flies for
observation, and have seen their labours extend over a period of a
fortnight or twenty days; sometimes only half a cell was completed in a
day, at others as much as two. I never saw more than twenty cells in one
nest, seldom indeed that number, and whence the caterpillars were
procured was always to me a mystery. I have seen thirty or forty brought
in of a species which I knew to be very rare in the perfect state, and
which I had sought for in vain, although I knew on what plant they fed.
"Then again how are they disabled by the wasp, and yet not injured so as
to cause their immediate death? Die they all do, at least all that I
have ever tried to rear, after taking them from the nest.
"The perfected fly never effects its egress from the closed aperture,
through which the caterpillars were inserted, and when cells are placed
end to end, as they are in many instances, the outward end of each is
always selected. I cannot detect any difference in the thickness in the
crust of the cell to cause this uniformity of practice. It is often as
much as half an inch through, of great hardness, and as far as I can see
impervious to air and light. How then does the enclosed fly always
select the right end, and with what secretion is it supplied to
decompose this mortar?"]
_Wasps_.--Of the wasps, one formidable species (_Sphex ferruginea_ of
St. Fargeau), which is common to India and most of the eastern islands,
is regarded with the utmost dread by the unclad natives, who fly
precipitately on finding themselves in the vicinity[1] of its nests,
which are of such ample dimensions, that when suspended from a branch,
they often measure upwards of six feet in length.[2]
[Footnote 1: In ought to be remembered in travelling in the forests of
Ceylon that sal volatile applied immediately is a specific for the sting
of a wasp.]
[Footnote 2: At the January (1839) meeting of the Entomological Society,
Mr. Whitehouse exhibited portions of a wasps' nest from Ceylon, between
seven and eight feet long and two feet in diameter, and showed that the
construction of the cells was perfectly analogous to those of the hive
bee, and that when connected each has a tendency to assume a circular
outline. In one specimen where there were three cells united the outer
part was circular, whilst the portions common to the three formed
straight walls. From this Singhalese nest Mr. Whitehouse demonstrated
that the wasps at the commencement of their comb proceed slowly, forming
the bases of several together, whereby they assume the hexagonal shape,
whereas, if constructed separately, he thought each single cell would be
circular. See _Proc. Ent. Soc_. vol. iii. p. xvi.]
_Bees_.--Bees of several species and genera, some divested of stings,
and some in size scarcely exceeding a house-fly, deposit their honey in
hollow trees, or suspend their combs from a branch; and the spoils of
their industry form one of the chief resources of the uncivilised
Veddahs, who collect the wax in their upland forests, to be bartered for
arrow points and clothes in the lowlands.[1] I have never heard of an
instance of persons being attacked by the bees of Ceylon, and hence the
natives assert, that those most productive of honey are destitute of
stings.
[Footnote 1: A gentleman connected with the department of the
Surveyor-General writes to me that he measured a honey-comb which he
found fastened to the overhanging branch of a small tree in the forest
near Adam's Peak, and found it nine links of his chain or about six feet
in length and a foot in breadth where it was attached to the branch, but
tapering towards the other extremity. "It was a single comb with a layer
of cells on either side, but so weighty that the branch broke by the
strain."]
_The Carpenter Bee_.--The operations of one of the most interesting of
the tribe, the Carpenter bee,[1] I have watched with admiration from the
window of the Colonial Secretary's official residence at Kandy. So soon
as the day grew warm, these active creatures were at work perforating
the wooden columns which supported the verandah. They poised themselves
on their shining purple wings, as they made the first lodgment in the
wood, enlivening the work with an uninterrupted hum of delight, which
was audible to a considerable distance. When the excavation had
proceeded so far as that the insect could descend into it, the music was
suspended, but renewed from time to time, as the little creature came to
the orifice to throw out the chips, to rest, or to enjoy the fresh air.
By degrees, a mound of saw-dust was formed at the base of the pillar,
consisting of particles abraded by the mandibles of the bee; and these,
when the hollow was completed to the depth of several inches, were
partially replaced in the excavation after being agglutinated to form
partitions between the eggs, as they are deposited within.
[Footnote 1: _Xylocopa tenuiscapa_, Westw.; X. _latipes_, Drury.]
_Ants_.--As to ants, I apprehend that, notwithstanding their numbers and
familiarity, information is very imperfect relative to the varieties and
habits of these marvellous insects in Ceylon.[1] In point of multitude
it is scarcely an exaggeration to apply to them the figure of "the sands
of the sea." They are everywhere; in the earth, in the houses, and in
the trees; they are to be seen in every room and cupboard, and almost on
every plant in the jungle. To some of the latter they are, perhaps,
attracted by the sweet juices secreted by the aphides and coccidæ; and
such is the passion of the ants for sugar, and their wonderful faculty
of discovering it, that the smallest particle of a substance containing
it, though placed in the least conspicuous position, is quickly covered
with them, where not a single one may have been visible a moment before.
But it is not sweet substances alone that they attack; no animal or
vegetable matter comes amiss to them; no aperture appears too small to
admit them; it is necessary to place everything which it may be
desirable to keep free from their invasion, under the closest cover, or
on tables with cups of water under every foot. As scavengers, they are
invaluable; and as ants never sleep, but work without cessation, during
the night as well as by day, every particle of decaying vegetable or
putrid animal matter is removed with inconceivable speed and certainty.
In collecting shells, I have been able to turn this propensity to good
account; by placing them within their reach, the ants in a few days will
remove every vestige of the mollusc from the innermost and otherwise
inaccessible whorls; thus avoiding all risk of injuring the enamel by
any mechanical process.
[Footnote 1: Mr. Jerdan, in a series of papers in the thirteenth volume
of the _Annals of Natural History_, has described forty-seven species of
ants in Southern India. But M. Nietner has recently forwarded to the
Berlin Museum upwards of seventy species taken by him in Ceylon, chiefly
in the western province and the vicinity of Colombo, Of these many are
identical with those noted by Mr. Jerdan as belonging to the Indian
continent. One (probably _Drepanognathus saltator_ of Jerdan) is
described by M. Nietner as "moving by jumps of several inches at a
spring."]
But the assaults of the ants are not confined to dead animals alone,
they attack equally such small insects as they can overcome, or find
disabled by accidents or wounds; and it is not unusual to see some
hundreds of them surrounding a maimed beetle, or a bruised cockroach,
and hurrying it along in spite of its struggles. I have, on more than
one occasion, seen a contest between them and one of the viscous
ophidians, _Coecilia glutinosa_[1], a reptile resembling an enormous
earthworm, common in the Kandyan hills, of an inch in diameter, and
nearly two feet in length. It would seem as if the whole community had
been summoned and turned out for such a prodigious effort; they
surrounded their victim literally in tens of thousands, inflicting
wounds on all parts, and forcing it along towards their nest in spite of
resistance. In one instance to which I was a witness, the conflict
lasted for the latter part of a day, but towards evening the Cæcilia was
completely exhausted, and in the morning it had totally disappeared,
having been carried away either whole or piecemeal by its assailants.
[Footnote 1: See ante, Pt, 1. ch. iii. p. 201]
The species I here allude to, is a very small ant, called the _Koombiya_
in Ceylon. There is a still more minute description, which frequents the
caraffes and toilet vessels, and is evidently a distinct species. A
third, probably the _Formica nidificans_ of Jerdan, is black, of the
same size as that last mentioned, and, from its colour, called the _Kalu
koombiya_ by the natives. In the houses its propensities and habits are
the same as the others; but I have observed that it frequents the trees
more profusely, forming small paper cells for its young, like miniature
wasps' nests, in which it deposits its eggs, suspending them from the
leaf of a plant.
The most formidable of all is the great red ant or Dimiya.[1] It is
particularly abundant in gardens, and on fruit trees; it constructs its
dwellings by glueing the leaves of such species as are suitable from
their shape and pliancy into hollow balls, which it lines with a kind of
transparent paper, like that manufactured by the wasp. I have watched
them at the interesting operation of forming their dwellings;--a line of
ants standing on the edge of one leaf bring another into contact with
it, and hold both together with their mandibles till their companions
within attach them firmly by means of their adhesive paper, the
assistants outside moving along as the work proceeds. If it be necessary
to draw closer a leaf too distant to be laid hold of by the immediate
workers, they form a chain by depending one from the other till the
object is reached, when it is at length brought into contact, and made
fast by cement.
[Footnote 1: _Formica smaragdina_, Fab.]
Like all their race, these ants are in perpetual motion, forming lines
on the ground along which they pass, in continual procession to and from
the trees on which they reside. They are the most irritable of the whole
order in Ceylon, biting with such intense ferocity as to render it
difficult for the unclad natives to collect the fruit from, the mango
trees, which the red ants especially frequent. They drop from the
branches upon travellers in the jungle, attacking them with venom and
fury, and inflicting intolerable pain both upon animals and man. On
examining the structure of the head through a microscope, I found that
the mandibles, instead of merely meeting in contact, are so hooked as to
cross each other at the points, whilst the inner line is sharply
serrated throughout its entire length; thus occasioning the intense pain
of their bite, as compared with that of the ordinary ant.
To check the ravages of the coffee bug (_Lecanium coffeoe_, Walker),
which for some years past has devastated some of the plantations in
Ceylon, the experiment was made of introducing the red ants, who feed
greedily on the Coccus. But the remedy threatened to be attended with
some inconvenience, for the Malabar Coolies, with bare and oiled skins,
were so frequently and fiercely assaulted by the ants as to endanger
their stay on the estates.
The ants which burrow in the ground in Ceylon are generally, but not
invariably, black, and some of them are of considerable size. One
species, about the third of an inch in length, is abundant in the hills,
and especially about the roots of trees, where they pile up the earth in
circular heaps round the entrance to their nests, and in doing this I
have observed a singular illustration of their instinct. To carry up
each particle of sand by itself would be an endless waste of labour, and
to carry two or more loose ones securely would be to them embarrassing,
if not impossible; they therefore overcome the difficulty by glueing
together with their saliva so much earth or sand as is sufficient for a
burden, and each one may be seen hurrying up from below with his load,
carrying it to the top of the circular heap outside, and throwing it
over, whilst it is so strongly attached as to roll to the bottom without
breaking asunder.
The ants I have been here describing are inoffensive, differing in this
particular from the Dimiya and another of similar size and ferocity,
which is called by the Singhalese _Kaddiya_; and they have a legend
illustrative of their alarm for the bites of the latter, to the effect
that the cobra de capello invested the Kaddiya with her own venom in
admiration of the singular courage displayed by these little
creatures.[1]
[Footnote 1: KNOX'S _Historical Relation of Ceylon_, pt i. ch vi. p.
23.]
LEPIDOPTERA. _Butterflies_.--Butterflies in the interior of the island
are comparatively rare, and, contrary to the ordinary belief, they are
seldom to be seen in the sunshine, They frequent the neighbourhood of
the jungle, and especially the vicinity of the rivers and waterfalls,
living mainly in the shade of the moist foliage, and returning to it in
haste after the shortest flights, as if their slender bodies were
speedily dried up and exhausted by the exposure to the intense heat.
Among the largest and most gaudy of the Ceylon Lepidoptera is the great
black and yellow butterfly (_Ornithoptera darsius_, Gray); the upper
wings, of which measure six inches across, are of deep velvet black, the
lower, ornamented by large particles of satiny yellow, through which the
sunlight passes, and few insects can compare with it in beauty, as it
hovers over the flowers of the heliotrope, which furnish the favourite
food of the perfect fly, although the caterpillar feeds on the
aristolochia and the _betel leaf_ and suspends its chrysalis from its
drooping tendrils.
Next in size as to expanse of wing, though often exceeding it in
breadth, is the black and blue _Papilio Polymnestor_, which darts
rapidly through the air, alighting on the ruddy flowers of the hibiscus,
or the dark green foliage of the citrus, on which it deposits its eggs.
The larvæ of this species are green with white bands, and have a hump on
the fourth or fifth segment. From this hump the caterpillar, on being
irritated, protrudes a singular horn of an orange colour, bifurcate at
the extremity, and covered with a pungent mucilaginous secretion. This
is evidently intended as a weapon of defence against the attack of the
ichneumon flies, that deposit their eggs in its soft body, for when the
grub is pricked, either by the ovipositor of the ichneumon, or by any
other sharp instrument, the horn is at once protruded, and struck upon
the offending object with unerring aim.
Amongst the more common of the larger butterflies is the _P. Hector_,
with gorgeous crimson spots set in the black velvet of the inferior
wings; these, when fresh, are shot with a purple blush, equalling in
splendour the azure of the European "_Emperor_."
Another butterfly, but belonging to a widely different group, is the
"sylph" (_Hestia Jasonia_), called by the Europeans by the various names
of _Floater, Spectre,_ and _Silver-paper-fly_, as indicative of its
graceful flight. It is found only in the deep shade of the damp forest,
frequenting the vicinity of pools of water and cascades, about which it
sails heedless of the spray, the moisture of which may even be
beneficial in preserving the elasticity of its thin and delicate wings,
that bend and undulate in the act of flight.
The _Lycoenidoe_[1], a particularly attractive group, abound near the
enclosures of cultivated grounds, and amongst the low shrubs edging the
patenas, flitting from flower to flower, inspecting each in turn, and as
if attracted by their beauty, in the full blaze of sun-light; and
shunning exposure less sedulously than the other diurnals. Some of the
more robust kinds[2] are magnificent in the bright light, from the
splendour of their metallic blues and glowing purples, but they yield in
elegance of form and variety to their tinier and more
delicately-coloured congeners.
[Footnote 1: _Lycana polyommatus, &c._]
[Footnote 2: _Amblypodia pseudocentaurus, &c._]
Short as is the eastern twilight, it has its own peculiar forms, and the
naturalist marks with interest the small, but strong, _Hesperiidoe_,[1]
hurrying, by abrupt and jerking flights, to the scented blossoms of the
champac or the sweet night-blowing moon-flower; and, when darkness
gathers around, we can hear, though hardly distinguish amid the gloom,
the humming of the powerful wings of innumerable hawk moths, which hover
with their long proboscides inserted into the starry petals of the
periwinkle.
[Footnote 1: _Pamphila hesperia, &c._]
Conspicuous amidst these nocturnal moths is the richly-coloured
_Acherontia Satanas_, one of the Singhalese representatives of our
Death's head moth, which utters a sharp and stridulous cry when seized.
This sound has been variously conjectured to be produced by the friction
of its thorax against the abdomen, and Reaumur believed it to be caused
by rubbing the palpi against the tongue. I have never been able to
observe either motion, and Mr. E. L. Layard is of opinion that the sound
is emitted from two apertures concealed by tufts of wiry bristles thrown
out from each side of the inferior portion of the thorax.[1]
[Footnote 1: There is another variety of the same moth in Ceylon which
closely resembles it in its markings, but I have never detected in it
the utterance of this curious cry. It is smaller than the _A. Satanas_,
and, like it, often enters dwellings at night, attracted by the lights;
but I have not found its larvæ, although that of the other species is
common on several widely different plants.]
_Moths._--Among the strictly nocturnal _Lepidoptera_ are some gigantic
species. Of these the cinnamon-eating _Atlas_, often attains the
dimensions of nearly a foot in the stretch of its superior wings. It is
very common in the gardens about Colombo, and its size, and the
transparent talc-like spots in its wings cannot fail to strike even the
most careless saunterer. But little inferior to it in size is the famed
Tusseh silk moth[1], which feeds on the country almond (_Terminalia
catappa_) and the palma Christi or Castor-oil plant; it is easily
distinguishable from the Atlas, which has a triangular wing, whilst its
[wing] is falcated, and the transparent spots are covered with a curious
thread-like division drawn across them.
[Footnote 1: _Antheroea mylitta_, Drury.]
Towards the northern portions of the island this valuable species
entirely displaces the other, owing to the fact that the almond and
_palma Christi_ abound there. The latter plant springs up spontaneously
on every manure-heap or neglected spot of ground; and might be
cultivated, as in India, with great advantage, the leaf to be used as
food for the caterpillar, the stalk as fodder for cattle, and the seed
for the expression of castor-oil. The Dutch took advantage of this
facility, and gave every encouragement to the cultivation of silk at
Jaffna[1], but it never attained such a development as to become an
article of commercial importance. Ceylon now cultivates no silkworms
whatever, notwithstanding this abundance of the favourite food of one
species; and the rich silken robes sometimes worn by the Buddhist
priesthood are still imported from China and the continent of India.
[Footnote 1: The Portuguese had made the attempt previous to the arrival
of the Dutch, and a strip of land on the banks of the Kalany river near
Colombo, still bears the name of Orta Seda, the silk garden. The attempt
of the Dutch to introduce the true silkworm, the _Bombyx mori_, took
place under the governorship of Ryklof Van Goens, who, on handing over
the administration to his successor in A.D. 1663, thus apprises him of
the initiation of the experiment:--"At Jaffna Palace a trial has been
undertaken to feed silkworms, and to ascertain whether silk may be
reared at that station. I have planted a quantity of mulberry trees,
which grow well there, and they ought to be planted in other
directions."--VALENTYN, chap. xiii. The growth of the mulberry trees is
noticed the year after in a report to the governor-general of India, but
the subject afterwards ceased to be attended to.]
In addition to the Atlas moth and the Mylitta, there are many other
_Bombycidoe_ in Ceylon; and, though the silk of some of them, were it
susceptible of being unwound from the cocoon, would not bear a
comparison with that of the _Bombyx mori_, or even of the Tusseh moth,
it might still prove to be valuable when carded and spun. If the
European residents in the colony would rear the larvæ of these
Lepidoptera, and make drawings of their various changes, they would
render a possible service to commerce, and a certain one to
entomological knowledge.
_The Wood-carrying Moth._--There is another family of insects, the
singular habits of which will not fail to attract the traveller in the
cultivated tracts of Ceylon--these are moths of the genus
_Oiketicus_,[1] of which the females are devoid of wings, and some
possess no articulated feet; the larvæ construct for themselves cases,
which they suspend to a branch frequently of the pomegranate,[2]
surrounding them with the stems of leaves, and thorns or pieces of twigs
bound together by threads, till the whole presents the appearance of a
bundle of rods about an inch and a half long; and, from the resemblance
of this to a Roman fasces, one African species has obtained the name of
"Lictor." The German entomologists denominated the group _Sack-träger_,
the Singhalese call them _Dalmea kattea_ or "billets of firewood," and
regard the inmates as human beings, who, as a punishment for stealing
wood in some former stage of existence, have been condemned to undergo a
metempsychosis under the form of these insects.
[Footnote 1: _Eumeta_, Wlk.]
[Footnote 2: The singular instincts of a species of Thecla, _Dipsas
Isocrates_, Fab., in connection with the fruit of the pomegranate, were
fully described by Mr. Westwood, in a paper read before the
Entomological Society of London in 1835.]
The male, at the close of the pupal rest, escapes from one end of this
singular covering, but the female makes it her dwelling for life; moving
about with it at pleasure, and entrenching herself within it, when
alarmed, by drawing together the purse-like aperture at the open end. Of
these remarkable creatures there are five ascertained species in Ceylon.
_Psyche Doubledaii_, Westw.; _Metisa plana_, Walker; _Eumeta Cramerii_,
Westw.; _E. Templetonii_, Westw.; and _Cryptothelea consorta_, Temp.
All the other tribes of minute _Lepidoptera_ have abundant
representatives in Ceylon; some of them most attractive from the great
beauty of their markings and colouring. The curious little split-winged
moth (_Pterophorus_) is frequently seen in the cinnamon gardens and the
vicinity of the fort, resting in the noonday heat in the cool grass
shaded by the coco-nut topes. Three species have been captured, all
characterised by the same singular feature of having the wings fan-like,
separated nearly their entire length into detached sections resembling
feathers in the pinions of a bird expanded for flight.
HOMOPTERA. _Cicada._--Of the _Homoptera_, the one which will most
frequently arrest attention is the cicada, which, resting high up on the
bark of a tree, makes the forest re-echo with a long-sustained noise so
curiously resembling that of a cutler's wheel that the creature which
produces it has acquired the highly-appropriate name of the
"knife-grinder."
HEMIPTERA. _Bugs._--On the shrubs in his compound the newly-arrived
traveller will be attracted by an insect of a pale green hue and
delicately-thin configuration, which, resting from its recent flight,
composes its scanty wings, and moves languidly along the leaf. But
experience will teach him to limit his examination to a respectful view
of its attitudes; it is one of a numerous family of bugs, (some of them
most attractive[1] in their colouring,) which are inoffensive if
unmolested, but if touched or irritated, exhale an odour that, once
perceived, is never after forgotten.
[Footnote 1: Such as _Cantuo ocellatus, Leptopelis Marginalis, Callidea
Stockerius_, &c. &c. Of the aquatic species, the gigantic _Belostoma
Indicum_ cannot escape notice, attaining a size of nearly three inches.]
APHANIPTERA. _Fleas._--Fleas are equally numerous, and may be seen in
myriads in the dust of the streets or skipping in the sunbeams which
fall on the clay floors of the cottages. The dogs, to escape them,
select for their sleeping places spots where a wood fire has been
previously kindled; and here prone on the white ashes, their stomachs
close to the earth, and their hind legs extended behind, they repose in
comparative coolness, and bid defiance to their persecutors.
DIPTERA. _Mosquitoes._--But of all the insect pests that beset an
unseasoned European the most provoking by far are the truculent
mosquitoes.[1] Even in the midst of endurance from their onslaughts one
cannot but be amused by the ingenuity of their movements; as if aware of
the risk incident to an open assault, a favourite mode of attack is,
when concealed by a table, to assail the ankles through the meshes of
the blocking, or the knees which are ineffectually protected by a fold
of Russian duck. When you are reading, a mosquito will rarely settle on
that portion of your hand which is within range of your eyes, but
cunningly stealing by the underside of the book fastens on the wrist or
finger, and noiselessly inserts his proboscis there. I have tested the
classical expedient recorded by Herodotus, who states that the fishermen
inhabiting the fens of Egypt cover their beds with their nets, knowing
that the mosquitoes, although they bite through linen robes, will not
venture though a net.[2] But, notwithstanding the opinion of Spence,[3]
that nets with meshes an inch square will effectually exclude them, I
have been satisfied by painful experience that (if the theory is not
altogether fallacious) at least the modern mosquitoes of Ceylon are
uninfluenced by the same considerations which restrained those of the
Nile under the successors of Cambyses.
[Footnote 1: _Culex laniger_? Wied. In Kandy Mr. Thwaites finds _C.
fuscanus, C. circumvolens_, &c., and one with a most formidable hooked
proboscis, to which he has assigned the appropriate name _C. Regius_.]
[Footnote 2: HERODOTUS, _Euterpe_, xcv.]
[Footnote 3: KIRBY and SPENCE'S _Entomology_, letter iv.]
_List of Ceylon Insects._
For the following list of the insects of the island, and the remarks
prefixed to it, I am indebted to Mr. F. Walker, by whom it has been
prepared after a careful inspection of the collections made by Dr.
Templeton, Mr. E.L. Layard, and others; as well as those in the British
Museum and in the Museum of the East India Company.
"A short notice of the aspect of the Island will afford the best means
of accounting, in some degree, for its entomological Fauna: first, as it
is an island, and has a mountainous central region, the tropical
character of its productions, as in most other cases, rather diminishes,
and somewhat approaches that of higher latitudes.
"The coast-region of Ceylon, and fully one-third of its northern part,
have a much drier atmosphere than that of the rest of its surface; and
their climate and vegetation are nearly similar to those of the
Carnatic, with which this island may have been connected at no very
remote period.[1] But if, on the contrary, the land in Ceylon is
gradually rising, the difference of its Fauna from that of Central
Hindostan is less remarkable. The peninsula of the Dekkan might then be
conjectured to have been nearly or wholly separated from the central
part of Hindostan, and confined to the range of mountains along the
eastern coast; the insect-fauna of which is as yet almost unknown, but
will probably be found to have more resemblance to that of Ceylon than
to the insects of northern and western India--just as the insect-fauna
of Malaya appears more to resemble the similar productions of
Australasia than those of the more northern continent.
[Footnote 1: On the subject of this conjecture see _ante_, Vol. I. Pt.
I, ch. i. p. 7.]
"Mr. Layard's collection was partly formed in the dry northern province
of Ceylon; and among them more Hindostan insects are to be observed than
among those collected by Dr. Templeton, and found wholly in the district
between Colombo and Kandy. According to this view the faunas of the
Neilgherry Mountains, of Central Ceylon, of the peninsula of Malacca,
and of Australasia would be found to form one group;--while those of
Northern Ceylon, of the western Dekkan, and of the level parts of
Central Hindostan would form another of more recent origin. The
insect-fauna of the Carnatic is also probably similar to that of the
lowlands of Ceylon; but it is still unexplored. The regions of Hindostan
in which species have been chiefly collected, such as Bengal, Silhet,
and the Punjaub, are at the distance of from 1,300 to 1,600 miles from
Ceylon, and therefore the insects of the latter are fully as different
from those of the above regions as they are from those of Australasia,
to which Ceylon is as near in point of distance, and agrees more with
regard to latitude.
"Dr. Hagen has remarked that he believes the fauna of the mountains of
Ceylon to be quite different from that of the plains and of the shores.
The south and west districts have a very moist climate, and as their
vegetation is like that of Malabar, their insect-fauna will probably
also resemble that of the latter region.
"The insects mentioned in the following list are thus distributed:--
Order COLEOPTERA.
"The recorded species of _Cicindelidoe_ inhabit the plains or the coast
country of Ceylon, and several of them are also found in Hindostan.
"Many of the species of _Carabidoe_ and of _Staphylinidoe_, especially
those collected by Mr. Thwaites, near Kandy, and by M. Nietner at
Colombo, have much resemblance to the insects of these two families in
North Europe; in the _Scydmoenidoe,_ _Ptiliadoe, Phalacridoe,
Nitidulidoe, Colydiadoe_, and _Lathridiadoe_ the northern form is still
more striking, and strongly contrasts with the tropical forms of the
gigantic _Copridoe, Buprestidoe_, and _Cerambycidoe_, and with the
_Elateridoe, Lampyridoe, Tenebrionidoe, Helopidoe, Meloidoe,
Curculionidoe, Prionidoe, Cerambycidoe, Lamiidoe_, and _Endomychidoe_.
"The _Copridoe, Dynastidoe, Melolonthidoe, Cetoniadoe_, and _Passalidoe_
are well represented on the plains and on the coast, and the species are
mostly of a tropical character.
"The _Hydrophilidoe_ have a more northern aspect, as is generally the
case with aquatic species.
"The order _Strepsiptera_ is here considered as belonging to the
_Mordellidoe_, and is represented by the genus _Myrmecolax_, which is
peculiar, as yet, to Ceylon.
"In the _Curculionidoe_ the single species of _Apion_ will recall to
mind the great abundance of that genus in North Europe.
"The _Prionidoe_ and the two following families have been investigated
by Mr. Pascoe, and the _Hispidoe_, with the five following families, by
Mr. Baly; these two gentlemen are well acquainted with the above tribes
of beetles, and kindly supplied me with the names of the Ceylon species.
Order ORTHOPTERA.
"These insects in Ceylon have mostly a tropical aspect. The _Physapoda_,
which will probably be soon incorporated with them, are likely to be
numerous, though only one species has as yet been noticed.
Order NEUROPTERA.
"The list here given is chiefly taken from the catalogue published by
Dr. Hagen, and containing descriptions of the species named by him or by
M. Nietner. They were found in the most elevated parts of the island,
near Rambodde, and Dr. Hagen informs me that not less than 500 species
have been noticed in Ceylon, but that they are not yet recorded, with
the exception of the species here enumerated. It has been remarked that
the _Trichoptera_ and other aquatic _Neuroptera_ are less local than the
land species, owing to the more equable temperature of the habitation of
their larvæ, and on account of their being often conveyed along the
whole length of rivers. The species of _Psocus_ in the list are far more
numerous than those yet observed in any other country, with the
exception of Europe.
Order HYMENOPTERA.
"In this order the _Formicidoe_ and the _Poneridoe_ are very numerous,
as they are in other damp and woody tropical countries. Seventy species
of ants have been observed, but as yet few of them have been named. The
various other families of aculeate _Hymenoptera_ are doubtless more
abundant than the species recorded indicate, and it may be safely
reckoned that the parasitic _Hymenoptera_ in Ceylon far exceed one
thousand species in number, though they are yet only known by means of
about two dozen kinds collected at Kandy by Mr. Thwaites.
Order LEPIDOPTERA.
"The fauna of Ceylon is much better known in this order than in any
other of the insect tribes, but as yet the _Lepidoptera_ alone in their
class afford materials for a comparison of the productions of Ceylon
with those of Hindostan and of Australasia; 932 species have been
collected by Dr. Templeton and by Mr. Layard in the central, western,
and northern parts of the island. All the families, from the
_Papilionidoe_ to the _Tineidoe_, abound, and numerous species and
several genera appear, as yet, to be peculiar to the island. As Ceylon
is situate at the entrance to the eastern regions, the list in this
volume will suitably precede the descriptive catalogues of the
heterocerous _Lepidoptera_ of Hindostan, Java, Borneo, and of other
parts of Australasia, which are being prepared for publication. In some
of the heterocerous families several species are common to Ceylon and to
Australasia, and in various cases the faunas of Ceylon and of
Australasia seem to be more similar than those of Ceylon and of
Hindostan. The long intercourse between those two regions may have been
the means of conveying some species from one to the other. Among the
_Pyralites, Hymenia recurvalis_ inhabits also the West Indies, South
America, West Africa, Hindostan, China, Australasia, Australia, and New
Zealand; and its food-plant is probably some vegetable which is
cultivated in all those regions; so also _Desmia afflictalis_ is found
in Sierra Leone, Ceylon, and China.
Order DIPTERA.
"About fifty species were observed by Dr. Templeton, but most of those
here recorded were collected by Mr. Thwaites at Kandy, and have a great
likeness to North European species.
"The mosquitoes are very annoying on account of their numbers, as might
be expected from the moisture and heat of the climate. _Culex laniger_
is the coast species, and the other kinds here mentioned are from Kandy.
Humboldt observed that in some parts of South America each stream had
its peculiar mosquitoes, and it yet remains to be seen whether the gnats
in Ceylon are also thus restricted in their habitation. The genera
_Sciara, Cecidomyia_, and _Simulium_, which abound so exceedingly in
temperate countries, have each one representative species in the
collection made by Mr. Thwaites. Thus an almost new field remains for
the Entomologist in the study of the yet unknown Singhalese Diptera,
which must be very numerous.
Order HEMIPTERA.
"The species of this order in the list are too few and too similar to
those of Hindustan to need any particular mention. _Lecanium coffeoe_
may be noticed, on account of its infesting the coffee plant, as its
name indicates, and the ravages of other species of the genus will be
remembered, from the fact that one of them, in other regions, has put a
stop to the cultivation of the orange as an article of commerce.
"In conclusion, it may be observed that the species of insects in Ceylon
may be estimated as exceeding 10,000 in number, of which about 2,000 are
enumerated in this volume.
Class ARACHNIDA.
"Four or five species of spiders, of which the specimens cannot be
satisfactorily described; one _Ixodes_ and one _Chelifer_ have been
forwarded to England from Ceylon by Mr. Thwaites."
NOTE.--The asterisk prefixed denotes the species discovered in Ceylon
since Sir J.E. Tennent's departure from the Island in 1849.
ORDER, Coleoptera, _Linn._
Fam. CICINDELIDÆ, _Steph._
Cicindela, _Linn._
flavopunctata, _Aud._
discrepans, _Wlk._
aurofasciata, _Guér._
quadrilineata, _Fabr._
biramosa, _Fabr._
catena, _Fabr._
*insignificans, _Dohrn._
Tricondyla, _Latr._
femorata, _Wlk._
*tumidula, _Wlk._
*scitiscabra, _Wlk._
*concinna, _Dohrn._
Fam. CARABIDÆ, _Leach._
Casnouia, _Latr._
*punctata, _Niet._
*pilifera, _Niet._
Ophionea, _Klug._
*cyanocephala, _Fabr._
Euplynes, _Niet._
Dohrnii, _Niet._
Heteroglossa, _Niet._
*elegans, _Niet._
*ruficollis, _Niet._
*bimaculata, _Niet._
Zuphium, _Latr._.
*pubescens, _Niet._
Pheropsophus, _Solier._
Catoirei, _Dej._
bimaculatus, _Fabr._
Cymindis, _Latr._.
rufiventris, _Wlk._
Anchista, _Niet._
*modesta, _Niet._
Dromius, _Bon._
marginifer, _Wlk._
repandens, _Wlk._
Lebia, _Latr._
bipars, _Wlk._
Creagris, _Niet._
labrosa, _Niet._
Elliotia, _Niet._
pallipes, _Niet._
Maraga, _Wlk._.
planigera, _Wlk._
Catascopus, _Kirby._
facialis, _Wied._
reductus, _Wlk._
Scarites, _Fabr._
obliterans, _Wlk._
subsignans, _Wlk._
designans, _Wlk._
*minor, _Niet._
Clivina, _Latr._
*rugosifrons, _Niet._
*elongatula, _Niet._
*maculata, _Niet._
recta, _Wlk._
Leistus, _Froehl._
linearis, _Wlk._
Isotarsus, _Laferté._
quadrimaculatus, _Oliv._
Panagæeus, _Latr._
retractus, _Wlk._
Chlænius, _Bon._.
bimaculatus, _Dej._
diffinis, _Reiche._
*Ceylanicus, _Niet._
*quinque-maculatus,
_Niet._
pulcher, _Niet._
cupricollis, _Niet._
rugulosus, _Niet._
Anchomenus, _Bon._
illocatus, _Wlk._
Agonum, _Bon._
placidulum, _Wlk._
Colpodes? _Macl._
marginicollis, _Wlk._
Argutor, _Meg._.
degener, _Wlk._
relinquens, _Wlk._
Simphyus, _Niet._
*unicolor, _Niet._
Bradytus, _Steph._
stolidus, _Wlk._
Curtonotus, _Steph._
compositus, _Wlk._
Harpalus, _Latr._
*advolans, _Niet._
dispellens, _Wlk._
Calodromus, _Niet._
*exornatus, _Niet._
Megaristerus, _Niet._
*mandibularis, _Niet._
*stenolophoides, _Niet._
*Indicus, _Niet._
Platysma, _Bon._
retinens, _Wlk._
Morio, _Latr._
trogositoides, _Wlk._
cucujoides, _Wlk._
Barysomus, _Dej_
*Gyllenhalii, _Dej._
Oodes, _Bon._
*piceus, _Niet._
Selenophorus, _Dej._
infixus, _Wlk._
Orthogonius, _Dej._
femoratus, _Dej._
Helluodes, _Westw._
Taprobanæ, _Westw._
Physocrotaphus, _Parry._
Ceylonicus, _Parry._
*minax, _West._
Psysodera, _Esch._
Eschscholtzii, _Parry._
Omphra, _Latr._
*ovipennis, _Reiche._
Planetes, _Macl._
bimaculatus, _Macleay._
Cardiaderus, _Dej._
scitus, _Wlk._
Distrigus, _Dej._
*costatus, _Niet._
*submetallicus, _Niet._
*rufopiceus, _Niet._
*æeneus, _Niet._
*Dejeani, _Niet._
Drimostoma, _Dej._
*Ceylanicum, _Niet._
*marginale, _Wlk._
Cyclosomus, _Latr._
flexuosus, _Fabr._
Ochthephilus, _Niet._
*Ceylanicus, _Niet._
Spathinus, _Niet._
*nigriceps, _Niet._
Acupalpus, _Latr._
derogatus, _Wlk._
extremus, _Wlk._
Bembidium, _Latr._
finitimum, _Wlk._
*opulentum, _Niet._
*truncatum, _Niet._
*tropicum, _Niet._
*triangalare, _Niet._
*Ceylanicum, _Niet._
Klugii, _Niet._
*ebeninum, _Niet._
*orientale, _Niet._
*emarginatum, _Niet._
*ornatum, _Niet._
*scydmænoides, _Niet._
Fam. PAUSSIDÆ, _Westw._
Cerapterus, _Swed._
latipes, _Swed._
Pleuropterus, _West._
Westermanni, _West._
Paussus, _Linn._
pacificus, _West._
Fam. DYTISCIDÆ, _Macl._
Cybister, _Curt._
limbatus, _Fabr._
Dytiscus, _Linn._
extenuans, _Wlk._
Eunectes, _Erich._
griseus, _Fabr._
Hydaticus, _Leach._
festivus, _Ill._
vittatus, _Fabr._
disclocans, _Wlk._
fractifer, _Wlk._
Colymbetes, _Clairv._
interclusus, _Wlk._
Hydroporus, _Clairv._
interpulsus, _Wlk._
intermixtus, _Wlk._
lætabilis, _Wlk._
*inefficiens, _Wlk._
Fam. GYRINIDÆ, _Leach_.
Dineutes, _Macl._
spinosus, _Fabr._
Porrorhynchus, _Lap._
indicans, _Wlk._
Gyretes, _Brullé_.
discifer, _Wlk._
Gyrinus, _Linn_.
nitidulus, _Fabr._
obliquus, _Wlk._
Orectochilus, _Esch._
*lenoeinium, _Dohrn_.
Fam. STAPHILINIDÆ,
_Leach_.
Ocypus, _Kirby_.
longipennis, _Wlk._
congruus, _Wlk._
punctilinea, _Wlk._
*lineatus, _Wlk._
Philonthus, _Leach_.
*pedestris, _Wlk._
Xantholinus, _Dahl_.
cinctus, _Wlk._
*inclinans, _Wlk._
Sunius, _Leach_.
*obliquus, _Wlk._
Oedichirus, _Erich_.
*alatus, _Niet._
Poederus, _Fabr_.
alternans, _Wlk._
Stenus, _Latr._
*barbatus, _Niet._
*lacertoides, _Niet._
Osorius? _Leach_.
*compactus, _Wlk._
Prognatha, _Latr._
decisa, _Wlk._
*tenuis, _Wlk._
Leptochirus, _Perty_.
*bispinus, _Erich_.
Oxytelus, _Grav._
rudis, _Wlk._
productus, _Wlk._
*bicolor, _Wlk._
Trogophloeus? _Mann_.
*Taprobanæ, _Wlk._
Omalium, _Grav._
filiforme, _Wlk._
Aleochara, _Grav._
postica, _Wlk._
*translata, _Wlk._
*subjecta, _Wlk._
Dinarda, _Leach_.
serricornis, _Wlk._
Fam. PSELAPHIDÆ, _Leach_.
Pselaphanax, _Wlk._
setosus, _Wlk._
Fam. SCYDMÆNIDÆ, _Leach_.
Erineus, _Wlk._
monstrosus, _Wlk._
Scydmænus, _Latr._
*megamelas, _Wlk_.
*alatus, _Niet._
*femoralis, _Niet._
*Ceylanicus, _Niet._
*intermedius, _Niet._
*pselaphoides, _Niet._
*advolans, _Niet._
*pubescens, _Niet._
*pygmæus, _Niet._
*glanduliferus, _Niet._
*graminicola, _Niet._
*pyriformis, _Niet._
*angusticeps, _Niet._
*ovatus, _Niet._
Fam. PTILIADÆ, _Woll._
Trichopteryx, _Kirby_.
*cursitans, _Niet._
*immatura, _Niet._
*invisibilis, _Niet._
Ptilium, _Schüpp._.
*subquadratum, _Niet._
Ptenidium, _Erich_.
*macrocephalum, _Niet._
Fam. PHALACRIDÆ, _Leach_.
Phalacrus, _Payk._
conjiciens, _Wlk._
confectus, _Wlk._
Fam. NITIDULIDÆ, _Leach_.
Nitidula, _Fabr._
contigens, _Wlk._
intendens, _Wlk._
significans, _Wlk._
tomentifera, _Wlk._
*submaculata, _Wlk._
*glabricula, _Dohrn._
Nitidulopsis, _Wlk._
æqualis, _Wlk._
Meligethes, _Kirby_.
*orientalis, _Niet._
*respondens, _Wlk._
Rhizophagus, _Herbst_.
parallelus, _Wlk_.
Fam. COLYDIADÆ, _Woll._
Lyctus, _Fabr._
retractus, _Wlk._
disputans, _Wlk._
Ditoma, _Illig._
rugicollis, _Wlk._
Fam. TROGOSITIDÆ, _Kirby_.
Trogosita, _Oliv._
insinuans, _Wlk._
*rhyzophagoides, _Wlk._
Fam. CUCUJIDÆ, _Steph._
Loemophloeus, _Dej._
ferrugineus, _Wlk._
Cucujus? _Fabr._
*incommodus, _Wlk._
Silvanus, _Latr._
retrahens, _Wlk._
*scuticollis, _Wlk._
*porrectus, _Wlk._
Brontes, _Fabr._
*orientalis, _Dej._
Fam. LATHRIDIADÆ, _Woll._
Lathridius, _Herbst_.
perpusillus, _Wlk._
Corticaria, _Marsh_.
resecta, _Wlk._
Monotoma, _Herbst_.
concinnula, _Wlk._
Fam. DERMESTIDÆ, _Leach_.
Dermestes, _Linn_.
vulpinus, _Fabr._
Attagenus, _Latr._
defectus, _Wlk._
rufipes, _Wlk._
Trinodes, _Meg._
hirtellus, _Wlk._
Fam. BYRRHIDÆ, _Leach_.
Inclica, _Wlk._
solida, _Wlk._
Fam. HISTERIDÆ, _Leach_.
Hister, _Linn_.
Bengalensis, _Weid._
encaustus, _Mars._
orientalis, _Payk_.
bipustulatus, _Fabr._
*mundissimus, _Wlk._
Saprinus, _Erich_.
semipunctatus, _Fabr._
Platysoma, _Leach_.
atratum? _Erichs_.
desinens, _Wlk._
restoratum, _Wlk._
Dendrophilus, _Leach._
finitimus, _Wlk._
Fam. APHODIADÆ, _Macl._
Aphodius, _Illig._
robustus, _Wlk._
dynastoides, _Wlk._
pallidicornis, _Wlk._
mutans, _Wlk._
sequens, _Wlk._
Psammodius, _Gyll._
inscitus, _Wlk._
Fam. TROGIDÆ, _Macl._
Trox, _Fabr._
inclusus, _Wlk._
cornutus, _Fabr._
Fam. COPRIDÆ, _Leach._
Ateuchus, _Weber._
sacer. _Linn._
Gymnopleurus, _Illig._
smaragdifer, _Wlk._
Koenigii, _Fabr._
Sisyphus, _Latr._
setosulus, _Wlk._
subsidens, _Wlk._
prominens, _Wlk._
Orepanocerus, _Kirby._
Taprobanæ, _West._
Copris, _Geoffr._
Pirmal, _Fabr._
sagax, _Quens._
capucinus, _Fabr._
cribricollis, _Wlk._
repertus, _Wlk._
sodalis, _Wlk._
signatus, _Wlk._
diminutivus, _Wlk._
Onthophagus, _Latr._
Bonassus, _Fabr._
cervicornis, _Fabr._
prolixus, _Wlk._
gravis, _Wlk._
diffieilis, _Wlk._
lucens, _Wtk._
negligens, _Wlk._
moerens, _Wlk._
turbatus _Wlk._
Onitis, _Fabr._
Philemon, _Fabr._
Fam. DYNASTIDÆ, _Macl._
Oryetes, _Illig._
rhinoceros, _Linn._
Xylotrupes, _Hope._
Gideon, _Linn._
reductus, _Wlk._
solidipes, _Wlk._
Phileurus, _Latr._
detractus, _Wlk._
Orphnus, _Macl._
detegens, _Wlk._
scitissimus, _Wlk._
Fam. GEOTRUPIDÆ, _Leach._
Bolboceras, _Kirby._
lineatus, _Westw._
Fam. MELOLONTHIDÆ,
_Macl._
Melolontha, _Fabr._
nummicudens, _Newm._
rubiginosa, _Wlk._
ferruginosa, _Wlk._
seriata, _Hope._
pinguis, _Wlk._
setosa, _Wlk._
Rhizotrogus, _Lair._
hirtipectus, _Wlk._
æqualis, _Wlk._
costatus, _Wlk._
inductus, _Wlk._
exactus, _Wlk._
sulcifer, _Wlk._
Phyllopertha, _Kirby._
transversa, _Burm._
Silphodes, _Westw._
Indica, _Westw._
Trigonostoma, _Dej._
assimile, _Hope._
compressum? _Weid._
nanum, _Wlk._
Serica, _Macl._
pruinosa, _Hope._
Popilia, _Leach._
marginicollis, _Newm._
cyanella, _Hope._
discalis, _Wlk._
Sericesthis, _Dej._
rotundata, _Wlk._
subsignata, _Wlk._
mollis, _Wlk._
confirmata, _Wlk._
Plectris, _Lep. & Serv._
solida, _Wlk._
punctigera, _Wlk._
glabrilinea, _Wlk._
Isonychus, _Mann._
ventralis, _Wlk._
pectoralis, _Wlk._
Omaloplia, _Meg._
fracta, _Wlk._
interrupta, _Wlk._
semicincta, _Wlk._
*hamifera, _Wlk._
*picta, _Dohrn._
*nana, _Dohrn._
Apogonia, _Kirby_.
nigrieaus, _Hope._
Phytalus, _Erich._
eurystomus; _Burm._
Ancylonycha, _Dej._
Reynaudii, _Blanch._
Leucopholis, _Dej._
Mellei, _Guer._
pinguis, _Burm._
Anomala, _Meg._
elata, _Fabr._
humeralis, _Wlk._
discalis, _Wlk._
varicolor, _Sch._
conformis, _Wlk._
similis, _Hope._
punctatissima, _Wlk._
infixa, _Wlk._
Mimela, _Kirby_
variegata, _Wlk._
mundissima, _Wlk._
Parastasia, _Westw._
rufopicta, _Westw._
Euchlora, _Macl._
viridis, _Fabr._
perplexa, _Hope._
Fam. CETONIADÆ, _Kirby._
Glycyphana, _Burm._
versicolor, _Fabr._
luctuosa, _Gory._
variegata, _Fabr._
marginicollis, _Gory._
Clinteria, _Burm._
imperialis, _Schaum._
incerta, _Parry._
chloronota, _Blanch_
Tæniodera, _Burm._
Malabariensis, _Gory._
quadrivittata, _White._
alboguttata, _Vigors._
Protætia, _Burm._
maculata, _Fabr._
Whitehousii, _Parry._
Agestrata, _Erich._
nigrita, _Fabr._
orichalcea, _Linn._
Coryphocera, _Burm._
elegans, _Fabr._
Macronota, _Hoffm._
quadrivittata, _Sch._
Fam. TRICHIADÆ, _Leach._
Valgus, _Scriba._
addendus, _Wlk._
Fam. LUCANIDÆ, _Leach._
Odontolabis, _Burm._
Bengalensis, _Parry._
emarginatus, _Dej._
Ægus, _Macl._
acuminatus, _Fabr._
lunatus, _Fabr._
Singhala, _Blanch._
tenella, _Blanch._
Fam. PASSALIDÆ, _Macl_.
Passalus, _Fabr_.
transversus, _Dohrn_.
interstitialis, _Perch_.
punctiger? _Lefeb_.
bicolor, _Fabr_.
Fam. SPHÆRIDIADÆ, _Leach_.
Sphæridium, _Fabr_.
tricolor, _Wlk_.
Cercyon, _Leach_.
*vicinale, _Wlk_.
Fam. HYDROPHILIDÆ, _Leach_.
Hydrous, _Leach_.
*rufiventris, _Niet_.
*inconspicuus, _Niet_.
Hydrobius, _Leach_.
stultus, _Wlk_.
Philydrus, _Solier_.
esuriens, _Wlk_.
Berosus, _Leach_.
*decrescens, _Wlk_.
Hydrochus, _Germ_.
*lacustris, _Niet_.
Georyssus, _Latr_.
*gemma, _Niet_.
*insularis, _Dohrn_.
Dastarcus, _Wlk_.
porosus, _Wlk_.
Fam. BUPRESTIDÆ, _Stph_.
Sternocera, _Esch_.
chrysis, _Linn_.
sternicornis, _Linn_.
Chrysochroa, _Solier_.
ignita, _Linn_.
Chinensis, _Lap_.
Rajah, _Lap_.
*cyaneocephala, _Fabr_.
Chyrsodema, _Lap_.
sulcata, _Thunb_.
Belionota, _Esch_.
scutellaris, _Fabr_.
*Petiti, _Gory_.
Chrysobothris, _Esch_.
suturalis, _Wlk_.
Agrilus, _Meg_.
sulcicollis, _Wlk_.
*cupreiceps, _Wlk_.
*cupreicollis, _Wlk_.
*armatus, _Fabr_.
Fam. ELATERIDÆ, _Leach_.
Campsosternos, _Latr_.
Templetonii, _Westw_.
aureolus, _Hope_.
Bohemannii, _Cand_.
venustulus, _Cand_.
pallidipes, _Cand_.
Agrypnus, _Esch_.
fuscipes, _Fabr_.
Alaus, _Esch_.
speciosus, _Linn_.
sordidus, _Westw_.
Cardiophorus, _Esch_.
humerifer, _Wlk_.
Corymbites, _Latr_.
dividens, _Wlk_.
divisa, _Wlk_.
*bivittava, _Wlk_.
Lacon, _Lap_.
*obesus, _Cand_.
Athous, _Esch_.
punctosus, _Wlk_.
inapertus, _Wlk_.
decretus, _Wlk_.
inefficiens, _Wlk_.
Ampedus, _Meg_.
*acutifer, _Wlk_.
*discicollis, _Wlk_.
Legna, _Wlk_.
idonea, _Wlk_.
Fam. LAMPYRIDÆ, _Leach_.
Lycus, _Fabr_.
triangularis, _Hope_.
geminus, _Wlk_.
astutus, _Wlk_.
fallax, _Wlk_.
planicornis, _Wlk_.
melanopterus, _Wlk_.
pubicornis, _Wlk_.
duplex, _Wlk_.
costifer, _Wlk_.
revocans, _Wlk_.
dispellens, _Wlk_.
*pubipennis, _Wlk_.
*humerifer, _Wlk_.
expansicornis, _Wlk_.
divisus, _Wlk_.
Dictyopterus, _Latr_.
internexus, _Wlk_.
Lampyris, _Geoff_.
tenebrosa, _Wlk_.
diffinis, _Wlk_.
lutescens, _Wlk_.
*vitrifera, _Wlk_.
Colophotia, _Dej_.
humeralis, _Wlk_.
[vespertina, _Fabr_.
perplexa, _Wlk_.?]
intricata, _Wlk_.
extricans, _Wlk_.
promelas, _Wlk_.
Harmatelia, _Wlk_.
discalis, _Wlk_.
bilinea, _Wlk_.
Fam. TELEPHORIDÆ, _Leach_.
Telephorus, _Schäff_.
dimidiatus, _Fabr_.
malthinoides, _Wlk_.
Eugeusis, _Westw_.
palpator, _Westw_.
gryphus, _Hope_.
olivaceus, _Hope_.
Fam. CEBRIONIDÆ, _Steph_.
Callirhipis, _Latr_.
Templetonii, _Westw_.
Championii, _Westw_.
Fam. MERLYRIDÆ, _Leach_.
Malachius, _Fabr_.
plagiatus, _Wlk_.
Malthinus, _Latr_.
*forticornis, _Wlk_.
*retractus, _Wlk_.
fragilis, _Dohrn_.
Enciopus, _Steph_.
proficiens, _Wlk_.
Honosca, _Wlk_.
necrobioides, _Wlk_.
Fam. CLERIDÆ, _Kirby_.
Cylidrus, _Lap_.
sobrinus, _Dohrn_.
Stigmatium, _Gray_.
elaphroides, _Westw_.
Necrobia, _Latr_.
rufipes, _Fabr_.
aspera, _Wlk_.
Fam. PTINIDÆ, _Leach_.
Ptinus, _Linn_.
*nigerrimus, _Boield_.
Fam. DIAPERIDÆ, _Leach_.
Diaperis, _Geoff_.
velutina, _Wlk_.
fragilis, _Dohrn_.
Fam. TENEBRIONIDÆ, _Leach_.
Zophobas, _Dej_.
errans? _Dej_.
clavipes, _Wlk_.
?solidus, _Wlk_.
Pseudoblaps, _Guer_.
nigrita, _Fabr_.
Tenebrio, _Linn_.
rubripes, _Hope_.
retenta, _Wlk_.
Trachyscelis, _Latr_.
brunnea, _Dohrn_.
Fam. OPATRIDÆ, _Shuck_.
Opatrum, _Fabr_.
contrahens, _Wlk_.
bilineatum, _Wlk_.
planatum, _Wlk_.
serricolle, _Wlk._
Asida, _Latr_.
horrida, _Wlk._
Crypticus, _Latr_.
detersus, _Wlk_.
longipennis, _Wlk._
Phaleria, _Latr_.
rufipes, _Wlk._
Toxicum, _Latr_.
oppugnans, _Wlk_.
biluna, _Wlk._
Boletophagus, _Ill._
*morosus, _Dohrn_.
*exasperatus, _Doh._
Uloma, _Meg_.
scita, _Wlk._
Alphitophagus, _Steph_.
subfascia, _Wlk_.
Fam. HELOPIDÆ, _Steph_.
Osdara, _Wlk_.
picipes, _Wlk_.
Cholipus, _Dej_.
brevicornis, _Dej_.
parabolicus, _Wlk_.
læviusculus, _Wlk_.
Helops, _Fabr_.
ebenius, _Wlk_.
Camaria, _Lep. & Serv_.
amethystina, _L. & S_.
Amarygmus, _Dalm_.
chrysomeloides, _Dej_.
Fam. MELOIDÆ, _Woll_.
Epicauta, _Dej_.
nigrifinis, _Wlk_.
Cissites, _Latr_.
testaceus, _Fabr_.
Mylabris, _Fabr_.
humeralis, _Wlk_.
alterna, _Wlk_.
*recognita, _Wlk._
Atractocerus, _Pal., Bv_.
debilis, _Wlk_.
reversus, _Wlk_.
Fam. OEDEMERIDÆ, _Steph_.
Cistela, _Fabr._
congrua, _Wlk_.
*falsitica, _Wlk_.
Allecula, _Fabr_.
fusiformis, _Wlk_.
elegans, _Wlk_.
*flavifemur], _Wlk_.
Sora, _Wlk_.
*marginata, _Wlk_.
Thaccona, _Wlk_.
dimelas, _Wlk_.
Fam. MORDELLIDÆ, _Steph_.
Acosmus, _Dej_.
languidus, _Wlk_.
Rhipiphorus, _Fabr_.
*tropicus, _Niet_.
Mordella, _Linn_.
composita, _Wlk_.
*defectiva, _Wlk_.
Myrmecolax, _Westw_.
*Nietneri, _Westw_.
Fam. ANTHICIDÆ, _Wlk_.
Anthicus, _Payk_
*quisquilarius, _Niet_.
*insularius, _Niet_.
*sticticollis, _Wlk_.
Fam. CISSIDÆ, _Leach_.
Cis, _Latr_.
contendens, _Wlk_.
Fam. TOMICIDÆ, _Shuck_.
Apate, _Fabr_.
submedia, _Wlk_.
Bostrichus, _Geoff_.
mutilatus, _Wlk_.
*vertens, _Wlk_.
*moderatus, _Wlk_.
*testaceus, _Wlk_.
*exiguus, _Wlk_.
Platypus, _Herbst_.
minax, _Wlk_.
solidus, _Wlk_.
*latitinis, _Wlk_.
Hylurgus, _Latr_.
determinans, _Wlk_.
*concinnulus, _Wlk_.
Hylesinus, _Fabr_.
curvifer, _Wlk_.
despectus, _Wlk_.
irresolutus, _Wlk_.
Fam. CURCULIONIDÆ, _Leach_.
Bruchus, _Linn_.
scutellaris, _Fabr_.
Spermophagus, _Steven_.
convolvuli, _Thumb_.
figuratus, _Wlk_.
Cisti, _Fabr_.
incertus, _Wlk_.
decretus, _Wlk_.
Dendropemon _Schön_.
*melancholicus, _Dohrn_.
Dendrotrogus, _Jek_.
Dohrnii, _Jek_.
discrepans, _Dohrn_.
Eucorynus, _Schön_.
colligendus, _Wlk_.
colligens, _Wlk_.
Basitropis, _Jek_.
*disconotatus, _Jek_.
Litocerus, _Schön_.
punctulatus, _Dohrn_.
Tropideres, _Sch_.
punctulifer, _Dohrn_.
fragilis, _Wlk_.
Cedus, _Waterh_.
*cancellatus, _Dohrn_.
Xylinades, _Latr_.
sobrinulus, _Dohrn_.
indignus, _Wlk_.
Xenocerus, _Germ_.
anguliferus, _Wlk_.
revocans, _Wlk_.
*anchoralis, _Dohrn_.
Callistocerus, _Dohrn_.
*Nietneri, _Dohrn_.
Anthribus, _Geoff_.
longicornis, _Fabr_.
apicalis, _Wlk_.
facilis, _Wlk_.
Aræcerus, _Schön_.
coffeæ, _Fabr_.
*insidiosus, _Fabr_.
*musculus, _Dohrn_.
*intangens, _Wlk_.
*bifovea, _Wlk_.
Dipieza, _Pasc_.
*insignis, _Dohrn_.
Apolecta, _Pasc_.
*Nietneri, _Dohrn_.
*musculus, _Dohrn_
Arrhenodes, _Steven_.
miles, _Sch_.
pilicornis, _Sch_.
dentirostris, _Jek_.
approximans, _Wlk_.
Veneris, _Dohrn_
Cerobates, _Schön_.
thrasco, _Dohrn_.
aciculatus, _Wlk_.
Ceocephalus, _Schön_.
cavus, _Wlk_.
*reticulatus, _Fabr_.
Nemocephalus, _Latr_.
sulcirostris, _De Haan_.
planicollis, _Wlk_.
spinirostris, _Wlk_.
Apoderus, _Oliv_.
longicollis ? _Fabr_.
Tranquebaricus, _Fabr_.
cygneus, _Fabr_.?
scitulus, _Wlk_.
*triangularis, _Fabr_.
*echinatus, _Sch_.
Rhynchites, _Herbst_.
suffundens, _Wlk._
*restituens, _Wlk._
Apion, _Herbst_.
*Cingalense, _Wlk._
Strophosomus, _Bilbug_.
*suturalis, _Wlk._
Piazomias, _Schön._
æqualis, _Wlk._
Astycus, _Schön._
lateralis, _Fabr.?_
ebeninus, _Wlk._
*immunis, _Wlk._
Cleonus, _Schön._
inducens, _Wlk._
Myllocerus, _Schön._
transmarinus, _Herbst_.?
spurcatus, _Wlk._
*retrahens, _Wlk._
*posticus, _Wlk._
Phyllobius, _Schön._
*mimicus, _Wlk._
Episomus, _Schön._
pauperatus, _Fabr._
Lixus, _Fabr._
nebulifascia, _Wlk._
Aclees, _Schön._
cribratus, _Dej._
Alcides, _Dalm._
signatus, _Boh._
obliquus, _Wlk._
transversus, _Wlk._
*clausus, _Wlk._
Acicnemis, _Fairm._
Ceylonicus, _Jek._
Apotomorhinus, _Schön._
signatus, _Wlk._
alboater, _Wlk._
Cryptorhynchus, _Illig._
ineffectus, _Wlk._
assimilans, _Wlk._
declaratus, _Wlk._
notabilis, _Wlk._
vexatus, _Wlk._
Camptorhinus, _Schön.?_
reversus, _Wlk._
*indiscretus, _Wlk._
Desmidophorus, _Chevr._
hebes, _Fabr._
communicans, _Wlk._
strenuus, _Wlk._
*discriminans _Wlk._
inexpertus, _Wlk._
*fasciculicollis, _Wlk._
Sipalus, _Schön._
granulatus, _Fabr._
porosus, _Wlk._
tinctus, _Wlk._
Mecopus, _Dalm._
*Waterhousei, _Dohrn._
Rhynchophorus, _Herbst_.
ferrugineus, _Fabr._
introducens, _Wlk._
Protocerus, _Schön._
molossus? _Oliv._
Sphænophorus, _Schön._
glabridiscus, _Wlk._
exquisitus, _Wlk._
Dehaani? _Jek._
cribricollis, _Wlk._
? panops, _Wlk._
Cossonus, _Clairv._
*quadrimacula, _Wlk._
? hebes, _Wlk._
ambiguus, _Sch.?_
Sitophilus, _Schön._
oryzæ, _Linn._
disciferus, _Wlk._
Mecinus, _Germ._
*? relictus, _Wlk._
Fam. PRIONIDÆ, _Leach_.
Trictenotoma, _G.H. Gray_.
Templetoni, _Westw._
Prionomma, _White_.
orientalis, _Oliv._
Acanthophorus, _Serv._
serraticornis, _Oliv._
Cnemoplites, _Newm._
Rhesus, _Motch._
Ægosoma, _Serv._
Cingalense, _White_.
Fam. CERAMIBYCIDÆ, _Kirby_.
Cerambyx, _Linn._
indutus, _Newm._
vernicosus, _Pasc._
consocius, _Pasc._
versutus, _Pasc._
nitidus, _Pasc._
macilentus, _Pasc._
venustus, _Pasc._
torticollis, _Dohrn._
Sebasmia, _Pasc._
Templetoni, _Pasc._
Callichroma, _Lair._
trogoninum, _Pasc._
telephoroides, _Westw._
Homalomelas, _White_.
gracilipes, _Parry_.
zonatus, _Pasc._
Colobus, _Serv._
Cingalensis, _White_.
Thranius, _Pasc._
gibbosus, _Pasc._
Deuteromma, _Pasc._
mutica, _Pasc._
Obrium, _Meg._
laterale, _Pasc._
moestum, _Pasc._
Psilomerus, _Blanch._
macilentus, _Pasc._
Clytus _Fabr._
vicinus, _Hope_.
ascendens, _Pasc._
Walkeri, _Pasc._
annularis, _Fabr._
*aurilinea, _Dohrn._
Rhaphuma, _Pasc._
leucoscutellata, _Hope_.
Ceresium, _Newm._
cretatum, _White_.
Zeylanicum, _White._
Stromatium, _Serv._
barbatum, _Fabr._
maculatum, _White._
Hespherophanes, _Muls._
simplex, _Gyll._
Fam. LAMIIDÆ, _Kirby_.
Nyphona, _Muls._
cylindracea, _White_.
Mesosa, _Serv._
columba, _Pasc._
Coptops, _Serv._
bidens, _Fabr._
Xylorhiza, _Dej._
adusta, _Wied._
Cacia, _Newm._
triloba, _Pasc._
Batocera, _Blanch._
rubus, _Fabr._
ferruginea, _Blanch._
Monohammus, _Meg._
fistulator, _Germ._
crucifer, _Fabr._
nivosus, _White_.
commixtus, _Pasc._
Cereopsius, _Dup._
patronus, _Pasc._
Pelargoderus, _Serv._
tigrinus, _Chevr._
Olenocamptus, _Chevr._
bilobus, _Fabr._
Praonetha, _Dej._
annulata, _Chevr._
posticalis, _Pasc._
Apomecyna, _Serv._
histrio, _Fabr._ var.?
Ropica, _Pasc._
præusta, _Pasc._
Hathlia, _Serv._
procera, _Pasc._
Iolea, _Pasc._
proxima, _Pasc._
histrio, _Pasc._
Glenea, _Newm._
sulphurella, _White_.
commissa, _Pasc._
scapifera, _Pasc._
vexator, _Pasc._
Stibara, _Hope_.
nigricornis, _Fabr._
Fam. HISPIDÆ, _Kirby_.
Oncocephala, _Dohrn_.
deltoides, _Dohrn_.
Leptispa, _Baly_.
pygmæa, _Baly_.
Amblispa, _Baly_,
Döhrnii, _Baly_.
Estigmena, _Hope_.
Chinensis, _Hope_.
Hispa, _Linn_.
hystrix, _Fabr_.
erinacea, _Fabr_.
nigrina, _Dohrn_.
*Walkeri, _Baly_.
Platypria, _Guér_.
echidna, _Guér_.
Fam. CASSIDIDÆ, _Westw_.
Epistictia, _Boh_.
matronula, _Boh_.
Hoplionota, _Hope_.
tetraspilota, _Baly_.
rubromarginata, _Boh_.
horrifica, _Boh_.
Aspidomorpha, _Hope_.
St. crucis, _Fabr_.
miliaris, _Fabr_.
pallidimarginata, _Baly_.
dorsata, _Fabr_.
calligera, _Boh_.
micans, _Fabr_.
Cassida, _Linn_.
clathrata, _Fabr_.
timefacta, _Boh_.
farinosa, _Boh_.
Laccoptera, _Boh_.
14-notata, _Boh_.
Coptcycla, _Chevr_.
sex-notata, _Fabr_.
13-signata, _Boh_.
13-notata, _Boh_.
ornata, _Fabr_.
Ceylonica, _Boh_.
Balyi, _Boh_.
trivittata, _Fabr_.
15-punctate, _Boh_.
catenata, _Dej_.
Fam. SAGRIDÆ:, _Kirby_.
Sagra, _Fabr_.
nigrita, _Oliv_.
Fam. DONACIDÆ, _Lacord_.
Donacia, _Fabr_.
Delesserti, _Guér_
Coptocephala, _Chev_.
Templetoni, _Baly_.
Fam. EUMOLPIDÆ, _Baly_.
Corynodes, _Hope_.
cyaneus, _Hope_.
æneus, _Baly_.
Glyptoscelis, _Chevr_.
Templetoni, _Baly_.
pyrospilotus, _Baly_.
micans, _Baly_.
cupreus, _Baly_.
Eumolpus, _Fabr_.
lemoides, _Wlk_.
Fam. CRYPTOCEPHALIDÆ, _Kirby_.
Cryptocephalus, _Geoff_.
sex-punctatus, _Fabr_.
Walkeri, _Baly_.
Diapromorpha, _Lac_.
Turcica, _Fabr_.
Fam. CHRYSOMELIDÆ, _Leach_.
Chalcolampa, _Baly_.
Templetoni, _Baly_.
Lina, _Meg_.
convexa, _Baly_.
Chrysomela, _Linn_.
Templetoni, _Baly_.
Fam. GALERUCIDÆ, _Steph_.
Galeruca, _Geoff_.
*pectinata, _Dohrn_.
Graptodera, _Chevr_.
cyanea, _Fabr_.
Monolepta, _Chevr_.
pulchella, _Baly_.
Thyamis, _Steph_.
Ceylonicus, _Baly_.
Fam. COCCINELLIDÆ, _Latr_.
Epilachna, _Chevr_.
28-punctata, _Fabr_.
Delessortii, _Guér_.
pubescens, _Hope_.
innuba, _Oliv_.
Coccinella, _Linn_.
tricincta, _Fabr_.
*repanda, _Muls_.
tenuilinea, _Wlk_.
rejiciens, _Wlk_.
interrumpens, _Wlk_.
quinqueplaga, _Wlk_.
simplex, _Wlk_.
antica, _Wlk_.
flaviceps, _Wlk_.
Neda, _Muls_.
tricolor, _Fabr_.
Coelophora, _Muls_.
9-maculata, _Fabr_. ?
Chilocorus, _Leach_.
opponens, _Wlk_.
Seymnus, _Kug_.
variabilis, _Wlk_.
Fam. EROTYLIDÆ, _Leach_.
Fatua, _Dej_.
Nepalensis, _Hope_.
Triplax, _Payk_.
decorus, _Wlk_.
Tritoma, _Fabr_.
*bifacies, _Wlk_.
*preposita, _Wlk_.
Ischyrus, _Cherz_.
grandis, _Fabr_.
Fam. ENDOMYCHIDÆ, _Leach._
Eugonius, _Gerst_.
annularis, _Gerst_.
lunulatus, _Gerst_.
Eumorphus, _Weber_.
pulchripes, _Gerst_.
*tener, _Dohrn_.
Stenotarsus, _Perty_.
Nietneri, _Gerst_.
*castaneus, _Gerst_.
*tomentosus, _Gerst_.
*vallatus, _Gerst_.
Lycoperdina, _Latr_.
glabrata, _Wlk_.
Ancylopus, _Gerst_.
melanocephalus, _Oliv_.
Saula, _Gerst_.
*nigripes, _Gerst_.
*ferruginea, _Gerst_.
Mycetina, _Gerst_.
castanea, _Gerst_.
Order Orthoptera, _Linn_.
Fam. FORFICULIDÆ, _Steph_.
Forficula, _Linn_.
Fam. BLATTIDÆ, _Steph_.
Panesthia, _Serv_.
Javanica, _Serv_.
plagiata, _Wlk_.
Polyzosteria, _Burm_.
larva.
Corydia, _Serv_.
Petiveriana, _Linn_.
Fam. MANTIDÆ, _Leach_.
Empusa, _Illig_.
gongylodes, _Linn_.
Harpax, _Serv_.
signifer, _Wlk_.
Schizocephala, _Serv_,
bicornis, _Linn_.
Mantis, _Linn_.
superstitiosa, _Fabr_.
aridifolia, _Stoll_
extensicollis ? _Serv_.
Fam. PHASMIDÆ, _Serv_.
Acrophylla, _Gray_.
systropedon, _Westw_.
Phasma, _Licht_.
sordidum, _De Haan_.
Phyllium, _Illig_.
siccifolium, _Linn_.
Fam. GRYLLIDÆ, _Steph_.
Acheta, _Linn_.
bimaculata, _Deg_.
supplicans, _Wlk_.
æqualis, _Wlk_.
confirmata, _Wlk_.
Platydactylus, _Brull_.
crassipes, _Wlk_.
Steirodon, _Serv_.
lanceolatum, _Wlk_.
Phyllophora, _Thunb_.
falsifolia, _Wlk_.
Acanthodis, _Serv_.
rugosa, _Wlk_.
Phaneroptera, _Serv_.
attenuata, _Wlk_.
Phymateus, _Thunb_.
miharis, _Linn_.
Truxalis, _Linn_.
exaltata, _Wlk_.
porrecta, _Wlk_.
Acridium, _Geoffr_.
extensum, _Wlk_.
deponens, _Wlk_.
rufitibia, _Wlk_.
cinctifemur, _Wlk_.
respondens, _Wlk_.
nigrifascia, _Wlk_.
Order, Physapoda, _Dum_.
Thrips, _Linn_.
stenomelas, _Wlk_.
Order, Neuroptera, _Linn_.
Fam. SERICOSTOMIDÆ, _Steph_.
Mormonia, _Curt_.
*ursina, _Hagen_.
Fam. LEPTOCERIDÆ, _Leach_.
Macronema, _Pict_.
multitarium, _Wlk_.
*splendidum, _Hagen_.
*nebulosum, _Hagen_.
*obliquum, _Hagen_.
*Ceylanicum, _Niet_.
*annulicorne, _Niet_.
Molanna, _Curt_.
mixta, _Hagen_.
Sctodes, _Ramb_.
*Iris, _Hagen_.
*Ino, _Hagen_.
Fam. PSYCHOMIDÆ, _Curt_.
Chimarra, _Leach_.
*auriceps, _Hagen_.
*funesta, _Hagen_.
*sepulcralis, _Hagen_.
Fam. HYDROPSYCHIDÆ, _Curt_.
Hydropsyche, _Pict_.
*Taprobanes, _Hagen_.
*mitis, _Hagen_.
Fam. RHYACOPHILIDÆ, _Steph_.
Rhyacophila, _Pict_.
*castanea, _Hagen_.
Fam. PERLIDÆ, _Leach_.
Perla, _Geoffr_.
angulata, _Wlk_.
*testacea, _Hagen_.
*limosa, _Hagen_.
Fam. SILIADÆ, _Westw_.
Dilar, _Ramb_.
*Nietneri, _Hagen_.
Fam. HEMEROBIDÆ, _Leach_.
Mantispa, _Illig_.
*Indica, _Westw_.
mutata, _Wlk_.
Chrysopa, _Leach_.
invaria, _Wlk_.
*tropica, _Hagen_.
aurifera, _Wlk_.
*punctata, _Hagen_.
Micromerus, _Ramb_.
*linearis, _Hagen_.
*australis, _Hagen_.
Hemerobius, _Linn_.
*frontalis, _Hagen_.
Coniopteryx, _Hal_.
*cerata, _Hagen_.
Fam. MYRMELEONIDÆ, _Leach_.
Palpares, _Ramb_.
contrarius, _Wlk_.
Acanthoclisis, _Ramb_.
*--n. s. _Hagen_.
*molestus, _Wlk_.
Myrmeleon, _Linn_.
gravis, _Wlk_.
dirus, _Wlk_.
barbarus, _Wlk_.
Ascalaphus, _Fabr_.
nugax, _Wlk_.
incusans, _Wlk_.
*cervinus, _Niet_.
Fam. PSOCIDÆ, _Leach_.
Psocus, _Latr_.
*Taprobanes, _Hagen_.
*oblitus, _Hagen_.
*consitus, _Hagen_.
*trimaculatus, _Hagen_.
*obtusus, _Hagen_.
*elongatus, _Hagen_.
*chloroticus, _Hagen_.
*aridus, _Hagen_.
*coleoptratus, _Hagen_.
*dolabratus, _Hagen_.
*infelix, _Hagen_.
Fam. TERMITIDÆ, _Leach_.
Termes, _Linn_.
Taprobanes, _Wlk_.
fatalis, _Koen_.
monoceros, _Koen_.
*umbilicatus, _Hagen_.
*n.s. _Jouv_.
*n.s. _Jouv_.
Fam. EMBIDÆ, _Hagen_.