*Saundersii, _Westw_.
Fam. EPHEMERIDÆ, _Leach_.
Bætis, _Leach_.
Taprobanes, _Wlk_.
Potamanthus, _Pict_.
*fasciatus, _Hagen_.
*annulatus, _Hagen_.
*femoralis, _Hagen_.
Cloe, _Burm_.
*tristis, _Hagen_.
*consueta, _Hagen._
*solida, _Hagen_.
*sigmata, _Hagen_.
*marginalis, _Hagen_.
Cænis, _Steph_.
perpusilla, _Wlk_.
Fam. LIBELLULIDÆ.
Calopteryx, _Leach_.
Chinensis, _Linn_.
Euphoea, _Selys_.
splendens, _Hagen_.
Micromerus, _Ramb_.
lineatus, _Burm_.
Trichocnemys, _Selys_.
*serapica, _Hagen_.
Lestes, _Leach_.
*elata, _Hagen_.
*gracilis, _Hagen_.
Agrion, _Fabr._
*Coromandelianum, _F._
*tenax, _Hagen._
*hilare, _Hagen._
*velare, _Hagen._
*delicatum, _Hagen._
Gynacantha, _Ramb._
subinterrupta, _Ramb._
Epophthalmia, _Burm._
vittata, _Burm._
Zyxomma, _Ramb._
petiolatum, _Ramb._
Acisoma, _Ramb._
panorpoides, _Ramb._
Libellula, _Linn._
Marcia, _Drury._
Tillarga, _Fabr._
variegata, _Linn._
flavescens, _Fabr._
Sabina, _Drury._
viridula, _Pal. Beauv._
congener, _Ramb._
soror, _Ramb._
Aurora, _Burm._
violacea, _Niet._
perla, _Hagen._
sanguinea, _Burm._
trivialis, _Ramb._
contaminata, _Fabr._
equestris, _Fabr._
nebulosa, _Fabr._
Order, Hymenoptera, _Linn_.
Fam. FORMICIDÆ, _Leach._
Formica, _Linn._
smaragdina, _Fabr._
mitis, _Smith._
*Taprobane, _Smith._
*variegata, _Smith._
*exercita, _Wlk._
*exundans, _Wlk._
*meritans, _Wlk._
*latebrosa, _Wlk_
*pangens, _Wlk._
*ingruens _Wlk._
*detorquens, _Wlk._
*diffidens, _Wlk._
*obscurans, _Wlk._
*indeflexa, _Wik._
consultans, _Wlk._
Polyrhachis, _Smith._
*illaudatus, _Wlk._
Fam. PONERIDÆ, _Smith._
Odontomachus, _Latr._
simillimus, _Smith._
Typhlopone, _Westw._
Cartisii, _Shuck._
Myrmica, _Latr._
basalis, _Smith._
contigua, _Smith._
glyciphila, _Smith._
*consternens, _Wlk._
Crematogaster, _Lund._
*pellens, _Wlk._
*deponens, _Wlk._
*forticulus, _Wlk._
Pseudomyrma, _Guré._
*atrata, _Smith._
allaborans, _Wlk._
Atta, _St. Farg._
didita, _Wlk._
Pheidole, _Westw._
Janus, _Smith._
*Taprobanæ, _Smith._
*rugosa, _Smith._
Meranoplus, _Smith._
*dimicans, _Wlk._
Cataulacus, _Smith._
Taprobanæ, _Smith._
Fam. MUTILLIDÆ, _Leach._
Mutilla, _Linn._
*Sibylla, _Smith._
Tiphia, _Fabr._
*decrescens, _Wlk._
Fam. EUMENIDÆ, _Westw._
Odynerus, _Latr._
*tinctipennis, _Wlk._
*intendens, _Wlk._
Scolia, _Fabr._
auricollis, _St. Farg._
Fam, CRABRONIDÆ, _Leach._
Philanthus, _Fabr._
basalis, _Smith._
Stigmus, _Jur._
*congruus, _Wlk._
Fam. SPHEGIDÆ, _Steph._
Ammophila, _Kirby._
atripes, _Smith._
Pelopoæus, _Latr._
Spinolæ, _St. Farg._
Sphex, _Fabr._
ferruginea, _St. Farg._
Ampulex, _Jur._
conapressa, _Fabr._
Fam. LARRIDÆ, _Steph._
Larrada, _Smith._
*extensa, _Wlk._
Fam. POMPILIDÆ, _Leach._
Pompilus, _Fabr._
analis, _Fabr._
Fam. APIDÆ, _Leach._
Andrena, _Fabr._
*exagens, _Wlk._
Nomia, _Latr._
rustica, _Westw._
*vincta, _Wlk._
Allodaps, _Smith._
*marginata, _Smith._
Ceratina, _Latr._
viridis, _Guér._
picta, _Smith._
*simillima, _Smith._
Cælioxys, _Latr._
capitata, _Smith._
Crocisa, _Jur._
*ramosa, _St. Farg._
Stelis, _Panz._
carbonaria, _Smith._
Anthophora, _Latr._
zonata, _Smith._
Xylocopa, _Latr._
tenuiscapa, _Westw._
latipes, _Drury._
Apis, _Linn._
Indica, _Smith._
Trigona, _Jur._
iridipennis, _Smith._
*præterita, _Wlk._
Fam, CHRYSIDÆ, _Wlk._
Stilbum, _Spin._
splendidum, _Dahl._
Fam. DORYLIDÆ, _Shuck._
Enictus, _Shuck._
porizonoides, _Wlk._
Fam. ICHNEUMONIDÆ, _Leach._
Cryptus, _Fabr._
*onustus, _Wlk._
Hemiteles ? _Grav._
*varius, _Wlk._
Porizon, _Fall._
*dominans, _Wlk._
Pimpla, _Fabr._
albopicta, _Wlk._
Fam. BRACONIDÆ, _Hal._
Microgaster, _Latr._
*recusans, _Wlk._
*significans, _Wlk._
*subducens, _Wlk._
*detracta, _Wlk._
Spathius, _Nees._
*bisignatus, _Wlk._
*signipennis, _Wlk._
Heratemis, _Wlk_
*filosa, _Wlk._
Nebartha, _Wlk_.
*macropoides, _Wlk_.
Psyttalia, _Wlk_.
*testacea, _Wlk_.
Fam. CHALCIDIÆ, _Spin_.
Chalcis, _Fabr_.
*dividens, _Wlk_.
*pandens, _Wlk_.
Halticella, _Spin_.
*rufimanus, _Wlk_.
*inficiens, _Wlk_.
Dirrhinus, _Dalm_.
*Anthracia, _Wlk_.
Eurytoma, _Ill_.
*contraria, _Wlk_.
*indefensa, _Wlk_.
Eucharis, _Latr_.
*convergens, _Wlk_.
*deprivata, _Wlk_.
Pteromalus, _Swed_.
*magniceps, _Wlk_.
Encyrtus, _Latr_.
*obstructus, _Wlk_.
Fam. DIAPHIDÆ, _Hal_.
Diapria, _Latr_.
apicalis, _Wlk_.
Order, Lepidoptera, _Linn_.
Fam. PAPILIONIDÆ, _Leach_.
Ornithoptera, _Boisd_.
Darsius, _G. R. Gray_.
Papilio, _Linn_.
Diphilus, _Esp_.
Jophon, _G. R. Gray_.
Hector, _Linn_.
Romulus, _Cram_.
Polymnestor, _Cram_.
Crino, _Fabr_.
Helenus, _Linn_.
Pammon, _Linn_.
Polytes, _Linn_.
Erithonius, _Cram_.
Antipathis, _Cram_.
Agamemnon, _Linn_.
Eurypilos, _Linn_.
Bathycles, _Zinck-Som_.
Sarpedon, _Linn_.
dissimilis, _Linn_.
Pontia, _Fabr_.
Nina, _Fabr_.
Pieris, _Schr_.
Eacharis, _Drury_.
Coronis, _Cram_.
Epicharis, _Gudt_.
Nama, _Doubl_.
Remba, _Moore_.
Mesentina, _Godt_.
Severina, _Cram_.
Namouna, _Doubl_.
Phryne, _Fabr_.
Paulina, _Godt_.
Thestylis, _Doubl_.
Callosune, _Doubl_.
Eucharis, _Fabr_.
Danaë, _Fabr_.
Etrida, _Boisd_.
Idmais, _Boisd_.
Calais, _Cram_.
Thestias, _Boisd_.
Mariamne, _Cram_.
Pirene, _Linn_.
Hebomoia, _Hübn_.
Glaucippe, _Linn_.
Eronia, _Hübn_.
Valeria, _Cram_.
Callidryas, _Boisd_.
Phillipina, _Boisd_.
Pyranthe, _Linn_.
Hilaria, _Cram_.
Alemeone, _Cram_.
Thisorella, _Boisd_.
Terias, _Swain_.
Drona, _Horsf_.
Hecabe, _Linn_.
Fam. NYMPHALIDÆ, _Swain_.
Euploea, _Fabr_.
Prothoe, _Godt_.
Core, _Cram_.
Alcathoë, _Godt_.
Danais, _Latr_.
Chrysippus, _Linn_.
Plexippus, _Linn_.
Aglae, _Cram_.
Melissa, _Cram_.
Limniacæ, _Cram_.
Juventa, _Cram_.
Hestia, _Hübn_.
Jasonia, _Westw_.
Telchinia, _Hübn_.
violæ, _Fabr_.
Cethosia, _Fabr_.
Cyane, _Fabr_.
Messarus, _Doubl_.
Erymanthis, _Drury_.
Atella, _Doubl_.
Phalanta, _Drury_.
Argynnis, _Fabr_.
Niphe, _Linn_.
Clagia, _Godt_.
Ergolis, _Boisd_.
Taprobana, _West_.
Vanessa, _Fabr_.
Charonia, _Drury_.
Libythea, _Fabr_.
Medhavina, _Wlk_.
Pushcara, _Wlk_.
Pyrameis, _Hübn_.
Charonia, _Drury_.
Cardui, _Linn_.
Callirhoë, _Hübn_.
Junonia, _Hübn_.
Limonias, _Linn_.
Oenone, _Linn_.
Orithyia, _Linn_.
Laomedia, _Linn_.
Asterie, _Linn_.
Precis, _Hübn_.
Iphita, _Cram_.
Cynthia, _Fabr_.
Arsinoe, _Cram_.
Parthenos, _Hübn_.
Gambrisius, _Fabr_.
Limenitis, _Fabr_.
Calidusa, _Moore_.
Neptis, _Fabr_.
Heliodore, _Fabr_.
Columella, _Cram_.
aceris, _Fabr_.
Jumbah, _Moore_.
Hordonia, _Stoll_.
Diadema, _Boisd_.
Auge, _Cram_.
Bolina, _Linn_.
Symphædra, _Hübn_.
Thyelia, _Fabr_.
Adolias, _Boisd_.
Evelina, _Stoll_.
Lubentina, _Fabr_.
Vasanta, _Moore_.
Garada, _Moore_.
Nymphalis, _Latr_.
Psaphon, _Westw_.
Bernardus, _Fabr_.
Athamas, _Cram_.
Fabius, _Fabr_.
Kallima, _Doubl_.
Philarchus, _Westw_.
Melanitis, _Fabr_.
Banksia, _Fabr_.
Leda, _Linn_.
Casiphone, _G. R. Gray_.
unduluris, _Boisd_.
Ypththima, _Hübn_.
Lysandra, _Cram_.
Parthalis, _Wlk_.
Cyllo, _Boisd_.
Gorya, _Wlk_.
Cathæna, _Wlk_.
Embolima, _Wlk_.
Neilgherriensis, _Guér_.
Purimata, _Wlk_.
Pushpamitra, _Wlk_.
Mycalesis, _Hübn_.
Patnia, _Moore_.
Gamuliba, _Wlk_.
Dosaron, _Wlk_.
Samba, _Moore_.
Cænonympha, _Hübn_.
Euaspla, _Wlk._
Emesis, _Fabr._
Echerius, _Stoll._
Fam. LYCÆNIDÆ, _Leach._
Anops, _Boisd._
Bulis, _Boisd._
Thetys, _Drury._
Loxura, _Horsf._
Atymnus, _Cram._
Myrina, _Godt._
Selimnus, _Doubled._
Triopas, _Cram._
Amblypodia, _Horsf._
Longinus, _Fabr._
Narada, _Horsf._
Pseudocentaurus, _Do._
quercetorum, _Boisd._
Aphnæus, _Hübn._
Pindarus, _Fabr._
Etolus, _Cram._
Hephæstos, _Doubled._
Crotus, _Doubled._
Dipsas, _Doubled._
Chrysomallos, _Hübn._
Isocrates, _Fabr._
Lycæna, _Fabr._
Alexis, _Stoll._
Boetica, _Linn._
Cnejus, _Horsf._
Rosimon, _Fabr._
Theophrastus, _Fabr._
Pluto, _Fabr._
Parana, _Horsf._
Nyseus, _Guér._
Ethion, _Boisd._
Celeno, _Cram._
Kandarpa, _Horsf._
Elpis, _Godt._
Chimonas, _Wlk._
Gandara, _Wlk._
Chorienis, _Wlk._
Geria, _Wlk._
Doanas, _Wlk._
Sunya, _Wlk._
Audhra, _Wlk._
Polyommatus, _Latr._
Akasa, _Horsf._
Puspa, _Horsf._
Laius, _Cram._
Ethion, _Boisd._
Cattigara, _Wlk._
Gorgippia, _Wlk._
Lucia, _Westw._
Epius, _Westw._
Pithecops, _Horsf._
Hylax, _Fabr._
Fam. HESPERIDÆ, _Steph._
Goniloba, _Westw._
Iapetus, _Cram._
Pyrgus, _Hübn._
Superna, _Moore._
Danna, _Moore._
Genta, _Wlk._
Sydrus, _Wlk._
Nisoniades, _Hübn._
Diocles, _Boisd._
Salsala, _Moore._
Toides, _Wlk._
Pamphila, _Fabr._
Angías, _Linn._
Achylodes, _Hübn._
Temala, _Wlk._
Hesperia, _Fabr._
Indrani, _Moore._
Chaya, _Moore._
Cinnara, _Moore._
gremius, _Latr._
Cendochates, _Wlk._
Tiagara, _Wlk._
Cotiaris, _Wlk._
Sigala, _Wlk._
Fam. SPHINGIDÆ. _Leach._
Sesia, _Fabr._
Hylas, _Linn._
Macroglossa, _Ochs._
Stellatarum, _Linn._
gyrans, _Boisd._
Corythus, _Boisd._
divergens, _Wlk._
Calymnia, _Boisd._
Panopus, _Cram._
Choerocampa, _Dup._
Thyelia, _Linn._
Nyssus, _Drury._
Clotho, _Drury._
Oldenlandiæ, _Fabr._
Lycetus, _Cram._
Silhetensis, _Boisd._
Pergesa, _Wlk._
Acteus, _Cram._
Panacra, _Wlk._
vigil, _Guer._
Daphnis, _Hübn._
Nerii, _Linn._
Zonilia, _Boisd._
Morpheus, _Cram._
Macrosila, _Boisd._
obliqua, _Wlk._
discistriga, _Wlk._
Sphinx, _Linn._
convolvuli, _Linn._
Acherontia, _Ochs._
Satanas, _Boisd._
Smerinthus, _Latr._
Dryas, _Boisd._
Fam. CASTNIIDÆ _Wlk._
Eusemia, _Dalm._
bellatrix, _Westw._
Ægocera, _Latr._
Venulia, _Cram._
bimacula, _Wlk._
Fam. ZYGÆNIDÆ, _Leach._
Syntomis, _Ochs._
Schoenherri, _Boisd._
Creusa, _Linn._
Imaon, _Cram._
Glaucopis, _Fabr._
subaurata, _Wlk._
Enchromia, _Hübn._
Polymena, _Cram._
diminuta, _Wlk._
Fam. LITHOSIIDÆ, _Steph._
Scaptesyle, _Wlk._
bicolor, _Wlk._
Nyctemera, _Hübn._
lacticinia, _Cram._
latistriga, _Wlk._
Coleta, _Cram._
Euschema, _Hübn._
subrepleta, _Wlk._
transversa, _Wlk._
vilis, _Wlk._
Chalcosia, _Hübn._
Tiberina, _Cram._
venosa, _Anon._
Eterusia, _Hope._
Ædea, _Linn._
Trypanophora, _Wlk._
Taprobanes, _Wlk._
Heteropan, _Wlk._
scintillans, _Wlk._
Hypsa, _Hübn._
plana, _Wlk._
caricæ, _Fabr._
ficus, _Fabr._
Vitessa, _Moor._
Zemire, _Cram._
Lithosia, _Fabr._
antica, _Wlk._
brevipennis, _Wlk._
Setina, _Schr._
semifascia, _Wlk._
solita, _Wlk._
Doliche, _Wlk._
hilaris, _Wlk._
Pitane, _Wlk._
conserta, _Wlk._
Æmene, _Wlk._
Taprobanes, _Wlk._
Dirades, _Wlk._
attacoides, _Wlk._
Cyllene, _Wlk._
transversa, _Wlk._
*spoliata, _Wlk._
Bizone, _Wlk._
subornata, _Wlk._
peregrina, _Wlk._
Deiopeia, _Steph._
pulchella, _Linn._
Astrea, _Drury._
Argus, _Kollar._
Fam. ARCTIIDÆ, _Leach_.
Alope, _Wlk._
ocellifera, _Wlk._
Sangarida, _Cram._
Tinolius, _Wlk._
eburneigutta, _Wlk._
Creatonotos, _Hübn._
interrupta, _Linn._
emittens, _Wlk._
Acmonia, _Wlk._
lithosioides, _Wlk._
Spilosoma, _Steph._
subfascia, _Wlk._
Cycnia, _Hübn._
rubida, _Wlk._
sparsigutta, _Wlk._
Antheua, _Wlk._
discalis, _Wlk._
Aloa, _Wlk_.
lactinea, _Cram._
candidula, _Wlk._
erosa, _Wlk._
Amerila, _Wlk._
Melanthus, _Cram._
Ammatho, _Wlk._
cunionotatus, _Wlk._
Fam. LIPARIDÆ, _Wlk._
Artaxa, _Wlk._
guttata, _Wlk._
*varians, _Wlk._
atomaria, _Wlk._
Acyphas, _Wlk._
viridescens, _Wlk._
Lacida, _Wlk._
rotundata, _Wlk._
antica, _Wlk._
subnotata, _Wlk._
complens, _Wlk._
promittens, _Wlk._
strigulifera, _Wlk._
Amsacta? _Wlk._
tenebrosa, _Wlk._
Antipha, _Wlk._
costalis, _Wlk._
Anaxila, _Wlk._
notata, _Wlk._
Procodeca, _Wlk._
augulifera, _Wlk._
Redoa, _Wlk._
submarginata, _Wlk._
Euproctis, _Hübn._
virguncula, _Wlk._
bimaculata, _Wlk._
lunata, _Wlk._
tinctifera, _Wlk._
Cispia, _Wlk._
plagiata, _Wlk._
Dasychira, _Hübn._
pudibunda, _Linn._
Lymantria, _Hübn._
grandis, _Wlk._
marginata, _Wlk._
Enome, _Wlk._
ampla, _Wlk._
Dreata, _Wlk._
plumipes, _Wlk._
geminata, _Wlk._
mutans, _Wlk._
mollifera. _Wlk._
Pandala, _Wlk._
dolosa, _Wlk._
Charnidas, _Wlk._
junctifera, _Wlk._
Fam PSYCHIDÆ, _Bru._
Psyche, _Schr._
Doubledaii, _Westw._
Metisa, _Wlk._
plana, _Wlk._
Eumeta, _Wlk._
Cramerii, _Westw._
Templetonii, _Westw._
Cryptothelea, _Templ._
consorta, _Templ._
Fam. NOTODONTIDÆ, _St._
Cerura, _Schr._
liturata, _Wlk._
Stauropus, _Germ._
alternans, _Wlk._
Nioda, _Wlk._
fusiformis, _Wlk._.
transversa, _Wlk._
Rilia, _Wlk._
lanceolata, _Wlk._
basivitta, _Wlk._
Ptilomacra, _Wlk._
juvenis, _Wlk._
Elavia, _Wlk._
metaphæa, _Wlk._
Notodonta, _Ochs._
ejecta, _Wlk._
Ichthyura, _Hübn._
restituens, _Wlk._
Fam. LIMACODIDÆ, _Dup_.
Scopelodes, _Westw._
unicolor, _Westw._
Messata, _Wlk._
rubiginosa, _Wlk._
Miresa, _Wlk._
argentifera, _Wlk._
aperiens, _Wlk._
Nyssia, _Herr. Sch._
læta, _Westw._
Nesera, _Herr. Sch._
graciosa, _Westw._
Narosa, _Wlk._
conspersa, _Wlk._
Naprepa, _Wlk._
varians, _Wlk._
Fam. DREPANULIDÆ, _Wlk._
Oreta, _Wlk._
suffusa, _Wlk._
extensa, _Wlk._
Arna, _Wlk._
apicalis, _Wlk._
Ganisa, _Wlk._
postica, _Wlk._
Fam. SATURINIDÆ, _Wlk._
Attacus, _Linn._
Atlas, _Linn._
lunula, _Anon._
Antheræa, _Hübn._
Mylitta, _Drury._
Assama, _Westw._
Tropæa, _Hübn._
Selene, _Hübn._
Fam. BOMBYCIDÆ, _Steph._
Trabala, _Wlk._
basalis, _Wlk._
prasina, _Wlk._
Lasiocampa, _Schr._
trifascia, _Wlk._
Megasoma, _Boisd._
venustum, _Wlk._
Lebeda, _Wlk._
repanda, _Wlk._
plagiata, _Wlk._
bimaculata, _Wlk._
scriptiplaga, _Wlk._
Fam. COSSIDÆ, _Newm._
Cossus, _Fabr._
quadrinotatus, _Wlk._
Zeuzera, _Latr_.
leuconota, _Steph._
pusilla, _Wlk._
Fam. HEPIALIDÆ, _Steph._
Phassus, _Steph._
signifer, _Wlk._
Fam. CYMATOPHORIDÆ, _Herr. Sch._
Thyatira, _Ochs._
repugnans, _Wlk._
Fam. BRYOPHILIDÆ, _Guén._
Bryophila, _Treit._
semipars, _Wlk._
Fam. BOMBYCOIDÆ, _Guén._
Diphtera, _Ochs._
deceptura, _Wlk._
Fam. LEUCANIDÆ, _Guén._
Leucania, _Ochs._
confusa, _Wlk._
exempta, _Wlk._
inferens, _Wlk._
collecta, _Wlk._
Brada, _Wlk._
truncata, _Wlk._
Crambopsis, _Wlk._
excludens, _Wlk._
Fam. GLOTTULIDÆ, _Guén._
Polytela, _Guén._
gloriosa, _Fabr._
Glottula, _Guén._
Dominica, _Cram._
Chasmina, _Wlk._
pavo, _Wlk._
cygnus, _Wlk._
Fam. APAMIDÆ, _Guén._
Laphygma, _Guén._
obstans, _Wlk._
trajiciens, _Wlk._
Prodenia, _Guén._
retina, _Friv._
glaucistriga, _Wlk._
apertura, _Wlk._
Calogramma, _Wlk._
festiva, _Don._
Heliophobus, _Boisd._
discrepans, _Wlk._
Hydræcia, _Guén._
lampadifera, _Wlk._
Apamea, _Ochs._
undecilia, _Wlk._
Celæna, _Steph._
serva, _Wlk._
Fam. CARADRINIDÆ, _Guén._
Amyna, _Guén._
selenampha, _Guén._
Fam. NOCTUIDÆ, _Guén._
Agrotis, _Ochs._
aristifera, _Guén._
congrua, _Wlk._
punctipes, _Wlk._
mundata, _Wlk._
transducta, _Wlk._
plagiata, _Wlk._
plagifera, _Wlk._
Fam. HADENIDÆ, _Guén._
Eurois, _Hübn._
auriplena, _Wlk._
inclusa, _Wlk._
Epiceia, _Wlk._
subsignata, _Wlk._
Hadena, _Treit._
subcurva, _Wlk._
postica, _Wlk._
retrahens, _Wlk._
confundens, _Wlk._
congressa, _Wlk._
ruptistriga, _Wlk._
Ansa, _Wlk._
filipalpis, _Wlk._
Fam. XYLINIDÆ, _Guén,_
Ragada, _Wlk._
pyrorchroma, _Wlk._
Cryassa, _Wlk._
bifacies, _Wlk._
Egelista, _Wlk._
rudivitta, _Wlk._
Xylina, _Ochs._
deflexa, _Wlk._
inchoans, _Wlk._
Fam. HELIOTHIDÆ, _Guén._
Heliothis, _Ochs._
armigera, _Hübn._
Fam. HÆMEROSIDÆ, _Guén._
Ariola, _Wlk._
coelisigna, _Wlk._
dilectissima, _Wlk._
saturata, _Wlk._
Fam. ACONTIDÆ, _Guén._
Xanthodes, _Guén._
intersepta, _Guén._
Acontia, _Ochs._
tropica, _Guén._
olivacea, _Wlk._
fasciculosa, _Wlk._
signifera, _Wlk._
turpis, _Wlk._
mianöides, _Wlk._
approximans, _Wlk._
divulsa, _Wlk._
*egens, _Wlk._
plenicosta, _Wlk._
determinata, _Wlk._
hypætroides, _Wlk._
Chlumetia, _Wlk._
multilinea, _Wlk._
Fam. ANTHOPHILIDÆ, _Guén._
Micra, _Guén._
destituta, _Wlk._
derogata, _Wlk._
simplex, _Wlk._
Fam. ERIOPIDÆ, _Guén._
Callopistria, _Hübn._
exotica, _Guén._
rivularis, _Wlk._
duplicans, _Wlk._
Fam. EURHIPIDÆ, _Guén._
Penicillaria, _Guén._
nugatrix, _Guén._
resoluta, _Wlk._
solida, _Wlk._
ludatrix, _Wlk._
Rhesala, _Wlk._
imparata, _Wlk._
Eutelia, _Hübn._
favillatrix, _Wlk._
thermesiides, _Wlk._
Fam. PLUSIIDÆ, _Boisd._
Abrostola, _Ochs._
transfixa, _Wlk._
Plusia, _Ochs._
aurifera, _Hübn._
verticillata, _Guén._
agramma, _Guén._
obtusisigna, _Wlk._
nigriluna, _Wlk._
signata, _Wlk._
dispellens, _Wlk._
propulsa, _Wlk._
Fam. CALPIDÆ, _Guén._
Calpe, _Treit._
minuticornis, _Guén._
Oroesia, _Guén._
emarginata, _Fabr._
Deva, _Wlk._
conducens, _Wlk._
Fam. HEMICERIDÆ, _Guén._
Westermannia, _Hübn._
superba, _Hübn._
Fam. HYBLÆIDÆ, _Guén._
Hyblæa, _Guén._
Puera, _Cram._
constellata, _Guén._
Nolasena, _Wlk._
ferrifervens, _Wlk._
Fam. GONOPTERIDÆ, _Guén._
Cosmophila, _Boisd._
Indica, _Guén._
xanthindyma, _Boisd._
Anomis, _Hübn._
fulvida, _Guén._
iconica, _Wlk._
Gonitis, _Guén._
combinans, _Wlk._
albitibia, _Wlk._
mesogona, _Wlk._
guttanivis, _Wlk._
involuta, _Wlk._
basalis, _Wlk_.
Eporedia, _Wlk_.
damnipennis, _Wlk_.
Rusicada, _Wlk_.
nigritarsis, _Wlk_.
Pasipeda, _Wlk_.
rufipalpis, _Wlk_.
Fam. TOXOCAMPIDÆ, _Guén_.
Toxocampa, _Guén_.
metaspila, _Wlk_.
sexlinea, _Wlk_.
quinquelina, _Wlk_.
Albonica, _Wlk_.
reversa, _Wlk_.
Fam. POLYDESMIDÆ, _Guén._
Polydesma, _Boisd_.
boarmoides, _Wlk_.
erubescens, _Wlk_.
Fam. HOMOPTERIDÆ, _Bois_.
Alamis, _Guén._
spoliata, _Wlk_.
Homoptera, _Boisd_.
basipallens, _Wlk_.
retrahens, _Wlk_.
costifera, _Wlk_.
divisistriga, _Wlk_.
procumbens, _Wlk_.
Diacuista, _Wlk_.
homopteroides, _Wlk_.
Daxata, _Wlk_.
bijungens, _Wlk_.
Fam. HYPOGRAMMIDÆ, _Guén_.
Briarda, _Wlk_.
precedens, _Wlk_.
Brana, _Wlk_.
calopasa, _Wlk_.
Corsa, _Wlk_.
lignicolor, _Wlk_.
Avatha, _Wlk_.
includens, _Wlk_.
Gadirtha, _Wlk_.
decrescens, _Wlk_.
impingens, _Wlk_.
spurcata, _Wlk_.
rectifera, _Wlk_.
duplicans, _Wlk_
intrusa, _Wlk_.
Ercheia, _Wlk_.
diversipennis, _Wlk_.
Plotheia, _Wlk_.
frontalis, _Wlk_.
Diomea, _Wlk_.
rotundata, _Wlk_,
chloromela, _Wlk_.
orbicularis, _Wlk_.
muscosa, _Wlk_.
Dinumma, _Wlk_.
placens, _Wlk_.
Lusia, _Wlk_.
geometroides, _Wlk_.
perficita, _Wlk_,
repulsa, _Wlk_.
Abunis, _Wlk_.
trimesa, _Wlk_.
Fam. CATEPHIDÆ, _Guén_
Cocytodes, _Guén._
coerula, _Guén_.
modesta, _Wlk_.
Catephia, _Ochs_.
lioteola, _Guén_.
Anophia, _Guén_.
acronyctoides, _Guén_.
Steiria, _Wlk_.
subobliqua, _Wlk_.
trajiciens, _Wlk_.
Aucha, _Wlk_.
velans, _Wlk_.
Ægilia, _Wlk_.
describens, _Wlk_.
Maceda, _Wlk_.
mansueta, _Wlk_.
Fam. HYPOCALIDÆ, _Guén_.
Hypocala, _Guén_.
efflorescens, _Guén_.
subsatura, _Guén_.
Fam. CATOCALIDÆ, _Boisd_.
Blenina, _Wlk_.
donans, _Wlk_.
accipiens, _Wlk_.
Fam. OPHIDERIDÆ, _Guén_.
Ophideres, _Boisd_.
Materna, _Linn_.
fullonica, _Linn_.
Cajeta, _Cram_.
Ancilla, _Cram_.
Salaminia, _Cram_.
Hypermnestra, _Cram_.
multiscripta, _Wlk_.
bilineosa, _Wlk_.
Potamophera, _Guén._
Manlia, _Cram_.
Lygniodes, _Guén_.
reducens, _Wlk_,
disparans, _Wlk_.
hypoleuca, _Guén_.
Fam. EREBIDÆ, _Guén._
Oxyodes, _Guén_.
Clytia, _Cram_.
Fam. OMMATOPHORIDÆ, _Guén_.
Speiredonia, _Hübn_.
retrahens, _Wlk_.
Sericia, _Guén._
anops, _Guén_.
parvipennis, _Wlk_.
Patula, _Guén_.
macrops, _Linn_.
Argiva, _Hübn_.
hieroglyphica, _Drury_.
Beregra, _Wlk_.
replenens, _Wlk_.
Fam. HYPOPYRIDÆ, _Guén_.
Spiramia, _Guén_.
Heliconia, _Hübn_.
triloba, _Guén_.
Hypopyra, _Guén._
vespertilio, _Fabr_.
Ortospana, _Wlk_.
connectens, _Wlk_.
Entomogramma, _Guén_.
fautrix, _Guén_.
Fam. BENDIDÆ, _Guén_.
Homæa, _Guén_.
clathrum _Guén_.
Hulodes, _Guén_.
caranea, _Cram_.
palumba, _Guén_.
Fam. OPHIUSIDÆ, _Guén._
Sphingomorpha, _Guén._
Chlorea _Cram_.
Lagoptera, _Guén_.
honesta, _Hübn_.
magica, _Hübn_.
dotata, _Fabr_,
Ophiodes, _Guén_.
discriminans, _Wlk_.
basistigma, _Wlk_.
Cerbia, _Wlk_.
fugitiva, _Wlk_.
Ophisma, _Guén_.
lætabilis, _Guén_.
deficiens, _Wlk_.
gravata, _Wlk_.
circumferens, _Wlk_.
terminans, _Wlk_.
Achæa, _Hübn_.
Melicerta, Drury.
Mezentia, Cram.
Cyllota, _Guén._
Cyllaria, _Cram_.
fusifera, _Wlk_.
signivitta, _Wlk_.
reversa, _Wlk_.
combinans, _Wlk_.
expectans, _Wlk_.
Serrodes, _Guén_.
campana, _Guén_.
Naxia, _Guén_.
absentimacula, _Guén_.
Onelia, _Guén_.
calefaciens, _Wlk_.
calorifica, _Wlk_.
Calesia, _Guén_.
hoemorrhoda, _Guén_.
Hypætra, _Guén_.
trigonifera, _Wlk_.
curvifera, _Wlk_.
condita, _Wlk_.
complacens, _Wlk_.
divisa, _Wlk_.
Ophiusa, _Ochs_.
myops, _Guén_.
albivitta, _Guén_.
Achatina, _Sulz_.
fulvotænia, _Guén_.
simillima, _Guén_.
festinata, _Wlk_.
pallidilinea, _Wlk_.
luteipalpis, _Wlk_.
Fodina, _Guén_.
stola, _Guén_.
Grammodes, _Guén_.
Ammonia, _Cram_.
Mygdon, _Cram_.
stolida, _Fabr_.
mundicolor, _Wlk_.
Fam. EUCLIDIDÆ, _Guén_.
Trigonodes, _Guén_.
Hippasia, _Cram_.
Fam. REMIGIDÆ, _Guén_.
Remigia, _Guén_.
Archesia, _Cram_.
frugalis, _Fabr_.
pertendens, _Wlk_.
congregata, _Wlk_.
opturata, _Wlk_.
Fam. FOCILLIDÆ, _Guén_.
Focilla, _Guén_.
submemorans, _Wlk_.
Fam. AMPHIGANIDÆ, _Guén_.
Lacera, _Guén_.
capella, _Guén_.
Amphigonia, _Guén_.
hepatizans, _Guén_.
Fam. THERMISIDÆ, _Guén_.
Sympis, _Guén_.
rufibasis, _Guén_.
Thermesia, _Hübn_.
finipalpis, _Wlk_.
soluta, _Wlk_.
Azazia, _Wlk_.
rubricans, _Boisd_.
Selenis, _Guén_.
nivisapex, _Wlk_.
multiguttata, _Wlk_.
semilux, _Wlk_.
Ephyrodes, _Guén_.
excipiens, _Wlk_.
crististera, _Wlk_.
lineifera, _Wlk_.
Capnodes, _Guén_.
*maculicosta, _Wlk_.
Ballatha, _Wlk_.
atrotumens, _Wlk_.
Daranissa, _Wlk_.
digramma, _Wlk_.
Darsa, _Wlk_.
defectissima, _Wlk_.
Fam. URAPTERYDÆ, _Guén_.
Lagyra, _Wlk_.
Talaca, _Wlk_.
Fam. ENNOMIDÆ, _Guén_.
Hyperythra, _Guén_.
limbolaria, _Guén_.
deductaria, _Wlk_.
Orsonoba, _Wlk_.
Rajaca, _Wlk_.
Sabaria, _Wlk_.
contractaria, _Wlk_.
Angerona, _Dup_.
blandiaria, _Wlk_.
Fascellina, _Wlk_.
chromataria, _Wlk_.
Fam. BOARMIDÆ, _Guén_.
Amblychia, _Guén_.
angeronia, _Guén_.
Hemerophila, _Steph_.
Vidhisara, _Wlk_.
poststrigaria, _Wlk_.
Boarmia, _Treit_.
sublavaria, _Guén_.
admissaria, _Guén_.
raptaria, _Wlk_.
Medasina, _Wlk_.
Bhurmitra, _Wlk_.
Suiasasa, _Wlk_.
diffluaria, _Wlk_.
caritaria, _Wlk_.
exclusaria, _Wlk_.
Hypochroma, _Guén_.
minimaria, _Guén_.
Gnophos, _Treit_.
Pulinda, _Wlk_.
Culataria, _Wlk_.
Hemerophila, _Steph_.
vidhisara, _Wlk_.
Agathia, _Guén_.
blandiaria, _Wlk_.
Bulonga, _Wlk_.
Ajaia, _Wlk_.
Chacoraca, _Wlk_.
Chandubija, _Wlk_.
Fam. GEOMETRIDÆ, _Guén_.
Geometra, _Linn_.
specularia, _Guén_.
Nanda, _Wlk_.
Nemoria, _Hübn_.
caudularia, _Guén_.
solidaria, _Guén_.
Thalassodes, _Guén_.
quadraria, _Guén_.
catenaria, _Wlk_.
immissaria, _Wlk_.
Sisunaga, _Wlk_.
adornataria, _Wlk_.
meritaria, _Wlk_.
coelataria, __WlK_.
gratularia, _Wlk_.
chlorozonaria, _Wlk_.
læsaria, _Wlk_.
simplicaria, _Wlk_.
immissaria, _Wlk_.
Comibæna, _Wlk_.
Divapala, _Wlk_.
impulsaria, _Wlk_.
Celenna, _Wlk_.
saturaturia, _Wlk_.
Pseudoterpna, _Wlk_.
Vivilaca, _Wlk_.
Amaurinia, _Guén_.
rubrolimbaria, _Wlk_.
Fam. PALYADÆ, _Guén_.
Eumelea, _Dunc_.
ludovicata, _Guén_.
aureliata, _Guén_.
carnearia, _Wlk_.
Fam. EPHYRIDÆ, _Guén_.
Ephyra, _Dap_.
obrinaria, _Wlk_.
decursaria, _Wlk_.
Cacavena, _Wlk_.
abhadraca, _Wlk_.
Vasudeva, _Wlk_.
Susarmana, _Wlk_.
Vutumana, _Wlk_.
inæquata, _Wlk_.
Fam. ACIDALIDÆ, _Guén_.
Drapetodes, _Guén_.
mitaria, _Guén_.
Pomasia, _Guén_.
Psylaria, _Guén_.
Sunandaria, _Wlk_.
Acidalia, _Treit._
obliviaria, _Wlk._
adeptaria, _Wlk._
nexiaria, _Wlk._
addictaria, _Wlk._
actiosaria, _Wlk._
defamataria, _Wlk._
negataria, _Wlk._
actuaria, _Wlk._
cæsaria, _Wlk._
Cabera, _Steph._
falsaria, _Wlk._
decussaria, _Wlk._
famularia, _Wlk._
nigrarenaria, _Wlk._
Hyria, _Steph._
elataria, _Wlk._
marcidaria, _Wlk._
oblataria, _Wlk._
grataria, _Wlk._
rhodinaria, _Wlk._
Timandra, _Dup._
Ajuia, _Wlk._
Vijuia, _Wlk._
Agyris, _Guén._
deliaria, _Guén._
Zanclopteryx, _Herr. Sch._
saponaria, _Herr. Sch._
Fam. MICRONIDÆ, _Guén._
Micronia, _Guén._
caudata, _Fabr._
aculeata, _Guén._
Fam. MACARIDÆ, _Guén._
Macaria, _Curt._
Eleonora, _Cram._
Varisara, _Wlk._
Rhagivata, _Wlk._
Palaca, _Wlk._
honestaria, _Wlk._
Sangata, _Wlk._
honoraria, _Wlk._
cessaria, _Wlk._
subcandaria, _Wlk._
Doava, _Wlk._
adjutaria, _Wlk._
figuraria, _Wlk._
Fam. LARENTIDÆ, _Guén._
Sauris, _Guén._
hirudinata, _Guén._
Camptogramma, _Steph._
baccata, _Guén._
Blemyia, _Wlk._
Bataca, _Wlk._
blitiaria, _Wlk._
Coremia, _Guén._
Gomatina, _Wlk._
Lobophora, _Curt._
Salisuca, _Wlk._
Ghosha, _Wlk._
contributaria, _Wlk._
Mesogramma, _Steph._
lactularia, _Wlk._
scitaria, _Wlk._
Eupithecia, _Curt._
recensitaria, _Wlk._
admixtaria, _Wlk._
immixtaria, _Wlk._
Gathynia, _Wlk._
miraria, _Wlk._
Fam. PLATYDIDÆ, _Guén._
Trigonia, _Guén._
Cydonialis, _Cram._
Fam. HYPENIDÆ, _Herr. Sch._
Dichromia, _Guén._
Orosialis, _Cram._
Hypena, _Schr._
rhombalis. _Guén._
jocosalis, _Wlk._
mandatalis, _Wlk._
quæsitalis, _Wlk._
laceratalis, _Wlk._
iconicalis, _Wlk._
labatalis, _Wlk._
obacerralis, _Wlk._
pactalis, _Wlk._
raralis, _Wlk._
paritalis, _Wlk._
surreptalis, _Wlk._
detersalis, _Wlk._
ineffectalis, _Wlk._
incongrualis, _Wlk._
rubripunctum, _Wlk._
Gesonia, _Wlk._
*obeditalis, _Wlk._
duplex, _Wlk._
Fam. HERMINIDÆ, _Dup._
Herminia, _Latr._
Timonalis, _Wlk._
diffusalis, _Wlk_
interstans, _Wlk._
Adrapsa, _Wlk._
ablualis, _Wlk._
Bertula, _Wlk._
abjudicalis, _Wlk._
raptatalis, _Wlk._
contigens, _Wlk._
Bocana, _Wlk._
jutalis, _Wlk._
manifestalis, _Wlk._
ophiusalis, _Wlk._
vagalis, _Wlk._
turpatalis, _Wlk._
hypernalis, _Wlk._
gravatalis, _Wlk._
tumidalis, _Wlk._
Orthaga, _Wlk._
Euadrusalis, _Wlk._
Hipoepa, _Wlk._
lapsalis, _Wlk._
Lamura, _Wlk._
oberratalis, _Wlk._
Echana, _Wlk._
abavalis, _Wlk._
Dragana, _Wlk._
pansalis, _Wlk._
Pingrasa, _Wlk._
accuralis, _Wlk._
Egnasia, _Wlk._
ephyradalis, _Wlk._
accingalis, _Wlk._
participalis, _Wlk._
usurpatalis, _Wlk._
Berresa, _Wlk._
natalis, _Wlk._
Imma, _Wlk._
rugosalis, _Wlk._
Chusaris, _Wlk._
retatalis, _Wlk._
Corgatha, _Wlk._
zonalis, _Wlk._
Catada, _Wlk._
glomeralis, _Wlk._
captiosalis, _Wlk._
Fam. PYRALIDÆ, _Guén._
Pyralis, _Linn._
igniflualis, _Wlk._
Palesalis, _Wlk._
reconditalis, _Wlk._
Idalialis, _Wlk._
Janassalis, _Wlk._
Aglossa, _Latr._
Gnidusalis, _Wlk._
Isabanda, _Wlk._
herbealis. _Wlk._
Fam. ENNYCHIDÆ, _Dup._
Pyrausta, _Schr._
*absistalis, _Wlk._
Fam. ASOPIDÆ, _Guén._
Desmia, _Westw._
afflictalis, _Guén._
concisalis, _Wlk._
Ædiodes, _Guén._
flavibasalis, _Guén.._
effertalis, _Wlk._
Samea, _Guén._
gratiosalis, _Wlk._
Asopia, _Guén._
vulgalis, _Guén._
falsidicalis, _Wlk._
abruptalis, _Wlk._
latimarginalis, _Wlk._
præteritalis, _Wlk._
Eryxalis, _Wlk._
roridalis, _Wlk_.
Agathodes, _Guén._
ostentalis, _Geyer_.
Leucinades, _Guén_.
orbonalis, _Guén_.
Hymenia, _Hübn_.
recurvalis, _Fabr_.
Agrotera, _Schr_.
suffusalis, _Wlk_.
decessalis, _Wlk_.
Isopteryx, _Guen_.
*melaleucalis, _Wlk_.
*impulsalis, _Wlk_.
*spilomelalis, _Wlk_.
acclaralis, _Wlk_.
abnegatalis, _Wlk_.
Fam. HYDROCAMPIDÆ, _Guén_.
Oligostigma, _Guén_.
obitalis, _Wlk_.
votalis, _Wlk_.
Cataclysta, _Herr. Sch._
dilucidalis, _Guér_.
bisectalis, _Wlk_.
blandialis, _Wlk_.
elutalis, _Wlk_.
Fam. SPILOMELIDÆ, _Guén_.
Lepyrodes, _Guén_.
geometralis, _Guén_.
lepidalis, _Wlk_.
peritalis, _Wlk_.
Phalangiodes, _Guén_.
Neptisalis, _Cram_.
Spilomela, _Guén_.
meritalis, _Wlk_.
abdicalis, _Wlk_.
decussalis, _Wlk_.
aurolinealis, _Wlk_.
Nistra, _Wlk_.
coelatalis, _Wlk_.
Pagyda, _Wlk_.
salvalis, _Wlk_.
Massepha, _Wlk_.
absolutalis, _Wlk_.
Fam. MARGARODIDÆ, _Guén_.
Glyphodes, _Guén_.
diurnalis, _Guén_.
decretalis, _Guén_.
coesalis, _Wlk_.
univocalis, _Wlk_.
Phakellura, _L. Guild_.
gazorialis, _Guén_.
Margarodes, _Guén_.
psittacalis, _Hübn_.
pomonalis, _Guén_.
hilaralis, _Wlk_.
Pygospila, _Guén_.
Tyresalis, _Cram_.
Neurina, _Guén,_
Procopialis, _Cram_.
ignibasalis, _Wlk_.
Ilurgia, _Wlk_.
defamalis, _Wlk_.
Maruca, _Wlk_.
ruptalis, _Wlk_.
caritalis, _Wlk_.
Fam. BOTYDÆ, _Guén_.
Botys, _Latr_.
marginalis, _Cram_.
sellalis, _Guén._
multilinealis, _Guén_.
admensalis, _Wlk_.
abjungalis, _Wlk_.
rutilalis, _Wlk_.
admixtalis, _Wlk_.
celatalis, _Wlk_.
deductalis, _Wlk_.
celsalis, _Wlk_.
vulsalis, _Wlk_.
ultimalis, _Wlk_.
tropicalis, _Wlk_.
abstrusalis, _Wlk_.
ruralis, _Wlk_.
adhoesalis, _Wlk_.
illisalis, _Wlk_.
stultalis, _Wlk_.
adductalis, _Wlk_.
histricalis, _Wlk_.
illectalis, _Wlk_.
suspicalis, _Wlk_.
Janassalis, _Wlk_.
Nephealis, _Wlk_.
Cynaralis, _Wlk_.
Dialis, _Wlk_.
Thaisalis, _Wlk_.
Dryopealis, _Wlk_.
Myrinalis, _Wlk_.
phycidalis, _Wlk_.
annulalis, _Wlk_.
brevilinealis, _Wlk._
plagiatalis, _Wlk._
Ebulea, _Guén._
aberratalis, _Wlk_.
Camillalis, _Wlk_.
Pionea, _Guén._
actualis, _Wlk_.
Optiletalis, _Wlk_.
Jubesalis, _Wlk_.
brevialis, _Wlk_.
suffusalis, _Wlk_.
Scopula, _Schr_.
revocatalis, _Wlk_.
turgidalis, _Wlk_.
volutatalis, _Wlk_.
Godara, _Wlk_.
pervasalis, _Wlk_.
Herculia, _Wlk_.
bractialis, _Wlk._
Mecyna, _Guen_.
deprivulis, _Wlk_.
Fam. SCOPARIDÆ, _Guén_
Scoparia, _Haw_.
murificalis, _Wlk_.
congestalis, _Wlk_.
Alconalis, _Wlk_.
Davana, _Wlk_.
Phalantalia, _Wlk_.
Darsania, _Wlk_.
Niobesalis, _Wlk_.
Dosara, _Wlk_.
coelatella, _Wlk_.
lapsalis, _Wlk_.
immeritalis, _Wlk_.
Fam. CHOREUTIDÆ, _Staint._
Niaccaba, _Wlk_.
sumptialis, _Wlk_.
Simæthis, _Leach_.
Clatella, _Wlk_.
Damonella, _Wlk_.
Bathusella, _Wlk_.
Fam. PHYCIDÆ, _Staint_.
Myelois, _Hübn_.
actiosella, _Wlk_.
bractiatella, _Wlk_.
cautella, _Wlk_.
adaptella, _Wlk_.
illusella, _Wlk_.
basifuscella, _Wlk_.
Ligeralis, _Wlk_.
Marsyasalis, _Wlk_.
Dascusa, _Wlk_.
Valensalis, _Wlk_.
Daroma, _Wlk_.
Zeuxoalis, _Wlk_.
Epulusalis, _Wlk_.
Timeusalis, _Wlk_.
Homoesoma, _Curt_.
gratella, _Wlk_.
Getusella, _Wlk_.
Nephopteryx, _Hübn_.
Etolusalis, _Wlk_.
Cyllusalis, _Wlk_.
Hylasalis, _Wlk_.
Acisalis, _Wlk_.
Harpaxalis, _Wlk_.
Æolusalis, _Wlk_.
Argiadesalis, _Wlk_.
Philiasalis, _Wlk_.
Pempelia, _Hühn_.
laudatella, _Wlk_.
Prionapteryx, _Steph_.
Lincusalis, _Wlk_.
Pindicitora, _Wlk_.
Acreonalis, _Wlk_.
Annusalis, _Wlk_.
Thysbesalis, _Wlk_.
Linceusalis, _Wlk_.
Lacipea, _Wlk_.
muscosella, _Wlk_.
Araxes, _Steph_.
admotella, _Wlk_.
decusella, _Wlk_.
celsella, _Wlk_.
admigratella, _Wlk_.
coesella, _Wlk_.
candidatella, _Wlk_.
Catagela, _Wlk_.
adjurella, _Wlk_.
acricuella, _Wlk_.
lunulella, _Wlk_.
Fam. CRAMBIDÆ, _Dup_.
Crambus, _Fabr_.
concinellus, _Wlk_.
Darbhaca, _Wlk_.
inceptella, _Wlk_.
Jartheza, _Wlk_.
honorella, _Wlk_.
Bulina, _Wlk_.
solitella, _Wlk_.
Bembina, _Wlk_.
Cyanusalis, _Wlk_.
Chilo, _Zinck_.
dodatella, _Wlk_.
gratiosella, _Wlk_.
aditella, _Wlk_.
blitella, _Wlk_.
Dariausa, _Wlk_.
Eubusalis, _Wlk_.
Arrhade, _Wlk_.
Ematheonalis, _Wlk_.
Darnensis, _Wlk_.
Strephonella, _Wlk_.
Fam. CHLOEPHORIDÆ, _Staint_.
Thagora, _Wlk_.
figurans, _Wlk_.
Earias, _Hübn_.
chromatana, _Wlk_.
Fam. TORTRICIDÆ, _Steph_.
Lozotænia, _Steph_.
retractana, _Wlk_.
Peronea, _Curt_.
divisana, _Wlk_.
Lithogramma, _Steph_.
flexilineana, _Wlk_.
Dictyopteryx, _Steph_.
punctana, _Wlk_.
Homona, _Wlk_.
fasciculana, _Wlk_.
Hemonia, _Wlk_.
orbiferana, _Wlk_.
Achroia, _Hübn_.
tricingulana, _Wlk_.
Fam. YPONOMEUTIDÆ, _Steph_.
Atteva, _Wlk_.
niveigutta, _Wlk_.
Fam. GELICHIDÆ, _Staint_.
Depressaria, _Haw_.
obligatella, _Wlk_.
fimbriella, _Wlk_.
Decuaria, _Wlk_.
mendicella, _Wlk_.
Gelechia, _Hübn_.
nugatella, _Wlk_.
calatella, _Wlk_.
deductella, _Wlk_.
Perionella, _Wlk_.
Gizama, _Wlk_.
blandiella, _Wlk_.
Enisipia, _Wlk_.
falsella, _Wlk_.
Gapharia, _Wlk_.
recitatella, _Wlk_.
Goesa, _Wlk_.
decusella, _Wlk_.
Cimitra, _Wlk_.
seclusella, _Wlk_.
Ficulea, _Wlk_.
blandulella, _Wlk_.
Fresilia, _Wlk_.
nesciatella, _Wlk_.
Gesontha, _Wlk_.
captiosella, _Wlk_.
Aginis, _Wlk_.
hilariella, _Wlk_.
Cadra, _Wlk_.
defectella, _Wlk_.
Fam. GLYPHYPTIDÆ, _Staint_.
Glyphyteryx, _Hübn_.
scitulella, _Wlk_.
Hybele, _Wlk_.
mansuetella, _Wlk_.
Fam. TINEIDÆ, _Leach_.
Tinea, _Linn_.
tapetzella, _Linn_.
receptella, _Wlk_.
pelionella, _Linn_.
plagiferella, _Wlk_.
Fam. LYONETIDÆ, _Staint_.
Cachura, _Wlk_.
objectella, _Wlk_.
Fam. PTEROPHORIDÆ, _Zell_.
Pterophorus, _Geoffr_.
leucadactylus, _Wlk_.
oxydactylus, _Wlk_.
anisodactylus, _Wlk_.
Order Diptera, _Linn_.
Fam. MYCETOPHILIDÆ, _Hal_.
Sciara, _Meig_.
*valida, _Wlk_.
Fam. CECIDOMYZIDÆ, _Hal_.
Cecidomyia, _Latr_.
*primaria, _Wlk_.
Fam. SIMULIDÆ, _Hal_.
Simulium, _Latr_.
*destinatum, _Wlk_.
Fam. CHIRONOMIDÆ, _Hal_
Ceratopogon, _Meig_.
*albocinctus, _Wlk_.
Fam. CULICIDÆ, _Steph_.
Culex, _Linn_.
regius, _Thwaites_.
fuscanus, _Wied_.
circumvolans, _Wlk_.
contrahens, _Wlk_.
Fam. TIPULIDÆ, _Hal_.
Ctenophora, _Fabr_.
Taprobanes, _Wlk_.
Gymnoplistia? _Westw_.
hebes, _Wlk_.
Fam. STRATIOMIDÆ, _Latr_.
Ptilocera, _Wied_.
quadridentata, _Fabr_.
fastuosa, _Geist_.
Pachygaster, _Meig_.
rufitarsis, _Macq._
Acanthina, _Wied_.
azurea, _Geist_
Fam. TABANIDÆ, _Leach_.
Pangonia, _Latr_.
Taprobanes, _Wlk_.
Fam. ASILIDÆ, _Leach_.
Trupanea, _Macq_.
Ceylanica, _Macq_.
Asilus, _Linn_.
flavicornis, _Macq_.
Barium, _Wlk_.
Fam. DOLICHOPIDÆ, _Leach._
Psilopus, _Meig._
*procuratus, _Wlk._
Fam. MUSCIDÆ, _Latr._
Tachina? _Fabr._
*tenebrosa, _Wlk._
Musca. _Linn._
domestica, _Linn._
Dacus, _Fabr._
*interclusus, _Wlk._
*nigroseneus, _Wlk._
*detentus, _Wlk._
Ortalis, _Fall._
*confundens, _Wlk._
Sciomyza, _Fall._
*leucotelus, _Wlk._
Drosophila, _Fall._
*restituens, _Wlk._
Fam. NYCTERIBIDÆ, _Leach._
Nycteribia, _Latr._
----? a species
parasitic on Scatophilus
Coromandelicus,
_Bligh._ See
_ante,_ p. 161.
Order Hemiptera, _Linn._
Fam. PACHYCORIDÆ, _Dall_
Cantuo, _Amyot & Serv._
ocellatus, _Thunb_.
Callidea, _Lap._
superba, _Dall._
Stockerus, _Linn._
Fam. EURYGASTERIDÆ, _Dall_.
Trigonosoma, _Lap._
Desfontainii, _Fabr._
Fam. PLATASPIDÆ, _Dall._
Coptosoma, _Lap._
laticeps, _Dall._
Fam. HALYDIDÆ, _Dall._
Halys, _Fabr._
dentate, _Fabr._
Fam. PENTATOMIDÆ, _Suph._
Pentatoma, _Oliv._
Timorensensis, _Hope._
Taprobanensls, _Dall._
Catacanthus, _Spin._
incarnatus, _Drury._
Rhaphigaster, _Lap._
congrua, _Wlk._
Fam. EDESSIDÆ, _Dall._
Aspongopus, _Lap._
Janus, _Fabr._
Tesseratoma, _Lep. & Serv._
papillosa, _Drury._
Cyclopelta, _Am. & Serv._
siccifolia, _Hope._
Fam. PHYLLOCEPHALIDÆ, _Dall._
Phyllocephala, _Lap._
Ægyptiaca, _Lefeb._
Fam. MICTIDÆ, _Dall._
Mictis, _Leach._
castanea, _Dall._
yalida, _Dall._
punctum, _Hope._
Crinocerus, _Burm._
ponderosus, _Wlk._
Fam, ANISOSCELIDÆ _Dall._
Leptoscelis, _Lap._
ventralis, _Dall._
turpis, _Wlk._
marginalis, _Wlk._
Serinetha, _Spin._
Taprobanensis, _Dall._
abdominalis, _Fabr._
Fam. ALYDIDÆ, _Dall._
Alydus, _Fabr._
linearis, _Fabr._
Fam. STENOCEPHALIDÆ, _Dall._
Leptocorisa, _Latr._
Chinensis, _Dall._
Fam. COREIDÆ, _Steph_.
Rhopalus, _Schill._
interruptus, _Wlk._
Fam. LYGÆIDÆ, _Westw._
Lygæus, _Fabr._
lutescens, _Wlk._
figuratus, _Wlk._
discifer, _Wlk._
Rhyparochromus, _Curt._
testaciepes, _Wlk._
Fam. ARADIDÆ, _Wlk._
Piestosoma, _Lap._
picipes, _Wlk._
Fam. TINGIDÆ, _Wlk._
Calloniana, _Wlk._
*elegans, _Wlk._
Fam. CIMICIDÆ, _Wlk._
Cimex, _Linn_.
lectularius, _Linn._?
Fam. REDUVIIDÆ, _Steph._
Pirates, _Burm._
marginatus, _Wlk._
Acanthaspis, _Am. & Serv._
sanguinipes, _Wlk._
fulvispina, _Wlk._
Fam. HYDROMETRIDÆ, _Leach_.
Ptilomera, _Am. & Serv._
laticauda, _Hardw._
Fam. NEPIDÆ, _Leach._
Belostoma, _Latr._
Indicum, _St. Farg. & Serv._
Nepa, _Linn._
minor, _Wlk._
Fam. NOTONECTIDÆ, _Steph_.
Notonecta, _Linn._
abbreviata, _Wlk._
simplex, _Wlk._
Corixa, _Geoff._
*subjacens, _Wlk._
Order Homoptara, _Latr._
Fam. CICADIDÆ, _Westw._
Dundubia, _Am. & Serv._
stipata, _Wlk._
Cioafa, _Wlk._
Larus, _Wlk._
Cicada, _Linn_.
limitaris, _Wlk._
nuhifurea, _Wlk._
Fam. FULCORIDÆ, _Schaum._
Hotinus, _Am. & Serv._
maculatus, _Oliv._
fulvirostris, _Wlk._
coccineus, _Wlk._
Pyrops, _Spin._
punctata _Oliv._
Aphæna, _Guér_.
sanguinalis, _Westw_.
Elidiptera, _Spin_.
Emersoniana, _White_.
Fam. CIXIIDÆ, _Wlk_.
Eurybrachys, _Guér_.
tomentosa, _Fabr_.
dilatata, _Wlk_.
crudelis, _Westw_.
Cixius, _Latr_.
*nubilus, _Wlk_.
Fam. ISSIDÆ, _Wlk_.
Hemisphærius, _Schaum_.
*Schaumi, _Stal_.
*bipustulatus, _Wlk_.
Fam. DERBIDÆ, _Schaum_.
Thracia, _Westw_.
pterophorides, _Westw_.
Derbe, _Fabr_.
*furcato-vittata, _Stal_.
Fam. FLATTIDÆ, _Schaum_.
Flatoides, _Guér_.
hyalinus, _Fabr_.
tenebrosus, _Wlk_.
Ricania, _Germ_.
Hemerobii, _Wlk_.
Poeciloptera, _Latr_.
pulverulenta, _Guér_.
stellaris, _Wlk_.
Tennentina, _White_.
Fam. MEMBRACIDÆ, _Wlk_.
Oxyrhachis, _Germ_.
*indicans, _Wlk_.
Centrotus, _Fabr_.
*reponens, _Wlk_.
*malleus, _Wlk_.
substitutus, _Wlk_.
*decipiens, _Wlk_.
*relinquens, _Wlk_.
*imitator, _Wlk_.
*repressus, _Wlk_.
*terminalis, _Wlk_.
Fam. CERCOPIDÆ, _Leach_.
Cercopis, _Fabr_.
inclusa, _Wlk_.
Ptyelus, _Lep. & Serv_.
costalis, _Wlk_.
Fam. TETTIGONIIDÆ, _Wlk_.
Tettigonia, _Latr_.
paulula, _Wlk_.
Fam. SCARIDÆ, _Wlk_.
Ledra, _Fabr_.
rugosa, _Wlk_.
conica, _Wlk_.
Gypona, _Germ_.
prasina, _Wlk_.
Fam. IASSIDÆ, _Wlk_.
Acocephalus, _Germ_.
porrectus, _Wlk_.
Fam. PSYLLIDÆ, _Latr_.
Psylla, _Goff_.
*marginalis, _Wlk_.
Fam. COCCIDÆ, _Leach_.
Lecanium, _Illig_.
Coffeæ, _Wlk_.
CHAP. VII
ARACHNIDA--MYRIOPODA--CRUSTACEA, ETC.
With a few striking exceptions, the true _spiders_ of Ceylon resemble in
oeconomy and appearance those we are accustomed to see at home. They
frequent the houses, the gardens, the rocks and the stems of trees, and
along the sunny paths, where the forest meets the open country, the
_Epeira_ and her congeners, the true net-weaving spiders, extend their
lacework, the grace of their designs being even less attractive than the
beauty of the creatures that elaborate them.
Those that live in the woods select with singular sagacity the
bridle-paths and narrow passages for expanding their nets; no doubt
perceiving that the larger insects frequent these openings for facility
of movement through the jungle; and that the smaller ones are carried
towards them by the currents of air. These nets are stretched across the
path from four to eight feet above the ground, hung from projecting
shoots, and attached, if possible, to thorny shrubs; and sometimes
exhibit the most remarkable scenes of carnage and destruction. I have
taken down a ball as large as a man's head consisting of successive
layers rolled together, in the heart of which was the den of the family,
whilst the envelope was formed, sheet after sheet, by coils of the old
web filled with the wings and limbs of insects of all descriptions, from
the largest moths and butterflies to mosquitoes and minute coleoptera.
Each layer appeared to have been originally suspended across the passage
to intercept the expected prey; and, as it became surcharged with
carcases, it was loosened, tossed over by the wind or its own weight,
and wrapped round the nucleus in the centre, the spider replacing it by
a fresh sheet, to be in turn detached and added to the mass within.
Walckenaer has described a species of large size, under the name of
_Olios Taprobanius_, which is very common and conspicuous from the fiery
hue of the under surface, the remainder being covered with gray hair so
short and fine that the body seems almost denuded. It spins a
moderate-sized web, hung vertically between two sets of strong lines,
stretched one above the other athwart the pathways. Some of the
spider-cords thus carried horizontally from tree to tree at a
considerable height from the ground are so strong as to cause a painful
check across the face when moving quickly against them; and more than
once in riding I have had my hat lifted off my head by a single
thread.[1]
[Footnote 1: Over the country generally are scattered species of
_Gasteracantha_, remarkable for their firm shell-covered bodies, with
projecting knobs arranged in pairs. In habit these anomalous-looking
_Epeiridæ_ appear to differ in no respect from the rest of the family,
waylaying their prey in similar situations and in the same manner.
Another very singular subgenus, met with in Ceylon, is distinguished by
the abdomen being dilated behind, and armed with two long spines,
arching obliquely backwards. These abnormal kinds are not so handsomely
coloured as the smaller species of typical form.]
Separated by marked peculiarities of structure, as well as of instinct,
from the spiders which live in the open air, and busy themselves in
providing food during the day, the _Mygale fasciata_ is not only
sluggish in its habits, but disgusting in its form and dimensions. Its
colour is a gloomy brown, interrupted by irregular blotches and faint
bands (whence its trivial name); it is sparingly sprinkled with hairs,
and its limbs, when expanded, stretch over an area of six to eight
inches in diameter. It is familiar to Europeans in Ceylon, who have
given it the name, and ascribed to it the fabulous propensities, of the
Tarentula.[1]
[Footnote 1: Species of the true _Tarentulæ_ are not uncommon in Ceylon;
they are all of very small size, and perfectly harmless.]
By day it remains concealed in its den, whence it issues at night to
feed on larvæ and worms, devouring cockroaches[1] and their pupæ, and
attacking the millepeds, gryllotalpæ, and other fleshy insects. The
Mygale is found abundantly in the northern and eastern parts of the
island, and occasionally in dark unfrequented apartments in the western
province; but its inclinations are solitary, and it shuns the busy
traffic of towns.
[Footnote 1: Mr. EDGAR L. LAYARD has described the encounter between a
Mygale and a cockroach, which he witnessed in the madua of a temple at
Alittane, between Anarajapoora and Dambool. When about a yard apart,
each discerned the other and stood still, the spider with his legs
slightly bent and his body raised, the cockroach confronting him and
directing his antennæ with a restless undulation towards his enemy. The
spider, by stealthy movements, approached to within a few inches and
paused, both parties eyeing each other intently: then suddenly a rush, a
scuffle, and both fell to the ground, when the blatta's wings closed,
the spider seized it under the throat with his claws, and dragging it
into a corner, the action of his jaws was distinctly audible. Next
morning Mr. Layard found the soft parts of the body had been eaten,
nothing but the head, thorax, and elytra remaining.--_Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist._ May, 1853.]
_Ticks_.--Ticks are to be classed among the intolerable nuisances to the
Ceylon traveller. They live in immense numbers in the jungle[1], and
attaching themselves to the plants by the two forelegs, lie in wait to
catch at unwary animals as they pass. A shower of these diminutive
vermin will sometimes drop from a branch, if unluckily shaken, and
disperse themselves over the body, each fastening on the neck, the ears,
and eyelids, and inserting a barbed proboscis. They burrow, with their
heads pressed as far as practicable under the skin, causing a sensation
of smarting, as if particles of red hot sand had been scattered over the
flesh. If torn from their hold, the suckers remain behind and form an
ulcer. The only safe expedient is to tolerate the agony of their
penetration till a drop of coco-nut oil or the juice of a lime can be
applied, when these little furies drop off without further ill
consequences. One very large species, dappled with grey, attaches itself
to the buffaloes.
[Footnote 1: Dr. HOOKER, in his _Himalayan Journal_, vol. 1. p. 279, in
speaking of the multitude of these creatures in the mountains of Nepal,
wonders what they find to feed on, as in these humid forests in which
they literally swarmed, there was neither pathway nor animal life. In
Ceylon they abound everywhere in the plains on the low brushwood; and in
the very driest seasons they are quite as numerous as at other times. In
the mountain zone, which is more humid, they are less prevalent. Dogs
are tormented by them; and they display something closely allied to
cunning in always fastening on an animal in those parts where they
cannot be torn off by his paws; on his eyebrows, the tips of his ears,
and the back of his neck. With a corresponding instinct I have always
observed in the gambols of the Pariah dogs, that they invariably
commence their attentions by mutually gnawing each other's ears and
necks, as if in pursuit of ticks from places from which each is unable
to expel them for himself. Horses have a similar instinct; and when they
meet, they apply their teeth to the roots of the ears of their
companions, to the neck and the crown of the head. The buffaloes and
oxen are relieved of ticks by the crows which rest on their backs as
they browse, and free them from these pests. In the low country the same
acceptable office is performed by the "cattle-keeper heron" (_Ardea
bubuleus_), which is "sure to be found in attendance on them while
grazing; and the animals seem to know their benefactors, and stand
quietly, while the birds peck their tormentors from their
flanks."--_Mag. Nat. Hist._ p. 111, 1844.]
_Mites_.--The _Trombidium tinctorum_ of Hermann is found about Aripo,
and generally over the northern provinces,--where after a shower of rain
or heavy night's dew, they appear in countless myriads. It is about half
an inch long, like a tuft of crimson velvet, and imparts its colouring
matter readily to any fluid in which it may be immersed. It feeds on
vegetable juices, and is perfectly innocuous. Its European
representative, similarly tinted, and found in garden mould, is commonly
called the "Little red pillion."
MYRIAPODS.--The certainty with which an accidental pressure or unguarded
touch is resented and retorted by a bite, makes the centipede, when it
has taken up its temporary abode within a sleeve or the fold of a dress,
by far the most unwelcome of all the Singhalese assailants. The great
size, too (little short of a foot in length), to which it sometimes
attains, renders it formidable; and, apart from the apprehension of
unpleasant consequences from a wound, one shudders at the bare idea of
such hideous creatures crawling over the skin, beneath the innermost
folds of one's garments.
At the head of the _Myriapods_, and pre-eminent from a
superiorly-developed organisation, stands the genus _Cermatia_:
singular-looking objects; mounted upon slender legs, of gradually
increasing length from front to rear, the hind ones in some species
being amazingly prolonged, and all handsomely marked with brown annuli
in concentric arches. These myriapods are harmless, excepting to
woodlice, spiders, and young cockroaches, which form their ordinary
prey. They are rarely to be seen; but occasionally at daybreak, after a
more than usually abundant repast, they may be observed motionless, and
resting with their regularly extended limbs nearly flat against the
walls. On being disturbed they dart away with a surprising velocity, to
conceal themselves in chinks until the return of night.
[Illustration: CERMATIA.]
But the species to be really dreaded are the true _Scolopendræ_, which
are active and carnivorous, living in holes in old walls and other
gloomy dens. One species[1] attains to nearly the length of a foot, with
corresponding breadth; it is of a dark purple colour, approaching black,
with yellowish legs and antennæ, and its whole aspect repulsive and
frightful. It is strong and active, and evinces an eager disposition to
fight when molested. The _Scolopendræ_ are gifted by nature with a rigid
coriaceous armour, which does not yield to common pressure, or even to a
moderate blow; so that they often escape the most well-deserved and
well-directed attempts to destroy them, seeking refuge in retreats which
effectually conceal them from sight.
[Footnote 1: _Scolopendra crassa_, Temp.]
There is a smaller one[1], which frequents dwelling-houses, about one
quarter the size of the preceding, of a dirty olive colour, with pale
ferruginous legs. It is this species which generally inflicts the wound,
when persons complain of being bitten by a scorpion; and it has a
mischievous propensity for insinuating itself into the folds of dress.
The bite at first does not occasion more suffering than would arise from
the penetration of two coarsely-pointed needles; but after a little time
the wound swells, becomes acutely painful, and if it be over a bone or
any other resisting part, the sensation is so intolerable as to produce
fever. The agony subsides after a few hours' duration. In some cases the
bite is unattended by any particular degree of annoyance, and in these
instances it is to be supposed that the contents of the poison gland had
become exhausted by previous efforts, since, if much tasked, the organ
requires rest to enable it to resume its accustomed functions and to
secrete a supply of venom.
[Footnote 1: _Scolopendra pullipes_.]
_Millipeds._--In the hot dry season, and in the northern portions of the
island more especially, the eye is attracted along the edges of the
sandy roads by fragments of the dislocated rings of a huge species of
millipede,[1] lying in short, curved tubes, the cavity admitting the tip
of the little finger. When perfect the creature is two-thirds of a foot
long, of a brilliant jet black, and with above a hundred yellow legs,
which, when moving onward, present the appearance of a series of
undulations from rear to front, bearing the animal gently forwards. This
_julus_ is harmless, and may be handled with perfect impunity. Its food
consists chiefly of fruits and the roots and stems of succulent
vegetables, its jaws not being framed for any more formidable purpose.
Another and a very pretty species,[2] quite as black, but with a bright
crimson band down the back, and the legs similarly tinted, is common in
the gardens about Colombo and throughout the western province.
[Footnote 1: _Julus ater_, Temp.]
[Footnote 2: _Julus carnifex_, Fab.]
CRUSTACEA.--The seas around Ceylon abound with marine articulata; but a
knowledge of the crustacea of the island is at present a desideratum;
and with the exception of the few commoner species which frequent the
shores, or are offered in the markets, we are literally without
information, excepting the little that can be gleaned from already
published systematic works.
In the bazaars several species of edible crabs are exposed for sale; and
amongst the delicacies at the tables of Europeans, curries made from
prawns and lobsters are the triumphs of the Ceylon cuisine. Of these
latter the fishermen sometimes exhibit specimens[1] of extraordinary
dimensions, and of a beautiful purple hue, variegated with white. Along
the level shore north and south of Colombo, and in no less profusion
elsewhere, the nimble little Calling Crabs[2] scamper over the moist
sands, carrying aloft the enormous hand (sometimes larger than the rest
of the body), which is their peculiar characteristic, and which, from
its beckoning gesture, has suggested their popular name. They hurry to
conceal themselves in the deep retreats which they hollow out in the
banks that border the sea.
[Footnote 1: _Palinurus ornatus_, Fab.]
[Footnote 2: _Gelasimus tatragonon_? Edw.; _G. annulipes_? Edw.; _G.
Dussumieri_? Edw.]
[Illustration: CALLING CRAB OF CEYLON.]
_Sand Crabs._--In the same localities, or a little farther inland, the
_ocypode_[1] burrows in the dry soil, making deep excavations, bringing
up literally armfuls of sand; which with a spring in the air, and
employing its other limbs, it jerks far from its burrows, distributing
it in radii to the distance of several feet.[2] So inconvenient are the
operations of these industrious pests that men are kept regularly
employed at Colombo in filling up the holes formed by them on the
surface of the Galle face, which is the only equestrian promenade of the
capital; but so infested by these active little creatures that accidents
often occur by horses stumbling in their troublesome excavations.
[Footnote 1: _Ocypode ceratophthalmus_, Pall.]
[Footnote 2: _Ann. Nat. Hist._ April, 1852. Paper by Mr. EDGAR L.
LAYARD.]
_Painted Crabs._--On the reefs which lie to the south of the harbour at
Colombo, the beautiful little painted crabs,[1] distinguished by dark
red markings on a yellow ground, may be seen all day long running nimbly
in the spray, and ascending and descending in security the almost
perpendicular sides of the rocks which are washed by the waves.
_Paddling Crabs_,[2] with the hind pair of legs terminated by flattened
plates to assist them in swimming, are brought up in the fishermen's
nets. _Hermit Crabs_ take possession of the deserted shells of the
univalves, and crawl in pursuit of garbage along the moist beach. Prawns
and shrimps furnish delicacies for the breakfast table; and the delicate
little pea crab, _Pontonia inflata_,[3] recalls its Mediterranean
congener,[4] which attracted the attention of Aristotle, from taking up
its habitation in the shell of the living pinna.
[Footnote 1: _Grapsus strigosus_, Herbst.]
[Footnote 2: _Neptunus pelagicus_, Linn,; _N. sanguinolentus_, Herbst,
&c. &c.]
[Footnote 3: MILNE EDW. _Hist. Nat. Crust._ vol. ii. p. 360.]
[Footnote 4: _Pinnotheres veterum._]
ANNELIDÆ.--The marine _Annelides_ of the island have not as yet been
investigated; a cursory glance, however, amongst the stones on the beach
at Trincomalie and in the pools, which afford convenient basins for
examining them, would lead to the belief that the marine species are not
numerous; tubicole genera, as well as some nereids, are found, but there
seems to be little diversity; though it is not impossible that a closer
scrutiny might be repaid by the discovery of some interesting forms.
_Leeches._--Of all the plagues which beset the traveller in the rising
grounds of Ceylon, the most detested are the land leeches.[1] They are
not frequent in the plains, which are too hot and dry for them; but
amongst the rank vegetation in the lower ranges of the hill country,
which is kept damp by frequent showers, they are found in tormenting
profusion. They are terrestrial, never visiting ponds or streams. In
size they are about an inch in length, and as fine as a common knitting
needle; but capable of distension till they equal a quill in thickness,
and attain a length of nearly two inches. Their structure is so flexible
that they can insinuate themselves through the meshes of the finest
stocking, not only seizing on the feet and ankles, but ascending to the
back and throat and fastening on the tenderest parts of the body. The
coffee planters, who live amongst these pests, are obliged, in order to
exclude them, to envelope their legs in "leech gaiters" made of closely
woven cloth. The natives smear their bodies with oil, tobacco ashes, or
lemon juice;[2] the latter serving not only to stop the flow of blood,
but to expedite the healing of the wounds. In moving, the land leeches
have the power of planting one extremity on the earth and raising the
other perpendicularly to watch for their victim. Such is their vigilance
and instinct, that on the approach of a passer-by to a spot which they
infest, they may be seen amongst the grass and fallen leaves on the edge
of a native path, poised erect, and preparing for their attack on man
and horse. On descrying their prey they advance rapidly by semicircular
strides, fixing one end firmly and arching the other forwards, till by
successive advances they can lay hold of the traveller's foot, when they
disengage themselves from the ground and ascend his dress in search of
an aperture to enter. In these encounters the individuals in the rear of
a party of travellers in the jungle invariably fare worst, as the
leeches, once warned of their approach, congregate with singular
celerity. Their size is so insignificant, and the wound they make is so
skilfully punctured, that both are generally imperceptible, and the
first intimation of their onslaught is the trickling of the blood or a
chill feeling of the leech when it begins to hang heavily on the skin
from being distended by its repast. Horses are driven wild by them, and
stamp the ground in fury to shake them from their fetlocks, to which
they hang in bloody tassels. The bare legs of the palankin bearers and
coolies are a favourite resort; and, their hands being too much engaged
to be spared to pull them off, the leeches hang like bunches of grapes
round their ankles; and I have seen the blood literally flowing over the
edge of a European's shoe from their innumerable bites. In healthy
constitutions the wounds, if not irritated, generally heal, occasioning
no other inconvenience than a slight inflammation and itching; but in
those with a bad state of body, the punctures, if rubbed, are liable to
degenerate into ulcers, which may lead to the loss of limb or of life.
Both Marshall and Davy mention, that during the marches of troops in the
mountains, when the Kandyans were in rebellion, in 1818, the soldiers,
and especially the Madras sepoys, with the pioneers and coolies,
suffered so severely from this cause that numbers of them perished.[3]
[Footnote 1:
[Illustration: EYES AND TEETH OF THE LAND LEECHES OF CEYLON]
_Hæmadipsa Ceylanica_, Bosc. Blainv. These pests are not, however;
confined to Ceylon; they infest the lower ranges of the Himalaya.
--HOOKER, vol. i. p. 107; vol. ii. p. 54. THUNBEBG, who records
(_Travels_, vol. iv. p. 232) having seen them in Ceylon, likewise met
with them in the forests and slopes of Batavia. MARSDEN (_Hist_. p. 311)
complains of them dropping on travellers in Sumatra. KNORR, found them
at Japan; and it is affirmed that they abound in islands farther to the
eastward. M. GAY encountered them, in Chili.--MOQUIN-TANDON,
(_Hirudinèes_, p. 211, 346.) It is very doubtful, however, whether all
these are to be referred to one species. M. DE BLAINVILLE, under _H.
Ceylanica_, in the _Diet, de Scien. Nat._ vol. xlvii. p. 271, quotes M.
BOSC as authority for the kind which that naturalist describes being
"rouges et tachetées;" which is scarcely applicable to the Singhalese
species. It is more than probable therefore, considering the period at
which M. BOSC wrote, that he obtained his information from travellers to
the further east, and has connected with the habitat universally
ascribed to them from old KNOX'S work (Part I. chap, vi.) a meagre
description, more properly belonging to the land leech of Batavia or
Japan, In all likelihood, therefore, there may be a _H. Boscii,_
distinct from the _H. Ceylanica._ That which is found in Ceylon is
round, a little flattened on the inferior surface, largest at the
extremity, thence graclimlly tapering forward, and with the anal sucker
composed of four rings, and wider in proportion than in other species.
It is of a clear brown colour, with a yellow stripe the entire length of
each side, and a greenish dorsal one. The body is formed of 100 rings;
the eyes, of which there are five pairs, are placed in an arch on the
dorsal surface; the first four pairs occupying contiguous rings (thus
differing from the water-leeches, which have an unoccupied ring betwixt
the third and fourth); the fifth pair are located on the seventh ring,
two vacant rings intervening. To Dr. Thwaites, Director of the Botanic
Garden at Peradenia, who at my request examined their structure
minutely, I am indebted for the following most interesting particulars
respecting them. "I have been giving a little time to the examination of
the land leech. I find it to have five pairs of ocelli, the first four
seated on corresponding segments, and the posterior pair on the seventh
segment or ring, the fifth and sixth rings being eyeless (_fig_. A). The
mouth is very retractile, and the aperture is shaped as in ordinary
leeches. The serratures of the teeth, or rather the teeth themselves,
are very beautiful. Each of the three 'teeth,' or cutting instruments,
is principally muscular, the muscular body being very clearly seen. The
rounded edge in which the teeth are set appears to be cartilaginous in
structure; the teeth are very numerous, (_fig_. B); but some near the
base have a curious appendage, apparently (I have not yet made this out
quite satisfactorily) set upon one side. I have not yet been able to
detect the anal or sexual pores. The anal sucker seems to be formed of
four rings, and on each side above is a sort of crenated flesh-like
appendage. The tint of the common species is yellowish-brown or
snuff-coloured, streaked with black, with a yellow-greenish dorsal, and
another lateral line along its whole length. There is a larger species
to be found in this garden with a broad green dorsal fascia; but I have
not been able to procure one although I have offered a small reward to
any coolie who will bring me one." In a subsequent communication Mr.
Thwaites remarks "that the dorsal longitudinal fascia is of the same
width as the lateral ones, and differs only in being perhaps slightly
more green; the colour of the three fasciæ varies from brownish-yellow
to bright green." He likewise states "that the rings which compose the
body are just 100, and the teeth 70 to 80 in each set, in a single row,
except to one end, where they are in a double row."]
[Footnote 2: The Minorite friar, ODORIC of Portenau, writing in A.D.
1320, says that the gem-finders who sought the jewels around Adam's
Peak, "take lemons which they peel, anointing themselves with the juice
thereof, so that the leeches may not be able to hurt them."--HAKLUYT,
_Voy._ vol. ii. p. 58.]
[Footnote 3: DAVY'S _Ceylon_, p. 104; MARSHALL'S _Ceylon_, p. 15.]
[Illustration: LAND LEECHES.]
One circumstance regarding these land leeches is remarkable and
unexplained; they are helpless without moisture, and in the hills where
they abound at all other times, they entirely disappear during long
droughts;--yet re-appear instantaneously on the very first fall of rain;
and in spots previously parched, where not one was visible an hour
before; a single shower is sufficient to reproduce them in thousands,
lurking beneath the decaying leaves, or striding with rapid movements
across the gravel. Whence do they re-appear? Do they, too, take a
"summer sleep," like the reptiles, molluscs, and tank fishes, or may
they be, like the _Rotifera_, dried up and preserved for an indefinite
period, resuming their vital activity on the mere recurrence of
moisture?
Besides the medicinal leech, a species of which[1] is found in Ceylon,
nearly double the size of the European one, and with a prodigious
faculty of engorging blood, there is another pest in the low country,
which is a source of considerable annoyance, and often of loss, to the
husbandman. This is the cattle leech[2], which infests the stagnant
pools, chiefly in the alluvial lands around the base of the mountain
zone, to which the cattle resort by day, and the wild animals by night,
to quench their thirst and to bathe. Lurking amongst the rank vegetation
which fringes these deep pools, and hid by the broad leaves, or
concealed among the stems and roots covered by the water, there are
quantities of these pests in wait to attack the animals that approach
them. Their natural food consists of the juices of lumbrici and other
invertebrata; but they generally avail themselves of the opportunity
afforded by the dipping of the muzzles of the animals into the water to
fasten on their nostrils, and by degrees to make their way to the deeper
recesses of the nasal passages, and the mucous membranes of the throat
and gullet. As many as a dozen have been found attached to the
epiglottis and pharynx of a bullock, producing such irritation and
submucous effusion that death has eventually ensued; and so tenacious
are the leeches that even after death they retain their hold for some
hours.[3]
[Footnote 1: _Hirudo sanguisorba._ The paddifield leech of Ceylon, used
for surgical purposes, has the dorsal surface of blackish olive, with
several longitudinal striæ, more or less defined; the crenated margin
yellow. The ventral surface is fulvous, bordered laterally with olive;
the extreme margin yellow. The eyes are ranged as in the common
medicinal leech of Europe; the four anterior ones rather larger than the
others. The teeth are 140 in each series, appearing as a single row; in
size diminishing gradually from one end, very close set, and about half
the width of a tooth apart. When of full size, these leeches are about
two inches long, but reaching to six inches when extended. Mr. Thwaites,
to whom I am indebted for these particulars, adds that he saw in a tank
at Colonna Corle leeches which appeared to him flatter and of a darker
colour than those described above, but that he had not an opportunity of
examining them particularly.
[Illustration: DORSAL.]
[Illustration: VENTRAL.]
Mr. Thwaites states that there is a smaller tank leech of an olive-green
colour, with some indistinct longitudinal striæ on the upper surface;
the crenated margin of a pale yellowish-green; ocelli as in the
paddi-field leech. Length, one inch at rest, three inches when extended.
Mr. E. LAYARD informs us, _Mag. Nat. Hist._ p. 225, 1853, that a
bubbling spring at the village of Tonniotoo, three miles S.W. of
Moeletivoe, supplies most of the leeches used in the island. Those in
use at Colombo are obtained in the immediate vicinity.]
[Footnote 2: _Hæmopsis paludum._ In size the cattle leech of Ceylon is
somewhat larger than the medicinal leech of Europe; in colour it is of a
uniform brown without bands, unless a rufous margin may be so
considered. It has dark striæ. The body is somewhat rounded, flat when
swimming, and composed of rather more than ninety rings. The greatest
dimension is a little in advance of the anal sucker; the body thence
tapers to the other extremity, which ends in an upper lip projecting
considerably beyond the mouth. The eyes, ten in number, are disposed as
in the common leech. The mouth is oval, the biting apparatus with
difficulty seen, and the teeth not very numerous. The bite is so little
acute that the moment of attachment and of division of the membrane is
scarcely perceived by the sufferer from its attack.]
[Footnote 3: Even men are not safe, when stooping to drink at a pool,
from the assault of the cattle leeches. They cannot penetrate the human
skin, but the delicate membrane of the mucous passages is easily
ruptured by their serrated jaws. Instances have come to my knowledge of
Europeans into whose nostrils they have gained admission and caused
serious disturbance.]
ARTICULATA.
_APTERA_.
Thysanura.
Podura _albicollis_.
_atricollis_.
_viduata_.
_pilosa_.
Achoreutes _coccinea_.
Lepisma nigrofasciata, _Temp. nigra_.
Arachnida.
Buthus afer, _Linn_.
Ceylonicus, _Koch_.
Scorpio _linearis_.
Chelifer librorum.
_oblongus_.
Obisium _crassifemur_.
Phrynus lunatus, _Pall_.
Thelyphonus caudatus, _Linn_.
Phalangium _bisignatum_.
Mygale fasciata, _Walck_.
Olios taprobanius, _Walck_.
Nephila...?
Trombidium tinctorum, _Herm_.
Oribata...?
Ixodes...?
Myriapoda.
Cermatia _dispar_.
Lithobius _umbratilis_.
Scolopendra _crassa_.
spinosa, _Newp_.
_pallipes_.
_Grayii? Newp._
tuberculidens, _Newp_.
Ceylonensis, _Newp_.
flava, _Newp_.
_olivacea_.
_abdominalis_.
Cryptops _sordidus_.
_assimilis_.
Geophilus _tegularius_.
_speciosus_.
Julus _ater_.
carnifex, _Fabr_.
_pallipes_.
_flaviceps_.
_pallidus_.
Craspedosoma _juloides_.
_præusta_.
Polydesmus _granulatus_.
Cambala _catenulata_.
Zephronia _conspicua_.
_CRUSTACEA_.
Decapoda brachyura.
_Polybius_.
Neptunus pelagicus, _Linn_.
sanguinolentus, _Herbst_.
Thalamita...?
Thelphusa _Indica, Latr.
Cardisoma...?_
Ocypoda ceratophthalmus, _Pall_.
_macrocera, Edw_.
Gelasimus _tetragonon, Edw_.
_annulipes, Edw_.
Macrophthalmus _carinimanus, Latr_.
Grapsus _messor, Forsk_.
strigosus, _Herbst_.
Plagusia depressa, _Fabr_.
Calappa philargus, _Linn_.
_tuberculata, Fabr_.
Matuta victor, _Fabr_.
Leucosia _fugax, Fabr
Dorippe._
Decapoda anomura.
_Dromia...?_
Hippa Asiatica, _Edw_.
Paguras affinis, _Edw_.
_punctulatus, Oliv.
Porcellana...?_
Decapoda Macrura.
Scyllarus _orientalis, Fab._.
Palinurus ornatus, _Fab._.
_affinis_, _N_._S_.
_Crangon...?_
_Alpheus...?_
Pontonia inflata, _Edw_.
Palæmon carcinus, _Fabr_.
Stenopus...?
Peneus...?
Stomatopoda.
_Squilla...?_
Gonodactylus chiragra, _Fabr_.
_CIRRHIPEDIA_.
_Lepas_.
_Balanus_.
_ANNELIDA_.
Tubicolæ.
Dorsibranchiata.
Abranchia.
Hirudo _sanguisorba_.
_Thwaitesii_.
Hæmopsis _paludum_.
Hæmadipsa Ceylana. _Blainv_.
Lumbricus...?