CONSTRUCTIONS
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The preceding part of this book has been concerned chiefly with forms
and vocabulary. There remain still to be learned the forms of the
Subjunctive Mood, the Participles, and the Gerund of the regular verb,
and the conjugation of the commoner irregular verbs. These will be taken
up in connection with the study of constructions, which will be the
chief subject of our future work. The special vocabularies of the
preceding lessons contain, exclusive of proper names, about six hundred
words. As these are among the commonest words in the language, _they
must be mastered_. They properly form the basis of the study of words,
and will be reviewed and used with but few additions in the remaining
lessons.
For practice in reading and to illustrate the constructions presented, a
continued story has been prepared and may be begun at this point (see p.
204). It has been divided into chapters of convenient length to
accompany progress through the lessons, but may be read with equal
profit after the lessons are finished. The story gives an account of the
life and adventures of Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a Roman boy, who
fought in Cæsar’s campaigns and shared in his triumph. The colored
plates illustrating the story are faithful representations of ancient
life and are deserving of careful study.
LESSON LXI
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
«342.» In addition to the indicative, imperative, and infinitive moods,
which you have learned, Latin has a fourth mood called the subjunctive.
The tenses of the subjunctive are
PRESENT }
IMPERFECT } ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
PERFECT }
PLUPERFECT }
«343.» The tenses of the subjunctive have the same time values as the
corresponding tenses of the indicative, and, in addition, _each of them
may refer to future time_. No meanings of the tenses will be given in
the paradigms, as the translation varies with the construction used.
«344.» The present subjunctive is inflected as follows:
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE VOICE
SINGULAR
1. a´mem mo´neam re´gam ca´piam au´diam
2. a´mēs mo´neās re´gās ca´piās au´diās
3. a´met mo´neat re´gat ca´piat au´diat
PLURAL
1. amē´mus moneā´mus regā´mus capiā´mus audiā´mus
2. amē´tis moneā´tis regā´tis capiā´tis audiā´tis
3. a´ment mo´neant re´gant ca´piant au´diant
PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR
1. a´mer mo´near re´gar ca´piar au´diar
2. amē´ris moneā´ris regā´ris capiā´ris audiā´ris
(-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re)
3. amē´tur moneā´tur regā´tur capiā´tur audiā´tur
PLURAL
1. amē´mur moneā´mur regā´mur capiā´mur audiā´mur
2. amē´minī moneā´minī regā´minī capiā´minī audiā´minī
3. amen´tur monean´tur regan´tur capian´tur audian´tur
_a._ The present subjunctive is formed from the present stem.
_b._ The mood sign of the present subjunctive is «-ē-» in the first
conjugation and «-ā-» in the others. It is shortened in the usual
places (cf. §12), and takes the place of the final vowel of the
stem in the first and third conjugations, but not in the second and
fourth.
_c._ The personal endings are the same as in the indicative.
_d._ In a similar way inflect the present subjunctive of «cūrō»,
«iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».
«345.» The present subjunctive of the irregular verb «sum» is inflected
as follows:
{ 1. sim { 1. sīmus
SING. { 2. sīs PLURAL { 2. sītis
{ 3. sit { 3. sint
«346.» «The Indicative and Subjunctive Compared.»
1. The two most important of the finite moods are the indicative and
the subjunctive. The indicative deals with facts either real or
assumed. If, then, we wish to assert something as a fact or to inquire
after a fact, we use the indicative.
2. On the other hand, if we wish to express a _desire_ or _wish_, a
_purpose_, a _possibility_, an _expectation_, or some such notion, we
must use the subjunctive. The following sentences illustrate the
difference between the indicative and the subjunctive ideas.
INDICATIVE IDEAS SUBJUNCTIVE IDEAS
1. _He is brave_ 1. _May he be brave_
«Fortis est» «Fortis sit» (idea of wishing)
2. _We set out at once_ 2. _Let us set out at once_
«Statim proficīscimur» «Statim proficīscāmur»
(idea of willing)
3. _You hear him every day_ 3. _You can hear him every day_
«Cotīdiē eum audīs» «Cotīdiē eum audiās»
(idea of possibility)
4. _He remained until the ship_ 4. _He waited until the ship_
_arrived_ _should arrive_
«Mānsit dum nāvis pervēnit» «Exspectāvit dum nāvis
pervenīret»[1]
(idea of expectation)
5. _Cæsar sends men who find the_ 5. _Cæsar sends men_
_bridge_ _who are to find_
(or _to find_) _the bridge_
«Caesar mittit hominēs quī» «Caesar hominēs mittit quī»
«pontem reperiunt» «pontem reperiant»
(idea of purpose)
[Footnote 1: «pervenīret», imperfect subjunctive.]
NOTE. From the sentences above we observe that the subjunctive may be
used in either independent or dependent clauses; but it is far more
common in the latter than in the former.
«347.» EXERCISE
Which verbs in the following paragraph would be in the indicative and
which in the subjunctive in a Latin translation?
There have been times in the history of our country when you might be
proud of being an American citizen. Do you remember the day when Dewey
sailed into Manila Bay to capture or destroy the enemy’s fleet? You
might have seen the admiral standing on the bridge calmly giving his
orders. He did not even wait until the mines should be removed from the
harbor’s mouth, but sailed in at once. Let us not despair of our country
while such valor exists, and may the future add new glories to the past.
LESSON LXII
THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE
«348.» Observe the sentence
«Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant»,
_Cæsar sends men to find the bridge_
The verb «reperiant» in the dependent clause is in the subjunctive
because it tells us what Cæsar wants the men to do; in other words, it
expresses his will and the purpose in his mind. Such a use of the
subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose.
«349.» RULE. «Subjunctive of Purpose.» _The subjunctive is used in a
dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal
clause._
«350.» A clause of purpose is introduced as follows:
I. If something is wanted, by
«quī», the relative pronoun (as above)
«ut», conj., _in order that, that_
«quō» (abl. of «quī», _by which_), _in order that, that_, used when
the purpose clause contains a comparative. The ablative «quō»
expresses the measure of difference. (Cf. §317.)
II. If something is not wanted, by
«nē», conj., _in order that not, that not, lest_
«351.» EXAMPLES
1. «Caesar cōpiās cōgit quibus hostīs īnsequātur»
_Cæsar collects troops with which to pursue the foe_
2. «Pācem petunt ut domum revertantur»
_They ask for peace in order that they may return home_
3. «Pontem faciunt quō facilius oppidum capiant»
_They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily_
(lit. _by which the more easily_)
4. «Fugiunt nē vulnerentur»
_They flee that they may not_ (or _lest they_) _be wounded_
«352.» «Expression of Purpose in English.» In English, purpose clauses
are sometimes introduced by _that_ or _in order that_, but much more
frequently purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, as _We eat
to live_, _She stoops to conquer_. In Latin prose, on the other hand,
«purpose is never expressed by the infinitive». Be on your guard and do
not let the English idiom betray you into this error.
«353.» EXERCISES
I.
1. Veniunt ut { dūcant, mittant, videant, audiant,
{ dūcantur, mittantur, videantur, audiantur.
2. Fugimus nē { capiāmur, trādāmur, videāmus,
{ necēmur, rapiāmur, resistāmus.
3. Mittit nūntiōs quī { dicant, audiant, veniant,
{ nārrent, audiantur, in conciliō sedeant.
4. Castra mūniunt { sēsē dēfendant, impetum sustineant,
quō facilius { hostīs vincant, salūtem petant.
II. 1. The Helvetii send ambassadors to seek[1] peace. 2. They are
setting out at daybreak in order that they may make a longer march
before night. 3. They will hide the women in the forest (_acc. with_
«in») that they may not be captured. 4. The Gauls wage many wars to
free[1] their fatherland from slavery. 5. They will resist the Romans[2]
bravely lest they be destroyed.
[Footnote 1: Not infinitive.]
[Footnote 2: Not accusative.]
LESSON LXIII
INFLECTION OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
«354.» The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal
endings to the present active infinitive.
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
1. amā´rem monē´rem re´gerem ca´perem audī´rem
2. amā´rēs monē´rēs re´gerēs ca´perēs audī´rēs
3. amā´ret monē´ret re´geret ca´peret audī´ret
1. amārē´mus monērē´mus regerē´mus caperē´mus audīrē´mus
2. amārē´tis monērē´tis regerē´tis caperē´tis audīrē´tis
3. amā´rent monē´rent re´gerent ca´perent audī´rent
PASSIVE
1. amā´rer monē´rer re´gerer ca´perer audī´rer
2. amārē´ris monērē´ris regerē´ris caperē´ris audīrē´ris
(-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re)
3. amārē´tur monērē´tur regerē´tur caperē´tur audīrē´tur
1. amārē´mur monērē´mur regerē´mur caperē´mur audīrē´mur
2. amārē´minī monērē´minī regerē´minī caperē´minī audīrē´minī
3. amāren´tur monēren´tur regeren´tur caperen´tur audīren´tur
_a._ In a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive, active and
passive, of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».
«355.» The imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb «sum» is
inflected as follows:
{ 1. es´sem { 1. essē´mus
SING. { 2. es´sēs PLURAL { 2. essē´tis
{ 3. es´set { 3. es´sent
«356.» The three great distinctions of time are _present_, _past_, and
_future_. All tenses referring to present or future time are called
«primary tenses», and those referring to past time are called «secondary
tenses». Now it is a very common law of language that in a complex
sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be of the same kind as
the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence _He «says» that he
«is» coming_, the principal verb, _says_, is present, that is, is in a
primary tense; and _is coming_, in the dependent clause, is naturally
also primary. If I change _he says_ to _he said_,--in other words, if I
make the principal verb secondary in character,--I feel it natural to
change the verb in the dependent clause also, and I say, _He «said» that
he «was» coming_. This following of a tense by another of the same kind
is called _tense sequence_, from _sequī_, “to follow.”
In Latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable
regularity, especially when an indicative in the principal clause is
followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause. Then a primary tense
of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive, and
a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of
the subjunctive. Learn the following table:
«357.» TABLE FOR SEQUENCE OF TENSES
+-----+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| | PRINCIPAL VERB | DEPENDENT VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE |
| P | IN THE +---------------------+---------------------+
| R | INDICATIVE | _Incomplete or_ | _Completed Action_ |
| I | | _Continuing Action_ | |
| M +-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| A | Present | | |
| R | Future | Present | Perfect |
| T | Future perfect | | |
+-----+-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| S D | | | |
| E A | Imperfect | | |
| C R | Perfect | Imperfect | Pluperfect |
| O Y | Pluperfect | | |
| N- | | | |
+-----+-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
«358.» RULE. «Sequence of Tenses.» _Primary tenses are followed by
primary tenses and secondary by secondary._
«359.» EXAMPLES
I. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:
«Mittit» }
«Mittet» } «hominēs ut agrōs vāstent»
«Mīserit» }
{ _sends_ } { _that they may_ }
_He_ { _will send_ } _men_ { _in order to_ }
{ _will have sent_ } { _to lay waste the fields_ }
II. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:
«Mittēbat»}
«Mīsit» } «hominēs ut agrōs vāstārent»
«Mīserat» }
{ _was sending_ } { _that they might_ }
_He_ { _sent or has sent_ } _men_ { _in order to_ }
{ _had sent_ } { _to lay waste the fields_ }
«360.» EXERCISES
I.
1. Vēnerant ut {dūcerent, mitterent, vidērent, audīrent,
{dūcerentur, mitterentur, vidērentur, audirentur
2. Fugiēbat nē {caperētur, trāderētur, vidērētur,
{necārētur, raperētur, resisteret.
3. Misit nūntiōs quī {dīcerent, audīrent, venīrent
{nārrārent, audīrentur, in conciliō sedērent.
4. Castra mūnīvērunt {sēsē dēfenderent, impetum sustinērent,
quō facilius {hostīs vincerent, salūtem peterent.
II. 1. Cæsar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight more
bravely. 2. The Helvetii left their homes to wage war. 3. The scouts set
out at once lest they should be captured by the Germans. 4. Cæsar
inflicted punishment on them in order that the others might be more
terrified. 5. He sent messengers to Rome to announce the victory.
LESSON LXIV
THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
«361.» The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected
as follows:
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
SINGULAR
1. amā´verim monu´erim rē´xerim cē´perim audī´verim
2. amā´veris monu´eris rē´xeris cē´peris audī´veris
3. amā´verit monu´erit rē´xerit cē´perit audī´verit
PLURAL
1. amāve´rimus monue´rimus rēxe´rimus cēpe´rimus audīve´rimus
2. amāve´ritis monue´ritis rēxe´ritis cēpe´ritis audīve´ritis
3. amā´verint monu´erint rē´xerint cē´perint audī´verint
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
SINGULAR
1. amāvis´sem monuis´sem rēxis´sem cēpis´sem audīvis´sem
2. amāvis´sēs monuis´sēs rēxis´sēs cēpis´sēs audīvis´sēs
3. amāvis´set monuis´set rēxis´set cēpis´set audīvis´set
PLURAL
1. amāvissē´mus monuissē´mus rēxissē´mus cēpissē´mus audīvissē´mus
2. amāvissē´tis monuissē´tis rēxissē´tis cēpissē´tis audīvissē´tis
3. amāvis´sent monuis´sent rēxis´sent cēpis´sent audīvis´sent
_a._ Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in
the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem.
_b._ Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future
perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular
ends in «-m» and not in «-ō».
_c._ Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by
adding «-issem, -issēs», etc. to the perfect stem.
_d._ In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive
active of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».
«362.» The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the
perfect passive participle with «sim», the present subjunctive of «sum.»
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE
SINGULAR
1. amā´tus sim mo´nitus sim rēc´tus sim cap´tus sim audī´tus sim
2. amā´tus sīs mo´nitus sīs rēc´tus sīs cap´tus sīs audī´tus sīs
3. amā´tus sit mo´nitus sit rēc´tus sit cap´tus sit audī´tus sit
PLURAL
1. amā´tī sīmus mo´nitī s. rēc´tī s. cap´tī s. audī´tī s.
2. amā´tī sītis mo´nitī s. rēc´tī s. cap´tī s. audī´tī s.
3. amā´tī sint mo´nitī sint rēc´tī sint cap´tī sint audī´tī sint
«363.» The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining
the perfect passive participle with «essem», the imperfect subjunctive
of «sum».
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE
SINGULAR
1. amātus essem monitus essem rēctus essem captus e. audītus e.
2. amātus essēs monitus essēs rēctus essēs captus e. audītus e.
3. amātus esset monitus esset rēctus esset captus e. audītus e.
PLURAL
1. amātī essēmus monitī essēmus rēctī essēmus captī e. audītī e.
2. amātī essētis monitī essētis rēctī essētis captī e. audītī e.
3. amātī essent monitī essent rēctī essent captī e. audītī e.
_a._ In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive
passive of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō.»
«364.» The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb
«sum» are inflected as follows:
PERFECT PLUPERFECT
fu´erim fue´rimus fuis´sem fuissē´mus
fu´eris fue´ritis fuis´sēs fuissē´tis
fu´erit fu´erint fuis´set fuis´sent
«365.» A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as,
_That the men are afraid_ is clear enough (clause as subject)
He ordered _them to call on him_ (clause as object)
We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this
way (cf. §213), and have noted the similarity between Latin and English
usage in this respect. But the Latin often uses the _subjunctive_ in
substantive clauses, and this marks an important difference between the
two languages.
«366.» RULE. «Substantive Clauses of Purpose.» _A substantive clause of
purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of
«commanding», «urging», «asking», «persuading», or «advising», where in
English we should usually have the infinitive._
EXAMPLES
1. _The general ordered the soldiers to run_
«Imperātor mīlitibus imperāvit ut currerent»
2. _He urged them to resist bravely_
«Hortātus est ut fortiter resisterent»
3. _He asked them to give the children food_
«Petīvit ut līberīs cibum darent»
4. _He will persuade us not to set out_
«Nōbīs persuādēbit nē proficīscāmur»
5. _He advises us to remain at home_
«Monet ut domī maneāmus»
_a._ The object clauses following these verbs all express the
purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or
not done. (Cf. §348.)
«367.» The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose.
Learn the list and the principal parts of the new ones.
«hortor», _urge_
«imperō», _order_ (with the _dative_ of the _person_ ordered and a
_subjunctive clause_ of the _thing_ ordered done)
«moneō», _advise_
«petō», «quaerō», «rogō», _ask, seek_
«persuādeō», _persuade_ (with the same construction as imperō)
«postulō», _demand, require_
«suādeō», _advise_ (cf. «persuādeō»)
N.B. Remember that «iubeō», _order_, takes the infinitive as in English.
(Cf. §213.1.) Compare the sentences
«Iubeō eum venīre», _I order him to come_
«Imperō eī ut veniat», _I give orders to him that he is to come_
We ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the
difference in meaning between iubeō and imperō in the Latin requires the
_infinitive_ in the one case and the _subjunctive_ in the other.
«368.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Petit atque hortātur ut ipse dīcat. 2. Caesar Helvētiīs imperāvit
nē per prōvinciam iter facerent. 3. Caesar nōn iussit Helvētiōs per
prōvinciam iter facere. 4. Ille cīvibus persuāsit ut dē fīnibus suīs
discēderent. 5. Caesar prīncipēs monēbit nē proelium committant.
6. Postulāvit nē cum Helvētiīs aut cum eōrum sociīs bellum gererent.
7. Ab iīs quaesīvī nē proficīscerentur. 8. Iīs persuādēre nōn potuī ut
domī manērent.
II. 1. Who ordered Cæsar to make the march? (_Write this sentence both
with_ «imperō» _and with_ «iubeō».) 2. The faithless scouts persuaded
him to set out at daybreak. 3. They will ask him not to inflict
punishment. 4. He demanded that they come to the camp. 5. He advised
them to tell everything («omnia»).
NOTE. Do not forget that the English infinitive expressing purpose must
be rendered by a Latin subjunctive. Review §352.
[Illustration: LEGIO ITER FACIT]
LESSON LXV
THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF _POSSUM_ · VERBS OF FEARING
«369.» Learn the subjunctive of «possum» (§495), and note especially the
position of the accent.
«370.» «Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing.» We have learned that what
we want done or not done is expressed in Latin by a subjunctive clause
of purpose. In this class belong also _clauses after verbs of fearing_,
for we fear either that something will happen or that it will not, and
we either want it to happen or we do not. If we want a thing to happen
and fear that it will not, the purpose clause is introduced by «ut». If
we do not want it to happen and fear that it will, «nē» is used. Owing
to a difference between the English and Latin idiom we translate «ut»
after a verb of fearing by _that not_, and «nē» by _that_ or _lest_.
«371.» EXAMPLES
«timeō» } { «veniat»
«timēbō» } «ut» {
«timuerō» } { «vēnerit»
_I fear_, _shall fear_, _shall have feared_, _that he will not come_,
_has not come_
«timēbam» } { «venīret»
«timuī» } «ut» {
«timueram» } { «vēnisset»
_I was fearing_, _feared_, _had feared_, _that he would not come_, _had
not come_
The same examples with «nē» instead of «ut» would be translated _I fear
that_ or _lest he will come_, _has come_, etc.
«372.» RULE. «Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing.» _Verbs of fearing are
followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by «ut» («that
not») or «nē» («that» or «lest»)._
«373.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Caesar verēbātur ut supplicium captīvōrum Gallīs placēret.
2. Rōmānī ipsī magnopere verēbantur nē Helvētiī iter per prōvinciam
facerent. 3. Timēbant ut satis reī frūmentāriae mittī posset. 4. Vereor
ut hostium impetum sustinēre possim. 5. Timuit nē impedīmenta ab
hostibus capta essent. 6. Caesar numquam timuit nē legiōnēs vincerentur.
7. Legiōnēs pugnāre nōn timuērunt.[1]
II. 1. We fear that they are not coming. 2. We fear lest they are
coming. 3. We feared that they had come. 4. We feared that they had
not come. 5. They feared greatly that the camp could not be defended.
6. Almost all feared[1] to leave the camp.
[Footnote 1: Distinguish between what one is afraid _to do_
(complementary infinitive as here) and what one is afraid _will
take place_ or _has taken place_ (substantive clause with the
subjunctive).]
LESSON LXVI
THE PARTICIPLES
«374.» The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1]
[Transcriber’s Note:
For reasons of space, this table is given in two forms: first a
reduced version without translation, and then the complete text,
including translations, split into two elements.]
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT amāns monēns regēns capiēns audiēns
FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus
PASSIVE
PERFECT amātus monitus rēctus captus audītus
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus
CONJ. I CONJ. II
ACTIVE
PRESENT amāns monēns
_loving_ _advising_
FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus
_about to love_ _about to advise_
PASSIVE
PERFECT amātus monitus
_loved, having_ _advised, having been advised_
_been loved_
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus
_to be loved_ _to be advised_
CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT regēns capiēns audiēns
_ruling_ _taking_ _hearing_
FUTURE rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus
_about to rule_ _about to take_ _about to hear_
PASSIVE
PERFECT rēctus captus audītus
_ruled, having_ _taken, having_ _heard, havinh_
_been ruled_ _been taken_ _been heard_
FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus
_to be ruled_ _to be taken_ _to be heard_
[Footnote 1: Review §203.]
[Footnote 2: The future passive participle is often called the
_gerundive_.]
_a._ The present active and future passive participles are formed
from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive
participles are formed from the participial stem.
_b._ The present active participle is formed by adding «-ns» to the
present stem. In «-iō» verbs of the third conjugation, and in the
fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of «-ē-»,
as «capi-ē-ns», «audi-ē-ns». It is declined like an adjective of one
ending of the third declension. (Cf. §256.)
«amāns», _loving_
BASE «amant-» STEM «amanti-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ amāns amāns amantēs amantia
_Gen._ amantis amantis amantium amantium
_Dat._ amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
_Acc._ amantem amāns amantīs amantia
_or_ -ēs
_Abl._ amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
_or_ -e _or_ -e
(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in «-ī»;
when used as a participle or as a substantive, in «-e».
(2) In a similar way decline «monēns», «regēns», «capiēns», «audiēns».
_c._ The future active participle is formed by adding «-ūrus» to the
base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined
with «esse» to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. §206.)
_d._ For the perfect passive participle see §201. The future
passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding «-ndus» to the
present stem.
_e._ All participles in «-us» are declined like «bonus».
_f._ Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.
_g._ Give all the participles of the following verbs: «cūrō»,
«iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».
«375.» «Participles of Deponent Verbs.» Deponent verbs have the
participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently
every deponent verb has four participles, as,
_Pres. Act._ «hortāns», _urging_
_Fut. Act._ «hortātūrus», _about to urge_
_Perf. Pass._ (in form) «hortātus», _having urged_
_Fut. Pass._ (_Gerundive_) «hortandus», _to be urged_
_a._ Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is
passive in form but _active_ in meaning. _No other verbs have a
perfect active participle._ On the other hand, the future passive
participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other
verbs.
_b._ Give the participles of «cōnor», «vereor», «sequor», «patior»,
«partior».
«376.» «Tenses of the Participle.» The tenses express time as follows:
1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present
active participle in _-ing_, but can be used only of an action
occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as,
«mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs», _the soldiers, while pursuing,
captured many._ Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on
together.
2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly
passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without
the auxiliary _having been_; as, «audītus», _heard_ or _having been
heard_.
3. The future active participle, translated _about to_, etc., denotes
time after the action of the main verb.
«377.» Review §§203, 204, and, note the following model sentences:
1. «Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī», _the soldiers who were running_
(lit. _running_) _were weary_.
2. «Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit», _Cæsar, when about to
set out_ (lit. _about to set out_) _for Rome, did not wait_.
3. «Oppidum captum vīdimus», _we saw the town which had been captured_
(lit. _captured town_).
4. «Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est», _the general, since_
(_when_, or _after_) _he had delayed_ (lit. _the general, having
delayed_) _three days, set out_.
5. «Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt», _the soldiers, though they
were conquered_ (lit. _the soldiers conquered_), _did not retreat_.
In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is
given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation
usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (_when, since,
after, though_, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case,
what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule,
translate the participle literally.
«378.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Puer timēns nē capiātur fugit. 2. Aquila īrā commōta avīs reliquās
interficere cōnāta erat. 3. Mīlitēs ab hostibus pressī tēla iacere nōn
potuērunt. 4. Caesar decimam legiōnem laudātūrus ad prīmum agmen
prōgressus est. 5. Imperātor hortātus equitēs ut fortiter pugnārent
signum proeliō dedit. 6. Mīlitēs hostīs octō milia passuum īnsecūtī
multīs cum captīvīs ad castra revertērunt. 7. Sōl oriēns multōs
interfectōs vīdit. 8. Rōmānī cōnsilium audāx suspicātī barbaris sēsē
nōn commīsērunt. 9. Nāvis ē portū ēgressa nūllō in perīculō erat.
II.[3] 1. The army was in very great danger while marching through the
enemy’s country. 2. Frightened by the length of the way, they longed for
home. 3. When the scouts were about to set out, they heard the shouts of
victory. 4. When we had delayed many days, we set fire to the buildings
and departed. 5. While living at Rome I heard orators much better than
these. 6. The soldiers who are fighting across the river are no braver
than we.
[Footnote 3: In this exercise use participles for the subordinate
clauses.]
LESSON LXVII
THE IRREGULAR VERBS _VOLŌ_, _NŌLŌ_, _MĀLŌ_
THE ABLATIVE WITH A PARTICIPLE, OR ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
«379.» Learn the principal parts and conjugation of «volō», _wish_;
«nōlō» («ne» + «volō»), _be unwilling_; «mālō» («magis» + «volō»), _be
more willing, prefer_ (§497). Note the irregularities in the present
indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the imperfect
subjunctive. (Cf. §354.)
_a._ These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or
without a subject accusative; as, «volunt venīre», _they wish to
come_; «volunt amīcōs venīre», _they wish their friends to come_.
The English usage is the same.[1]
[Footnote 1: Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after
these verbs. (See §366.)]
[ Conjugations given in §497:
PRINCIPAL PARTS:
«volō, velle, voluī», ----, _be willing, will, wish_
«nōlō, nōlle, nōluī», ----, _be unwilling, will not_
«mālō, mālle, māluī», ----, _be more willing, prefer_
INDICATIVE
SINGULAR
_Pres._ volō nōlō mālō
vīs nōn vis māvīs
vult nōn vult māvult
PLURAL
volumus nōlumus mālumus
vultis nōn vultis māvul´tis
volunt nōlunt mālunt
_Impf._ volēbam nōlēbam mālēbam
_Fut._ volam, volēs, etc. nōlam, nōlēs, etc. mālam, mālēs, etc.
_Perf._ voluī nōluī māluī
_Plup._ volueram nōlueram mālueram
_F.P._ voluerō nōluerō māluerō
SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR
_Pres._ velim nōlim mālim
velīs nōlīs mālīs
velit nōlit mālit
PLURAL
velī´mus nōlī´mus mālī´mus
velī´tis nōlī´tis mālī´tis
velint nōlint mālint
_Impf._ vellem nōllem māllem
_Perf._ voluerim nōluerim māluerim
_Plup._ voluissem nōluissem māluissem
IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ nōlī
nōlīte
_Fut._ nōlītō, etc.
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ velle nōlle mālle
_Perf._ voluisse nōluisse māluisse
PARTICIPLE
_Pres._ volēns, -entis nōlēns, -entis ----]
«380.» Observe the following sentences:
1. «Magistrō laudante omnēs puerī dīligenter labōrant», _with the
teacher praising_, or _since the teacher praises_, or _the teacher
praising, all the boys labor diligently._
2. «Caesare dūcente nēmō prōgredī timet», _with Cæsar leading_, or
_when Cæsar leads_, or _if Cæsar leads_, or _Cæsar leading, no one
fears to advance._
3. «Hīs rēbus cognitīs mīlitēs fūgērunt», _when this was known_, or
_since this was known_, or _these things having been learned, the
soldiers fled._
4. «Proeliō commissō multī vulnerātī sunt», _after the battle had
begun_, or _when the battle had begun_, or _the battle having been
joined, many were wounded._
_a._ One of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in
English by the preposition _with_ (cf. §50). In each of the
sentences above we have a noun and a participle in agreement in
the ablative, and the translation shows that in each instance the
ablative expresses _attendant circumstance_. For example, in the
first sentence the circumstance attending or accompanying the
diligent labor of the boys is the praise of the teacher. This is
clearly a _with_ relation, and the ablative is the case to use.
_b._ We observe, further, that the ablative and its participle are
absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence.
If we were to express the thought in English in a similar way, we
should use the nominative independent or absolute. In Latin the
construction is called the Ablative Absolute, or the Ablative with a
Participle. This form of expression is exceedingly common in Latin,
but rather rare in English, so we must not, as a rule, employ the
English absolute construction to translate the ablative abolute. The
attendant circumstance may be one of _time_ (when or after), or one
of _cause_ (since), or one of _concession_ (though), or one of
_condition_ (if). In each case try to discover the precise relation,
and translate the ablative and its participle by a clause which
will best express the thought.
«381.» RULE. «Ablative Absolute.» _The ablative of a noun or pronoun
with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express
attendant circumstance._
NOTE 1. The verb «sum» has no present participle. In consequence we
often find two nouns or a noun and an adjective in the ablative absolute
with no participle expressed; as, «tē duce», _you_ (being) _leader_,
_with you as leader_; «patre īnfirmō», _my father_ (being) _weak_.
NOTE 2. Be very careful not to put in the ablative absolute a noun and
participle that form the subject or object of a sentence. Compare
_a._ _The Gauls, having been conquered by Cæsar, returned home_
_b._ _The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, the army returned
home_
In _a_ the subject is _The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar_, and we
translate,
«Gallī ā Caesare victi domum revertērunt»
In _b_ the subject is _the army_. _The Gauls having been conquered by
Cæsar_ is nominative absolute in English, which requires the ablative
absolute in Latin, and we translate,
«Gallīs ā Caesare victīs exercitus domum revertit»
NOTE 3. The fact that only deponent verbs have a perfect active
participle (cf. §375.a) often compels a change of voice when
translating from one language to the other. For example, we can
translate _Cæsar having encouraged the legions_ just as it stands,
because «hortor» is a deponent verb. But if we wish to say _Cæsar having
conquered the Gauls_, we have to change the voice of the participle to
the passive because «vincō» is not deponent, and say, _the Gauls having
been conquered by Cæsar_ (see translation above).
«382.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Māvīs, nōn vīs, vultis, nōlumus. 2. Ut nōlit, ut vellēmus, ut
mālit. 3. Nōlī, velle, nōluisse, mālle. 4. Vult, māvultis, ut nōllet,
nōlīte. 5. Sōle oriente, avēs cantāre incēpērunt. 6. Clāmōribus audītīs,
barbarī prōgredī recūsābant. 7. Caesare legiōnēs hortātō, mīlitēs paulō
fortius pugnāvērunt. 8. Hīs rēbus cognitīs, Helvētiī fīnitimīs
persuāsērunt ut sēcum iter facerent. 9. Labōribus cōnfectīs, mīlitēs
ā Caesare quaerēbant ut sibi praemia daret. 10. Conciliō convocātō,
prīncipēs ita respondērunt. 11. Dux plūrīs diēs in Helvētiōrum fīnibus
morāns multōs vīcōs incendit. 12. Magnitūdine Germānōrum cognitā, quīdam
ex Rōmānis timēbant. 13. Mercātōribus rogātīs, Caesar nihilō plūs
reperīre potuit.
II. 1. He was unwilling, lest they prefer, they have wished. 2. You
prefer, that they might be unwilling, they wish. 3. We wish, they had
preferred, that he may prefer. 4. Cæsar, when he heard the rumor (_the
rumor having been heard_), commanded («imperāre») the legions to advance
more quickly. 5. Since Cæsar was leader, the men were willing to make
the journey. 6. A few, terrified[2] by the reports which they had heard,
preferred to remain at home. 7. After these had been left behind, the
rest hastened as quickly as possible. 8. After Cæsar had undertaken the
business (_Cæsar, the business having been undertaken_), he was
unwilling to delay longer.[3]
[Footnote 2: Would the ablative absolute be correct here?]
[Footnote 3: Not «longius». Why?]
LESSON LXVIII
THE IRREGULAR VERB _FĪŌ_ · THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT
«383.» The verb «fīō», _be made, happen_, serves as the passive of
«faciō», _make_, in the present system. The rest of the verb is formed
regularly from «faciō». Learn the principal parts and conjugation
(§500). Observe that the «i» is long except before «-er» and in «fit».
_a._ The compounds of «facio» with prepositions usually form the
passive regularly, as,
_Active_ «cōnficiō, cōnficere, cōnfēcī, cōnfectus»
_Passive_ «cōnficior, cōnficī, cōnfectus sum»
[ Conjugation given in §500:
PRINCIPAL PARTS «fīō, fierī, factus sum»
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ fīō ---- fīam _2d Pers._ fī fīte
fīs ----
fit fīunt
_Impf._ fīēbam fierem
_Fut._ fīam ----
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
_Perf._ factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim
_Plup._ factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem
_F.P._ factus, -a, -um erō
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ fierī _Perf._ factus, -a, -um
_Perf._ factus, -a, -um esse _Ger._ faciendus, -a, -um
_Fut._ [[factum īrī]]]
«384.» Observe the following sentences:
1. «Terror erat tantus ut omnēs fugerent», _the terror was so great
that all fled._
2. «Terror erat tantus ut nōn facile mīlitēs sēsē reciperent», _the
terror was so great that the soldiers did not easily recover
themselves._
3. «Terror fēcit ut omnēs fugerent», _terror caused all to flee_
(lit. _made that all fled_).
_a._ Each of these sentences is complex, containing a principal
clause and a subordinate clause.
_b._ The principal clause names a cause and the subordinate clause
states the _consequence_ or _result_ of this cause.
_c._ The subordinate clause has its verb in the subjunctive, though
it is translated like an indicative. The construction is called the
_subjunctive of consequence or result_, and the clause is called a
consecutive or result clause.
_d._ In the last example the clause of result is the object of the
verb «fēcit».
_e._ The conjunction introducing the consecutive or result clause is
«ut» = _so that_; negative, «ut nōn» = _so that not_.
«385.» RULE. «Subjunctive of Result.» _Consecutive clauses of result are
introduced by «ut» or «ut nōn» and have the verb in the subjunctive._
«386.» RULE. _Object clauses of result with «ut» or «ut nōn» are found
after verbs of «effecting» or «bringing about»._
«387.» «Purpose and Result Clauses Compared.» There is great similarity
in the expression of purpose and of result in Latin. If the sentence is
affirmative, both purpose and result clauses may be introduced by «ut»;
but if the sentence is negative, the purpose clause has «nē» and the
result clause «ut nōn». Result clauses are often preceded in the main
clause by such words as «tam», «ita», «sic» (_so_), and these serve to
point them out. Compare
_a._ «Tam graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur»
_He was so severely wounded that he was captured_
_b._ «Graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur»
_He was severely wounded in order that he might be captured_
Which sentence contains a result clause, and how is it pointed out?
«388.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Fit, fīet, ut fīat, fīēbāmus. 2. Fīō, fīēs, ut fierent, fierī,
fīunt. 3. Fīētis, ut fīāmus, fīs, fīemus. 4. Mīlitēs erant tam tardī
ut ante noctem in castra nōn pervenīrent. 5. Sōl facit ut omnia sint
pulchra. 6. Eius modī perīcula erant ut nēmō proficīscī vellet.
7. Equitēs hostium cum equitātū nostrō in itinere contendērunt, ita
tamen[1] ut nostrī omnibus in partibus superiōrēs essent. 8. Virtūs
mīlitum nostrōrum fēcit ut hostēs nē ūnum quidem[2] impetum sustinērent.
9. Hominēs erant tam audācēs ut nūllō modō continērī possent.
10. Spatium erat tam parvum ut mīlitēs tēla iacere nōn facile possent.
11. Hōc proeliō factō barbarī ita perterritī sunt ut ab ultimīs gentibus
lēgātī ad Caesarem mitterentur. 12. Hoc proelium factum est nē lēgātī ad
Caesarem mitterentur.
[Footnote 1: «ita tamen», _with such a result however_.]
[Footnote 2: «nē ... quidem», _not even_. The emphatic word is
placed between.]
II. 1. It will happen, they were being made, that it may happen. 2. It
happens, he will be made, to happen. 3. They are made, we were being
made, lest it happen. 4. The soldiers are so brave that they conquer.
5. The soldiers are brave in order that they may conquer. 6. The
fortification was made so strong that it could not be taken. 7. The
fortification was made strong in order that it might not be taken.
8. After the town was taken,[3] the townsmen feared that they would be
made slaves. 9. What state is so weak that it is unwilling to defend
itself?
[Footnote 3: Ablative absolute.]
LESSON LXIX
THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC OR DESCRIPTION
THE PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE
«389.» Akin to the subjunctive of consequence or result is the use of
the subjunctive in clauses of characteristic or description.
This construction is illustrated in the following sentences:
1. «Quis est quī suam domum nōn amet?» _who is there who does not love
his own home?_
2. «Erant quī hoc facere nōllent», _there were (some) who were
unwilling to do this._
3. «Tū nōn is es quī amīcōs trādās», _you are not such a one as to_,
or _you are not the man to, betray your friends._
4. «Nihil videō quod timeam», _I see nothing to fear_ (nothing of such
as character as to fear it).
_a._ Each of these examples contains a descriptive relative clause
which tells what kind of a person or thing the antecedent is. To
express this thought the subjunctive is used. A relative clause that
merely states a fact and does not describe the antecedent uses the
indicative. Compare the sentences
_Cæsar is the man who is leading us_,
«Caesar est is quī nōs dūcit»
(mere statement of fact, no description, with the indicative)
_Cæsar is the man to lead us_,
«Caesar est is quī nōs dūcat»
(descriptive relative clause with the subjunctive)
_b._ Observe that in this construction a demonstrative pronoun and a
relative, as is «quī», are translated _such a one as to, the man
to_.
_c._ In which of the following sentences would you use the
indicative and in which the subjunctive?
_These are not the men who did this_
_These are not the men to do this_
«390.» RULE. «Subjunctive of Characteristic.» _A relative clause with
the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called
the «subjunctive of characteristic or description»._
«391.» Observe the sentences
1. Rōmānī «Caesarem cōnsulem» fēcērunt,
_the Romans made «Cæsar consul»_.
2. «Caesar cōnsul» ā Rōmānīs factus est,
_«Cæsar» was made «consul» by the Romans_.
_a._ Observe in 1 that the transitive verb «fēcērunt», _made_, has
two objects: (1) the direct object, «Caesarem»; (2) a second object,
«cōnsulem», referring to the same person as the direct object and
completing the predicate. The second accusative is called a
Predicate Accusative.
_b._ Observe in 2 that when the verb is changed to the passive both
of the accusatives become nominatives, the _direct object_ becoming
the _subject_ and the _predicate accusative_ the _predicate
nominative_.
«392.» RULE. «Two Accusatives.» _Verbs of «making», «choosing»,
«calling», «showing», and the like, may take a predicate accusative
along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives
become nominatives._
«393.» The verbs commonly found with two accusatives are
«creo, creāre, creāvī, creātus», _choose_
«appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātus» }
«nōminō, nōmināre, nōmināvī, nōminātus» } _call_
«vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus» }
«faciō, facere, fēcī, factus», _make_
«394.» EXERCISES
I. 1. In Germāniae silvis sunt[1] multa genera ferārum quae reliquīs
in locīs nōn vīsa sint. 2. Erant[1] itinera duo quibus Helvētiī domō
discēdere possent. 3. Erat[1] manus nūlla, nūllum oppidum, nūllum
praesidium quod sē armīs dēfenderet. 4. Tōtō frūmentō raptō, domī nihil
erat quō mortem prohibēre possent. 5. Rōmānī Galbam ducem creāvērunt et
summā celeritāte profectī sunt. 6. Neque erat[1] tantae multitūdinis
quisquam quī morārī vellet. 7. Germānī nōn iī sunt quī adventum Caesaris
vereantur. 8. Cōnsulibus occīsīs erant quī[2] vellent cum rēgem creāre.
9. Pāce factā erat nēmō quī arma trādere nōllet. 10. Inter Helvētiōs
quis erat quī nōbilior illō esset?
II. 1. The Romans called the city Rome. 2. The city was called Rome by
the Romans. 3. The better citizens wished to choose him king. 4. The
brave soldier was not the man to run. 5. There was no one [3]to call me
friend. 6. These are not the men to[4] betray their friends. 7. There
were (some) who called him the bravest of all.
[Footnote 1: Remember that when the verb «sum» precedes its subject
it is translated _there is_, _there are_, _there were_, etc.]
[Footnote 2: «erant quī», _there were_ (some) _who_. A wholly
indefinite antecedent of «quī» does not need to be expressed.]
[Footnote 3: A relative clause of characteristic or description.]
[Footnote 4: See §389.b.]
* * * * *
«Eighth Review, Lessons LXI-LXIX, §§527-528»
* * * * *
LESSON LXX
THE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE CONJUNCTION _CUM_ THE ABLATIVE OF
SPECIFICATION
«395.» The conjunction «cum» has the following meanings and
constructions:
«cum» TEMPORAL = _when_, followed by the indicative or the subjunctive
«cum» CAUSAL = _since_, followed by the subjunctive
«cum» CONCESSIVE = _although_, followed by the subjunctive
As you observe, the mood after «cum» is sometimes indicative and
sometimes subjunctive. The reason for this will be made clear by a study
of the following sentences:
1. «Caesarem vīdī tum cum in Galliā eram»,
_I saw Cæsar at the time when I was in Gaul_.
2. «Caesar in eōs impetum fēcit cum pācem peterent»,
_Cæsar made an attack upon them when they were seeking peace_.
3. «Hoc erat difficile cum paucī sine vulneribus essent»,
_this was difficult, since only a few were without wounds_.
4. «Cum prīmī ōrdinēs fūgissent, tamen reliquī fortiter cōnsistēbant»,
_though the front ranks had fled, yet the rest bravely stood
their ground_.
_a._ The underlying principle is one already familiar to you (cf.
§389.a). When the «cum» clause states a fact and simply _fixes the
time_ at which the main action took place, the indicative mood is
used. So, in the first example, «cum in Galliā eram» fixes the time
when I saw Cæsar.
_b._ On the other hand, when the «cum» clause _describes the
circumstances_ under which the main act took place, the subjunctive
mood is used. So, in the second example, the principal clause states
that Cæsar made an attack, and the «cum» clause describes the
circumstances under which this act occurred. The idea of _time_ is
also present, but it is subordinate to the idea of _description_.
Sometimes the descriptive clause is one of _cause_ and we translate
«cum» by _since_; sometimes it denotes _concession_ and «cum» is
translated _although_.
«396.» RULE. «Constructions with _Cum_». _The conjunction «cum» means
«when», «since», or «although». It is followed by the subjunctive unless
it means «when» and its clause fixes the time at which the main action
took place._
NOTE. «Cum» in clauses of description with the subjunctive is much more
common than its use with the indicative.
«397.» Note the following sentences:
1. «Oppidum erat parvum magnitūdine sed magnum multitūdine hominum»,
_the town was small in size but great in population_.
2. «Homō erat corpore īnfīrmus sed validus animō»,
_the man was weak in body but strong in courage_.
_a._ Observe that «magnitūdine», «multitūdine», «corpore», and
«animō» tell _in what respect_ something is true. The relation is
one covered by the ablative case, and the construction is called the
_ablative of specification_.
«398.» RULE. «Ablative of Specification.» _The ablative is used to
denote «in what respect» something is true._
«399.» IDIOMS
«aliquem certiōrem facere», _to inform some one_ (lit. _to make some
one more certain_)
«certior fierī», _to be informed_ (lit. _to be made more certain_)
«iter dare», _to give a right of way, allow to pass_
«obsidēs inter sē dare», _to give hostages to each other_
«400.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Helvētiī cum patrum nostrōrum tempore domō prefectī essent,
cōnsulis exercitum in fugam dederant. 2. Cum Caesar in Galliam vēnit,
Helvētiī aliōs agrōs petēbant. 3. Caesar cum in citeriōre Gallia esset,
tamen dē Helvētiōrum cōnsiliīs certior fīēbat. 4. Cum Helvētiī bellō
clārissimī essent, Caesar iter per prōvinciam dare recūsāvit. 5. Lēgātus
cum haec audīvisset, Caesarem certiōrem fecit. 6. Cum principēs inter sē
obsidēs darent, Rōmānī bellum parāvērunt. 7. Caesar, cum id nūntiātum
esset, mātūrat ab urbe proficīscī. 8. Nē virtūte quidem Gallī erant
parēs Germānis. 9. Caesar neque corpore neque animō īnfīrmus erat.
10. Illud bellum tum incēpit cum Caesar fuit cōnsul.
Observe in each case what mood follows «cum», and try to give the
reasons for its use. In the third sentence the «cum» clause is
concessive, in the fourth and sixth causal.
II. 1. That battle was fought at the time when («tum cum») I was at
Rome. 2. Though the horsemen were few in number, nevertheless they did
not retreat. 3. When the camp had been sufficiently fortified, the enemy
returned home. 4. Since the tribes are giving hostages to each other,
we shall inform Cæsar. 5. The Gauls and the Germans are very unlike in
language and laws.
LESSON LXXI
VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE · THE PREDICATE GENITIVE
«401.» Review the word lists in §§510, 511.
«402.» «The Gerund.» Suppose we had to translate the sentence
_By overcoming the Gauls Cæsar won great glory_
We can see that _overcoming_ here is a verbal noun corresponding to
the English infinitive in _-ing_, and that the thought calls for the
ablative of means. To translate this by the Latin infinitive would be
impossible, because the infinitive is indeclinable and therefore has
no ablative case form. Latin, however, has another verbal noun of
corresponding meaning, called the «gerund», declined as a neuter of
the second declension in the _genitive_, _dative_, _accusative_, and
_ablative singular_, and thus supplying the cases that the infinitive
lacks.[1] Hence, to decline in Latin the verbal noun _overcoming_, we
should use the infinitive for the nominative and the gerund for the
other cases, as follows:
_Nom._ «superāre», _overcoming, to overcome_ INFINITIVE
_Gen._ «superandī», _of overcoming_ }
_Dat._ «superandō», _for overcoming_ }
_Acc._ «superandum», _overcoming_ } GERUND
_Abl._ «superandō», _by overcoming_ }
Like the infinitive, the gerund governs the same case as the verb from
which it is derived. So the sentence given above becomes in Latin
«Superandō Gallōs Caesar magnam glōriam reportāvit»
[Footnote 1: Sometimes, however, the infinitive is used as an
accusative.]
«403.» The gerund[2] is formed by adding «-ndī, -ndō, -ndum, -ndō», to
the present stem, which is shortened or otherwise changed, as shown
below:
PARADIGM OF THE GERUND
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
_Gen._ amandī monendī regendī capiendī audiendī
_Dat._ amandō monendō regendō capiendō audiendō
_Acc._ amandum monendum regendum capiendum audiendum
_Abl._ amandō monendō regendō capiendō audiendō
_a._ Give the gerund of «cūrō», «dēleō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «veniō».
_b._ Deponent verbs have the gerund of the active voice (see §493).
Give the gerund of «cōnor», «vereor», «sequor», «patior», «partior».
[Footnote 2: The gerund is the neuter singular of the future
passive participle used as a noun, and has the same formation.
(Cf. §374.d.)]
«404.» «The Gerundive.» The gerundive is the name given to the future
passive participle (§374.d) when the participle approaches the meaning
of a verbal noun and is translated like a gerund. It is the adjective
corresponding to the gerund. For example, to translate _the plan of
waging war_, we may use the gerund with its direct object and say
«cōnsilium gerendī bellum»; or we may use the gerundive and say
«cōnsilium bellī gerendī», which means, literally, _the plan of the war
to be waged_, but which came to have the same force as the gerund with
its object, and was even preferred to it.
«405.» Compare the following parallel uses of the gerund and gerundive:
GERUND GERUNDIVE
_Gen._ «Spēs faciendī pācem» «Spēs faciendae pācis»
_Dat._ «Locus idōneus pugnandō» «Locus idōneus castrīs pōnendīs»
_A place suitable for _A place suitable for
fighting_ pitching camp_
_Acc._ «Mīsit equitēs ad īnsequendum» «Mīsit equitēs ad īnsequendōs
hostīs»
_He sent horsemen to pursue_ _He sent horsemen to pursue
the enemy_
_Abl._ «Nārrandō fābulās magister «Nārrandīs fābulīs magister
puerīs placuit» puerīs placuit»
_The teacher pleased the _The teacher pleased the
boys by telling stories_ boys by telling stories_
_a._ We observe
(1) That the gerund is a noun and the gerundive an adjective.
(2) That the gerund, being a noun, may stand alone or with an
object.
(3) That the gerundive, being an adjective, is used only in
agreement with a noun.
«406.» RULE. «Gerund and Gerundive.»
1. _The Gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive,
dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these
cases are in general the same as those of other nouns._
2. _The Gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of
gerund + object excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without
a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is
more usual._
«407.» RULE. «Gerund or Gerundive of Purpose.» _The accusative of the
gerund or gerundive with_ «ad», _or the genitive with «causā»[3] (= for
the sake of), is used to express purpose._
GERUND GERUNDIVE
«Ad audiendum vēnērunt» or «Ad urbem videndam vēnērunt» or
«Audiendī causā vēnērunt» «Urbis videndae causā vēnērunt»
_They came to hear_ _They came to see the city_
[Footnote 3: «causā» always _follows_ the genitive.]
NOTE. These sentences might, of course, be written with the subjunctive
of purpose,--«vēnērunt ut audīrent»; «vēnērunt ut urbem vidērent.» In
short expressions, however, the gerund and gerundive of purpose are
rather more common.
«408.» We have learned that the word denoting the owner or possessor of
something is in the genitive, as, «equus Galbae», _Galba’s horse._ If,
now, we wish to express the idea _the horse is Galba’s_, Galba remains
the possessor, and hence in the genitive as before, but now stands in
the predicate, as, «equus est Galbae». Hence this is called the
predicate genitive.
«409.» RULE. «Predicate Genitive.» _The possessive genitive often stands
in the predicate, especially after the forms of «sum», and is then
called the predicate genitive._
«410.» IDIOMS
«alīcui negōtium dare», _to employ someone_
(lit. _to give business to some one_)
«novīs rēbus studēre», _to be eager for a revolution_
(lit. _to be eager for new things_)
«reī mīlitāris perītissimus», _very skillful in the art of war_
«sē suaque omnia», _themselves and all their possessions_
«411.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Caesar cum in Galliā bellum gereret, militibus decimae legiōnis
maximē fāvit quia reī mīlitāris perītissimī erant. 2. Sociīs negōtium
dedit reī frumentāriae cūrandae. 3. Lēgāti nōn sōlum audiendī causā sed
etiam dicendī causā vēnērunt. 4. Imperātor iussit explōrātōres locum
idōneum mūnindō reperīre. 5. Nuper hae gentēs novīs rēbus studēbant;
mox iīs persuādēbō ut Caesarī sē suaque omnia dēdant. 6. Iubēre est
regīnae[4] et pārēre est multitūdinis.[4] 7. Hōc proeliō factō quīdam ex
hostibus ad pācem petendam venērunt. 8. Erant quī arma trādere nōllent.
9. Hostēs tam celeriter prōgressī sunt ut spatium pīla in hostīs
iaciendī non darētur. 10. Spatium neque arma capiendī[5] neque auxilī
petendī[5] datum est.
II. 1. These ornaments [6]belong to Cornelia. 2. Men very skillful in
the art of war were sent [7]to capture the town. 3. The scouts found a
hill suitable for fortifying very near to the river. 4. Soon the cavalry
will come [8]to seek supplies. 5. The mind of the Gauls is eager for
revolution and for undertaking wars. 6. To lead the line of battle
[9]belongs to the general. 7. [10]Whom shall we employ to look after
the grain supply?
[Footnote 4: Predicate genitive.]
[Footnote 5: Which of these expressions is gerund and which
gerundive?]
[Footnote 6: _belong to_ = _are of_.]
[Footnote 7: Use the gerundive with «ad».]
[Footnote 8: Use the genitive with «causā». Where should «causā»
stand?]
[Footnote 9: Compare the first sentence.]
[Footnote 10: Compare the second sentence in the Latin above.]
LESSON LXXII
THE IRREGULAR VERB _EŌ_ · INDIRECT STATEMENTS
«412.» Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of «eō», _go_
(§499).
_a._ Notice that «ī-», the root of «eō», is changed to «e-» before
a vowel, excepting in «iēns», the nominative of the present
participle. In the perfect system «-v-» is regularly dropped.
[ Conjugation given in §499:
PRINCIPAL PARTS «eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum» (n. perf. part.)
PRES. STEM ī-
PERF. STEM ī- or īv-
PART. STEM it-
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
SING. PLUR.
_Pres._ eō īmus eam _2d Pers._ ī īte
īs ītis
it eunt
_Impf._ ībam īrem
_Fut._ ībō ---- _2d Pers._ ītō ītōte
_3d Pers._ ītō euntō
_Perf._ iī (īvī) ierim (īverim)
_Plup._ ieram (īveram) īssem (īvissem)
_F. P._ ierō (īverō)
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ īre
_Perf._ īsse (īvisse)
_Fut._ itūrus, -a, -um esse
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ iēns, _gen._ euntis (§472)
_Fut._ itūrus, -a, -um
_Ger._ eundum
GERUND
_Gen._ eundī
_Dat._ eundō
_Acc._ eundum
_Abl._ eundō
SUPINE
_Acc._ [[itum]]
_Abl._ [[itū]] ]
«413.» Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds
of «eō» with prepositions:
«ad´eō, adī´re, ad´iī, ad´itus», _go to, visit_, with the accusative
«ex´eō, exī´re, ex´iī, ex´itus», _go forth_, with «ex» or «dē»
and the ablative of the place from which
«in´eō, inī´re, in´iī, in´itus», _begin, enter upon_,
with the accusative
«red´eō, redī´re, red´iī, red´itus», _return_, with «ad» or «in» and
the accusative of the place to which
«trāns´eō, trānsī´re, trāns´iī, trāns´itus», _cross_,
with the accusative
«414.» «Indirect Statements in English.» Direct statements are those
which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his
exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different
form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the
following direct and indirect statements:
{ 1. The Gauls are brave
Direct statements { 2. The Gauls were brave
{ 3. The Gauls will be brave
Indirect statements { 1. _He says_ that the Gauls _are_ brave
after a verb in { 2. _He says_ that the Gauls _were_ brave
the present tense { 3. _He says_ that the Gauls _will be_ brave
Indirect statements { 1. _He said_ that the Gauls _were_ brave
after a verb in { 2. _He said_ that the Gauls _had been_ brave
a past tense { 3. _He said_ that the Gauls _would be_ brave
We see that in English
_a._ The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the
conjunction _that_.
_b._ The verb is finite (cf. §173) and its subject is in the
nominative.
_c._ The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the
past tense, _He said._
«415.» «Indirect Statements in Latin.» In Latin the direct and indirect
statements above would be as follows:
DIRECT { 1. «Gallī sunt fortēs»
STATEMENTS { 2. «Gallī erant fortēs»
{ 3. «Gallī erunt fortēs»
{ 1. «Dīcit» or «Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs»
{ (_He says_ or _He said_
{ _the Gauls to be brave_)[1]
INDIRECT { 2. «Dīcit» or «Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs»
STATEMENTS { (_He says_ or _He said_
{ _the Gauls to have been brave_)[1]
{ 3. «Dīcit» or «Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs»
{ (_He says_ or _He said_
{ _the Gauls to be about to be brave_)[1]
[Footnote 1: These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as
translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.]
Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the
preceding section, we observe three marked differences:
_a._ There is no conjunction corresponding to _that_.
_b._ The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the
accusative.
_c._ The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense
of the principal verb.
«416.» RULE. «Indirect Statements.» _When a direct statement becomes
indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its
subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive._
«417.» «Tenses of the Infinitive.» When the sentences in §415 were
changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, «sunt» became
«esse», «erant» became «fuisse», and «erunt» became «futūrōs esse».
«418.» RULE. «Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements.» _A present
indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the
indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future
indicative becomes future infinitive._
NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first
decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct
form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the
indirect.
«419.» RULE. «Verbs followed by Indirect Statements.» _The
accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found
after verbs of «saying», «telling», «knowing», «thinking», and
«perceiving»._
«420.» Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:
_a_. Verbs of saying and telling:
«dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus», _say_
«negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus», _deny, say not_
«nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus», _announce_
«respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus», _reply_
_b_. Verbs of knowing:
«cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus», _learn_,
(in the perf.) _know_
«sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus», _know_
_c_. Verbs of thinking:
«arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum», _think, consider_
«exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus», _think, believe_
«iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvi, iūdicātus», _judge, decide_
«putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus», _reckon, think_
«spērō, spērāre, spērāvi, spērātus», _hope_
_d_. Verbs of perceiving:
«audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus», _hear_
«sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus», _feel, perceive_
«videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus», _see_
«intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus», _understand,
perceive_
Learn such of these verbs as are new to you.
«421.» IDIOMS
«postrīdiē eius diēī», _on the next day_
(lit. _on the next day of that day_)
«initā aestāte», _at the beginning of summer_
«memoriā tenēre», _to remember_ (lit. _to hold by memory_)
«per explōrātōrēs cognōscere», _to learn through scouts_
«422.» EXERCISES
I. 1. It, īmus, īte, īre. 2. Euntī, iisse _or_ īsse, ībunt, eunt.
3. Eundi, ut eant, ībitis, īs. 4. Nē īrent, ī, ībant, ierat. 5. Caesar
per explorātores cognōvit Gallōs flūmen trānsīsse. 6. Rōmānī audīvērunt
Helvētiōs initā aestāte dē fīnibus suīs exitūrōs esse. 7. Legātī
respondērunt nēminem ante Caesarem illam īnsulam adīsse. 8. Prīncipēs
Gallōrum dīcunt sē nūllum cōnsilium contrā Caesaris imperium initūrōs
esse. 9. Arbitrāmur potentiam rēgīnae esse maiōrem quam cīvium.
10. Rōmānī negant se lībertātem Gallīs ēreptūrōs esse. 11. Hīs rēbus
cognitīs sēnsimus lēgātōs non vēnisse ad pācem petendam. 12. Helvētii
sciunt Rōmānōs priōrēs victōriās memoriā tenēre. 13. Sociī cum
intellegerent multōs vulnerārī, statuērunt in suōs fīnīs redīre.
14. Aliquis nūntiāvit Mārcum cōnsulem creātum esse.
II. 1. The boy is slow. He says that the boy is, was, (and) will be
slow. 2. The horse is, has been, (and) will be strong. He judged that
the horse was, had been, (and) would be strong. 3. We think that the
army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer. 4. The next
day we learned through scouts that the enemy’s town was ten miles
off.[2] 5. The king replied that the ornaments belonged to[3] the queen.
[Footnote 2: _to be off, to be distant_, «abesse».]
[Footnote 3: Latin, _were of_ (§409).]
[Illustration: TUBA]
LESSON LXXIII
VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE IRREGULAR VERB _FERŌ_
THE DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS
«423.» Review the word lists in §§513, 514.
«424.» Learn the principal parts and conjugation of the verb «ferō»,
_bear_ (§498).
1. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds
of ferō, _bear_:
«ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus», _bring to; report_
«cōn´ferō, cōnfer´re, con´tulī, conlā´tus», _bring together, collect_
«dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlā´tus», _bring to; report;
grant, confer_
«īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus», _bring in, bring against_
«re´ferō, refer´re, ret´tulī, relā´tus», _bear back, report_
[ Conjugation given in §498:
PRINCIPAL PARTS «ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus»
PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM lāt-
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ ferō ferimus feror ferimur
fers fertīs ferris, -re ferimimī
fert ferunt fertur feruntur
_Impf._ ferēbam ferēbar
_Fut._ feram, ferēs, etc. ferar, ferēris, etc.
_Perf._ tulī lātus, -a, -um sum
_Plup._ tuleram lātus, -a, -um eram
_F.P._ tulerō lātus, -a, -um erō
SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres._ feram, ferās, etc. ferar, ferāris, etc.
_Impf._ ferrem ferrer
_Perf._ tulerim lātus, -a, -um sim
_Plup._ tulissem lātus, -a, -um essem
IMPERATIVE
_Pres. 2d Pers._ fer ferte ferre feriminī
_Fut. 2d Pers._ fertō fertōte fertor
_3d Pers._ fertō ferunto fertor feruntor
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ ferre ferrī
_Perf._ tulisse lātus, -a, -um esse
_Fut._ lātūrus, -a, -um esse ----
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ ferēns, -entis _Pres._ ----
_Fut._ lātūrus, -a, -um _Ger._ ferendus, -a, -um
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ lātus, -a, -um
GERUND
_Gen._ ferendī
_Dat._ ferendō
_Acc._ ferendum
_Abl._ ferendō
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[lātum]]
_Abl._ [[lātū]] ]
«425.» The dative is the case of the indirect object. Many intransitive
verbs take an indirect object and are therefore used with the dative
(cf. §153). Transitive verbs take a direct object in the accusative; but
sometimes they have an indirect object or dative as well. _The whole
question, then, as to whether or not a verb takes the dative, depends
upon its capacity for governing an indirect object._ A number of verbs,
some transitive and some intransitive, which in their simple form would
not take an indirect object, when compounded with certain prepositions,
have a meaning which calls for an indirect object. Observe the following
sentences:
1. «Haec rēs exercituī magnam calamitātem attulit», _this circumstance
brought great disaster to the army._
2. «Germānī Gallīs bellum īnferunt», _the Germans make war upon the
Gauls._
3. «Hae cōpiae proeliō nōn intererant», _these troops did not take
part in the battle._
4. «Equitēs fugientibus hostibus occurrunt», _the horsemen meet the
fleeing enemy._
5. «Galba cōpiīs fīlium praefēcit», _Galba put his son in command of
the troops._
In each sentence there is a dative, and in each a verb combined with a
preposition. In no case would the simple verb take the dative.
«426.» RULE. «Dative with Compounds.» _Some verbs compounded with «ad»,
«ante», «con», «dē», «in», «inter», «ob», «post», «prae», «prō», «sub»,
«super», admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds
may take both an accusative and a dative._
NOTE 1. Among such verbs are[1]
«ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus», _bring to; report_
«ad´sum, ades´se, ad´fuī, adfutū´rus», _assist; be present_
«dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlātus», _report; grant, confer_
«dē´sum, dees´se, dē´fuī,----», _be wanting, be lacking_
«īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus», _bring against, bring upon_
«inter´sum, interes´se, inter´fuī, interfutū´rus», _take part in_
«occur´rō, occur´rere, occur´rī, occur´sus», _run against, meet_
«praefi´ciō, praefi´cere, praefē´cī, praefec´tus», _appoint over,
place in command of_
«prae´sum, praees´se, prae´fuī, ----», _be over, be in command_
[Footnote 1: But the accusative with «ad» or «in» is used with some
of these, when the idea of _motion to_ or _against_ is strong.]
«427.» IDIOMS
«graviter» or «molestē ferre», _to be annoyed at, to be indignant at_,
followed by the accusative and infinitive
«sē cōnferre ad» or «in», with the accusative,
_to betake one’s self to_
«alicui bellum īnferre», _to make war upon some one_
«pedem referre», _to retreat_ (lit. _to bear back the foot_)
«428.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Fer, ferent, ut ferant, ferunt. 2. Ferte, ut ferrent, tulisse,
tulerant. 3. Tulimus, ferēns, lātus esse, ferre. 4. Cum nāvigia insulae
adpropinquārent, barbarī terrōre commōtī pedem referre cōnātī sunt.
5. Gallī molestē ferēbant Rōmānōs agrōs vastāre. 6. Caesar sociīs
imperāvit nē fīnitimis suīs bellum īnferrent. 7. Explorātōrēs, qui
Caesarī occurrērunt, dīxērunt exercitum hostium vulneribus dēfessum sēsē
in alium locum contulisse. 8. Hostes sciēbant Rōmānōs frūmentō egēre et
hanc rem Caesarī summum perīculum adlātūram esse. 9. Impedīmentīs in
ūnum locum conlātis, aliquī mīlitum flūmen quod nōn longē aberat
trānsiērunt. 10. Hōs rēx hortātus est ut ōrāculum adīrent et rēs audītās
ad sē referrent. 11. Quem imperātor illī legiōnī praefēcit? Pūblius illī
legiōnī pracerat. 12. Cum esset Caesar in citeriōre Galliā, crēbrī ad
eum[2] rūmōrēs adferēbantur litterīsque quoque certior fīēbat Gallōs
obsidēs inter sē dare.
II. 1. The Gauls will make war upon Cæsar’s allies. 2. We heard that the
Gauls would make war upon Cæsar’s allies. 3. Publius did not take part
in that battle. 4. We have been informed that Publius did not take part
in that battle. 5. The man who was in command of the cavalry was wounded
and began to retreat. 6. Cæsar did not place you in command of the
cohort to bring[3] disaster upon the army.
[Footnote 2: Observe that when «adferō» denotes _motion to_, it is
not followed by the dative; cf. footnote, p. 182.]
[Footnote 3: Not the infinitive. (Cf. §352.)]
LESSON LXXIV
VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS
«429.» Review the word lists in §§517, 518.
«430.» When we report a statement instead of giving it directly, we have
an indirect statement. (Cf. §414.) So, if we report a question instead
of asking it directly, we have an indirect question.
DIRECT QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION
_Who conquered the Gauls? He asked who conquered the Gauls_
_a._ An indirect question depends, usually as object, upon a verb of
asking (as «petō», «postulō», «quaerō», «rogō») or upon some verb or
expression of saying or mental action. (Cf. §420.)
«431.» Compare the following direct and indirect questions:
DIRECT INDIRECT
«Quis Gallōs vincit?» { _a._ «Rogat quis Gallōs vincat»
_Who is conquering the_ { _He asks who is conquering the_
_Gauls?_ { _Gauls_
{ _b._ «Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret»
{ _He asked who was conquering_
{ _the Gauls_
{ _a._ «Rogat ubi sit Rōma»
«Ubī est Rōma?» { _He asks where Rome is_
_Where is Rome?_ { _b._ «Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma»
{ _He asked where Rome was_
{ _a._ «Rogat num Caesar Gallōs vīcerit»
{ _He asks whether Cæsar conquered_
«Caesarne Gallōs vīcit?» { _the Gauls_
_Did Cæsar conquer the_ { _b._ «Rogāvit num Caesar Gallōs
_Gauls?_ { «vīcisset»
{ _He asked whether Cæsar had_
{ _conquered the Gauls_
_a._ The verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood, but
the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question.
_b._ The tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense
sequence.
_c._ Indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative
words as introduce direct questions, excepting that_yes_-or-_no_
direct questions (cf. §210) on becoming indirect are usually
introduced by «num», _whether_.
«432.» RULE. «Indirect Questions.» _In an indirect question the verb is
in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense
sequence._
«433.» IDIOMS
«dē tertiā vigiliā», _about the third watch_
«iniūriās alicui īnferre», _to inflict injuries upon some one_
«facere verba prō», with the ablative, _to speak in behalf of_
«in reliquum tempus», _for the future_
«434.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Rēx rogāvit quid lēgātī postulārent et cūr ad sē vēnissent.
2. Quaesīvit quoque num nec recentīs iniūriās nec dubiam Rōmānōrum
amīcitiam memoriā tenērent. 3. Vidētisne quae oppida hostēs
oppugnāverint? 4. Nōnne scītis cūr Gallī sub montem sēse contulerint?
5. Audīvimus quās iniūrias tibi Germānī intulissent. 6. Dē tertiā
vigiliā imperātor mīsit hominēs quī cognōscerent quae esset nātūra
montis. 7. Prō hīs ōrātor verba fēcit et rogāvit cūr cōnsulēs nāvīs
ad plēnem summī perīculī locum mittere vellent. 8. Lēgātīs convocātīs
dēmōnstrāvit quid fierī vellet. 9. Nūntius referēbat quid in Gallōrum
conciliō dē armīs trādendīs dictum esset. 10. Moneō nē in reliquum
tempus peditēs et equitēs trāns flūmen dūcās.
II. 1. What hill did they seize? I see what hill they seized. 2. Who
has inflicted these injuries upon our dependents? 3. They asked who had
inflicted those injuries upon their dependents. 4. Whither did you go
about the third watch? You know whither I went. 5. At what time did the
boys return home? I will ask at what time the boys returned home.
LESSON LXXV
VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE DATIVE OF PURPOSE, OR END FOR WHICH
«435.» Review the word lists in §§521, 522.
«436.» Observe the following sentences:
1. «Explōrātōrēs locum castrīs dēlēgērunt», _the scouts chose a place
for a camp._
2. «Hoc erat magnō impedīmentō Gallīs», _this was_ (for) _a great
hindrance to the Gauls._
3. «Duās legiōnēs praesidiō castrīs relīquit», _he left two legions
as_ (lit. _for_) _a guard to the camp._
In each of these sentences we find a dative expressing the _purpose
or end for which_ something is intended or for which it serves. These
datives are «castrīs», «impedīmentō», and «praesidiō». In the second and
third sentences we find a second dative expressing the _person or thing
affected_ («Gallīs» and «castrīs»). As you notice, these are true
datives, covering the relations of _for which_ and _to which_. (Cf.
§43.)
«437.» RULE. «Dative of Purpose or End.» _The dative is used to denote
the «purpose or end for which», often with another dative denoting the
«person or thing affected»._
«438.» IDIOMS
«cōnsilium omittere», _to give up a plan_
«locum castrīs dēligere», _to choose a place for a camp_
«alicui magnō ūsuī esse», _to be of great advantage to some one_
(lit. _for great advantage to some one_)
«439.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Rogāvit cūr illae cōpiae relictae essent. Respondērunt illās
cōpiās esse praesidiō castrīs. 2. Caesar mīsit explōrātōrēs ad locum
dēligendum castrīs. 3. Quisque exīstimāvit ipsum nōmen Caesaris magnō
terrōrī barbarīs futūrum esse. 4. Prīmā lūce īdem exercitus proelium
ācre commīsit, sed gravia suōrum vulnera magnae cūrae imperātōrī erant.
5. Rēx respondit amīcitiam populī Rōmānī sibi ōrnāmentō et praesidiō
dēbēre esse. 6. Quis praeerat equitātuī quem auxiliō Caesarī sociī
mīserant? 7. Aliquibus rēs secundae sunt summae calamitātī et rēs
adversae sunt mīrō ūsuī. 8. Gallīs magnō ad pugnam erat impedīmentō quod
equitātus ā dextrō cornū premēbat. 9. Memoria prīstinae virtūtis nōn
minus quam metus hostium erat nostrīs magnō ūsuī. 10. Tam dēnsa erat
silva ut prōgredī nōn possent.
II. 1. I advise you [1]to give up the plan [2]of making war upon the
brave Gauls. 2. Do you know [3]where the cavalry has chosen a place for
a camp? 3. The fear of the enemy will be of great advantage to you.
4. Cæsar left three cohorts as (for) a guard to the baggage. 5. In
winter the waves of the lake are so great [4]that they are (for) a great
hindrance to ships. 6. Cæsar inflicted severe[5] punishment on those who
burned the public buildings.
[Footnote 1: Subjunctive of purpose. (Cf. §366.)]
[Footnote 2: Express by the genitive of the gerundive.]
[Footnote 3: Indirect question.]
[Footnote 4: A clause of result.]
[Footnote 5: «gravis, -e.»]
LESSON LXXVI
VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF QUALITY OR DESCRIPTION
«440.» Review the word lists in §§524, 525.
«441.» Observe the English sentences
(1) _A man «of» great courage_, or (2) _A man «with» great courage_
(3) _A forest «of» tall trees_, or (4) _A forest «with» tall trees_
Each of these sentences contains a phrase of quality or description.
In the first two a man is described; in the last two a forest. The
descriptive phrases are introduced by the prepositions _of_ and _with_.
In Latin the expression of quality or description is very similar.
The prepositions _of_ and _with_ suggest the genitive and the ablative
respectively, and we translate the sentences above
(1) «Vir magnae virtūtis», or (2) «Vir magnā virtūte»
(3) «Silva altārum arborum», or (4) «Silva altīs arboribus»
There is, however, one important difference between the Latin and the
English. In English we may say, for example, _a man of courage_, using
the descriptive phrase without an adjective modifier. _In Latin,
however, an adjective modifier must always be used_, as above.
_a._ Latin makes a distinction between the use of the two cases in
that _numerical descriptions of measure are in the genitive_ and
_descriptions of physical characteristics are in the ablative._
Other descriptive phrases may be in either case.
«442.» EXAMPLES
1. «Fossa duodecim pedum», _a ditch of twelve feet_.
2. «Homō magnīs pedibus et parvō capite»,
_a man with big feet and a small head_.
3. «Rēx erat vir summā audāciā» or «rēx erat vir summae audāciae»,
_the king was a man of the greatest boldness_.
«443.» RULE. «Genitive of Description.» _Numerical descriptions of
measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective._
«444.» RULE. «Ablative of Description.» _Descriptions of physical
characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying
adjective._
«445.» RULE. «Genitive or Ablative of Description.» _Descriptions
involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may
be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying
adjective._
«446.» IDIOMS
«Helvētiīs in animō est», _the Helvetii intend_,
(lit. _it is in mind to the Helvetians_)
«in mātrimōnium dare», _to give in marriage_
«nihil posse», _to have no power_
«fossam perdūcere», _to construct a ditch_
(lit. _to lead a ditch through_)
«447.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Mīlitēs fossam decem pedum per eōrum fīnīs perdūxērunt.
2. Prīnceps Helvētiōrum, vir summae audāciae, prīncipibus gentium
fīnitimārum sorōrēs in mātrimōnium dedit. 3. Eōrum amīcitiam cōnfīrmāre
voluit quō facilius Rōmānīs bellum īnferret. 4. Germanī et Gallī nōn
erant eiusdem gentis. 5. Omnēs ferē Germānī erant magnīs corporum
vīribus.[1] 6. Gallī qui oppidum fortiter dēfendēbant saxa ingentis
magnitūdinis dē mūrō iaciēbant. 7. Cum Caesar ab explōrātōribus
quaereret quī illud oppidum incolerent, explōrātōrēs respondērunt eōs
esse homines summā virtūte et magnō cōnsiliō. 8. Moenia vīgintī pedum
ā sinistrā parte, et ā dextrā parte flūmen magnae altitūdinis oppidum
dēfendēbant. 9. Cum Caesar in Galliam pervēnisset, erat rūmor Helvētiīs
in animō esse iter per prōvinciam Rōmānam facere. 10. Caesar, ut eōs ab
fīnibus Rōmānis prohibēret, mūnītiōnem [2]multa mīlia passuum longam
fēcit.
II. 1. Cæsar was a general of much wisdom and great boldness, and very
skillful in the art of war. 2. The Germans were of great size, and
thought that the Romans had no power. 3. Men of the highest courage
were left in the camp as (for) a guard to the baggage. 4. The king’s
daughter, who was given in marriage to the chief of a neighboring state,
was a woman of very beautiful appearance. 5. The soldiers will construct
a ditch of nine feet around the camp. 6. A river of great width was
between us and the enemy.
[Footnote 1: From «vīs». (Cf. §468.)]
[Footnote 2: Genitives and ablatives of description are adjective
phrases. When we use an _adverbial_ phrase to tell _how long_ or
_how high_ or _how deep_ anything is, we must use the accusative of
extent. (Cf. §336.) For example, in the sentence above «multa mīlia
passuum» is an adverbial phrase (accusative of extent) modifying
«longam». If we should omit «longam» and say _a fortification of
many miles_, the genitive of description (an adjective phrase)
modifying «mūnītiōnem» would be used, as «mūnītiōnem multōrum mīlium
passuum».]
[Illustration: GLADII]
LESSON LXXVII
REVIEW OF AGREEMENT, AND OF THE GENITIVE, DATIVE, AND ACCUSATIVE
«448.» There are four agreements:
1. That of the predicate noun or of the appositive with the noun to
which it belongs (§§76, 81).
2. That of the adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle with its
noun (§65).
3. That of a verb with its subject (§28).
4. That of a relative pronoun with its antecedent (§224).
«449.» The relation expressed by the «genitive» is, in general, denoted
in English by the preposition _of_. It is used to express
{ _a._ As attributive (§38).
1. Possession {
{ _b._ In the predicate (§409).
2. The whole of which a part is taken (partitive genitive) (§331).
3. Quality or description (§§443, 445).
«450.» The relation expressed by the «dative» is, in general, denoted in
English by the prepositions _to_ or _for_ when they do not imply motion
through space. It is used to express
{ _a._ With intransitive verbs and with
{ transitive verbs in connection with a
{ direct object in the accusative (§45).
1. The indirect object { _b_. With special intransitive verbs (§154).
{ _c_. With verbs compounded with «ad», «ante»,
{ «con», «dē», «in», «inter», «ob», «post»,
{ «prae», «prō», «sub», «super» (§426).
2. The object to which the quality of an adjective is directed (§143).
3. The purpose, or end for which, often with a second dative denoting
the person or thing affected (§437).
«451.» The «accusative» case corresponds, in general, to the English
objective. It is used to express
1. The direct object of a transitive verb (§37).
2. The predicate accusative together with the direct object after
verbs of _making, choosing, falling, showing_, and the like (§392).
3. The subject of the infinitive (§214).
4. The object of prepositions that do not govern the ablative (§340).
5. The duration of time and the extent of space (§336).
6. The place to which (§§263, 266).
«452.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Mīlitēs quōs vīdimus dīxērunt imperium bellī esse Caesaris
imperātōris. 2. Helvētiī statuērunt quam[1] maximum numerum equōrum
et carrōrum cōgere. 3. Tōtīus Galliae Helvētiī plūrimum valuērunt.
4. Multās hōrās ācriter pugnātum est neque quisquam poterat vidēre
hostem fugientem. 5. Virī summae virtūtis hostīs decem mīlia passuum
īnsecūtī sunt. 6. Caesar populō Rōmānō persuāsit ut sē cōnsulem creāret.
7. Victōria exercitūs erat semper imperātōrī grātissima. 8. Trīduum iter
fēcērunt et Genāvam, in oppidum[2] hostium, pervēnērunt. 9. Caesar
audīvit Germānōs bellum Gallīs intulisse. 10. Magnō ūsuī mīlitibus
Caesaris erat quod priōribus proeliīs sēsē exercuerant.
II. 1. One[3] of the king’s sons and many of his men were captured.
2. There was no one who wished[4] to appoint her queen. 3. The grain
supply was always a care (for a care) to Cæsar, the general. 4. I think
that the camp is ten miles distant. 5. We marched for three hours
through a very dense forest. 6. The plan [5]of making war upon the
allies was not pleasing to the king. 7. When he came to the hill he
fortified it [6]by a twelve-foot wall.
[Footnote 1: What is the force of «quam» with superlatives?]
[Footnote 2: «urbs» or «oppidum», appositive to a name of a town,
takes a preposition.]
[Footnote 3: What construction is used with numerals in preference
to the partitive genitive?]
[Footnote 4: What mood? (Cf. §390.)]
[Footnote 5: Use the gerund or gerundive.]
[Footnote 6: Latin, _by a wall of twelve feet._]
LESSON LXXVIII
REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE
«453.» The relations of the ablative are, in general, expressed in
English by the prepositions _with_ (or _by_), _from_ (or _by_), and _in_
(or _at_). The constructions growing out of these meanings are
I. Ablative rendered _with_ (or _by_):
1. Cause (§102)
2. Means (§103)
3. Accompaniment (§104)
4. Manner (§105)
5. Measure of difference (§317)
6. With a participle (ablative absolute) (§381)
7. Description or quality (§§444, 445)
8. Specification (§398)
II. Ablative rendered _from_ (or _by_):
1. Place from which (§§179, 264)
2. Ablative of separation (§180)
3. Personal agent with a passive verb (§181)
4. Comparison without «quam» (§309)
III. Ablative rendered _in_ (or _at_):
1. Place at or in which (§§265, 266)
2. Time when or within which (§275)
«454.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Gallī locīs superiōribus occupātīs itinere exercitum prohibēre
cōnantur. 2. Omnēs oppidānī ex oppidō ēgressī salūtem fugā petere
incēpērunt. 3. Caesar docet sē mīlitum vītam suā salūte habēre multō
cāriōrem. 4. Cum celerius omnium opīniōne pervēnisset, hostēs ad eum
obsidēs mīsērunt 5. Vīcus in valle positus montibus altissimīs undique
continētur. 6. Plūrimum inter Gallōs haec gēns et virtūte et hominum
numerō valēbat. 7. Secundā vigiliā nūllō certō ōrdine neque imperiō ē
castrīs ēgressī sunt. 8. Duābus legiōnibus Genāvae relictīs, proximō diē
cum reliquīs domum profectus est. 9. Erant itinera duo quibus itineribus
Helvētiī domō exīre possent. 10. Rēx erat summā audāciā et magnā apud
populum potentiā. 11. Gallī timōre servitūtis commōtī bellum parābant.
12. Caesar monet lēgātōs ut contineant militēs, nē studiō pugnandī aut
spē praedae longius[1] prōgrediantur. 13. Bellum ācerrimum ā Caesare in
Gallōs gestum est.
II. 1. The lieutenant after having seized the mountain restrained his
(men) from battle. 2. All the Gauls differ from each other in laws.
3. This tribe is much braver than the rest. 4. This road is [2]ten miles
shorter than that. 5. In summer Cæsar carried on war in Gaul, in winter
he returned to Italy. 6. At midnight the general set out from the camp
with three legions. 7. I fear that you cannot protect[3] yourself from
these enemies. 8. [4]After this battle was finished peace was made by
all the Gauls.
[Footnote 1: «longius», _too far_. (Cf. §305.)]
[Footnote 2: Latin, _by ten thousands of paces_.]
[Footnote 3: «dēfendere».]
[Footnote 4: Ablative absolute.]
LESSON LXXIX
REVIEW OF THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE, THE INFINITIVE, AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE
«455.» The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive,
dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these
cases are in general the same as those of other nouns (§§402, 406.1).
«456.» The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of
gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a
preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more
usual (§406.2).
«457.» The infinitive is used:
I. As in English.
_a._ As subject or predicate nominative (§216).
_b._ To complete the predicate with verbs of incomplete predication
(complementary infinitive) (§215).
_c._ As object with subject accusative after verbs of _wishing,
commanding, forbidding_, and the like (§213).
II. In the principal sentence of an indirect statement after verbs
of _saying _and _mental action_. The subject is in the accusative
(§§416, 418, 419).
«458.» The subjunctive is used:
1. To denote purpose (§§349, 366, 372).
2. To denote consequence or result (§§385, 386).
3. In relative clauses of characteristic or description (§390).
4. In «cum» clauses of time, cause, and concession (§396).
5. In indirect questions (§432).
«459.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Caesar, cum pervēnisset, militēs hortābātur nē cōnsilium oppidī
capiendi omitterent. 2. Rēx, castrīs prope oppidum positīs, mīsit
explōrātōrēs quī cognōscerent ubi exercitus Rōmanus esset. 3. Nēmo
relinquēbātur quī arma ferre posset. 4. Nūntiī vīdērunt ingentem
armōrum multitudinem dē mūrō in fossani iactam esse. 5. Dux suōs
trānsīre flūmen iussit. Trānsīre autem hoc flūmen erat difficillimum.
6. Rōmānī cum hanc calamitātem molestē ferrant, tamen terga vertere
recūsāvērunt. 7. Hōc rūmōre audītō, tantus terror omnium animōs
occupāvit ut nē fortissimī quidem proelium committere vellent. 8. Erant
quī putārent tempus annī idōneum nōn esse itinerī faciendō. 9. Tam
ācriter ab utraque parte pugnābātur ut multa mīlia hominum occīderentur.
10. Quid timēs? Timeō nē Rōmānīs in animō sit tōtam Galliam superāre et
nōbīs iniūriās inferre.
II. 1. Do you not see who is standing on the wall? 2. We hear that the
plan of taking the town has been given up. 3. Since the Germans thought
that the Romans could not cross the Rhine, Cæsar ordered a bridge to be
made. 4. When the bridge was finished, the savages were so terrified
that they hid themselves. 5. They feared that Cæsar would pursue them.
6. Cæsar [1]asked the traders what the size of the island was. 7. The
traders advised him not [2]to cross the sea. 8. He sent scouts [3]to
choose a place for a camp.
[Footnote 1: «quaerere ab».]
[Footnote 2: Not infinitive.]
[Footnote 3: Use the gerundive with «ad».]
READING MATTER
INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS
«How to Translate.» You have already had considerable practice in
translating simple Latin, and have learned that the guide to the meaning
lies in the endings of the words. If these are neglected, no skill can
make sense of the Latin. If they are carefully noted and accurately
translated, not many difficulties remain. Observe the following
suggestions:
1. Read the Latin sentence through to the end, noting endings of
nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.
2. Read it again and see if any of the words you know are nominatives
or accusatives. This will often give you what may be called the
backbone of the sentence; that is, subject, verb, and object.
3. Look up the words you do not know, and determine their use in the
sentence from their endings.
4. If you cannot yet translate the sentence, put down the English
meanings of all the words _in the same order as the Latin words_. You
will then generally see through the meaning of the sentence.
5. Be careful to
_a._ Translate adjectives with the nouns to which they belong.
_b._ Translate together prepositions and the nouns which they
govern.
_c._ Translate adverbs with the words that they modify.
_d._ _Make sense._ If you do not make sense, you have made a
mistake. One mistake will spoil a whole sentence.
6. When the sentence is correctly translated, read the Latin over
again, and try to understand it as Latin, without thinking of the
English translation.
«The Parts of a Sentence.» You will now meet somewhat longer sentences
than you have had before. To assist in translating them, remember, first
of all, that every sentence conveys a meaning and either tells us
something, asks a question, or gives a command. Every sentence must have
a subject and a verb, and the verb may always have an adverb, and, if
transitive, will have a direct object.
However long a sentence is, you will usually be able to recognize its
subject, verb, and object or predicate complement without any
difficulty. These will give you the leading thought, and they must never
be lost sight of while making out the rest of the sentence. The chief
difficulty in translating arises from the fact that instead of a single
adjective, adverb, or noun, we often have a phrase or a clause taking
the place of one of these; for Latin, like English, has adjective,
adverbial, and substantive clauses and phrases. For example, in the
sentence _The idle boy does not study_, the word _idle_ is an adjective.
In _The boy wasting his time does not study_, the words _wasting his
time_ form an adjective phrase modifying _boy_. In the sentence _The boy
who wastes his time does not study_, the words _who wastes his time_
form an adjective clause modifying _boy_, and the sentence is complex.
These sentences would show the same structure in Latin.
In translating, it is important to keep the parts of a phrase and the
parts of a clause together and not let them become confused with the
principal sentence. To distinguish between the subordinate clauses and
the principal sentence is of the first importance, and is not difficult
if you remember that a clause regularly contains a word that marks it as
a clause and that this word usually stands first. These words join
clauses to the words they depend on, and are called _subordinate
conjunctions_. They are not very numerous, and you will soon learn to
recognize them. In Latin they are the equivalents for such words as
_when, while, since, because, if, before, after, though, in order that,
that_, etc. Form the habit of memorizing the Latin subordinate
conjunctions as you meet them, and of noting carefully the mood of the
verb in the clauses which they introduce.
[Illustration: HERCULES]
THE LABORS OF HERCULES
Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued
throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant he
strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his
boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength,
and on reaching manhood he succeeded in delivering the Thebans from
the oppression of the Minyæ. In a fit of madness, sent upon him by
Juno, he slew his own children; and, on consulting the Delphic oracle
as to how he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to
submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to
perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle,
and during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve
extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was
caused, unintentionally, by his wife Deiani´ra. Hercules had shot with
his poisoned arrows a centaur named Nessus, who had insulted Deianira.
Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Deianira, and told
her it would act as a charm to secure her husband’s love. Some time
after, Deianira, wishing to try the charm, soaked one of her husband’s
garments in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. Hercules put
on the robe, and, after suffering terrible torments, died, or was
carried off by his father Jupiter.
[Illustration: HERCULES ET SERPENTES]
LIII.[1] THE INFANT HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS
Dī[2] grave supplicium sūmmit de malīs, sed iī quī lēgibus[3] deōrum
pārent, etiam post mortem cūrantur. Illa vīta dīs[2] erat grātissima
quae hominibus miserīs ūtilissima fuerat. Omnium autem praemiōrum summum
erat immortālitās. Illud praemium Herculī datum est.
Herculis pater fuit Iuppiter, māter Alcmēna, et omnium hominum
validissimus fuisse dīcitur. Sed Iūnō, rēgīna deōrum, eum, adhūc
īnfantem, interficere studēbat; nam eī[1] et[2] Herculēs et Alcmēna
erant invīsī. Itaque mīsit duās serpentīs, utramque saevissimam, quae
mediā nocte domum[3] Alcmēnae vēnērunt. Ibi Herculēs, cum frātre suō,
nōn in lectulō sed in scūtō ingentī dormiēbat. Iam audācēs serpentēs
adpropinquāverant, iam scūtum movēbant. Tum frāter, terrōre commōtus,
magnā vōce mātrem vocāvit, sed Herculēs ipse, fortior quam frāter,
statim ingentīs serpentīs manibus suīs rapuit et interfēcit.
[Footnote 1: This number refers to the lesson after which the
selection may be read.]
[Footnote 2: «Dī» and «dīs» are from «deus». Cf. §468.]
[Footnote 3: «lēgibus», §501.14.]
[Footnote 1: «eī», _to her_, referring to Juno.]
[Footnote 2: «et ... et», _both ... and_.]
[Footnote 3: «domum», §501.20.]
LIV. HERCULES CONQUERS THE MINYÆ
Herculēs ā puerō[1] corpus suum gravissimīs et difficillimīs labōribus
exercēbat et hōc modō vīrēs[2] suās cōnfirmāvit. Iam adulēscēns
Thēbīs[3] habitābat. Ibi Creōn quīdam erat rēx. Minyae, gēns
validissima, erant fīnitimī Thēbānīs, et, quia ōlim Thēbānōs vīcerant,
quotannīs lēgātōs mittēbant et vectīgal postulābant. Herculēs autem
cōnstituit cīvīs suōs hōc vectīgālī līberāre et dixit rēgī, “Dā mihi
exercitum tuum et ego hōs superbōs hostīs superābō.” Hanc condiciōnem
rēx nōn recūsāvit, et Herculēs nūntiōs in omnīs partis dīmīsit et cōpiās
coēgit.[4] Tum tempore opportūnissimō proelium cum Minyīs commīsit. Diū
pugnātum est, sed dēnique illī impetum Thēbānōrum sustinēre nōn
potuērunt et terga vertērunt fugamque cēpērunt.
[Footnote 1: «ā puerō», _from boyhood_.]
[Footnote 2: «virēs», from «vīs». Cf. §468.]
[Footnote 3: «Thēbīs», §501.36.1.]
[Footnote 4: «coēgit», from «cōgō».]
HE COMMITS A CRIME AND GOES TO THE DELPHIAN ORACLE TO SEEK EXPIATION
Post hoc proelium Creōn rēx, tantā victōriā laetus, fīliam suam Herculī
in mātrimōnium dedit. Thēbīs Herculēs cum uxōre suā diū vīvēbat et ab
omnibus magnopere amābātur; sed post multōs annōs subitō [1]in furōrem
incidit et ipse suā manū līberōs suōs interfēcit. Post breve tempus
[2]ad sānitātem reductus tantum scelus expiāre cupiēbat et cōnstituit ad
ōrāculum Delphicum iter facere. Hoc autem ōrāculum erat omnium
clārissimum. Ibi sedēbat fēmina quaedam quae Pȳthia appellābātur. Ea
cōnsilium dabat iīs quī ad ōrāculum veniēbant.
[Footnote 1: «in furōrem incidit», _went mad_.]
[Footnote 2: «ad sānitātem reductus», lit. _led back to sanity_.
What in good English?]
[Illustration: HERCULES LEONEM SUPERAT]
LV. HERCULES BECOMES SUBJECT TO EURYSTHEUS[1] ·
HE STRANGLES THE NEME´AN LION
Itaque Herculēs Pȳthiae tōtam rem dēmonstrāvit nec scelus suum abdidit.
Ubi iam Herculēs fīnem fēcit, Pȳthia iussit eum ad urbem Tīryntha[2]
discēdere et ibi rēgī Eurystheō sēsē committere. Quae[3] ubi audīvit,
Herculēs ad illam urbem statim contendit et Eurystheō sē in servitūtem
trādidit et dīxit, “Quid prīmum, Ō rēx, mē facere iubēs?” Eurystheus,
quī perterrēbātur vī et corpore ingentī Herculis et eum occidī[4]
studēbat, ita respondit: “Audī, Herculēs! Multa mira[5] nārrantur dē
leōne saevissimō quī hōc tempore in valle Nemaeā omnia vāstat. Iubeō tē,
virōrum omnium fortissimum, illō mōnstrō hominēs līberāre.” Haec verba
Herculī maximē placuērunt. “Properābo,” inquit, “et parēbō imperiō[6]
tuō.” Tum in silvās in quibus leō habitābat statim iter fēcit. Mox feram
vīdit et plūrīs impetūs fēcit; frūstrā tamen, quod neque sagittīs neque
ūllō aliō tēlō mōnstrum vulnerāre potuit. Dēnique Herculēs saevum leōnem
suīs ingentibus bracchiīs rapuit et faucīs eius omnibus vīribus
compressit. Hōc modō brevī tempore eum interfēcit. Tum corpus leōnis ad
oppidum in umerīs reportāvit et pellem posteā prō[7] veste gerēbat.
Omnēs autem quō eam regiōnem incolēbant, ubi fāmam dē morte leōnis
ingentis accēpērunt, erant laetissimī et Herculem laudābant verbīs
amplissimīs.
[Footnote 1: «Eu-rys´theus» (pronounced _U-ris´thūs_) was king of
_Tī´ryns_, a Grecian city, whose foundation goes back to prehistoric
times.]
[Footnote 2: «Tīryntha», the acc. case of «Tīryns», a Greek noun.]
[Footnote 3: «Quae», obj. of «audīvit». It is placed first to make a
close connection with the preceding sentence. This is called a
connecting relative.]
[Footnote 4: «occīdī», pres. pass. infin.]
[Footnote 5: «mīra», _marvelous things_, the adj. being used as a
noun. Cf. «omnia», in the next line.]
[Footnote 6: «imperiō», §501.14.]
[Footnote 7: «prō», _for, instead of_.]
LVI. SLAYING THE LERNE´AN HYDRA
Deinde Herculēs ab Eurystheō iussus est Hydram occīdere. Itaque cum
amīcō Iolāō[1] contendit ad palūdem Lernaeam ubi Hydra incolēbat. Hoc
autem mōnstrum erat serpēns ingēns quae novem capita habēbat. Mox is
mōnstrum repperit et summō[2] cum perīculō collum eius sinistrā manū
rapuit et tenuit. Tum dextrā manū capita novem abscīdere incēpit, sed
frūstrā labōrābat, quod quotiēns hoc fēcerat totiēns alia nova capita
vidēbat. Quod[3] ubi vīdit, statuit capita ignī cremāre. Hōc modō octō
capita dēlēvit, sed extrēmum caput vulnerārī nōn potuit, quod erat
immortāle. Itaque illud sub ingentī saxō Herculēs posuit et ita
victōriam reportāvit.
[Footnote 1: «Iolāō», abl. of _I-o-lā´us_, the hero’s best friend.]
[Footnote 2: Note the emphatic position of this adjective.]
[Footnote 3: «Quod ubi», _when he saw this_, another instance of the
connecting relative. Cf. p. 199, l. 3.]
LVII. THE ARCADIAN STAG AND THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR
Postquam Eurystheō mors Hydrae nuntiata est, summus terror animum eius
occupavit. Itaque iussit Herculem capere et ad sē reportāre cervum
quendam; nam minimē cupīvit tantum virum in rēgnō suō tenēre. Hie autem
cervus dīcēbātur aurea cornua et pedēs multō[1] celeriōrēs ventō[2]
habēre. Prīmum Herculēs vestīgia animālis petīvit, deinde, ubi cervum
ipsum vīdit, omnibus vīribus currere incēpit. Per plūrimōs diēs
contendit nec noctū cessāvit. Dēnique postquam per tōtum annum
cucurrerat--ita dīcitur--cervum iam dēfessum cēpit et ad Eurystheum
portāvit.
Tum vērō iussus est Herculēs aprum quendam capere quī illō tempore agrōs
Erymanthiōs vāstābat et hominēs illīus locī magnopere perterrēbat.
Herculēs laetē negōtium suscēpit et in Arcadiam celeriter sē recēpit.
Ibi mox aprum repperit. Ille autem; simul atque Herculem vīdit, statim
quam[3] celerrimē fūgit et metū perterritus in fossam altam sēsē
abdidit. Herculēs tamen summā cum difficultāte eum extrāxit, nec aper
ūllō modō sēsē līberāre potuit, et vīvus ad Eurystheum portātus est.
[Footnote 1: «multō», §501.27.]
[Footnote 2: «ventō», §501.34.]
[Footnote 3: «quam». What is the force of «quam» with a
superlative?]
LVIII. HERCULES CLEANS THE AUGE´AN STABLES AND KILLS THE
STYMPHALIAN BIRDS
Deinde Eurystheus Herculī hunc labōrem multō graviōrem imperāvit.
Augēās[1] quīdam, quī illō tempore rēgnum Ēlidis[2] obtinēbat, tria
mīlia boum[3] habēbat. Hī[4] ingentī stabulō continēbantur. Hoc
stabulum, quod per trīgintā annōs nōn pūrgātum erat, Herculēs intrā
spatium ūnīus diēī pūrgāre iussus est. llle negōtium alacriter suscēpit,
et prīmum labōre gravissimō maximam fossam fōdit per quam flūminis aquam
dē montibus ad mūrum stabulī dūxit. Tum partem parvam mūrī dēlēvit et
aquam in stabulum immīsit. Hōc modō fīnm operis fēcit ūnō diē facillimē.
Post paucōs diēs Herculēs ad oppidum Stymphālum iter fēcit; nam
Eurystheus iusserat eum avis Stymphālidēs occīdere. Hae avēs rōstra
ferrea habēbant et hominēs miserōs dēvorābant. Ille, postquam ad locum
pervēnit, lacum vīdit in quō avēs incolēbant. Nūllō tamen modō Herculēs
avibus adpropinquāre potuit; lacus enim nōn ex aquā sed ē līmō
cōnstitit.[5] Dēnique autem avēs [6]dē aliquā causā perterritae in aurās
volāvērunt et magna pars eārum sagittīs Herculis occīsa est.
[Footnote 1: «Augēās», pronounced in English _Aw-jē´as_.]
[Footnote 2: «Ēlidis», gen. case of «Ēlis», a district of Greece.]
[Footnote 3: «boum», gen. plur. of «bōs». For construction see
§501.11.]
[Footnote 4: «ingentī stabulō», abl. of means, but in our idiom we
should say _in a huge stable_.]
[Footnote 5: «cōnstitit», from «consto».]
[Footnote 6: «dē aliquā causā perterritae», _frightened for some
reason_.]
[Illustration: HERCULES ET TAURUS]
LIX. HERCULES CAPTURES THE CRETAN BULL AND CARRIES HIM LIVING TO
EURYSTHEUS
Tum Eurystheus iussit Herculem portāre vīvum ex īnsulā Crētā taurum
quendam saevissimum. Ille igitur nāvem cōnscendit--nam ventus erat
idōneus--atque statim solvit. Postquam trīduum nāvigavit, incolumis
īnsulae adpropinquāvit. Deinde, postquam omnia parāta sunt, contendit ad
eam regiōnem quam taurus vexābat. Mox taurum vīdit ac sine ūllō metū
cornua eius corripuit. Tum ingentī labōre mōnstrum ad nāvem trāxit atque
cum hāc praedā ex īnsulā discessit.
THE FLESH-EATING HORSES OF DIOME´DES
Postquam ex īnsulā Crētā domum pervēnit, Hercules ab Eurystheō in
Thrāciam missus est. Ibi Diomēdēs quīdam, vir saevissimus, rēgnum
obtinēbat et omnīs ā fīnibus suīs prohibēbat. Herculēs iussus erat equōs
Diomedis rapere et ad Eurystheum dūcere. Hī autem equī hominēs
miserrimōs dēvorābant dē quibus rēx supplicium sūmere cupiēbat. Herculēs
ubi pervēnit, prīmum equōs ā rēge postulāvit, sed rēx eōs dēdere
recūsāvit. Deinde ille īrā commōtus rēgem occīdit et corpus eius equīs
trādidit. Itaque is quī anteā multōs necāverat, ipse eōdem suppliciō
necātus est. Et equī, nūper saevissima animālia, postquam dominī suī
corpus dēvorāvērunt, mānsuētī erant.
LX. THE BELT OF HIPPOL´YTE, QUEEN OF THE AMAZONS
Gēns Amāzonum[1] dīcitur[2] omnīnō ex mulieribus fuisse. Hae cum virīs
proelium committere nōn verēbantur. Hippolytē, Amāzonum rēgīna, balteum
habuit pulcherrimum. Hunc balteum possidēre fīlia Eurystheī vehementer
cupiēbat. Itaque Eurystheus iussit Herculem impetum in Amāzonēs facere.
Ille multīs cum cōpiīs nāvem cōnscendīt et paucis diēbus in Amāzonum
fīnīs pervēnit, ac balteum postulāvit. Eum trādere ipsa Hipporytē quidem
cupīvit; reliquīs tamen Amazonibus[3] persuādēre nōn potuit. Postrīdiē
Herculēs proelium commīsit. Multās hōrās utrimque quam fortissimē
pugnātum est Dēnique tamen mulieres terga vertērunt et fugā salūtem
petiērunt. Multae autem captae sunt, in quō numerō erat ipsa Hippolytē.
Herculēs postquam balteum accēpit, omnibus captīvīs lībertātem dedit.
[Footnote 1: A fabled tribe of warlike women living in Asia Minor.]
[Footnote 2: «omnīnō», etc., _to have consisted entirely of women._]
[Footnote 3: «Amāzonibus», §501.14.]
[Illustration: HERCULES ET CERBERUS]
THE DESCENT TO HADES AND THE DOG CER´BERUS
Iamque ūnus modo ē duodecim labōribus relinquēbātur sed inter omnīs hic
erat difficillimus. Iussus est enim canem Cerberum[4] ex Orcō in lūcem
trahere. Ex Orcō autem nēmō anteā reverterat. Praetereā Cerberus erat
mōnstrum maximē horribile et tria capita habēbat. Herculēs postquam
imperia Eurystheī accēpit, statim profectus est et in Orcum dēscendit.
Ibi vērō nōn sine summō periculō Cerberum manibus rapuit et ingentī cum
labōre ex Orcō in lūcem et adurbem Eurystheī trāxit.
Sic duodecim laborēs illī[5] intrā duodecim annōs cōnfectī sunt. Dēmum
post longam vītam Herculēs ā deīs receptus est et Iuppiter fīliō suō
dedit immortālitātem.
[Footnote 4: The dog Cerberus guarded the gate of Orcus, the abode
of the dead.]
[Footnote 5: «illī», _those famous._]
[Illustration: PUERI ROMANI]
P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: THE STORY OF A ROMAN BOY[1]
LXI. PUBLIUS IS BORN NEAR POMPE´II
P. Cornēlius Lentulus,[2] adulēscēns Rōmānus, amplissimā familiā[3]
nātus est; nam pater eius, Mārcus, erat dux perītissimus, cuius
virtūte[4] et cōnsiliō multae victōriae reportātae erant; atque mater
eius, lūlia, ā clārissimīs maiōribus orta est. Nōn vērō in urbe sed
rūrī[5] Pūblius nātus est, et cum mātre habitābat in vīllā quae in maris
lītore et sub radīcibus magnī montis sita erat. Mōns autem erat Vesuvius
et parva urbs Pompēiī octō mīlia[6] passuum[7] aberat. In Italiā antīquā
erant plūrimae quidem villae et pulchrae, sed inter hās omnīs nūlla erat
pulchrior quam villa Mārcī Iūliaeque. Frōns vīllae mūrō a maris
fluctibus mūniēbātur. Hinc mare et lītora et īnsulae longē lātēque
cōnspicī[8] ac saepe nāvēs longae et onerāriae poterant. Ā tergō et ab
utrōque latere agrī ferācissimī patēbant. Undique erat magna variōrum
flōrum cōpia et multa ingentium arborum genera quae aestāte[9] umbram
dēfessīs agricolīs grātissimam adferēbant. Praetereā erant[10] in agrīs
stabulīsque multa animālium genera, nōn sōlum equī et bovēs sed etiam
rārae avēs. Etiam erat[10] magna piscīna plēna piscium; nam Rōmānī
piscīs dīligenter colēbant.
[Footnote 1: This story is fiction with certain historical facts in
Cæsar’s career as a setting. However, the events chronicled might
have happened, and no doubt did happen to many a Roman youth.]
[Footnote 2: A Roman had three names, as, «Pūblius» (given name),
«Cornēlius» (name of the _gēns_ or clan), «Lentulus» (family name).]
[Footnote 3: Abl. of source, which is akin to the abl. of
separation (§501.32).]
[Footnote 4: «virtūte», §501.24.]
[Footnote 5: «rūrī», §501.36.1.]
[Footnote 6: «mīlia», §501.21.]
[Footnote 7: «passuum», §501.11.]
[Footnote 8: «cōnspicī», infin. with poterant, §215. Consult the
map of Italy for the approximate location of the villa.]
[Footnote 9: «aestāte», §501.35.]
[Footnote 10: How are the forms of «sum» translated when they
precede the subject?]
[Illustration: CASA ROMANA]
LXII. HIS LIFE ON THE FARM
Huius vīllae Dāvus, servus Mārcī, est vīlicus[1] et cum Lesbiā uxōre
omnia cūrat. Vīlicus et uxor in casā humilī, mediīs in agrīs sitā,
habitant. Ā prīmā lūce ūsque ad vesperum sē[2] gravibus labōribus
exercent ut omnī rēs bene gerant.[3] Plūrima enim sunt officia Dāvī et
Lesbiae. Vīlicus servōs regit nē tardī sint[3]; mittit aliōs quī agrōs
arent,[3] aliōs quī hortōs inrigent,[3] et opera in[4] tōtum diem
impōnit. Lesbia autem omnibus vestīmenta parat, cibum coquit, pānem
facit.
Nōn longē ab hōrum casā et in summō colle situm surgēbat domicilium
ipsīus dominī dominaeque amplissimum. Ibi plūrīs annōs[5] Pūblius cum
mātre vītam fēlīcem agēbat; nam pater eius, Mārcus, in terrīs longinquīs
gravia reī pūblicae bella gerēbat nec domum[6] revertī poterat. Neque
puerō quidem molestum est rūrī[7] vīvere. Eum multae rēs dēlectant.
Magnopere amat silvās, agrōs, equōs, bovēs, gallīnās, avīs, reliquaque
animālia. Saepe plūrīs hōrās[8] ad mare sedet quō[9] melius fluctūs et
nāvīs spectet. Nec omnīnō sine comitibus erat, quod Lȳdia, Dāvī fīlia,
quae erat eiusdem aetātis, cum eō adhūc infante lūdēbat, inter quōs cum
annīs amīcitia crēscēbat. Lȳdia nūllum alium ducem dēligēbat et Pūblius
ab puellae latere rārō discēdēbat. Itaque sub clārō Italiae sōle Pūblius
et Lȳdia, amīcī fidēlissimī, per campōs collīsque cotīdiē vagābantur.
Modo in silvā fīnitimā lūdebant ubi Pūblius sagittīs[10] celeribus avis
dēiciēbat et Lȳdia corōnīs variōrum flōrum comās suās ōrnābat; modo
aquam et cibum portābant ad Dāvum servōsque dēfessōs quī agrōs colēbant:
modo in casā parvā aut hōrās lactās in lūdō cōnsūmēbant aut auxilium
dabant Lesbiae, quae cibum virō et servīs parābat vel aliās rēs
domesticās agēbat.
[Footnote 1: The «vīlicus» was a slave who acted as overseer of a
farm. He directed the farming operations and the sale of the
produce.]
[Footnote 2: «se», reflexive pron., object of «exercent».]
[Footnote 3: For the construction, see §501.40.]
[Footnote 4: «in», _for_.]
[Footnote 5: «annōs», §501.21.]
[Footnote 6: «domum», §501.20.]
[Footnote 7: «rūrī», §501.36.1.]
[Footnote 8: «hōrās», cf. «annōs», line 17.]
[Footnote 9: «quō ... spectet», §§349, 350.]
[Footnote 10: «sagittis», §501.24.]
LXIII. MARCUS LENTULUS, THE FATHER OF PUBLIUS, IS SHIPWRECKED ·
JULIA RECEIVES A LETTER FROM HIM
Iam Pūblius[1] decem annōs habēbat cum M.Cornēlius Lentulus, pater eius,
quī quīnque annōs[2] grave bellum in Asiā gerēbat, non sine glōriā
domum[3] revertēbātur. Namque multa secunda proelia fēcerat, maximās
hostium cōpiās dēlēverat, multās urbīs populo[4] Rōmānō inimīcās
cēperat. Primum nūntius pervēnit quī ā Lentulō[5] missus erat[6] ut
profectiōnem suam nūntiāret. Deinde plūrīs diēs[7] reditum virī optimī
māter fīliusque exspectābant et animīs[8] sollicitis deōs immortālīs
frūstrā colēbant. Tum dēmum hās litterās summo cum gaudiō accēpērunt:
[9]“Mārcus Iūliae suac salūtem dīcit. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. Ex
Graeciā, quō[10] praeter spem et opīniōnem hodiē pervēnī, hās litterās
ad tē scribō. Namque nāvis nostra frācta est; nōs autem--[11]dīs est
gratia--incolumes sumus. Ex Asiae[12] portū nāvem lēnī ventō solvimus.
Postquam[13] altum mare tenuimus [14]nec iam ūllae terrae appāruērunt,
caelum undique et undique fluctūs, subitō magna tempestās coorta est et
nāvem vehementissimē adflīxit. Ventīs fluctibusque adflīctātī[15] nec
sōlem discernere nec cursum tenēre poterāmus et omnia praesentem mortem
intentābant. Trīs diēs[16] et trīs noctīs[16] sine rēmīs vēlīsque
agimur. Quārtō diē[17] prīmum terra vīsa est et violenter in saxa, quae
nōn longē ā lītore aberant, dēiectī sumus. Tum vērō maiōra perīcula
timēbāmus; sed nauta quīdam, vir fortissimus, ex nāve in fluctūs īrātōs
dēsiluit [18]ut fūnem ad lītus portāret; quam rem summō labōre vix
effēcit. Ita omnēs servātī sumus. Grātiās igitur et honōrem Neptūnō
dēbēmus, quī deus nōs ē perīculō ēripuit. Nunc Athēnīs[19] sum, quō
cōnfūgī ut mihi paucās hōrās ad quiētem darem.[20] Quam prīmum autem
aliam nāvem condūcam ut iter ad Italiam reliquum cōnficiam et domum[21]
ad meōs cārōs revertar. Salūtā nostrum Pūblium amīcissimē et valētūdinem
tuam cūrā dīligenter. [22]Kalendīs Mārtiīs.”
[Footnote 1: _was ten years old_.]
[Footnote 2: «annōs», §501.21.]
[Footnote 3: «domum», §501.20.]
[Footnote 4: «populō», dat. with inimīcās, cf. §501.16.]
[Footnote 5: «Lentulō», §501.33.]
[Footnote 6: «ut ... nūntiāret», §501.40.]
[Footnote 7: «diēs», cf. annōs, 1. 9.]
[Footnote 8: «animīs», abl. of manner. Do you see one in line 15?]
[Footnote 9: This is the usual form for the beginning of a Latin
letter. First we have the greeting, and then the expression Sī
valēs, etc. The date of the letter is usually given at the end, and
also the place of writing, if not previously mentioned in the
letter.]
[Footnote 10: «quō», _where_.]
[Footnote 11: «dīs est grātia», _thank God_, in our idiom.]
[Footnote 12: Asia refers to the Roman province of that name in Asia
Minor.]
[Footnote 13: «altum mare tenuimus», _we were well out to sea._]
[Footnote 14: «nec iam», _and no longer_.]
[Footnote 15: «adflīctātī», perf. passive part. _tossed about_.]
[Footnote 16: What construction?]
[Footnote 17: «diē», §501.35.]
[Footnote 18: «ut ... portāret», §501.40.]
[Footnote 19: «Athēnīs», §501.36.1.]
[Footnote 20: «darem», cf. «portāret», l. 6.]
[Footnote 21: Why not «ad domum»?]
[Footnote 22: «Kalendīs Mārtiīs», _the Calends_ or _first of March_;
abl. of time, giving the date of the letter.]
LXIV. LENTULUS REACHES HOME · PUBLIUS VISITS POMPEII WITH HIS FATHER
Post paucōs diēs nāvis M. Cornēlī Lentulī portum Mīsēnī[1] petiit, quī
portus nōn longē ā Pompēiīs situs est; quō in portū classis Rōmānā
pōnēbātur et ad pugnās nāvālīs ōrnābātur. Ibi nāvēs omnium generum
cōnspicī poterant. Iamque incrēdibilī celeritāte nāvis longa quā
Lentulus vehēbātur lītorī adpropinquāvit; nam nōn sōlum ventō sed etiam
rēmīs impellēbātur. In altā puppe stābat gubernātor et nōn procul aliquī
mīlitēs Rōmānī cum armīs splendidīs, inter quōs clārissimus erat
Lentulus. Deinde servī rēmīs contendere cessāvērunt[2]; nautae vēlum
contrāxērunt et ancorās iēcērunt. Lentulus statim ē nāvī ēgressus est
et[3] ad villam suam properāvit. Eum Iūlia, Pūblius, tōtaque familia
excēpērunt. [4]Quī complexūs, quanta gaudia fuērunt!
Postrīdiē eius diēī Lentulus fīliō suō dīxit, “Venī, mī Pūblī, mēcum.
Pompēiōs iter hodiē faciam. Māter tua suādet[5] ut frūctūs et cibāria
emam. Namque plūrīs amīcōs ad cēnam vocāvimus et multīs rēbus[6] egēmus.
Ea hortātur ut quam prīmum proficīscāmur.” “Libenter, mī pater,” inquit
Pūblius. “Tēcum esse mihi semper est grātum; nec Pompēiōs umquam vīdī.
Sine morā proficīscī parātus sum.” Tum celeriter currum cōnscendērunt et
ad urbis mūrōs vectī sunt. Stabiānā portā[7] urbem ingressī sunt.
Pūblius strātās viās mīrātur et saxa altiōra quae in mediō disposita
erant et altās orbitās quās rotae inter haec saxa fēcerant. Etiam
strepitum mīrātur, multitūdinem, carrōs, fontīs, domōs, tabernās,
forum[8] cum statuīs, templīs, reliquīsque aedificiīs pūblicīs.
[Footnote 1: Misenum had an excellent harbor, and under the emperor
Augustus became the chief naval station of the Roman fleet. See map
of Italy.]
[Footnote 2: Why is the infinitive used with «cessāvērunt»?]
[Footnote 3: See Plate I, Frontispiece.]