[Footnote 5: What construction follows «suādeō»? §501.41.]
[Footnote 6: «rēbus», §501.32.]
[Footnote 7: This is the abl. of the _way by which_ motion takes
place, sometimes called the abl. of route. The construction comes
under the general head of the abl. of means. For the scene here
described, see Plate II, p. 53, and notice especially the
stepping-stones for crossing the street («saxa quae in mediō
disposita erant»).]
[Footnote 8: The forum of Pompeii was surrounded by temples, public
halls, and markets of various sorts. Locate Pompeii on the map.]
LXV. A DAY AT POMPEII
Apud forum ē currū dēscendērunt et Lentulus dīxit, “Hīc sunt multa
tabernārum genera, mī Pūblī. Ecce, trāns viam est popīna! [1]Hoc genus
tabernārum cibāria vēndit. Frūctūs quoque ante iānuam stant. Ibi cibāria
mea emam.” “Optimē,” respondit Pūblius. “At ubi, mī pater, crūstula
emere possumus? Namque māter nōbīs imperāvit [2]ut haec quoque
parārēmus. Timeō ut[3] ista popīna vēndat crūstula.” “Bene dīcis,”
inquit Lentulus. “At nōnne vidēs illum fontem ā dextrā ubi aqua per
leōnis caput fluit? In illō ipsō locō est taberna pīstōris quī sine
dubiō vēndit crūstula.”
Brevī tempore[4] omnia erant parāta, iamque [5]quīnta hōra erat. Deinde
Lentulus et fīlius ad caupōnam properāvērunt, quod famē[6] et sitī[7]
urgēbantur. Ibi sub arboris umbrā sēdērunt et puerō imperāvērunt ut
sibi[8] cibum et vīnum daret. Huic imperiō[9] puer celeriter pāruit. Tum
laetī sē[10] ex labōre refēcērunt.
Post prandium prefectī sunt ut alia urbis spectācula vidērent. Illō
tempore fuērunt Pompēiīs[11] multa templa, duo theātra, thermae
magnumque amphitheātrum, quae omnia post paucōs annōs flammīs atque
incendiīs Vesuvī et terrae mōtū dēlēta sunt. Ante hanc calamitātem autem
hominēs [12]nihil dē monte veritī sunt. In amphitheātrō quidem Pūblius
morārī cupīvit ut spectācula gladiātōria vidēret, quae in[13] illum
ipsum diem prōscrīpta erant et iam [14]rē vērā incēperant. Sed Lentulus
dīxit, “Morārī, Pūblī, [15]vereor ut possīmus. Iam decima hōra est et
via est longa. Tempus suādet ut quam prīmum domum revertāmur.” Itaque
servō imperāvit ut equōs iungeret, et sōlis occāsū[16] ad vīllam
pervēnērunt.
[Footnote 1: We say, _this kind of shop_; Latin, _this kind of
shops_.]
[Footnote 2: «ut ... parārēmus», §501.41.]
[Footnote 3: How is «ut» translated after a verb of fearing? How
«nē»? Cf. §501.42.]
[Footnote 4: «tempore», §501.35.]
[Footnote 5: «quīnta hōra». The Romans numbered the hours of the day
consecutively from sunrise to sunset, dividing the day, whether long
or short, into twelve equal parts.]
[Footnote 6: «famē» shows a slight irregularity in that the abl.
ending «-e» is long.]
[Footnote 7: «sitis», _thirst_, has «-im» in the acc. sing., «-ī» in
the abl. sing., and no plural.]
[Footnote 8: Observe that the reflexive pronoun «sibi» does not here
refer to the subject of the subordinate clause in which it stands,
but to the subject of the main clause. This so-called _indirect_ use
of the reflexive is often found in object clauses of purpose.]
[Footnote 9: What case? Cf. §501.14.]
[Footnote 10: «sē», cf. p. 205, l. 7, and note.]
[Footnote 11: «Pompēiīs», §501.36.1.]
[Footnote 12: «nihil ... veritī sunt», _had no fears of the
mountain_.]
[Footnote 13: «in», _for_.]
[Footnote 14: «rē vērā», _in fact_.]
[Footnote 15: «vereor ut», §501.42.]
[Footnote 16: «occāsū», §501.35.]
LXVI. LENTULUS ENGAGES A TUTOR FOR HIS SON
Ā prīmīs annīs quidem Iūlia ipsa fīlium suum docuerat, et Pūblius nōn
sōlum [1]pūrē et Latīnē loquī poterat sed etiam commodē legēbat et
scrībēbat. Iam Ennium[2] aliōsque poētās lēgerat. Nunc vērō Pūblius
[3]duodecim annōs habēbat; itaque eī pater bonum magistrum, [4]virum
omnī doctrīnā et virtūte ōrnātissimum, parāvit, [5]quī Graeca, mūsicam,
aliāsque artīs docēret. [6]Namque illīs temporibus omnēs ferē gentēs
Graecē loquēbantur. Cum Pūbliō aliī puerī, Lentulī amīcōrum fīliī,[7]
discēbant. Nam saepe apud Rōmānōs mōs erat [8]nōn in lūdum fīliōs
mittere sed domī per magistrum docēre. Cotīdiē discipulī cum magistrō in
peristȳlō[9] Mārcī domūs sedēbant. Omnēs puerī bullam auream, orīginis
honestae signum, in collō gerēbant, et omnēs togā praetextā amictī
erant, [10]quod nōndum sēdecim annōs[11] nātī sunt.
[Footnote 1: «pūrē ... poterat», freely, _could speak Latin well_.
What is the literal translation?]
[Footnote 2: «Ennium», the father of Latin poetry.]
[Footnote 3: «duodecim ... habēbat», cf. p. 206, l. 8, and note.]
[Footnote 4: «virum», etc., _a very well-educated and worthy man_.
Observe the Latin equivalent.]
[Footnote 5: «quī ... docēret», a relative clause of purpose. Cf. §§
349, 350.]
[Footnote 6: In Cæsar’s time Greek was spoken more widely in the
Roman world than any other language.]
[Footnote 7: «fīliī», in apposition with «puerī».]
[Footnote 8: «nōn ... mittere». This infinitive clause is the
subject of «erat». Cf. §216. The same construction is repeated in
the next clause, «domī ... docēre». The object of «docēre» is
«fīliōs» understood.]
[Footnote 9: The peristyle was an open court surrounded by a
colonnade.]
[Footnote 10: At the age of sixteen a boy laid aside the _bulla_
and the _toga praetexta_ and assumed _toga virīlis_ or manly gown.]
[Footnote 11: «annōs», §501.21. The expression «nōndum sēdecim
annōs nātī sunt» means literally, _they were born not yet sixteen
years_. This is the usual expression for age. What is the English
equivalent?]
[Illustration: TABULA ET STILUS]
SCENE IN SCHOOL · AN EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION
DISCIPULĪ. Salvē, magister.
MAGISTER. Vōs quoque omnēs, salvēte. [1]Tabulāsne portāvistis et
stilōs?
D. Portāvimus.
M. Iam fābulam Aesōpī[2] discēmus. Ego legam, vōs in tabulīs scrībite.
Et tū, Pūblī, dā mihi ē capsā[3] Aesōpī volūmen.[4] Iam audīte
omnēs: _Vulpēs et Ūva_.
Vulpēs ōlim famē coācta ūvam dēpendentem vīdit. Ad ūvam saliēbat,
sūmere cōnāns. Frūstrā diū cōnāta, tandem īrāta erat et salīre
cessāns dīxit: “Illa ūva est acerba; acerbam ūvam [5]nihil moror.”
Omnia´ne scrīpsistis, puerī?
D. Omnia, magister.
[Footnote 1: Tablets were thin boards of wood smeared with wax. The
writing was done with a stylus, a pointed instrument like a pencil,
made of bone or metal, with a knob at the other end. The knob was
used to smooth over the wax in making erasures and corrections.]
[Footnote 2: «Aesōpī», the famous Greek to whom are ascribed most of
the fables current in the ancient world.]
[Footnote 3: A cylindrical box for holding books and papers, shaped
like a hatbox.]
[Footnote 4: Ancient books were written on rolls made of papy´rus.]
[Footnote 5: «nihil moror», _I care nothing for_.]
LXVII. PUBLIUS GOES TO ROME TO FINISH HIS EDUCATION
Iamque Pūblius, [1]quīndecim annōs nātus, [2]prīmīs litterārum elementīs
cōnfectīs, Rōmam petere voluit ut scholās grammaticōrum et philosophōrum
frequentāret. Et facillimē patrī[3] suō, qui ipse philosophiae studiō
tenēbātur, persuāsit. Itaque [4]omnibus rēbus ad profectiōnem
comparātīs, pater fīliusque equīs animōsīs vectī[5] ad magnam urbem
profectī sunt. Eōs proficīscentīs Iūlia tōtaque familia vōtīs
precibusque prōsecūtae sunt. Tum per loca[6] plāna et collis silvīs
vestītōs viam ingressī sunt ad Nōlam, quod oppidum eōs hospitiō modicō
excēpit. Nōlae[7] duās hōrās morātī sunt, quod sōl merīdiānus ārdēbat.
Tum rēctā viā[8] circiter vīgintī mīlia[9] passuum[9] Capuam,[9] ad
īnsignem Campāniae urbem, contendērunt. Eō[10] multā nocte dēfessī
pervēnērunt. [11]Postrīdiē eius diēī, somnō et cibō recreātī, Capuā
discessērunt et [13]viam Appiam ingressī, quae Capuam tangit et ūsque ad
urbem Rōmam dūcit, ante merīdiem Sinuessam pervēnērunt, quod oppidum
tangit mare. Inde prīmā lūce proficīscentēs Formiās[13] properāvērunt,
ubi Cicerō, ōrātor clarissimus, quī forte apud vīllam suam erat, eōs
benignē excēpit. Hinc [14]itinere vīgintī quīnque mīlium passuum factō,
Tarracīnam, oppidum in saxīs altissimīs situm, vīdērunt. Iamque nōn
longē aberant palūdēs magnae, quae multa mīlia passuum undique patent.
Per eās pedestris via est gravis et in nāve viātōrēs vehuntur. Itaque
[15]equīs relictīs Lentulus et Pūblius nāvem cōnscendērunt, et, ūnā
nocte in trānsitū cōnsūmptā, Forum Appī vēnērunt. Tum brevī tempore
Arīcia eōs excēpit. Hoc oppidum, in colle situm, ab urbe Romā sēdecim
mīlia passuum abest. Inde dēclivis via ūsque ad latum campum dūcit ubi
Rōma stat. Quem ad locum ubi Pūblius vēnit et Rōmam adhūc remōtam,
maximam tōtīus orbis terrārum urbem, cōnspēxit, summā admīrātiōne et
gaudiō adfectus est. Sine morā dēscendērunt, et, mediō intervāllō quam
celerrimē superātō, urbem portā Capēnā ingressī sunt.
[Footnote 1: «quīndecim», etc., cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.]
[Footnote 2: «prīmīs ... cōnfectīs», abl. abs. Cf. §501.28.]
[Footnote 3: «patrī», dat. with «persuāsit».]
[Footnote 4: «omnibus ... comparātīs», cf. note 2.]
[Footnote 5: «vectī», perf. pass. part. of «vehō».]
[Footnote 6: What is there peculiar about the gender of this word?]
[Footnote 7: «Nōlae», locative case, §501.36.2.]
[Footnote 8: «viā», cf. «portā», p. 208, l. 7, and note.]
[Footnote 9: What construction?]
[Footnote 10: «Eō», adv. _there_.]
[Footnote 11: «Postrīdiē eius diēī», _on the next day_.]
[Footnote 12: «viam Appiam», the most famous of all Roman roads, the
great highway from Rome to Tarentum and Brundisium, with numerous
branches. Locate on the map the various towns that are mentioned in
the lines that follow.]
[Footnote 13: «Formiās», _Formiæ_, one of the most beautiful spots
on this coast, and a favorite site for the villas of rich Romans.]
[Footnote 14: «itinere ... factō», abl. abs. The gen. «mīlium»
modifies «itinere».]
[Footnote 15: «equīs relictīs». What construction? Point out a
similar one in the next line.]
[Illustration: BULLA]
LXVIII. PUBLIUS PUTS ON THE TOGA VIRILIS
Pūblius iam tōtum annum Rōmae morābātur[1] multaque urbis spectācula
vīderat et multōs sibi[2] amīcōs parāverat. Eī[3] omnēs favēbant; [4]dē
eō omnēs bene spērāre poterant. Cotīdiē Pūblius scholas philosophōrum et
grammaticōrum tantō studiō frequentābat [5]ut aliīs clārum exemplum
praebēret. Saepe erat cum patre in cūriā[6]; quae rēs effēcit [7]ut
summōs reī pūblicae virōs et audīret et vidēret. Ubi [8]sēdecim annōs
natus est, bullam[9] auream et togam praetextam mōre Rōmānō dēposuit
atque virīlem togam sūmpsit. Virīlis autem toga erat omnīnō alba, sed
praetexta clāvum purpureum in margine habēbat. [10]Dēpōnere togam
praetextam et sūmere togam virīlem erat rēs grātissima puerō Rōmānō,
quod posteā vir et cīvis Rōmānus habēbātur.
[11]Hīs rēbus gestīs Lentulus ad uxōrem suam hās litterās scrīpsit:
[12]“Mārcus Iūliae suae salūtem dīcit. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō.
Accēpī tuās litterās. Hās nunc Rōmā per servum fidēlissimum mittō ut dē
Pūbliō nostrō quam celerrimē sciās. Nam hodiē eī togam virīlem dedī.
Ante lucem surrēxī[13] et prīmum bullam auream dē collō eius remōvī. Hāc
Laribus[14] cōnsecrātā et sacrīs factīs, eum togā virīlī vestīvī.
Interim plūrēs amīcī cum multitūdine optimōrum cīvium et honestōrum
clientium pervēnerant [15]quī Pūblium domō in forum dēdūcerent. Ibi in
cīvitātem receptus est et nōmen, Pūblius Cornēlius Lentulus, apud cīvīs
Rōmānōs ascrīptum est. Omnēs eī amīcissimī fuērunt et magna[16] de eō
praedīcunt. Sapientior enim aequālibus[17] est et magnum ingenium habet.
[18]Cūrā ut valeās.”
[Footnote 1: «morābātur», translate as if pluperfect.]
[Footnote 2: «sibi», _for himself_.]
[Footnote 3: «Eī», why dat.?]
[Footnote 4: «dē ... poterant», in English, _all regarded him as a
very promising youth;_ but what does the Latin say?]
[Footnote 5: «ut... praebēret», §501.43.]
[Footnote 6: «cūriā», a famous building near the Roman Forum.]
[Footnote 7: «ut ... audīret et vidēret», §501.44.]
[Footnote 8: «sēdecim, etc.», cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.]
[Footnote 9: «bullam», cf. p. 210, l. 3, and note 4.]
[Footnote 10: These infinitive clauses are the subject of «erat».
Cf. §216.]
[Footnote 11: «Hīs rēbus gestīs», i.e. the assumption of the _toga
virilis_ and attendant ceremonies.]
[Footnote 12: Compare the beginning of this letter with the one on
page 206.]
[Footnote 13: «surrēxī», from «surgō».]
[Footnote 14: The Lares were the spirits of the ancestors, and were
worshiped as household gods. All that the house contained was
confided to their care, and sacrifices were made to them daily.]
[Footnote 15: «quī ... dēdūcerent», §350.]
[Footnote 16: «magna», _great things_, a neuter adj. used as a
noun.]
[Footnote 17: «aequālibus», §501.34.]
[Footnote 18: «Cūrā ut valeās», _take good care of your health_. How
does the Latin express this idea?]
LXIX. PUBLIUS JOINS CÆSAR’S ARMY IN GAUL
Pūblius iam adulēscēns postquam togam virīlem sūmpsit, aliīs rēbus
studēre incēpit et praesertim ūsū[1] armōrum sē[2] dīligenter exercuit.
Magis magisque amāvit illās artīs quae mīlitārem animum dēlectant.
Iamque erant [3]quī eī cursum mīlitārem praedīcerent. Nec sine causā,
quod certē patris īsigne exemplum [4]ita multum trahēbat. [5]Paucīs ante
annīs C. Iūlius Caesar, ducum Rōmānōrum maximus, cōnsul creātus erat et
hōc tempore in Galliā bellum grave gerēbat. Atque in exercitū eius
plūrēs adulēscentēs mīlitābant, apud quōs erat amīcus quīdam Pūblī. Ille
Pūblium crēbrīs litterīs vehementer hortābātur [6]ut iter in Galliam
faceret. Neque Pūblius recūsāvit, et, multīs amīcīs ad portam urbis
prōsequentibus, ad Caesaris castra profectus est. Quārtō diē postquam
iter ingressus est, ad Alpīs, montīs altissimōs, pervēnit. Hīs summā
difficultāte superātīs, tandem Gallōrum in fīnibus erat. Prīmō autem
veritus est ut[7] castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquāre posset, quod Gallī,
maximīs cōpiīs coāctīs, Rōmānōs obsidēbant et viās omnīs iam clauserant.
Hīs rēbus commōtus Pūblius vestem Gallicam induit nē ā Gallīs caperētur,
et ita per hostium cōpiās incolumis ad castra pervenīre potuit. Intrā
mūnītiōnes acceptus, ā Caesare benignē exceptus est. Imperātor fortem
adulēscentem amplissimīs verbīs laudāvit et eum [8]tribūnum mīlītum
creāvit.
[Footnote 1: Abl. of means.]
[Footnote 2: «sē», reflexive object of «exercuit».]
[Footnote 3: «quī ... praedīcerent», §501.45.]
[Footnote 4: «ita multum trahēbat», _had a great influence in that
direction_.]
[Footnote 5: «Paucīs ante annīs», _a few years before_; in Latin,
_before by a few years_, «ante» being an adverb and «annīs» abl. of
degree of difference.]
[Footnote 6: «ut ... faceret», §501.41.]
[Footnote 7: «ut», how translated here? See §501.42.]
[Footnote 8: The _military tribune_ was a commissioned officer
nearly corresponding to our rank of colonel. The tribunes were often
inexperienced men, so Cæsar did not allow them much responsibility.]
[Illustration: IMPEDIMENTA]
HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED
Exercitus quī in hostium fīnibus bellum genit multīs perīcuīs
circumdatus est. [1]Quae perīcula ut vītāret, Rōmāni summam cūram
adhībēre solēbant. Adpropinquanteēs cōpiīs hostium agmen ita dispōnēbant
[2]ut imperātor ipse cum plāribus legiōnibus expedītīs[3] prīmum agmen
dūceret. Post eās cōpiās impedīmenta[4] tōtīus exercitūs conlocābant.
[5]Tum legiōnēs quae proximē cōnscrīptae erant tōtum agmen claudēbant.
Equitēs quoque in omnīs partīs dīmittēbantur quī loca explōrārent; et
centuriōnēs praemittēbantur ut locum castrīs idōneum dēligerent. Locus
habēbatur idōneus castrīs [6]quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam
esset. Quā dē causā castra[7] in colle ab utrāque parte arduō, ā fronte
lēniter dēclīvī saepe pōnēbantur; vel locus palūdibus cīnctus vel in
flūminis rīpīs situs dēligēbātur. Ad locum postquam exercitus pervēnit,
aliī mīlitum [8]in armīs erant, aliī castra mūnīre incipiēbant. Nam
[9]quō tūtiōrēs ab hostibus mīlitēs essent, nēve incautī et imparātī
opprimerentur, castra fossā lātā et vāllō altō mūniēbant. In castrīs
portae quattuor erant ut ēruptiō mīlitum omnīs in partīs fierī posset.
In angulīs castrōrum erant turrēs dē quibus tēla in hostīs
coniciēbantur. [10]Tālibus in castrīs quālia dēscrīpsimus Pūblius ā
Caesare exceptus est.
[Footnote 1: «Quae perīcula», object of «vītārent». It is placed
first to make a proper connection with the preceding sentence.]
[Footnote 2: «ut ... dūceret», §501.43.]
[Footnote 3: «expedītīs», i.e. without baggage and ready for
action.]
[Footnote 4: «impedīmenta». Much of the baggage was carried in carts
and on beasts of burden, as is shown above; but, besides this, each
soldier (unless «expedītus») carried a heavy pack. See also picture,
p. 159.]
[Footnote 5: The newest legions were placed in the rear, because
they were the least reliable.]
[Footnote 6: «quī ... posset ... esset», §501.45.]
[Footnote 7: «castra», subject of «pōnēbantur».]
[Footnote 8: «in armīs erant», _stood under arms_.]
[Footnote 9: «quō ... essent». When is «quō» used to introduce a
purpose clause? See §350.I.]
[Footnote 10: «Tālibus in castrīs quālia», _in such a camp as_.
It is important to remember the correlatives «tālis ... quālis»,
_such ... as_.]
[Illustration: CENTURIO]
LXX. THE RIVAL CENTURIONS
Illīs in castrīs erant duo centuriōnēs,[1] fortissimī virī, T. Pullō et
L. Vorēnus, quōrum neuter alterī virtūte[2] cēdere volēbat. Inter eōs
iam multōs annōs īnfēnsum certāmen gerēbātur. Tum dēmum fīnis
contrōversiae hōc modō[3] factus est. Diē tertiō postquam Pūblius
pervēnit, hostēs, maiōribus cōpiīs coāctīs, ācerrimum impetum in castra
fēcērunt. Tum Pullō, [4]cum Rōmānī tardiōrēs[5] vidērentur, “Cūr
dubitās,” inquit, “Vorēne? Quam commodiōrem occāsiōnem exspectās? Hic
diēs dē virtūte nostrā iūdicābit.” Haec[6] cum dīxisset, extrā
mūnītiōnēs prōcessit et in eam hostium partem quae cōfertissima
[7]vidēbātur inrūpit. Neque Vorēnus quidem tum vāllō[8] sēsē continet,
sed Pullōnem subsequitur. Tum Pullō pīlum in hostīs immittit atque ūnum
ex multitūdine prōcurrentem trāicit. Hunc percussum et exanimātum hostēs
scūtīs prōtegunt et in Pullōnem omnēs tēla coniciunt. Eius scūtum
trānsfīgitur et tēlum in balteō dēfīgitur. Hic cāsus vāgīnam āvertit et
dextram manum eius gladium ēdūcere cōnantis[9] morātur. Eum ita
impedītum hostēs circumsistunt.
Tum vēro [10]eī labōrantī Vorēnus, cum sit inimīcus, tamen auxilium dat.
Ad hunc cōnfestim [11]ā Pullōne omnis multitūdō sē convertit. Gladiō
comminus pugnat Vorēnus, atque, ūnō interfectō, reliquōs paulum
prōpellit. Sed īnstāns cupidius[12] īnfēlīx, [13]pede sē fallente,
concidit.
Huic rūrsus circumventō auxilium dat Pullō, atque ambō incolumēs,
plūribus interfectīs, summā cum laude intrā mūnītiōnēs sē recipiunt. Sic
inimīcōrum alter alterī auxilium dedit nec de eōrum virtūte quisquam
iūdicāre potuit.
[Footnote 1: A centurion commanded a company of about sixty men. He
was a common soldier who had been promoted from the ranks for his
courage and fighting qualities. The centurions were the real leaders
of the men in battle. There were sixty of them in a legion. The
centurion in the picture (p. 216) has in his hand a staff with a
crook at one end, the symbol of his authority.]
[Footnote 2: «virtūte», §501.30.]
[Footnote 3: Abl. of manner.]
[Footnote 4: «cum ... vidērentur», §501.46.]
[Footnote 5: «tardiōrēs», _too slow_, a not infrequent translation
of the comparative degree.]
[Footnote 6: «Haec», obj. of «dīxisset». It is placed before «cum»
to make a close connection with the preceding sentence. What is the
construction of «dīxisset»?]
[Footnote 7: «vidēbatur, inrūpit». Why is the imperfect used in one
case and the perfect in the other? Cf. §190.]
[Footnote 8: «vāllō», abl. of means, but in English we should say
_within the rampart_. Cf. «ingentī stabulō», p. 201, l. 13, and
note.]
[Footnote 9: «cōnantis», pres. part. agreeing with «eius».]
[Footnote 10: «eī labōrantī», indir. obj. of dat.]
[Footnote 11: «ā Pullōne», _from Pullo_, abl. of separation.]
[Footnote 12: «cupidius», _too eagerly_.]
[Footnote 13: «pede sē fallente», lit. _the foot deceiving itself_;
in our idiom, _his foot slipping_.]
LXXI. THE ENEMY BESIEGING THE CAMP ARE REPULSED
Cum iam sex hōrās pugnatum esset[1] ac nōn sōlum vīrēs sed etiam tēla
Rōmānōs dēficerent[1], atque hostēs ācrius instārent,[1] et vāllum
scindere fossamque complēre incēpissent,[1] Caesar, vir reī mīlitāris
perītissimus, suīs imperāvit ut proelium paulisper intermitterent,[2]
et, signō datō, ex castrīs ērumperent.[2] [3]Quod iussī sunt faciunt, et
subitō ex omnibus portīs ērumpunt. Atque tam celeriter mīlitēs
concurrērunt et tam propinquī erant hostēs[4] ut spatium pīla
coniciendī[5] nōn darētur. Itaque reiectīs pīlīs [6]comminus gladiīs
pugnātum est. Diū et audācter hostēs restitērunt et in extrēmā spē
salūtis tantam virtūtem praestitērunt ut ā dextrō cornū vehementer
[7]multitūdine suōrum aciem Rōmanam premerent. [8]Id imperātor cum
animadvertisset, Pūblium adulēscentem cum equitātū mīsit quī
labōrantibus[9] auxilium daret. Eius impetum sustinēre nōn potuērunt
hostēs[10] et omnēs terga vertērunt. Eōs in fugam datōs Pūblius
subsecūtus est ūsque ad flūmen Rhēnum, quod ab eō locō quīnque mīlia
passuum aberat. Ibi paucī salūtem sibi repperērunt. Omnibus reliquīs
interfectīs, Pūblius et equitēs in castra sēsē recēpērunt. Dē hāc
calamitāte fīnitimae gentēs cum certiōrēs factae essent, ad Caesarem
lēgātōs mīsērunt et sē suaque omnia dēdidērunt.
[Footnote 1: «pugnātum esset, dēficerent, īnstārent, incēpissent».
These are all subjunctives with «cum». Cf. §501.46.]
[Footnote 2: «intermitterent, ērumperent». What use of the
subjunctive?]
[Footnote 3: «Quod», etc., _they do as ordered_. The antecedent of
«quod» is «id» understood, which would be the object of «faciunt».]
[Footnote 4: «ut ... darētur». Is this a clause of purpose or of
result?]
[Footnote 5: «coniciendī», §402.]
[Footnote 6: «comminus gladiīs pugnātum est», _a hand-to-hand
conflict was waged with swords_.]
[Footnote 7: «multitūdine suōrum», _by their numbers_. «suōrum» is
used as a noun. What is the literal translation of this expression?]
[Footnote 8: «Id imperātor. Id» is the obj. and «imperātor» the
subj. of «animadvertisset».]
[Footnote 9: «labōrantibus». This participle agrees with «iīs»
understood, the indir. obj. of «daret; qui ... daret» is a purpose
clause, §501.40.]
[Footnote 10: «hostēs», subj. of «potuērunt».]
LXXII. PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY · ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS
Initā aestāte Caesar litterīs certior fīēbat et per explōrātōrēs
cognōscēbat plūrīs cīvitātēs Galliae novīs rēbus studēre,[1] et contrā
populum Rōmānum coniūrāre[1] obsidēsque [2]inter sē dare,[1] atque cum
hīs Germānōs quōsdam quoque sēsē coniūnctūrōs esse.[1] Hīs litterīs
nūntiīsque commōtus Caesar cōnstituit quam celerrimē in Gallōs
proficīscī,[3] ut eōs inopīnantīs opprimeret, et Labiēnum lēgātum cum
duābus legiōnibus peditum et duōbus mīlibus equitum in Germānōs
mittere.[3] [4]Itaque rē frūmentāriā comparātā castra mōvit. Ab
utrōque[5] rēs bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fīnīs
pervēnit ut spatium [6]cōpiās cōgendī nōn darētur[4]; et Labiēnus dē
Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut nēmō ex eā gente in reliquum
tempus Gallīs auxilium dare audēret.[7]
Hoc iter in Germāniam Pūblius quoque fēcit et, [8]cum ibi morārētur,
multa mīrābilia vīdit. Praesertim vērō ingentem silvam mīrābātur, quae
tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur [9]ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec
quisquam scīret aut initium aut fīnem. Quā dē rē plūra cognōverat ā
mīlite quōdam quī ōlim captus ā Germānīs multōs annōs ibi incoluit.
Ille[10] dē silvā dīcēns, “Īnfīnītae magnitūdinis est haec silva,”
inquit; “nee quisquam est [11]huius Germāniae [12]quī initium eius sciat
aut ad fīnem adierit. Nāscuntur illīc multa tālia animālium genera
quālia reliquīs in locīs nōn inveniuntur. Sunt bovēs quī ūnum[13] cornū
habent; sunt etiam animālia quae appellantur alcēs. Hae nūllōs
crūrum[14] articulōs habent. Itaque, sī forte concidērunt, sēsē ērigere
nūllō modō possunt. Arborēs habent prō[15] cubīlibus; ad eās sē
applicant atque ita reclīnātae quiētem capiunt. Tertium est genus eōrum
quī ūrī appellantur. Hī sunt paulō minōrēs elephantīs.[16] Magna vis
eōrum est et magna vēlōcitās. Neque hominī neque ferae parcunt.[17]”
[Footnote 1: Observe that all these infinitives are in indirect
statements after «certior fīēbat», _he was informed_, and
«cognōscēbat», _he learned_. Cf. §501.48, 49.]
[Footnote 2: «inter sē», _to each other_.]
[Footnote 3: «proficīscī, mittere». These infinitives depend upon
«cōnstituit».]
[Footnote 4: Before beginning a campaign, food had to be provided.
Every fifteen days grain was distributed. Each soldier received
about two pecks. This he carried in his pack, and this constituted
his food, varied occasionally by what he could find by foraging.]
[Footnote 5: Abl. of personal agent, §501.33.]
[Footnote 6: «cōpiās cōgendī», §501.37.1.]
[Footnote 7: «darētur, audēret», §501.43. «audēret» is not from
«audiō».]
[Footnote 8: «cum ... morārētur», §501.46.]
[Footnote 9: «ut ... posset, ... scīret», §501.43.]
[Footnote 10: «Ille», subj. of «inquit».]
[Footnote 11: «huius Germāniae», _of this part of Germany_.]
[Footnote 12: «quī ... scīat ... adierit», §501.45.]
[Footnote 13: «ūnum», _only one_.]
[Footnote 14: «crūrum», from «crūs».]
[Footnote 15: «prō», _for, in place of_.]
[Footnote 16: «elephantīs», §501.34.]
[Footnote 17: «parcunt». What case is used with this verb?]
[Illustration: VINEA]
LXXIII. THE STORMING OF A CITY
Pūblius plūrīs diēs in Germāniā morātus[1] in Galliam rediit, et ad
Caesaris castra sē contulit. Ille quia molestē ferēbat Gallōs[2] eius
regiōnis obsidēs dare recūsāvisse et exercituī frūmentum praebēre
nōluisse, cōnstituit eīs[3] bellum īnferre. Agrīs vāstātīs, vīcīs
incēnsīs, pervēnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et nātūrā et arte
mūnītum erat. Cingēbātur mūrō vīgintī quīnque pedēs[4] altō. Ā lateribus
duōsitum, praeruptō fastīgiō ad plānitiem vergēgat; ā quārtō tantum[5]
latere aditus erat facilis. Hoc oppidum oppugnāre, [6]cum opus esset
difficillimum, tamen cōnstituit Caesar. Et castrīs mūnītīs Pūbliō
negōtium dedit ut rēs [7]ad oppugnandum necessāriās parāret.
Rōmānōrum autem oppugnātiō est haec.[8] Prīmum turrēs aedificantur
quibus mīlitēs in summum mūrum ēvādere possint[9]; vīneae[10] fīunt
quibus tēctī mīlitēs ad mūrum succēdant; pluteī[11] parantur post quōs
mīlitēs tormenta[12] administrent; sunt quoque arietēs quī mūrum et
portās discutiant. Hīs omnibus rēbus comparātīs, deinde [13]agger ab eā
parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum vīneīs ad ipsum
oppidum agitur. Tum turris in aggere prōmovētur; arietibus quī sub
vīneīs conlocātī erant mūrus et portae discutiuntur; ballistīs,
catapultīs, reliquīsque tormentīs lapidēs et tēla in oppidum
coniciuntur. Postrēmō cum iam turris et agger altitūdinem mūrī adaequant
et arietēs moenia perfrēgērunt,[14] signō datō mīlitēs inruunt et
oppidum expugnant.
[Footnote 1: «morātus». Is this part. active or passive in meaning?]
[Footnote 2: «Gallōs», subj. acc. of the infins. «recūsāvisse» and
«nōluisse». The indirect statement depends upon «molestē ferēbat».]
[Footnote 3: «eīs», §501.15.]
[Footnote 4: «pedēs», §501.21.]
[Footnote 5: «tantum», adv. _only_.]
[Footnote 6: «cum ... esset», a clause of concession, §501.46.]
[Footnote 7: «ad oppugnandum», a gerund expressing purpose.]
[Footnote 8: «haec», _as follows_.]
[Footnote 9: «possint», subjv. of purpose. Three similar
constructions follow.]
[Footnote 10: «vīneae». These «vīneae» were wooden sheds, open in
front and rear, used to protect men who were working to take a
fortification. They were about eight feet high, of like width, and
double that length, covered with raw hides to protect them from
being set on fire, and moved on wheels or rollers.]
[Footnote 11: «pluteī», large screens or shields with small wheels
attached to them. These were used to protect besiegers while moving
up to a city or while serving the engines of war.]
[Footnote 12: «tormenta». The engines of war were chiefly the
catapult for shooting great arrows, and the ballista, for hurling
large stones. They had a range of about two thousand feet and were
very effective.]
[Footnote 13: The «agger», or mound, was of chief importance in a
siege. It was begun just out of reach of the missiles of the enemy,
and then gradually extended towards the point to be attacked. At the
same time its height gradually increased until on a level with the
top of the wall, or even higher. It was made of earth and timber,
and had covered galleries running through it for the use of the
besiegers. Over or beside the _agger_ a tower was moved up to the
wall, often with a battering-ram (_aries_) in the lowest story. (See
picture, p. 221.)]
[Footnote 14: «perfrēgērunt», from «perfringō».]
[Illustration: BALLISTA]
[Illustration: TURRES, ARIETES, VINEA]
LXXIV. THE CITY IS TAKEN · THE CAPTIVES ARE QUESTIONED
Omnibus rēbus necessāriīs ad oppugnandum ā Pūbliō comparātīs,
dēlīberātur in conciliō quod cōnsilium [1]oppidī expugnandī ineant.[2]
Tum ūnus[3] ex centuriōnibus, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, “Ego
suādeō,” inquit, “ut ab eā parte, ubi aditus sit[5] facillimus, aggerem
exstruāmus[4] et turrim prōmoveāmus[6] atque ariete admōtō simul mūrum
discutere cōnēmur.[5]” [6]Hoc cōnsilium cum omnibus placēret, Caesar
concilium dīmīsit. Deinde mīlitēs hortātus ut priōrēs victōriās
memoriā[7] tenērent, iussit aggerem exstruī, turrim et arietem admovērī.
Neque oppidānīs[8] cōnsilium dēfuit. Aliī ignem et omne genus tēlōrum dē
mūrō in turrim coniēcērunt, aliī ingentia saxa in vīneās et arietem
dēvolvērunt. Diū utrimque ācerrimē pugnātum est. Nē vulnerātī quidem
pedem rettulērunt. Tandem, [9]dē tertiā vigiliā, Pūblius, quem Caesar
illī operī[10] praefēcerat, nūntiāvit partem[11] mūrī ictibus arietis
labefactam concidisse. Quā rē audītā Caesar signum dat; mīlitēs inruunt
et magnā cum caede hostium oppidum capiunt.
Postrīdiē eius diēī, hōc oppidō expugnātō, [12]captīvōrum quī
nōbilissimī sunt ad imperātōrem ante praetōrium[13] addūcuntur. Ipse,
lōrīcā aurātā et paludāmentō purpureō īnsignis, captīvōs per interpretem
in hunc modum interrogat:[14] Vōs quī estis[15]?
INTERPRES. Rogat imperātor quī sītis.
CAPTĪVĪ. Fīliī rēgis sumus.
INTERPRES. Dīcunt sē fīliōs esse rēgis.
IMPERĀTOR. Cūr mihi tantās iniūriās intulistis?
INTERPRES. Rogat cūr sibi tantās iniūriās intuleritis.
CAPTĪVĪ. Iniūriās eī nōn intulimus sed prō patriā bellum gessimus.
Semper voluimus Rōmānīs esse amīcī, sed Rōmānī sine causā nōs domō
patriāque expellere cōnātī sunt.
INTERPRES. [16]Negant sē iniūriās tibi intulisse, sed prō patriā bellum
gessisse. [17]Semper sē voluisse amīcōs Rōmānīs esse, sed Rōmānōs sine
causā sē domō patriāque expellere cōnātōs esse.
IMPERĀTOR. [18]Manēbitisne in reliquum tempus in fidē, hāc rebelliōne
condōnātā?
Tum vērō captīvī multīs cum lacrimīs iūrāvērunt sē in fidē mānsūrōs
esse, et Caesar eōs incolumīs domum dīmīsit.
[Footnote 1: «oppidī expugnandī». Is this a gerund or a gerundive
construction? Cf. §501.37.]
[Footnote 2: «ineant». §501.50.]
[Footnote 3: «ūnus». subj. of «inquit».]
[Footnote 4: «sit». This is a so-called subjunctive by attraction,
which means that the clause beginning with «ubi» stands in such
close connection with the subjv. clause beginning with «ut», that
its verb is attracted into the same mood.]
[Footnote 5: All these verbs are in the same construction.]
[Footnote 6: «Hoc cōnsilium», subj. of «placēret». For the order
cf. «Haec cum», etc., p. 215, l. 22, and note; «Id imperātor cum»,
p. 217, l. 8.]
[Footnote 7: «memoriā», abl. of means.]
[Footnote 8: «oppidānīs», §501.15.]
[Footnote 9: Between twelve and three o’clock in the morning. The
night was divided into four watches.]
[Footnote 10: «operī», §501.15.]
[Footnote 11: «partem», subj. acc. of «concidisse».]
[Footnote 12: «captīvōrum ... sunt», _the noblest of the captives_.]
[Footnote 13: The general’s headquarters.]
[Footnote 14: Study carefully these direct questions, indirect
questions, and indirect statements.]
[Footnote 15: See Plate III, p. 148.]
[Footnote 16: «Negant», etc., _they say that they have not_, etc.
«Negant» is equivalent to «dīcunt nōn», and the negative modifies
«intulisse», but not the remainder of the indirect statement.]
[Footnote 17: «Semper», etc., _that they have always_, etc.]
[Footnote 18: «Manēbitisne in fidē», _will you remain loyal?_]
LXXV. CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY
THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA
Nē cōnfectō[1] quidem bellō Gallicō, [2]bellum cīvīle inter Caesarem et
Pompēium exortum est. Nam Pompēius, quī summum imperium petēbat, senātuī
persuāserat ut Caesarem reī pūblicae hostem[3] iūdicāret et exercitum
eius dīmittī iubēret. Quibus cognitīs rēbus Caesar exercitum suum
dīmittere recūsāvit, atque, hortātus mīlitēs ut ducem totiēns victōrem
ab inimīcōrum iniūriīs dēfenderent, imperāvit ut sē Rōmam sequerentur.
Summā cum alacritāte mīlitēs pāruērunt, et trānsitō Rubicōne[4] initium
bellī cīvīlis factum est.
Italiae urbēs quidem omnēs ferē [5]rēbus Caesaris favēbant et eum
benignē excēpērunt. Quā rē commōtus Pompēius ante Caesaris adventum Rōmā
excessit et Brundisium[6] pervēnit, inde [7]paucīs post diēbus cum
omnibus cōpiīs ad Ēpīrum mare trānsiit. Eum Caesar cum septem legiōnibus
et quīngentīs equitibus secūtus est, et īnsignis inter Caesaris
comitātum erat Pūblius.
Plūribus leviōribus proeliīs factīs, tandem cōpiae adversae ad
Pharsālum[8] in Thessaliā sitam castra posuērunt. Cum Pompeī exercitus
esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multī quī veterānās
legiōnēs quae Gallōs et Germānōs superāverant vehementer timēbant.
Quōs[9] [10]ante proelium commissum Labiēnus[11] lēgātus, quī ab Caesare
nūper dēfēcerat, ita adlocūtus est: “[12]Nōlīte exīstimāre hunc esse
exercitum veterānōrum mīlitum. Omnibus interfuī proeliīs[13] neque
temerē incognitam rem prōnūntiō. Perexigua pars illīus exercitūs quī
Gallōs superāvit adhūc superest. Magna pars occīsa est, multī domum
discessērunt, multī sunt relictī in Italiā. Hae cōpiae quās vidētis in
[14]citeriōre Galliā nūper cōnscrīptae sunt.” Haec[15] cum dīxisset,
iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum esse. [16]Hoc idem
Pompēius et omnēs reliquī iūrāvērunt, et magnā spē et laetitiā, sīcut
certam ad victōriam, cōpiae ē castrīs exiērunt.
Item Caesar, animō[17] ad dīmicandum parātus, exercitum suum ēdūxit et
septem cohortibus [18]praesidiō castrīs relictīs cōpiās triplicī aciē
īnstrūxit. Tum, mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus, tubā signum dedit.
Mīlitēs prōcurrērunt et pīlīs missīs gladiōs strīnxērunt. Neque vērō
virtūs hostibus dēfuit. Nam et tēla missa sustinuērunt et impetum
gladiōrum excēpērunt et ōrdinēs cōnservāvērunt. Utrimque diū et ācriter
pugnātum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equitēs Pompēī aciem
Caesaris circumīre cōnātī sunt. Quod[19] ubi Caesar animadvertit,
tertiam aciem,[20] quae ad id tempus quiēta fuerat, prōcurrere iussit.
Tum vērō integrōrum impetum[21] dēfessī hostēs sustinēre nōn potuērunt
et omnēs terga vertērunt. Sed Pompēius dē fortūnīs suīs dēspērāns sē in
castra equō contulit, inde mox cum paucīs equitibus effūgit.
[Footnote 1: With «nē ... quidem» the emphatic word stands between
the two.]
[Footnote 2: The Civil War was caused by the jealousy and rivalry
between Cæsar and Pompey. It resulted in the defeat and subsequent
death of Pompey and the elevation of Cæsar to the lordship of the
Roman world.]
[Footnote 3: «hostem», predicate accusative, §501.22.]
[Footnote 4: The Rubicon was a small stream in northern Italy that
marked the boundary of Cæsar’s province. By crossing it with an
armed force Cæsar declared war upon Pompey and the existing
government. Cæsar crossed the Rubicon early in the year 49 B.C.]
[Footnote 5: «rēbus Caesaris favēbant», _favored Cæsar’s side_. In
what case is «rēbus»?]
[Footnote 6: «Brundisium», a famous port in southern Italy whence
ships sailed for Greece and the East. See map.]
[Footnote 7: «paucīs post diēbus», _a few days later_; literally,
_afterguards by a few days_. Cf. «paucīs ante annīs», p. 213, l. 12,
and note.]
[Footnote 8: The battle of Pharsalia was fought on August 9, 48 B.C.
In importance it ranks as one of the great battles of the world.]
[Footnote 9: «Quōs», obj. of «adlocūtus est».]
[Footnote 10: «ante proelium commissum», _before the beginning of
the battle_.]
[Footnote 11: «Labiēnus», Cæsar’s most faithful and skillful
lieutenant in the Gallic War. On the outbreak of the Civil War, in
49 B.C., he deserted Cæsar and joined Pompey. His defection caused
the greatest joy among the Pompeian party; but he disappointed the
expectations of his new friends, and never accomplished anything of
importance. He fought against his old commander in several battles
and was slain at the battle of Munda in Spain, 45 B.C.]
[Footnote 12: «Nōlīte exīstimāre», _don´t think_.]
[Footnote 13: «proeliīs», §501.15.]
[Footnote 14: «citeriōre Galliā». This name is applied to Cisalpine
Gaul, or Gaul south of the Alps.]
[Footnote 15: «Haec», obj. of «dīxisset».]
[Footnote 16: «Hoc idem», obj. of «iūrāvērunt».]
[Footnote 17: «animō», §501.30.]
[Footnote 18: «praesidiō castrīs», §501.17.]
[Footnote 19: «Quod», obj. of «animadvertit».]
[Footnote 20: «aciem», subj. of «prōcurrere».]
[Footnote 21: «impetum», obj. of «sustinēre».]
[Illustration: SIGNIFER]
LXXVI. THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR
Pompēiō amīcīsque eius superātīs atque omnibus hostibus ubīque victīs,
Caesar imperātor Rōmam rediit et [1]extrā moenia urbis in campō Mārtiō
castra posuit. Tum vērō amplissimīs honōribus adfectus est. Dictātor
creātus est, et eī triumphus ā senātū est dēcrētus. [2]Quō diē de Gallīs
triumphum ēgit, tanta multitūdō hominum in urbem undique cōnflūxit [3]ut
omnia loca essent cōnferta. Templa patēbant, ārae fūmābant, columnae
sertīs ōrnātae erant. [4]Cum vērō pompa urbem intrāret, quantus hominum
fremitus ortus est! Prīmum per portam ingressī sunt senātus et
magistrātūs. Secūtī sunt tībīcinēs, signiferī, peditēs laureā corōnātī
canentēs: “Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, quī subēgit Galliam,” et “Mīlle,
mīlle, mīlle, mīlle Gallōs trucīdāvimus.” Multī praedam captārum urbium
portābant, arma, omnia bellī īnstrūmenta. Secūtī sunt equitēs, animōsīs
atque splendidissimē ōrnātīs equīs vectī, inter quōs Pūblius adulēscēns
fortissimus habēbātur. Addūcēbantur taurī, arietēs, [5]quī dīs
immortālibus immolārentur. Ita longō agmine prōgrediēns exercitus
[6]sacrā viā per forum in Capitōlium perrēxit.
Imperātor ipse cum urbem intrāret, undique laetō clāmōre multitūdinis
salūtātus est. Stābat in currū aureō quem quattuor albī equī vehēbant.
Indūtus [7]togā pictā, alterā manū habēnās et lauream tenēbat, alterā
eburneum scēptrum. Post eum servus in currū stāns auream corōnam super
caput eius tenēbat. Ante currum miserrimī captīvī, rēgēs prīncipēsque
superātārum gentium, catēnīs vīnctī, prōgrediēbantur; et vīgintī
quattuor līctōrēs[8] laureatās fascīs ferentēs et signiferī currum
Caesaris comitābantur. Conclūdit agmen multitūdō captīvōrum, quī, in
servitūtem redāctī,[9] dēmissō vultū, vīnctīs[10] bracchiīs, sequuntur;
quibuscum veniunt longissimō ōrdine mīlitēs, etiam hī praedam vel
insignia mīlitāria ferentēs.
[Illustration: LICTORES CUM FASCIBUS]
Caesar cum Capitōlium ascendisset, in templō Iovī Capitōlīnō sacra
fēcit. Simul[11] captivōrum quī nōbilissimī erant, abductī in
carcerem,[12] interfectī sunt. Sacrīs factīs Caesar dē Capitōliō
dēscendit et in forō mīitibus suīs honōrēs mīlitārīs dedit eīsque
pecūniam ex bellī praedā distribuit.
Hīs omnibus rēbus cōnfectīs, Pūblius Caesarem valēre[13] iussit et quam
celerrimē ad vīllam contendit ut patrem mātremque salūtāret.
[14]Dē rēbus gestīs P. Cornēlī Lentulī hāctenus.
[Footnote 1: A victorious general with his army was not allowed to
enter the city until the day of his triumph. A triumph was the
greatest of all military honors.]
[Footnote 2: «Quō diē», _on the day that_, abl. of time.]
[Footnote 3: «ut ... essent», §501.43.]
[Footnote 4: «Cum ... intrāret», §501.46.]
[Footnote 5: «quī ... immolārentur», §501.40.]
[Footnote 6: The Sacred Way was a noted street running along one
side of the Forum to the base of the Capitoline Hill, on whose
summit stood the magnificent temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. This
route was always followed by triumphal processions.]
[Footnote 7: The «toga picta» worn by a general in his triumph was a
splendid robe of Tyrian purple covered with golden stars. See Plate
IV, p. 213.]
[Footnote 8: The lictors were a guard of honor that attended the
higher magistrates and made a way for them through the streets. On
their shoulders they carried the _fasces_, a bundle of rods with an
ax in the middle, symbolizing the power of the law.]
[Footnote 9: «dēmissō vultū», _with downcast countenance_.]
[Footnote 10: «vīnctīs», from «vinciō».]
[Footnote 11: «Simul», etc., _At the same time those of the captives
who were the noblest._]
[Footnote 12: The prison was a gloomy dungeon on the lower slopes of
the Capitoline Hill.]
[Footnote 13: «valēre iussit», _bade farewell to_.]
[Footnote 14: This sentence marks the end of the story.]
APPENDIX I
DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC.
NOUNS
«460.» Nouns are inflected in five declensions, distinguished by the
final letter of the stem and by the termination of the genitive
singular.
FIRST DECLENSION--«Ā-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-ae»
SECOND DECLENSION--«O-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-ī»
THIRD DECLENSION--Consonant stems and «I-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-is»
FOURTH DECLENSION--«U-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-ūs»
FIFTH DECLENSION--«Ē-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-ē̆ī»
«461.» FIRST DECLENSION. _Ā_-STEMS
«domina», _lady_ STEM «dominā-» BASE «domin-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ domina -a dominae -ae
_Gen._ dominae -ae dominārum -ārum
_Dat._ dominae -ae dominīs -īs
_Acc._ dominam -am dominās -ās
_Abl._ dominā -ā dominīs -īs
_a._ «Dea» and «fīlia» have the termination «-ābus» in the dative
and ablative plural.
«462.» SECOND DECLENSION. _O_-STEMS
_a._ MASCULINES IN -us
«dominus», _master_ STEM «domino-» BASE «domin-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ dominus -us dominī -ī
_Gen._ dominī -ī dominōrum -ōrum
_Dat._ dominō -ō dominīs -īs
_Acc._ dominum -um dominōs -ōs
_Abl._ dominō -ō dominīs -īs
1. Nouns in «-us» of the second declension have the termination «-e»
in the vocative singular, as «domine».
2. Proper names in «-ius», and «filius», end in «-ī» in the vocative
singular, and the accent rests on the penult, as «Vergi´lī, fīlī».
_b._ NEUTERS IN -um
«pīlum», _spear_ STEM «pīlo-» BASE «pīl-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ pīlum -um pīla -a
_Gen._ pīlī -ī pīlōrum -ōrum
_Dat._ pīlō -ō pīlīs -īs
_Acc._ pīlum -um pīla -a
_Abl._ pīlō -ō pīlīs -īs
1. Masculines in «-ius» and neuters in «-ium» end in «-ī» in the
genitive singular, _not_ in «-iī», and the accent rests on the penult.
_c._ MASCULINES IN -er AND -ir
«puer», _boy_ «ager», _field_ «vir», _man_
STEMS «puero-» «agro-» «viro-»
BASES «puer-» «agr-» «vir-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ puer ager vir --
_Gen._ puerī agrī virī -ī
_Dat._ puerō agrō virō -ō
_Acc._ puerum agrum virum -um
_Abl._ puerō agrō virō -ō
PLURAL
_Nom._ puerī agrī virī -ī
_Gen._ puerōrum agrōrum virōrum -ōrum
_Dat._ puerīs agrīs virīs -īs
_Acc._ puerōs agrōs virōs -ōs
_Abl._ puerīs agrīs virīs -īs
«463.» THIRD DECLENSION.
CLASSIFICATION
I. Consonant Stems
1. Stems that add «-s» to the base to form the nominative
singular: masculines and feminines only.
2. Stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular:
_a._ masculines and feminines; _b._ neuters.
II. _I_-Stems.
Masculines, feminines, and neuters.
«464.» I. CONSONANT STEMS
1. _Nouns that add «-s» to the base to form the nominative singular:
masculines and feminines only_
«prīnceps», «mīles», m., «lapis», m.,
m., _chief_ _soldier_ _stone_
BASES |
OR | «prīncip-» «mīlit-» «lapid-»
STEMS |
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ prīnceps mīles lapis -s
_Gen._ prīncipis mīlitis lapidis -is
_Dat._ prīncipī mīlitī lapidī -ī
_Acc._ prīncipem mīlitem lapidem -em
_Abl._ prīncipe mīlite lapide -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ prīncipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs
_Gen._ prīncipum mīlitum lapidum -um
_Dat._ prīncipibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus
_Acc._ prīncipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs
_Abl._ prīncipibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus
«rēx», m., «iūdex», m., «virtūs», f.,
_king_ _judge_ _virtue_
BASES |
OR | «rēg-» «iūdic-» «virtūt-»
STEMS |
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ rēx iūdex virtūs -s
_Gen._ rēgis iūdicis virtūtis -is
_Dat._ rēgī iūdicī virtūtī -ī
_Acc._ rēgem iūdicem virtūtem -em
_Abl._ rēge iūdice virtūte -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ rēgēs iūdicēs virtūtēs -ēs
_Gen._ rēgum iūdicum virtūtum -um
_Dat._ rēgibus iūdicibus virtūtibus -ibus
_Acc._ rēgēs iūdicēs virtūtēs -es
_Abl._ rēgibus iūdicibus virtūtibus -ibus
NOTE. For consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. §233.3.
2. _Nouns that have no termination in the nominative singular_
_a._ MASCULINES AND FEMININES
«cōnsul», m., «legiō», f., «ōrdō», «pater», m.,
_consul_ _legion_ m., _row_ _father_
BASES |
OR | «consul-» «legiōn-» «ōrdin-» «patr-»
STEMS |
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ cōnsul legiō ōrdō pater --
_Gen._ cōnsulis legiōnis ōrdinis patris -is
_Dat._ cōnsulī legiōnī ōrdinī patrī -ī
_Acc._ cōnsulem legiōnem ōrdinem patrem -em
_Abl._ cōnsule legiōne ōrdine patre -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs
_Gen._ cōnsulum legiōnum ōrdinum patrum -um
_Dat._ cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus
_Acc._ cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs
_Abl._ cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus
NOTE. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf.
§236.1-3.
_b._ NEUTERS
«flūmen», «tempus», «opus», «caput»,
n., _river_ n., _time_ n., _work_ n., _head_
BASES |
OR | «flūmin-» «tempor-» «oper-» «capit-»
STEMS |
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ flūmen tempus opus caput --
_Gen._ flūminis temporis operis capitis -is
_Dat._ flūminī temporī operī capitī -ī
_Acc._ flūmen tempus opus caput --
_Abl._ flūmine tempore opere capite -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ flūmina tempora opera capita -a
_Gen._ flūminum temporum operum capitum -um
_Dat._ flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
_Acc._ flūmina tempora opera capita -a
_Abl._ flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
NOTE. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf.
§238.2, 3.
«465.» II. _I_-STEMS
_a._ MASCULINES AND FEMININES
«caedēs», f., «hostis», «urbs», f., «cliēns», m.,
_slaughter_ m., _enemy_ _city_ _retainer_
STEMS «caedi-» «hosti-» «urbi-» «clienti-»
BASES «caed-» «host-» «urb-» «client-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ caedēs hostis urbs cliēns -s, -is,
_or_ -ēs
_Gen._ caedis hostis urbis clientis -is
_Dat._ caedī hostī urbī clientī -ī
_Acc._ caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im)
_Abl._ caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-ī)
PLURAL
_Nom._ caedēs hostēs urbēs clientēs -ēs
_Gen._ caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium
_Dat._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
_Acc._ caedīs, -ēs hostīs, -ēs urbīs, -ēs clientīs, -ēs -īs, -ēs
_Abl._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
1. «Avis», «cīvis», «fīnis», «ignis», «nāvis», have the abl. sing. in
«-ī» or «-e».
2. «Turris» has accusative «turrim» and ablative «turrī» or «turre».
_b._ NEUTERS
«īnsigne», n., «animal», n., «calcar»,
_decoration_ _animal_ n., _spur_
STEMS «īnsigni-» «animāli-» «calcāri-»
BASES «īnsign-» «animāl-» «calcār-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ īnsigne animal calcar -e _or_ --
_Gen._ īnsignis animālis calcāris -is
_Dat._ īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī
_Acc._ īnsigne animal calcar -e _or_ --
_Abl._ īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī
PLURAL
_Nom._ īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia
_Gen._ īnsignium animālium calcārium -ium
_Dat._ īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus
_Acc._ īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia
_Abl._ īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus
«466.» THE FOURTH DECLENSION. _U_-STEMS
«adventus», m., «cornū», n., _horn_
_arrival_
STEMS «adventu-» «cornu-»
BASES «advent-» «corn-»
TERMINATIONS
SINGULAR MASC. NEUT.
_Nom._ adventus cornū -us -ū
_Gen._ adventūs cornūs -ūs -ūs
_Dat._ adventuī (ū) cornū -uī (ū) -ū
_Acc._ adventum cornū -um -ū
_Abl._ adventū cornū -ū -ū
PLURAL
_Nom._ adventūs cornua -ūs -ua
_Gen._ adventuum cornuum -uum -uum
_Dat._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
_Acc._ adventūs cornua -ūs -ua
_Abl._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
«467.» THE FIFTH DECLENSION. _Ē_-STEMS
«diēs», m., _day_ «rēs», f., _thing_
STEMS «diē-» «rē-»
BASES «di-» «r-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ diēs rēs -ēs
_Gen._ diēī reī -ē̆ī
_Dat._ diēī reī -ē̆ī
_Acc._ diem rem -em
_Abl._ diē rē -ē
PLURAL
_Nom._ diēs rēs -ēs
_Gen._ diērum rērum -ērum
_Dat._ diēbus rēbus -ēbus
_Acc._ diēs rēs -ēs
_Abl._ diēbus rēbus -ēbus
«468.» SPECIAL PARADIGMS
«deus», «domus», f., «vīs», f., «iter»,
m., _god_ _house_ _strength_ n., _way_
STEMS «deo-» «domu-» «vī-» and «iter-» and
«vīri-» «itiner-»
BASES «de-» «dom-» «v-» and «iter-» and
«vīr-» «itiner-»
SINGULAR
_Nom._ deus domus vīs iter
_Gen._ deī domūs vīs (rare) itineris
_Dat._ deō domuī, -ō vī (rare) itinerī
_Acc._ deum domum vim iter
_Abl._ deō domō, -ū vī itinere
PLURAL
_Nom._ deī, dī domūs vīrēs itinera
_Gen._ deōrum, deum domuum, -ōrum vīrium itinerum
_Dat._ deīs, dīs domibus vīribus itineribus
_Acc._ deōs domōs, -ūs vīrīs, -ēs itinera
_Abl._ deīs, dīs domibus vīribus itineribus
_a._ The vocative singular of «deus» is like the nominative.
_b._ The locative of «domus» is «domī».
ADJECTIVES
«469.» FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. _O_- AND _Ā_-STEMS
_a._ ADJECTIVES IN -us
«bonus», _good_
STEMS «bono-» m. and n., «bona-» f.
BASE «bon-»
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ bonus bona bonum
_Gen._ bonī bonae bonī
_Dat._ bonō bonae bonō
_Acc._ bonum bonam bonum
_Abl._ bonō bonā bonō
PLURAL
_Nom._ bonī bonae bona
_Gen._ bonōrum bonārum bonōrum
_Dat._ bonīs bonīs bonīs
_Acc._ bonōs bonās bona
_Abl._ bonīs bonīs bonīs
_b._ ADJECTIVES IN «-er»
«līber», _free_
STEMS «lībero-» m. and n., «līberā-» f.
BASE «līber-»
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ līber lībera līberum
_Gen._ līberī līberae līberī
_Dat._ līberō līberae līberō
_Acc._ līberum līberam līberum
_Abl._ līberō līberā līberō
PLURAL
_Nom._ līberī līberae lībera
_Gen._ līberōrum līberārum līberōrum
_Dat._ līberīs līberīs līberīs
_Acc._ līberōs līberās lībera
_Abl._ līberīs līberīs līberīs
«pulcher», _pretty_
STEMS «pulchro-» m. and n., «pulchrā-» f.
BASE «pulchr-»
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ pulcher pulchra pulchrum
_Gen._ pulchrī pulchrae pulchrī
_Dat._ pulchrō pulchrae pulchrō
_Acc._ pulchrum pulchram pulchrum
_Abl._ pulchrō pulchrā pulchrō
PLURAL
_Nom._ pulchrī pulchrae pulchra
_Gen._ pulchrōrum pulchrārum pulchrōrum
_Dat._ pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs
_Acc._ pulchrōs pulchrās pulchra
_Abl._ pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs
«470.» THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
«alius», _another_
STEMS «alio-» m. and n., «aliā-» f.
BASE «ali-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ alius alia aliud aliī aliae alia
_Gen._ alīus alīus alīus aliōrum aliārum aliōrum
_Dat._ aliī aliī aliī aliīs aliīs aliīs
_Acc._ alium aliam aliud aliōs aliās alia
_Abl._ aliō aliā aliō aliīs aliīs aliīs
«ūnus», _one, only_
STEMS «ūno-» m. and n., «ūnā-» f.
BASE «ūn-»
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ ūnus ūna ūnum ūnī ūnae ūna
_Gen._ ūnīus ūnīus ūnīus ūnōrum ūnārum ūnōrum
_Dat._ ūnī ūnī ūnī ūnīs ūnīs ūnīs
_Acc._ ūnum ūnam ūnum ūnōs ūnās ūna
_Abl._ ūnō ūnā ūnō ūnīs ūnīs ūnīs
_a._ For the complete list see §108.
«471.» ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. _I_-STEMS
I. THREE ENDINGS
«ācer, ācris, ācre», _keen, eager_
STEM «ācri-» BASE «ācr-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ ācer ācris ācre ācrēs ācrēs ācria
_Gen._ ācris ācris ācris ācrium ācrium ācrium
_Dat._ ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus
_Acc._ ācrem ācrem ācre ācrīs, -ēs ācrīs, -ēs ācria
_Abl._ ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus
II. TWO ENDINGS
«omnis, omne», _every, all_
STEM «omni-» BASE «omn-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ omnis omne omnēs omnia
_Gen._ omnis omnis omnium omnium
_Dat._ omnī omnī omnibus omnibus
_Acc._ omnem omne omnīs, -ēs omnia
_Abl._ omnī omnī omnibus omnibus
III. ONE ENDING
«pār», _equal_
STEM «pari-» BASE «par-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ pār pār parēs paria
_Gen._ paris paris parium parium
_Dat._ parī parī paribus paribus
_Acc._ parem pār parīs, -ēs paria
_Abl._ parī parī paribus paribus
1. Observe that all i-stem adjectives have «-ī» in the ablative
singular.
[Transcriber’s Note:
This sentence appears to be a footnote, but there is no footnote tag
on the page.]
«472.» PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES
«amāns», _loving_
STEM «amanti-» BASE «amant-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ amāns amāns amantēs amantia
_Gen._ amantis amantis amantium amantium
_Dat._ amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
_Acc._ amantem amāns amantīs, -ēs amantia
_Abl._ amante, -ī amante, -ī amantibus amantibus
«iēns», _going_
STEM «ienti-, eunti-» BASE «ient-, eunt-»
_Nom._ iēns iēns euntēs euntia
_Gen._ euntis euntis euntium euntium
_Dat._ euntī euntī euntibus euntibus
_Acc._ euntem iēns euntīs, -ēs euntia
_Abl._ eunte, -ī eunte, -ī euntibus euntibus
«473.» REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
MASC. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
altus (alto-) altior altius altissimus -a -um
līber (lībero-) līberior līberius līberrimus -a -um
pulcher (pulchro-) pulchrior pulchrius pulcherrimus -a -um
audāx (audāci-) audācior audācius audācissimus -a -um
brevis (brevi-) brevior brevius brevissimus -a -um
ācer (ācri-) ācrior ācrius ācerrimus -a -um
«474.» DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES
«altior», _higher_
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ altior altius altiōrēs altiōra
_Gen._ altiōris altiōris altiōrum altiōrum
_Dat._ altiōrī altiōrī altiōribus altiōribus
_Acc._ altiōrem altius altiōrēs altiōra
_Abl._ altiōre altiōre altiōribus altiōribus
«plūs», _more_
_Nom._ ---- plūs plūrēs plūra
_Gen._ ---- plūris plūrium plūrium
_Dat._ ---- ---- plūribus plūribus
_Acc._ ---- plūs plūrīs (-ēs) plūra
_Abl._ ---- plūre plūribus plūribus
«475.» IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
bonus, -a, -um, melior, melius, optimus, -a, -um,
_good_ _better_ _best_
malus, -a, -um, peior, peius, pessimus, -a, -um,
_bad_ _worse_ _worst_
magnus, -a, -um, maior, maius, maximus, -a, -um,
_great_ _greater_ _greatest_
multus, -a, -um, ----, plūs, _more_ plūrimus, -a, -um,
_much_ _most_
parvus, -a, -um, minor, minus, minimus, -a, -um,_
_small_ _smaller_ _smallest
senex, senis, senior maximus nātū
_old_
iuvenis, -e, iūnior minimus nātū
_young_
vetus, veteris, vetustior, -ius veterrimus, -a, -um
_old_
facilis, -e, facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um
_easy_
difficilis, -e, difficilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um
_difficult_
similis, -e, similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um
_similar_
dissimilis, -e, dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um
_dissimilar_
humilis, -e, _low_ humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um
gracilis, -e, gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um
_slender_
exterus, _outward_ exterior, extrēmus, extimus,
_outer, exterior_ _outermost, last_
īnferus, _below_ īnferior, _lower_ īnfimus, īmus, _lowest_
posterus, posterior, _later_ postrēmus, postumus,
_following_ _last_
superus, _above_ superior, suprēmus, summus,
_higher_ _highest_
[[cis, citrā,]] citerior, _hither_ citimus, _hithermost_
[[_on this side_]]
[[in, intrā,]] interior, _inner_ intimus, _inmost_
[[_in, within_]]
[[prae, prō,]] prior, _former_ prīmus, _first_
[[_before_]]
[[prope, _near_]] propior, _nearer_ proximus, _next_
[[ultrā, _beyond_]] ulterior, _further_ ultimus, _furthest_
«476.» REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
cārē (cārus), _dearly_ cārius cārissimē
miserē (miser), _wretchedly_ miserius miserrimē
ācriter (ācer), _sharply_ ācrius ācerrimē
facile (facilis), _easily_ facilius facillimē
«477.» IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
diū, _long, a long time_ diūtius diūtissimē
bene (bonus), _well_ melius, _better_ optimē, _best_
male (malus), _ill_ peius, _worse_ pessimē, _worst_
magnopere, _greatly_ magis, _more_ maximē, _most_
multum (multus), _much_ plūs, _more_ plūrimum, _most_
parum, _little_ minus, _less_ minimē, _least_
saepe, _often_ saepīus saepissimē
«478.» NUMERALS
The cardinal numerals are indeclinable excepting «ūnus», «duo», «trēs»,
the hundreds above one hundred, and «mīlle» used as a noun. The ordinals
are declined like «bonus, -a, -um».
CARDINALS ORDINALS
(_How many_) (_In what order_)
1, ūnus, -a, -um, _one_ prīmus, -a, -um _first_
2, duo, duae, duo _two_ secundus (_or_ alter) _second_
3, trēs, tria _three_, tertius _third_,
4, quattuor etc. quārtus etc.
5, quīnque quīntus
6, sex sextus
7, septem septimus
8, octō octāvus
9, novem nōnus
10, decem decimus
11, ūndecim ūndecimus
12, duodecim duodecimus
13, tredecim (decem (et) trēs) tertius decimus
14, quattuordecim quārtus decimus
15, quīndecim quīntus decimus
16, sēdecim sextus decimus
17, septendecim septimus decimus
18, duodēvīgintī (octōdecim) duodēvīcēnsimus
19, ūndēvīgintī (novendecim) ūndēvīcēnsimus
20, vīgintī vīcēnsimus
21, {vīgintī ūnus _or_ {vīcēnsimus prīmus _or_
{ūnus et vīgintī, etc. {ūnus et vīcēnsimus, etc.
30, trīgintā trīcēnsimus
40, quadrāgintā quadrāgēnsimus
50, quīnquāgintā quīnquāgēnsimus
60, sexāgintā sexāgēnsimus
70, septuāgintā septuāgēnsimus
80, octōgintā octōgēnsimus
90, nōnāgintā nōnāgēnsimus
100, centum centēnsimus
101, centum (et) ūnus, etc. centēnsimus (et) prīmus, etc.
120, centum (et) vīgintī centēnsimus vīcēnsimus
121, centum (et) vīgintī ūnus, centēnsimus (et) vīcēnsimus prīmus,
etc. etc.
200, ducentī, -ae, -a ducentēnsimus
300, trecentī trecentēnsimus
400, quadringentī quadringentēnsimus
500, quīngentī quīngentēnsimus
600, sescentī sescentēnsimus
700, septingentī septingentēnsimus
800, octingentī octingentēnsimus
900, nōngentī nōngentēnsimus
1000, mīlle mīllēnsimus
«479.» Declension of «duo», _two_, «trēs», _three_, and «mīlle»,
_a thousand_.
MASC. FEM. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT. SING. PLUR.
_N._ duo duae duo trēs trīa mīlle mīlia
_G._ duōrum duārum duōrum trium trium mīlle mīlium
_D._ duōbus duābus duōbus tribus tribus mīlle mīlibus
_A._ duōs duās duo trīs tria mīlle mīlia
_or_ duo duās duo _or_ trēs tria
_A._ duōbus duābus duōbus tribus tribus mīlle mīlibus
NOTE. «Mīlle» is used in the plural as a noun with a modifying genitive,
and is occasionally so used in the nominative and accusative singular.
For the declension of «ūnus» cf. §470.
PRONOUNS
«480.» PERSONAL
ego, _I_ tū, _you_ suī, _of himself,_
_etc._
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR.
_Nom._ ego nōs tū vōs ---- ----
_Gen._ meī nostrum, -trī tuī vestrum, -trī suī suī
_Dat._ mihi nōbīs tibi vōbīs sibi sibi
_Acc._ mē nōs tē vōs sē, sēsē sē, sēsē
_Abl._ mē nōbīs tē vōbīs sē, sēsē sē, sēsē
Note that «suī» is always reflexive.
«481.» DEMONSTRATIVE
Demonstratives belong to the first and second declensions, but have the
pronominal endings «-ī̆us» and «-ī» in the gen. and dat. sing.
«ipse», _self_
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ ipse ipsa ipsum ipsī ipsae ipsa
_Gen._ ipsī´us ipsī´us ipsī´us ipsōrum ipsārum ipsōrum
_Dat._ ipsī ipsī ipsī ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs
_Acc._ ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsōs ipsās ipsa
_Abl._ ipsō ipsā ipsō ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs
«hic», _this_ (here), _he_
_Nom._ hic haec hoc hī hae haec
_Gen._ huius huius huius hōrum hārum hōrum
_Dat._ huic huic huic hīs hīs hīs
_Acc._ hunc hanc hoc hōs hās haec
_Abl._ hōc hāc hōc hīs hīs hīs
«iste», _this, that_ (of yours), _he_
_Nom._ iste ista istud istī istae ista
_Gen._ istī´us istī´us istī´us istōrum istārum istōrum
_Dat._ istī istī istī istīs istīs istīs
_Acc._ istum istam istud istōs istās ista
_Abl._ istō istā istō istīs istīs istīs
«ille», _that_ (yonder), _he_
_Nom._ ille illa illud illī illae illa
_Gen._ illī´us illī´us illī´us illōrum illārum illōrum
_Dat._ illī illī illī illīs illīs illīs
_Acc._ illum illam illud illōs illās illa
_Abl._ illō illā illō illīs illīs illīs
«is», _this, that, he_
_Nom._ is ea id iī, eī eae ea
_Gen._ eius eius eius eōrum eārum eōrum
_Dat._ eī eī eī iīs, eīs iīs, eīs iīs, eīs
_Acc._ eum eam id eōs eās ea
_Abl._ eō eā eō iīs, eīs iīs, eīs iīs, eīs
«īdem», _the same_
_Nom._ īdem e´adem idem iī´dem eae´dem e´adem
eī´dem
_Gen._ eius´dem eius´dem eius´dem eōrun´dem eārun´dem eōrun´dem
_Dat._ eī´dem eī´dem eī´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem
eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem
_Acc._ eun´dem ean´dem idem eōs´dem eās´dem e´adem
_Abl._ eō´dem eā´dem eō´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem
eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem
NOTE. In the plural of «is» and «īdem» the forms with two i’s are
preferred, the two i’s being pronounced as one.
«482.» RELATIVE
«quī», _who, which, that_
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quī quae quod quī quae quae
_Gen._ cuius cuius cuius quōrum quārum quōrum
_Dat._ cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
_Acc._ quem quam quod quōs quās quae
_Abl._ quō quā quō quibus quibus quibus
«483.» INTERROGATIVE
«quis», substantive, _who, what_
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. & FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quis quid qui quae quae
_Gen._ cuius cuius quōrum quārum quōrum
_Dat._ cui cui quibus quibus quibus
_Acc._ quem quid quōs quās quae
_Abl._ quō quō quibus quibus quibus
The interrogative adjective «quī, quae, quod», is declined like the
relative.
«484.» INDEFINITES
«quis» and «quī», as declined above,[1] are used also as indefinites
(_some, any_). The other indefinites are compounds of «quis» and «quī».
«quisque», _each_
SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE
MASC. & FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quisque quidque quisque quaeque quodque
_Gen._ cuius´que cuius´que cuius´que cuius´que cuius´que
_Dat._ cuique cuique cuique cuique cuique
_Acc._ quemque quidque quemque quamque quodque
_Abl._ quōque quōque quōque quāque quōque
[Footnote 1: «qua» is generally used instead of «quae» in the
feminine nominative singular and in the neuter nominative and
accusative plural.]
«485.» «quīdam», _a certain one, a certain_
Observe that in the neuter singular the adjective has «quoddam» and the
substantive «quiddam».
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quīdam quaedam quoddam, quiddam (_subst._)
_Gen._ cuius´dam cuius´dam cuius´dam
_Dat._ cuidam cuidam cuidam
_Acc._ quendam quandam quoddam, quiddam (_subst._)
_Abl._ quōdam quādam quōdam
PLURAL
_Nom._ quīdam quaedam quaedam
_Gen._ quōrun´dam quārun´dam quōrun´dam
_Dat._ quibus´dam quibus´dam quibus´dam
_Acc._ quōsdam quāsdam quaedam
_Abl._ quibus´dam quibus´dam quibus´dam
«486.» «quisquam», substantive, _any one_ (at all)
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quisquam quicquam (quidquam)
_Gen._ cuius´quam cuius´quam
_Dat._ cuiquam cuiquam
_Acc._ quemquam quicquam (quidquam)
_Abl._ quōquam quōquam
«487.» «aliquis», substantive, _some one_. «aliquī», adjective, _some_
SINGULAR
SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ aliquis aliquid aliquī aliqua aliquod
_Gen._ alicu´ius alicu´ius alicu´ius alicu´ius alicu´ius
_Dat._ alicui alicui alicui alicui alicui
_Acc._ aliquem aliquid aliquem aliquam aliquod
_Abl._ aliquō aliquō aliquō aliquā aliquō
PLURAL FOR BOTH SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ aliquī aliquae aliqua
_Gen._ aliquō´rum aliquā´rum aliquō´rum
_Dat._ ali´quibus ali´quibus ali´quibus
_Acc._ aliquōs aliquās aliqua
_Abl._ ali´quibus ali´quibus ali´quibus
_a._ «quis (quī)», _any one, any_, is the least definite (§297.b).
«aliquis (aliquī)», _some one, some_, is more definite than «quis».
«quisquam», _any one_ (at all), and its adjective «ūllus», _any_,
occur mostly with a negative, expressed or implied, and in clauses
of comparison.
REGULAR VERBS
«488.» FIRST CONJUGATION. _Ā_-VERBS. _AMŌ_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus»
PRES. STEM amā- PERF. STEM amāv- PART. STEM amāt-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
_I love, am loving,_ _I am loved_, etc.
_do love_, etc.
amō amāmus amor amāmur
amās amātis amāris, -re amāminī
amat amant amātur amantur
IMPERFECT
_I loved, was loving_, _I was loved_, etc.
_did love_, etc.
amābam amābāmus amābar amābāmur
amābās amābātis amābāris, -re amābāminī
amābat amābant amābātur amābantur
FUTURE
_I shall love_, etc. _I shall be loved_, etc.
amābō amābimus amābor amābimur
amābis amābitis amāberis, -re amābiminī
amābit amābunt amābitur amābuntur
PERFECT
_I have loved, loved,_ _I have been (was) loved_, etc.
_did love_, etc.
amāvi amāvimus amātus, {sum amātī, {sumus
amāvistī amāvistis -a, -um {es -ae, -a {estis
amāvit amāvērunt, -re {est {sunt
PLUPERFECT
_I had loved_, etc. _I had been loved_, etc.
amāveram amāverāmus amātus, {eram amātī, {erāmus
amāverās amāverātis -a, -um {erās -ae, -a {erātis
amāverat amāverant {erat {erant
FUTURE PERFECT
_I shall have loved_, etc. _I shall have been loved_, etc.
amāverō amāverimus amātus, {erō amātī, {erimus
amāveris amāveritis -a, -um {eris -ae, -a {eritis
amāverit amāverint {erit {erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
amem amēmus amer amēmur
amēs amētis amēris, -re amēminī
amet ament amētur amentur
IMPERFECT
amārem amāremus amārer amārēmur
amārēs amārētis amārēris, -re amārēminī
amāret amārent amārētur amārentur
PERFECT
amāverim amāverimus amātus, {sim amātī, {sīmus
amāveris amāveritis -a, -um {sīs -ae, -a {sītis
amāverit amāverint {sit {sint
PLUPERFECT
amāvissem amāvissēmus amātus, {essem amātī, {essēmus
amāvissēs amāvissētis -a, -um {essēs -ae, -a {essētis
amāvisset amāvissent {esset {essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
amā, _love thou_ amāre, _be thou loved_
amāte, _love ye_ amāminī, _be ye loved_
FUTURE
amātō, _thou shalt love_ amātor, _thou shalt be loved_
amātō, _he shall love_ amātor, _he shall be loved_
amātōte, _you shall love_ ----
amantō, _they shall love_ amantor, _they shall be loved_
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ amāre, _to love_ amārī, _to be loved_
_Perf._ amāvisse, amātus, -a, -um esse,
_to have loved_ _to have been loved_
_Fut._ amātūrus, -a, -um [[amātum īrī]], _to be about to be loved_
esse, _to be_
_about to love_
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ amāns, -antis, _Pres._ ----
_loving_
_Fut._ amātūrus, -a, -um, _Gerundive[1]_ amandus, -a, -um, _to be
_about to love_ loved_
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ amātus, -a, -um,
_having been loved, loved_
GERUND
_Nom._ ----
_Gen._ amandī, _of loving_
_Dat._ amandō, _for loving_
_Acc._ amandum, _loving_
_Abl._ amandō, _by loving_
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[amātum]], _to love_
_Abl._ [[amātū]], _to love, in the loving_
[Footnote 1: Sometimes called the future passive participle.]
«489.» SECOND CONJUGATION. _Ē_-VERBS. _MONEŌ_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus»
PRES. STEM monē- PERF. STEM monu- PART. STEM monit-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
_I advise_, etc., _I am advised,_ etc.
moneō monēmus moneor monēmur
monēs monētis monēris, -re monēminī
monet monent monētur monentur
IMPERFECT
_I was advising_, etc., _I was advised_, etc.
monēbam monēbāmus monēbar monēbāmur
monēbās monēbātis monēbāris, -re monēbāminī
monēbat monēbant monēbātur monēbāntur
FUTURE
_I shall advise_, etc., _I shall be advised_, etc.
monēbō monēbimus monēbor monēbimur
monēbis monēbitis monēberis, -re monēbiminī
monēbit monēbunt monēbitur monēbuntur
PERFECT
_I have advised,_ _I have been (was) advised_, etc.
_I advised_, etc.
monuī monuimus {sum {sumus
monuistī monuistis monitus, {es monitī, {estis
monuit monuērunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt
PLUPERFECT
_I had advised_, etc., _I had been advised_, etc.
monueram monuerāmus {eram {erāmus
monuerās monuerātis monitus, {eras monitī, {eratis
monuerat monuerant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant
FUTURE PERFECT
_I shall have advised_, _I shall have been advised_, etc.
etc.
monuerō monuerimus {erō {erimus
monueris monuerītis monitus, {eris monitī, {eritis
monuerit monuerīnt -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
moneam moneāmus monear moneāmur
moneās moneātis moneāris, -re moneāminī
moneat moneant moneātur moneantur
IMPERFECT
monērem monērēmus monērer monērēmur
monērēs monērētis monērēris, -re monērēminī
monēret monērent monērētur monērentur
PERFECT
monuerim monuerimus {sim {sīmus
monueris monueritis monitus, {sīs monitī, {sītis
monuerit monuerint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint
PLUPERFECT
monuissem monuissēmus {essem {essēmus
monuissēs monuissētis monitus, {essēs monitī, {essētis
monuisset monuissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
monē, _advise thou_ monēre, _be thou advised_
monēte, _advise ye_ monēminī, _be ye advised_
FUTURE
monētō, _thou shall_ monētor, _thou shalt be advised_
_advise_
monētō, _he shall advise_ monētor, _he shall be advised_
monētōte, _you shall advise_ ----
monentō, _they shall_ monentor, _they shall be advised_
_advise_
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ monēre, _to advise_ monērī, _to be advised_
_Perf._ monuisse, _to have_ monitus, -a, -um esse,
_advised_ _to have been advised_
_Fut._ monitūrus, -a, -um [[monitum īrī]],
esse, _to be_ _to be about to be advised_
_about to advise_
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ monēns, -entis, _Pres._ ----
_advising_
_Fut._ monitūrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ monendus, -a, -um,
_about to advise_ _to be advised_
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ monitus, -a, -um,
_having been advised, advised_
GERUND
_Nom._ ----
_Gen._ monendī, _of advising_
_Dat._ monendō, _for advising_
_Acc._ monendum, _advising_
_Abl._ monendō, _by advising_
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[monitum]], _to advise_
_Abl._ [[monitū]], _to advise, in the advising_
«490.» THIRD CONJUGATION. _Ĕ_-VERBS. _REGŌ_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «regō, regere, rexī, rēctus»
PRES. STEM rege- PERF. STEM rēx- PART. STEM rēct-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
_I rule_, etc. _I am ruled_, etc.
regō regimus re´gor re´gimur
regis regitis re´geris, -re regi´minī
regit regunt re´gitur regun´tur
IMPERFECT
_I was ruling_, etc. _I was ruled_, etc.
regēbam regēbāmus regē´bar regēbā´mur
regēbās regēbātis regēbā´ris, -re regēbā´minī
regēbat regēbant regēbā´tur regēban´tur
FUTURE
_I shall rule_, etc. _I shall be ruled_, etc.
regam regēmus re´gar regē´mur
regēs regētis regē´ris, -re regē´minī
reget regent regē´tur regen´tur
PERFECT
_I have ruled_, etc. _I have been ruled_, etc.
rēxī rēximus {sum {sumus
rēxistī rēxistis rēctus, {es rēctī, {estis
rēxit rēxērunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt
PLUPERFECT
_I had ruled_, etc. _I had been ruled_, etc.
rēxeram rēxerāmus {eram {erāmus
rēxerās rēxerātis rēctus, {eras rēctī, {erātis
rēxerat rēxerant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant
FUTURE PERFECT
_I shall have ruled_, etc. _I shall have been ruled_, etc.
rēxerō rēxerimus {erō {erimus
rēxeris rēxeritis rēctus, {eris rēctī, {eritis
rēxerit rēxerint -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
regam regāmus regar regāmur
regās regātis regāris, -re regāminī
regat regant regātur regantur
IMPERFECT
regerem regerēmus regerer regerēmur
regerēs regerētis regerēris, -re regerēminī
regeret regerent regerētur regerentur
PERFECT
rēxerim rēxerimus {sim {sīmus
rēxeris rēxeritis rēctus, {sīs rēcti, {sītis
rēxerit rēxerint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint
PLUPERFECT
rēxissem rēxissēmus {essem {essēmus
rēxissēs rēxissētis rēctus, {essēs rēcti, {essētis
rēxisset rēxissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
rege, _rule thou_ regere, _be thou ruled_
regite, _rule ye_ regiminī, _be ye ruled_
FUTURE
regitō, _thou shalt rule_ regitor, _thou shalt be ruled_
regitō _he shall rule_ regitor, _he shall be ruled_
regitōte, _ye shall rule_ ----
reguntō, _they shall rule_ reguntor, _they shall be ruled_
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ regere, _to rule_ regī, _to be ruled_
_Perf._ rēxisse, _to have_ rēctus, -a, -um esse,
_ruled_ _to have been ruled_
_Fut._ rēctūrus, -a, -um [[rēctum īrī]],
esse, _to be_ _to be about to be ruled_
_about to rule_
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ regēns, -entis, _Pres._ ----
_ruling_
_Fut._ rēctūrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ regendus, -a, -um, _to be ruled_
_about to rule_
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ rēctus, -a, -um,
_having been ruled, ruled_
GERUND
_Nom._ ----
_Gen._ regendī, _of ruling_
_Dat._ regendō, _for ruling_
_Acc._ regendum, _ruling_
_Abl._ regendō, _by ruling_
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[rēctum]], _to rule_
_Abl._ [[rēctū]], _to rule, in the ruling_
«491.» FOURTH CONJUGATION. _Ī_-VERBS. _AUDIŌ_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus»
PRES. STEM audī- PERF. STEM audīv- PART. STEM audīt-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
_I hear_, etc. _I am heard_, etc.
audiō audīmus au´dior audī´mur
audīs audītis audī´ris, -re audī´minī
audit audiunt audī´tur audiun´tur
IMPERFECT
_I was hearing_, etc. _I was heard_, etc.
audiēbam audiēbāmus audiē´bar audiēbā´mur
audiēbās audiēbātis audiēbā´ris, -re audiēbā´minī
audiēbat audiēbant audiēbā´tur audiēban´tur
FUTURE
_I shall hear_, etc. _I shall be heard_, etc.
audiam audiēmus au´diar audiē´mur
audiēs audiētis audiē´ris, -re audiē´minī
audiet audient audiē´tur audien´tur
PERFECT
_I have heard_, etc. _I have been heard_, etc.
audīvī audīvimus {sum {sumus
audīvistī audīvistis audītus, {es audītī, {estis
audīvit audīvērunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt
PLUPERFECT
_I had heard_, etc. _I had been heard_, etc.
audīveram audīverāmus {eram {erāmus
audīverās audīverātis audītus, {eras audītī, {erātis
audīverat audīverant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant
FUTURE PERFECT
_I shall have heard_, etc. _I shall have been heard_, etc.
audīverō audīverimus {erō {erimus
audīveris audīveritis audītus, {eris audītī, {eritis
audīverit audīverint -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
audiam audiāmus audiar audiāmur
audiās audiātis audiāris, -re audiāminī
audiat audiant audiātur audiantur
IMPERFECT
audīrem audīrēmus audīrer audīrēmur
audīrēs audīrētis audīrēris, -re audīrēminī
audīret audīrent audīrētur audīrentur
PERFECT
audīverim audīverimus {sim {sīmus
audīveris audīveritis audītus, {sīs audīti, {sītis
audīverit audīverint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint
PLUPERFECT
audīvissem audīvissēmus {essem {essēmus
audīvissēs audīvissētis audītus, {essēs audīti, {essētis
audīvisset audīvissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
PRESENT
audī, _hear thou_ audīre, _be thou heard_
audīte, _hear ye_ audīminī, _be ye heard_
FUTURE
audītō, _thou shalt hear_ audītor, _thou shalt be heard_
audītō _he shall hear_ audītor, _he shall be heard_
audītōte, _ye shall hear_ ----
auduntō, _they shall hear_ audiuntor, _they shall be heard_
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ audīre, _to hear_ audīrī, _to be heard_
_Perf._ audīvisse, audītus, -a, -um esse,
_to have heard_ _to have been heard_
_Fut._ audītūrus, -a, -um [[audītum īrī]],
esse, _to be_ _to be about to be heard_
_about to hear_
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ audiēns, -entis, _Pres._ ----
_hearing_
_Fut._ audītūrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ audiendus, -a, -um, _to be heard_
_about to hear_
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ audītus, -a, -um,
_having been heard, heard_
GERUND
_Nom._ ----
_Gen._ audiendī, _of hearing_
_Dat._ audiendō, _for hearing_
_Acc._ audiendum, _hearing_
_Abl._ audiendō, _by hearing_
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[audītum]], _to hear_
_Abl._ [[audītu]], _to hear, in the hearing_
«492.» THIRD CONJUGATION. VERBS IN _-IŌ_. _CAPIŌ_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «capiō, capere, cēpī, captus»
PRES. STEM cape- PERF. STEM cēp- PART. STEM capt-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
capiō capimus ca´pior ca´pimur
capis capitis ca´peris, -re capi´minī
capit capiunt ca´pitur capiun´tur
IMPERFECT
capiēbam capiebamus capiē´bar capiēbā´mur
capiēbas capiēbātis capiēba´ris, -re capiēbā´minī
capiēbat capiēbant capiēbā´tur capieban´tur
FUTURE
capiam capiēmus ca´piar capiē´mur
capiēs capiētis capiē´ris, -re capiē´minī
capiet capient capiē´tur capien´tur
PERFECT
cēpī, cēpistī, cēpit, etc. captus, -a, -um sum, es, est, etc.
PLUPERFECT
cēperam, cēperās, cēperat, captus, -a, -um eram, erās, erat, etc.
etc.
FUTURE PERFECT
cēperō, cēperis, cēperit, captus, -a, -um erō, eris, erit, etc.
etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
capiam, capiās, capiat, capiar, -iāris, -re, -iātur, etc.
etc.
IMPERFECT
caperem, caperēs, caperet, caperer, -erēris, -re, -erētur, etc.
etc.
PERFECT
cēperim, cēperis, cēperit, captus, -a, -um sim, sīs, sit, etc.
etc.
PLUPERFECT
cēpissem, cēpissēs, captus, -a, -um essem, essēs, esset,
cēpisset, etc. etc.
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
_2d Pers._ cape capite capere capiminī
FUTURE
_2d Pers._ capitō capitōte capitor ----
_3rd Pers._ capitō capiuntō capitor capiuntor
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ capere capī
_Perf._ cēpisse captus, -a, -um esse
_Fut._ captūrus, -a, -um [[captum īrī]]
esse
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ capiēns, -ientis _Pres._ ----
_Fut._ captūrus, -a, -um _Ger._ capiendus, -a, -um
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ captus, -a, -um
GERUND
_Gen._ capiendī etc.
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[captum]]
_Abl._ [[captū]]
«493.» DEPONENT VERBS
[Transcriber’s Note:
Asterisks in this section are from the original text (“marked with a
star”).]
PRINCIPAL PARTS
I. «hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum», _urge_
II. «vereor, verērī, veritus sum», _fear_
III. «sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», _follow_
IV. «partior, partīrī, partītus sum», _share, divide_
NOTE. In addition to the passive conjugation, deponent verbs use certain
forms from the active. These are marked with a star. Deponent -iō verbs
of the third conjugation are inflected like the passive of capiō.
INDICATIVE
_Pres._ hortor vereor sequor partior
hortāris, -re verēris, -re sequeris, -re partīris, -re
hortātur verētur sequitur partītur
hortāmur verēmur sequimur partīmur
hortāminī verēminī sequiminī partīminī
hortantur verentur sequuntur partiuntur
_Impf._ hortābar verēbar sequēbar partiēbar
_Fut._ hortābor verēbor sequar partiar
_Perf._ hortātus sum veritus sum secūtus sum partītus sum
_Plup._ hortātus eram veritus eram secūtus eram partītus eram
_F.P._ hortātus erō veritus erō secūtus erō partītus erō
SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres._ horter verear sequar partiar
_Impf._ hortārer verērer sequerer partīrer
_Perf._ hortātus sim veritus sim secūtus sim partītus sim
_Plup._ hortātus essem veritus essem secūtus essem partītus essem
IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ hortāre verēre sequere partīre
_Fut._ hortātor verētor sequitor partītor
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ hortārī verērī sequī partīrī
_Perf._ hortātus esse veritus esse secūtus esse partītus esse
_Fut._ *hortātūrus *veritūrus *secūtūrus *partītūrus
esse esse esse esse
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ *hortāns *verēns *sequēns *partiēns
_Fut._ *hortāturus *veritūrus *secūtūrus *partītūrus
_Perf._ hortātus veritus secūtus partītus
_Ger._ hortandus verendus sequendus partiendus
GERUND
*hortandī, etc. *verendī, etc.
*sequendī, etc. *partiendī, etc.
SUPINE
*[[hortātus, -tū]] *[[veritum, -tū]]
*[[secūtum, -tū]] *[[partītum, -tū]]
IRREGULAR VERBS
«494.» «sum», _am, be_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «sum, esse, fuī, futūrus»
PRES. STEM es- PERF. STEM fu- PART. STEM fut-
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
SINGULAR PLURAL
sum, _I am_ sumus, _we are_
es, _thou art_ estis, _you are_
est, _he (she, it) is_ sunt, _they are_
IMPERFECT
eram, _I was_ erāmus, _we were_
erās, _thou wast_ erātis, _you were_
erat, _he was_ erant, _they were_
FUTURE
erō, _I shall be_ erimus, _we shall be_
eris, _thou wilt be_ eritis, _you will be_
erit, _he will be_ erunt, _they will be_
PERFECT
fuī, _I have been, was_ fuimus, _we have been, were_
fuistī, _thou hast been, wast_ fuistis, _you have been, were_
fuit, _he has been, was_ fuērunt, fuēre, _they have been, were_
PLUPERFECT
fueram, _I had been_ fuerāmus, _we had been_
fuerās, _thou hadst been_ fuerātis, _you had been_
fuerat, _he had been_ fuerant, _they had been_
FUTURE PERFECT
fuerō, _I shall have been_ fuerimus, _we shall have been_
fueris, _thou wilt have been_ fueritis, _you will have been_
fuerit, _he will have been_ fuerint, _they will have been_
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT IMPERFECT
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
sim sīmus essem essēmus
sīs sītis essēs essētis
sit sint esset essent
PERFECT PLUPERFECT
fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissēmus
fueris fueritis fuissēs fuissētis
fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
_2d Pers. Sing._ es, _be thou_
_2d Pers. Plur._ este, _be ye_
FUTURE
_2d Pers. Sing._ estō, _thou shalt be_
_3d Pers. Sing._ estō, _he shall be_
_2d Pers. Plur._ estōte, _ye shall be_
_3d Pers. Plur._ suntō, _they shall be_
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ esse, _to be_
_Perf._ fuisse, _to have been_
_Fut._ futūrus, -a, -um esse or «fore», _to be about to be_
PARTICIPLE
futūrus, -a, -um, _about to be_
«495.» «possum», _be able, can_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «possum, posse, potuī, ----»
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
_Pres._ possum pos´sumus possim possī´mus
potes potes´tis possīs possī´tis
potest possunt possit possint
_Impf._ poteram poterāmus possem possē´mus
_Fut._ poterō poterimus ---- ----
_Perf._ potuī potuimus potuerim potuerimus
_Plup._ potueram potuerāmus potuissem potuissēmus
_F.P._ potuerō potuerimus ---- ----
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ posse
_Perf._ potuisse
PARTICIPLE
_Pres._ potens, _gen._ -entis, (adjective) _powerful_
«496.» «prōsum», _benefit_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus»
PRES. STEM «prōdes-» PERF. STEM «prōfu-» PART. STEM «prōfut-»
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
_Pres._ prōsum prō´sumus prōsim prōsī´mus
prōdes prōdes´tis prōsīs prōsī´tis
prōdest prōsunt prōsit prōsint
_Impf._ prōderam prōderāmus prōdessem prodessē´mus
_Fut._ prōderō prōderimus ---- ----
_Perf._ prōfuī prōfuimus prōfuerim prōfuerimus
_Plup._ prōfueram prōfuerāmus prōfuissem prōfuissēmus
_F.P._ prōfuerō prōfuerimus ---- ----
IMPERATIVE
_Pres. 2d Pers._ prōdes, prōdeste
_Fut. 2d Pers._ prōdestō, prōdestōte
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ prōdesse
_Perf._ prōfuisse
_Fut._ prōfutūrus, -a, -um esse
FUTURE PARTICIPLE prōfutūrus, -a, -um
«497.» [ «volō», «nōlō», «mālō»]
PRINCIPAL PARTS:
«volō, velle, voluī», ----, _be willing, will, wish_
«nōlō, nōlle, nōluī», ----, _be unwilling, will not_
«mālō, mālle, māluī», ----, _be more willing, prefer_
«Nōlō» and «mālō» are compounds of «volō». «Nōlō» is for «ne» (_not_) +
«volō», and «mālō» for «mā» (from «magis», _more_) + «volō». The second
person «vīs» is from a different root.
INDICATIVE
SINGULAR
_Pres._ volō nōlō mālō
vīs nōn vis māvīs
vult nōn vult māvult
PLURAL
volumus nōlumus mālumus
vultis nōn vultis māvul´tis
volunt nōlunt mālunt
_Impf._ volēbam nōlēbam mālēbam
_Fut._ volam, volēs, etc. nōlam, nōlēs, etc. mālam, mālēs, etc.
_Perf._ voluī nōluī māluī
_Plup._ volueram nōlueram mālueram
_F.P._ voluerō nōluerō māluerō
SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR
_Pres._ velim nōlim mālim
velīs nōlīs mālīs
velit nōlit mālit
PLURAL
velī´mus nōlī´mus mālī´mus
velī´tis nōlī´tis mālī´tis
velint nōlint mālint
_Impf._ vellem nōllem māllem
_Perf._ voluerim nōluerim māluerim
_Plup._ voluissem nōluissem māluissem
IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ nōlī
nōlīte
_Fut._ nōlītō, etc.
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ velle nōlle mālle
_Perf._ voluisse nōluisse māluisse
PARTICIPLE
_Pres._ volēns, -entis nōlēns, -entis ----
«498.» «ferō», _bear, carry, endure_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus»
PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM lāt-
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ ferō ferimus feror ferimur
fers fertīs ferris, -re ferimimī
fert ferunt fertur feruntur
_Impf._ ferēbam ferēbar
_Fut._ feram, ferēs, etc. ferar, ferēris, etc.
_Perf._ tulī lātus, -a, -um sum
_Plup._ tuleram lātus, -a, -um eram
_F.P._ tulerō lātus, -a, -um erō
SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres._ feram, ferās, etc. ferar, ferāris, etc.
_Impf._ ferrem ferrer
_Perf._ tulerim lātus, -a, -um sim
_Plup._ tulissem lātus, -a, -um essem
IMPERATIVE
_Pres. 2d Pers._ fer ferte ferre feriminī
_Fut. 2d Pers._ fertō fertōte fertor
_3d Pers._ fertō ferunto fertor feruntor
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ ferre ferrī
_Perf._ tulisse lātus, -a, -um esse
_Fut._ lātūrus, -a, -um esse ----
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ ferēns, -entis _Pres._ ----
_Fut._ lātūrus, -a, -um _Ger._ ferendus, -a, -um
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ lātus, -a, -um
GERUND
_Gen._ ferendī
_Dat._ ferendō
_Acc._ ferendum
_Abl._ ferendō
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[lātum]]
_Abl._ [[lātū]]
«499.» eō, _go_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum» (n. perf. part.)
PRES. STEM ī-
PERF. STEM ī- or īv-
PART. STEM it-
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
SING. PLUR.
_Pres._ eō īmus eam _2d Pers._ ī īte
īs ītis
it eunt
_Impf._ ībam īrem
_Fut._ ībō ---- _2d Pers._ ītō ītōte
_3d Pers._ ītō euntō
_Perf._ iī (īvī) ierim (īverim)
_Plup._ ieram (īveram) īssem (īvissem)
_F. P._ ierō (īverō)
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ īre
_Perf._ īsse (īvisse)
_Fut._ itūrus, -a, -um esse
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ iēns, _gen._ euntis (§472)
_Fut._ itūrus, -a, -um
_Ger._ eundum
GERUND
_Gen._ eundī
_Dat._ eundō
_Acc._ eundum
_Abl._ eundō
SUPINE
_Acc._ [[itum]]
_Abl._ [[itū]]
_a._ The verb «eō» is used impersonally in the third person singular
of the passive, as «ītur», «itum est», _etc._
_b._ In the perfect system the forms with «v» are very rare.
«500.» «fīō», passive of «faciō»; _be made, become, happen_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «fīō, fierī, factus sum»
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ fīō ---- fīam _2d Pers._ fī fīte
fīs ----
fit fīunt
_Impf._ fīēbam fierem
_Fut._ fīam ----
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
_Perf._ factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim
_Plup._ factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem
_F.P._ factus, -a, -um erō
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ fierī _Perf._ factus, -a, -um
_Perf._ factus, -a, -um esse _Ger._ faciendus, -a, -um
_Fut._ [[factum īrī]]
[Illustration: CASTRA MURO FOSSAQUE MUNIUNTUR]
APPENDIX II
«501.» RULES OF SYNTAX
NOTE. The rules of syntax are here classified and numbered
consecutively. The number of the text section in which the rule appears
is given at the end of each.
_Nominative Case_
«1.» The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the
question Who? or What? §36.
_Agreement_
«2.» A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its
subject. §28.
«3.» A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb.
§76.
«4.» An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains.
§81.
«5.» Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.
§65.
«6.» A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive
agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb.
§215.a.
«7.» A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and
number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own
clause. §224.
_Prepositions_
«8.» A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or
ablative case. §52.
_Genitive Case_
«9.» The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the
genitive and answers the question Whose? §38.
«10.» The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate,
especially after the forms of «sum», and is then called the _predicate
genitive_. §409.
«11.» Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the
whole, known as _the partitive genitive_. §331.
«12.» Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive
with a modifying adjective. §443.
_Dative Case_
«13.» The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. §45.
«14.» The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive
verbs «crēdō», «faveō», «noceō», «pāreō», «persuādeō», «resistō»,
«studeō», and others of like meaning. §154.
«15.» Some verbs compounded with «ad», «ante», «con», «dē», «in»,
«inter», «ob», «post», «prae», «prō», «sub», «super», admit the dative
of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an
accusative and a dative. §426.
«16.» The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward
which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those
meaning _near_, also _fit, friendly, pleasing, like_, and their
opposites. §143.
«17.» The dative is used to denote the _purpose_ or _end for which_;
often with another dative denoting _the person or thing affected_.
§437.
_Accusative Case_
«18.» The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and
answers the question Whom? or What? §37.
«19.» The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. §214.
«20.» The _place to which_ is expressed by «ad» or «in» with the
accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, «domus», and «rūs»
the preposition is omitted. §§263, 266.
«21.» _Duration of time_ and _extent of space_ are expressed by the
accusative. §336.
«22.» Verbs of _making, choosing, calling, showing_, and the like, may
take a _predicate accusative_ along with the direct object. With the
passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. §392.
_Ablative Case_
«23.» _Cause_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This
answers the question Because of what? §102.
«24.» _Means_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This
answers the question By means of what? or With what? §103.
«25.» _Accompaniment_ is denoted by the ablative with «cum». This
answers the question With whom? §104.
«26.» The ablative with «cum» is used to denote the manner of an
action. «Cum» may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the
ablative. This answers the question How? or In what manner? §105.
«27.» With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is
used to denote the _measure of difference_. §317.
«28.» The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect
participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance.
This is called the _ablative absolute_. §381.
«29.» 1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the
ablative with a modifying adjective. §444.
2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical
characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the
ablative with a modifying adjective. §445.
«30.» The ablative is used to denote _in what respect_ something is
true. §398.
«31.» The _place from which_ is expressed by «ā» or «ab», «dē», «ē» or
«ex» with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence?
Before names of towns, small islands, «domus», and «rūs» the
preposition is omitted. §§264, 266.
«32.» Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative
to complete their meaning. This is called the _ablative of
separation_. §180.
«33.» The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when
not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition «ā» or
«ab». This is called the _ablative of the personal agent_. §181.
«34.» The comparative degree, if «quam» is omitted, is followed by the
separative ablative. §309.
«35.» The _time when or within which_ anything happens is expressed by
the ablative without a preposition. §275.
«36.» 1. The _place at or in which_ is expressed by the ablative with
«in». This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small
islands, and «rūs» the preposition is omitted. §§265, 266.
2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or
second declension, and the word «domus» express the _place in which_
by the locative. §268.
_Gerund and Gerundive_
«37.» 1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive,
dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of
these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns. §406.1.
2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of
gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative
without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive
construction is more usual. §406.2.
«38.» The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with «ad», or the
genitive with «causā», is used to express purpose. §407.
_Moods and Tenses of Verbs_
«39.» Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by
secondary. §358.
«40.» The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the
_purpose_ of the action in the principal clause. §349.
«41.» _A substantive clause of purpose_ with the subjunctive is used
as object with verbs of _commanding, urging, asking, persuading_, or
_advising_, where in English we should usually have the infinitive.
§366.
«42.» Verbs of _fearing_ are followed by a substantive clause of
purpose introduced by «ut» (_that not_) or «nē» (_that_ or _lest_).
§372.
«43.» _Consecutive clauses of result_ are introduced by «ut» or «ut
nōn», and have the verb in the subjunctive. §385.
«44.» _Object clauses of result_ with «ut» or «ut nōn» are found after
verbs of effecting or bringing about. §386.
«45.» A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe
an antecedent. This is called the _subjunctive of characteristic or
description_. §390.
«46.» The conjunction «cum» means _when, since_, or _although_. It is
followed by the subjunctive unless it means _when_ and its clause
fixes the time at which the main action took place. §396.
«47.» When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is
changed to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject
accusative of the infinitive. §416.
«48.» The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect
statements is found after verbs of _saying, telling, knowing,
thinking_, and _perceiving_. §419.
«49.» A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present
infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect
infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. §418.
«50.» In an _indirect question_ the verb is in the subjunctive and its
tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. §432.
[Illustration: DOMINA]
APPENDIX III
REVIEWS[1]
[Footnote 1: It is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned
for a written test.]
[Transcriber’s Note:
In this Review section, the lists of English words for translation may
not be in the same order as in the original.]
I. REVIEW OF VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR THROUGH LESSON VIII
«502.» Give the English of the following words:[1]