«Caesar, -aris», m., _Cæsar_
«captīvus, -ī», m., _captive, prisoner_
«cōnsul, -is», m., _consul_
«frāter, frātris», m., _brother_ (fraternity)
«homō, hominis», m., _man, human being_
«impedīmentum, -ī», n., _hindrance_ (impediment); plur.
«impedīmenta, -ōrum», _baggage_
«imperātor, imperātōris», m., _commander in chief, general_ (emperor)
«legiō, legiōnis», f., _legion_
«māter, mātris», f., _mother_ (maternal)
«ōrdō, ōrdinis», m., _row, rank_ (order)
«pater, patris», m., _father_ (paternal)
«salūs, salūtis», f., _safety_ (salutary)
«soror, sorōris», f., _sister_ (sorority)
CLASS II
«235.» Consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are
declined in the other cases exactly like those that add «-s.» They may
be masculine, feminine, or neuter.
«236.» PARADIGMS
MASCULINES AND FEMININES
«cōnsul», «legiō», f., «ōrdō», «pater», m.,
m., _consul_ _legion_ m., _row_ _father_
BASES OR
STEMS «cōnsul-» «legiōn-» «ōrdin-» «patr-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
M. AND F.
_Nom._ cōnsul legiō ōrdō pater --
_Gen._ cōnsulis legiōnis ōrdinis patris -is
_Dat._ cōnsulī legiōnī ōrdinī patrī -ī
_Acc._ cōnsulem legiōnem ōrdinem patrem -em
_Abl._ cōnsule legiōne ōrdine patre -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs
_Gen._ cōnsulum legiōnum ōrdinum patrum -um
_Dat._ cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus
_Acc._ cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs
_Abl._ cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus
1. With the exception of the nominative, the terminations are exactly
the same as in Class I, and the base or stem is found in the same way.
2. Masculines and feminines with bases or stems in -in- and -ōn- drop
-n- and end in -ō in the nominative, as legiō (base or stem legiōn-),
ōrdō (base or stem ōrdin-).
3. Bases or stems in -tr- have -ter in the nominative, as pater (base
or stem patr-).
4. Note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole
declension. _Always learn this with the nominative._
«237.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.
I. 1. Audīsne tubās, Mārce? Nōn sōlum tubās audiō sed etiam ōrdinēs
militum et carrōs impedīmentōrum plēnōs vidēre possum. 2.Quās legiōnēs
vidēmus? Eae legiōnēs nūper ex Galliā vēnērunt. 3. Quid ibi fēcērunt?
Studēbantne pugnāre an sine virtūte erant? 4.Multa proelia fēcērunt[1]
et magnās victōriās et multōs captīvōs reportāvērunt. 5.Quis est
imperātor eārum legiōnum? Caesar, summus Rōmānōrum imperātor. 6.Quis est
eques quī pulchram corōnam gerit? Is eques est frāter meus. Eī corōna ā
cōnsule data est quia summā virtūte pugnāverat et ā barbarīs patriam
servāverat.
II. 1. Who has seen my father to-day? 2. I saw him just now («nūper»).
He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister. 3. When
men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they cannot be
restrained[2] from wrong[3]. 4. The safety of the soldiers is dear to
Cæsar, the general. 5. The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of
grain which was held by the consul. 6. The king forbade the baggage of
the captives to be destroyed.
[Footnote 1: «proelium facere» = _to fight a battle._]
[Footnote 2: «contineō.» Cf. §180.]
[Footnote 3: Abl. iniūriā.]
LESSON XLI
THE THIRD DECLENSION · CONSONANT STEMS (_Concluded_)
[Special Vocabulary]
«calamitās, calamitātis», f., _loss, disaster, defeat_ (calamity)
«caput, capitis», n., _head_ (capital)
«flūmen, flūminis», n., _river_ (flume)
«labor, labōris», m., _labor, toil_
«opus, operis», n., _work, task_
«ōrātor, ōrātōris», m., _orator_
«rīpa, -ae», f., _bank_ (of a stream)
«tempus, temporis», n., _time_ (temporal)
«terror, terrōris», m., _terror, fear_
«victor, victōris», m., _victor_
«accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus», _receive, accept_
«cōnfirmō, cōnfīrmāre, cōnfīrmāvī, cōnfīrmātus», _strengthen,
establish, encourage_ (confirm)
«238.» Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and
are declined as follows:
«flūmen», «tempus», «opus», «caput»,
n., _river_ n., _time_ n., _work_ n., _head_
BASES OR
STEMS «flūmin-» «tempor-» «oper-» «capit-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ flūmen tempus opus caput --
_Gen._ flūminis temporis operis capitis -is
_Dat._ flūminī temporī operī capitī -ī
_Acc._ flūmen tempus opus caput --
_Abl._ flūmine tempore opere capite -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ flūmina tempora opera capita -a
_Gen._ flūminum temporum operum capitum -um
_Dat._ flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
_Acc._ flūmina tempora opera capita -a
_Abl._ flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
1. Review §74 and apply the rules to this declension.
2. Bases or stems in -in- have -e- instead of -i- in the nominative,
as flūmen, base or stem flūmin-.
3. Most bases or stems in -er- and -or- have -us in the nominative, as
opus, base or stem oper-; tempus, base or stem tempor-.
«239.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.
I. 1. Barbarī ubi Rōmam cēpērunt, maxima rēgum opera dēlēvērunt.
2. Rōmānī multās calamitātēs ā barbarīs accēpērunt. 3. Ubi erat summus
terror apud oppidānōs, animī dubiī eōrum ab ōrātōre clarō cōnfīrmāti
sunt. 4. Rōma est in rīpīs fiūminis magnī. 5. Ubi Caesar imperātor
mīlitēs suōs arma capere iussit, iī ā proeliō continērī nōn potuērunt.
6. Ubi proelium factum est, imperātor reperīrī nōn potuit. 7. Imperātor
sagittā in capite vulnerātus erat et stāre nōn poterat. 8. Eum magnō
labōre pedes ex proeliō portāvit. 9. Is bracchiīs suīs imperātōrem
tenuit et eum ex perīculīs summīs servāvit. 10. Virtūte suā bonus mīles
ab imperātōre corōnam accēpit.
II. 1. The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor. 2. Before
the gates he was received by the townsmen. 3. A famous orator praised
him and said, “By your labors you have saved the fatherland from
disaster.” 4. The words of the orator were pleasing to the victor.
5. To save the fatherland was a great task.
[Illustration: Corona]
LESSON XLII
REVIEW LESSON
«240.» Review the paradigms in §§233, 236, 238; and decline all nouns of
the third declension in this selection.
TERROR CIMBRICUS[1]
Ōlim Cimbrī et Teutonēs, populī Germāniae, cum fēminīs līberīsque
Italiae adpropinquāverant et cōpiās Rōmānās maximō proeliō vīcerant. Ubi
fuga legiōnum nūntiāta est, summus erat terror tōtīus Rōmae, et Rōmānī,
graviter commōtī, sacra crēbra deīs faciēbant et salūtem petēbant.
Tum Mānlius ōrātor animōs populī ita cōnfīrmāvit:--“Magnam calamitātem
accēpimus. Oppida nostra ā Cimbrīs Teutonibusque capiuntur, agricolae
interficiuntur, agrī vāstantur, cōpiae barbarōrum Rōmae adpropinquant.
Itaque, nisi novīs animīs proelium novum faciēmus et Germānōs ex patriā
nostrā sine morā agēmus, erit nūlla salūs fēminīs nostrīs līberīsque.
Servāte līberōs! Servāte patriam! Anteā superātī sumus quia imperātōrēs
nostrī fuērunt īnfīrmī. Nunc Marius, clārus imperātor, quī iam multās
aliās victōriās reportāvit, legiōnēs dūcet et animōs nostrōs terrōre
Cimbricō līberāre mātūrābit.”
Marius tum in Āfricā bellum gerēbat. Sine morā ex Āfricā in Italiam
vocātus est. Cōpiās novās nōn sōlum tōtī Italiae sed etiam prōvinciīs
sociōrum imperāvit.[2] Disciplīnā autem dūrā labōribusque perpetuīs
mīlitēs exercuit. Tum cum peditibus equitibusque, quī iam proeliō
studēbant, ad Germānōrum castra celeriter properāvit. Diū et ācriter
pugnātum est.[3] Dēnique barbarī fūgērunt et multī in fugā ab equitibus
sunt interfectī. Marius pater patriae vocātus est.
[Footnote 1: About the year 100 B.C. the Romans were greatly alarmed
by an invasion of barbarians from the north known as Cimbri and
Teutons. They were traveling with wives and children, and had an
army of 300,000 fighting men. Several Roman armies met defeat, and
the city was in a panic. Then the Senate called upon Marius, their
greatest general, to save the country. First he defeated the Teutons
in Gaul. Next, returning to Italy, he met the Cimbri. A terrible
battle ensued, in which the Cimbri were utterly destroyed; but the
_terror Cimbricus_ continued to haunt the Romans for many a year
thereafter.]
[Footnote 2: _He made a levy_ (of troops) _upon_, «imperāvit» with
the acc. and the dat.]
[Footnote 3: Cf. §200. II. 2.]
LESSON XLIII
THE THIRD DECLENSION · _I_-STEMS
[Special Vocabulary]
«animal, animālis (-ium[A])», n., _animal_
«avis, avis (-ium)», f., _bird_ (aviation)
«caedēs, caedis (-ium)», f., _slaughter_
calcar, calcāris (-ium), n., _spur_
«cīvis, cīvis (-ium)», m. and f., _citizen_ (civic)
«cliēns, clientis (-ium)», m., _retainer, dependent_ (client)
«fīnis, fīnis (-ium)», m., _end, limit_ (final);
plur., _country, territory_
«hostis, hostis (-ium)», m. and f., _enemy_ in war (hostile).
Distinguish from «inimīcus», which means a _personal_ enemy
«ignis, ignis (-ium)», m., _fire_ (ignite)
«īnsigne, īnsignis (-ium)», n. _decoration, badge_ (ensign)
«mare, maris (-ium[B])», n., _sea_ (marine)
«nāvis, nāvis (-ium)», f., _ship_ (naval);
«nāvis longa», _man-of-war_
«turris, turris (-ium)», f., _tower_ (turret)
«urbs, urbis (-ium)», f., _city_ (suburb). An «urbs» is larger than an
«oppidum».
[Footnote A: The genitive plural ending «-ium» is written to mark
the i-stems.]
[Footnote B: The genitive plural of «mare» is not in use.]
«241.» To decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know
whether or not it is an «i»-stem. Nouns with «i»-stems are
1. Masculines and feminines:
_a._ Nouns in «-ēs» and «-īs» with the same number of syllables in
the genitive as in the nominative. Thus «caedēs, caedis», is an
«i»-stem, but «mīles, mīlitis», is a consonant stem.
_b._ Nouns in «-ns» and «-rs».
_c._ Nouns of one syllable in «-s» or «-x» preceded by a consonant.
2. Neuters in «-e», «-al», and «-ar».
«242.» The declension of «i»-stems is nearly the same as that of
consonant stems. Note the following differences:
_a._ Masculines and feminities have «-ium» in the genitive plural and
«-īs» or «-ēs» in the accusative plural.
_b._ Neuters have «-ī» in the ablative singular, and an «-i-» in every
form of the plural.
«243.» «Masculine and Feminine _I_-Stems.» Masculine and feminine
«i»-stems are declined as follows:
«caedēs», f., «hostis», «urbs», f., «cliēns», m.,
_slaughter_ m., _enemy_ _city_ _retainer_
STEMS «caedi-» «hosti-» «urbi-» «clienti-»
BASES «caed-» «host-» «urb-» «client-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
M. AND F.
_Nom._ caedēs hostis urbs cliēns[1] -s, -is,
_or_ -ēs
_Gen._ caedis hostis urbis clientis -is
_Dat._ caedī hostī urbī clientī -ī
_Acc._ caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im)
_Abl._ caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-ī)
PLURAL
_Nom._ caedēs hostēs urbēs clientēs -ēs
_Gen._ caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium
_Dat._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
_Acc._ caedīs, -ēs hostīs, -ēs urbīs, -ēs clientīs, -ēs -īs, -ēs
_Abl._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
[Footnote 1: Observe that the vowel before «-ns» is long, but that
it is shortened before «-nt». Cf. §12.2, 3.]
1. «avis», «cīvis», «fīnis», «ignis», «nāvis» have the ablative
singular in «-ī» or «-e».
2. «turris» has accusative «turrim» and ablative «turrī» or «turre».
«244.» «Neuter _I_-Stems.» Neuter «i»-stems are declined as follows:
«īnsigne», n., «animal», n., «calcar»,
_decoration_ _animal_ n., _spur_
STEMS «īnsigni-» «animāli-» «calcāri-»
BASES «īnsign-» «animāl-» «calcār-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ īnsigne animal calcar -e _or_ --
_Gen._ īnsignis animālis calcāris -is
_Dat._ īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī
_Acc._ īnsigne animal calcar -e _or_ --
_Abl._ īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī
PLURAL
_Nom._ īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia
_Gen._ īnsignium animālium calcārium -ium
_Dat._ īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus
_Acc._ īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia
_Abl._ īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus
1. Review §74 and see how it applies to this declension.
2. The final «-i-» of the stem is usually dropped in the nominative.
If not dropped, it is changed to «-e».
3. A long vowel is shortened before final «-l» or «-r». (Cf. §12.2.)
«245.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.
I. 1. Quam urbem vidēmus? Urbs quam vidētis est Rōma. 2. Cīvēs Rōmānī
urbem suam turribus altīs et mūrīs longīs mūnīverant. 3. Ventī nāvīs
longās prohibēbant fīnibus hostium adpropinquāre. 4. Imperātor a
clientibus suīs calcāria aurī et alia īnsignia accēpit. 5. Mīlitēs
Rōmānī cum hostibus bella saeva gessērunt et eōs caede magnā
superāvērunt. 6. Alia animālia terram, alia mare amant. 7. Nāvēs longae
quae auxilium ad imperātōrem portābant ignī ab hostibus dēlētae sunt.
8. In eō marī avis multās vīdimus quae longē ā terrā volāverant.
9. Nōnne vīdistis nāvīs longās hostium et ignīs quibus urbs nostra
vāstābātur? Certē, sed nec caedem cīvium nec fugam clientium vīdimus.
10. Avēs et alia animālia, ubi ignem vīdērunt, salūtem fugā petere
celeriter incēpērunt. 11. Num. iūdex in peditum ōrdinibus stābat?
Minimē, iūdex erat apud equitēs et equus eius īnsigne pulchrum gerēbat.
[Illustration: NAVES LONGAE]
II. 1. Because of the lack of grain the animals of the village were not
able to live. 2. When the general[2] heard the rumor, he quickly sent a
horseman to the village. 3. The horseman had a beautiful horse and wore
spurs of gold. 4. He said to the citizens, “Send your retainers with
horses and wagons to our camp, and you will receive an abundance of
grain.” 5. With happy hearts they hastened to obey his words.[3]
[Footnote 2: Place first.]
[Footnote 3: Not the accusative. Why?]
LESSON XLIV
IRREGULAR NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION · GENDER IN THE THIRD DECLENSION
[Special Vocabulary]
«arbor, arboris», f., _tree_ (arbor)
«collis, collis (-ium)», m., _hill_
«dēns, dentis (-ium)», m., _tooth_ (dentist)
fōns, fontis (-ium), m.. _fountain, spring; source_
«iter, itineris», n., _march, journey, route_ (itinerary)
«mēnsis, mēnsis (-ium)», m., _month_
«moenia, -ium», n., plur., _walls, fortifications_. Cf. «mūrus»
«mōns, montis (-ium)», m., _mountain_;
«summus mōns», _top of the mountain_
«numquam», adv., _never_
«pōns, pontis», m., _bridge_ (pontoon)
«sanguis, sanguinis», m., blood (sanguinary)
«summus, -a, -um», _highest, greatest_ (summit)
«trāns», prep, with acc., _across_ (transatlantic)
«vīs (vīs)», gen. plur. «virium», f. _strength, force, violence_ (vim)
«246.» PARADIGMS
[Transcriber’s Note:
The original text gives «vī-» and «vīr-» as the “Bases” of «vīs», and
omits the “Stems” for both words. The forms have been regularized to
agree with the inflectional table in the Appendix.]
«vīs», f., _force_ «iter», n., _march_
STEMS «vī-» and «vīri-» «iter-» and «itiner-»
BASES «v-» and «vīr-» «iter-» and «itiner-»
SINGULAR
_Nom._ vīs iter
_Gen._ vīs (rare) itineris
_Dat._ vī (rare) itinerī
_Acc._ vim iter
_Abl._ vī itinere
PLURAL
_Nom._ vīrēs itinera
_Gen._ vīrium itinerum
_Dat._ vīribus itineribus
_Acc._ vīrīs, or -ēs itinera
_Abl._ vīribus itineribus
«247.» There are no rules for gender in the third declension that do not
present numerous exceptions.[1] The following rules, however, are of
great service, and should be thoroughly mastered:
1. «Masculine» are nouns in «-or», «-ōs», «-er», «-ĕs» (gen. «-itis»).
_a._ «arbor», _tree_, is feminine; and «iter», _march_, is neuter.
2. «Feminine» are nouns in «-ō», «-is», «-x», and in «-s» preceded by
a consonant or by any long vowel but «ō».
_a._ Masculine are «collis» (_hill_), «lapis», «mēnsis» (_month_),
«ōrdō», «pēs», and nouns in «-nis» and «-guis»--as «ignis»,
«sanguis» (_blood_)--and the four monosyllables
«dēns», _a tooth_; «mōns», _a mountain_
«pōns», _a bridge_; «fōns», _a fountain_
3. «Neuters» are nouns in «-e», «-al», «-ar», «-n», «-ur», «-ŭs», and
«caput».
[Footnote 1: Review §60. Words denoting males are, of course,
masculine, and those denoting females, feminine.]
«248.» Give the gender of the following nouns and the rule by which it
is determined:
«animal» «calamitās» «flūmen» «lapis» «nāvis»
«avis» «caput» «ignis» «legiō» «opus»
«caedēs» «eques» «īnsigne» «mare» «salūs»
«calcar» «fīnis» «labor» «mīles» «urbs»
«249.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.
I. _The First Bridge over the Rhine._ Salūs sociōrum erat semper cāra
Rōmānīs. Ōlim Gallī, amīcī Rōmānōrum, multās iniūriās ab Germānīs quī
trāns flūmen Rhēnum vivēbant accēperant. Ubi lēgātī ab iīs ad Caesarem
imperātōrem Rōmānum vēnērunt et auxilium postulāvērunt, Rōmānī magnīs
itineribus ad hostium fīnīs properāvērunt. Mox ad rīpās magnī flūminis
vēnērunt. Imperātor studēbat cōpiās suās trāns fluvium dūcere, sed nūllā
viā[2] poterat. Nūllās nāvīs habēbat. Alta erat aqua. Imperātor autem,
vir clārus, numquam adversā fortūnā commōtus, novum cōnsilium cēpit.
Iussit suōs[3] in[4] lātō flūmine facere pontem. Numquam anteā pōns in
Rhēnō vīsus erat. Hostēs ubi pontem quem Rōmānī fēcerant vīdērunt, summō
terrōre commōtī, sine morā fugam parāre incēpērunt.
II. 1. The enemy had taken (possession of) the top of the mountain.
2. There were many trees on the opposite hills. 3. We pitched our camp
near («ad») a beautiful spring. 4. A march through the enemies’ country
is never without danger. 5. The time of the month was suitable for the
march. 6. The teeth of the monster were long. 7. When the foot
soldiers[5] saw the blood of the captives, they began to assail the
fortifications with the greatest violence.[2]
[Footnote 2: Abl. of manner.]
[Footnote 3: «suōs», used as a noun, _his men_.]
[Footnote 4: We say _build a bridge over_; the Romans, _make a
bridge on_.]
[Footnote 5: Place first.]
* * * * *
«Fifth Review, Lessons XXXVII-XLIV, §§517-520»
* * * * *
LESSON XLV
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION · _I_-STEMS
[Special Vocabulary]
«ācer, ācris, ācre», _sharp, keen, eager_ (acrid)
«brevis, breve», _short, brief_
«difficilis, difficile», _difficult_
«facilis, facile», _facile, easy_
«fortis, forte», _brave_ (fortitude)
«gravis, grave», _heavy, severe, serious_ (grave)
«omnis, omne», _every, all_ (omnibus)
«pār», gen. «paris», _equal_ (par)
«paucī, -ae, -a», _few, only a few_ (paucity)
«secundus, -a, -um», _second; favorable_, opposite of adversus
«signum, -ī», n., _signal, sign, standard_
«vēlōx», gen. «vēlōcis», _swift_ (velocity)
«conlocō, conlocāre, conlocāvī, conlocātus», _arrange, station, place_
(collocation)
«dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātus», _point out,
explain_ (demonstrate)
«mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātus», _commit, intrust_ (mandate)
«250.» Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions (like
«bonus», «aeger», or «līber»), or they are of the third declension.
«251.» Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have «i»-_stems_,
and they are declined almost like nouns with «i»-stems.
«252.» Adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the
nominative for each gender, as, «bonus», m.; «bona», f.; «bonum», n.
Such an adjective is called an _adjective of three endings_. Adjectives
of the third declension are of the following classes:
I. Adjectives of three endings--
a different form in the nominative for each gender.
II. Adjectives of two endings--
masculine and feminine nominative alike, the neuter different.
III. Adjectives of one ending--
masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative all alike.
«253.» Adjectives of the third declension in «-er» have three endings;
those in «-is» have two endings; the others have one ending.
CLASS I
«254.» Adjectives of Three Endings are declined as follows:
«ācer, ācris, ācre», _keen, eager_
STEM «ācri-»
BASE «ācr-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ ācer ācris ācre ācrēs ācrēs ācria
_Gen._ ācris ācris ācris ācrium ācrium ācrium
_Dat._ ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus
_Acc._ ācrem ācrem ācre ācrīs, -ēs ācrīs, -ēs ācria
_Abl._ ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus
CLASS II
«255.» Adjectives of Two Endings are declined as follows:
«omnis, omne», _every, all_[1]
STEM «omni-»
BASE «omn-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ omnis omne omnēs omnia
_Gen._ omnis omnis omnium omnium
_Dat._ omnī omnī omnibus omnibus
_Acc._ omnem omne omnīs, -ēs omnia
_Abl._ omnī omnī omnibus omnibus
[Footnote 1: «omnis» is usually translated _every_ in the singular
and _all_ in the plural.]
CLASS III
«256.» Adjectives of One Ending are declined as follows:
«pār», _equal_
STEM «pari-»
BASE «par-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ pār pār parēs paria
_Gen._ paris paris parium parium
_Dat._ parī parī paribus paribus
_Acc._ parem pār parīs, -ēs paria
_Abl._ parī parī paribus paribus
1. All «i»-stem adjectives have «-ī» in the ablative singular.
2. Observe that the several cases of adjectives of one ending have the
same form for all genders excepting in the accusative singular and in
the nominative and accusative plural.
3. Decline «vir ācer», «legiō ācris», «animal ācre», «ager omnis»,
«scūtum omne», «proelium pār».
«257.» There are a few adjectives of one ending that have consonant
stems. They are declined exactly like nouns with consonant stems.
«258.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.
I. _The Romans invade the Enemy’s Country._ Ōlim peditēs Rōmānī cum
equitibus vēlōcibus in hostium urbem iter faciēbant. Ubi nōn longē
āfuērunt, rapuērunt agricolam, quī eīs viam brevem et facilem
dēmōnstrāvit. Iam Rōmānī moenia alta, turrīs validās aliaque opera urbis
vidēre poterant. In moenibus stābant multī prīncipēs. Prīncipēs ubi
vīdērunt Rōmānōs, iussērunt cīvīs lapidēs aliaque tēla dē mūrīs iacere.
Tum mīlitēs fortēs continērī ā proeliō nōn poterant et ācer imperātor
signum tubā darī iussit. Summā vī omnēs mātūrāvērunt. Imperātor Sextō
lēgātō impedīmenta omnia mandāvit. Sextus impedīmenta in summō colle
conlocāvit. Grave et ācre erat proelium, sed hostēs nōn parēs Rōmānīs
erant. Aliī interfectī, aliī captī sunt. Apud captīvōs erant māter
sororque rēgis. Paucī Rōmānōrum ab hostibus vulnerātī sunt. Secundum
proelium Rōmānīs erat grātum. Fortūna fortibus semper favet.
II. 1. Some months are short, others are long. 2. To seize the top of
the mountain was difficult. 3. Among the hills of Italy are many
beautiful springs. 4. The soldiers were sitting where the baggage had
been placed because their feet were weary. 5. The city which the
soldiers were eager to storm had been fortified by strong walls and high
towers. 6. Did not the king intrust a heavy crown of gold and all his
money to a faithless slave? Yes, but the slave had never before been
faithless.
[Illustration: AQUILA LEGIONIS]
LESSON XLVI
THE FOURTH OR _U_-DECLENSION
[Special Vocabulary]
«adventus, -ūs», m., _approach, arrival_ (advent)
«ante», prep, with acc., _before_ (ante-date)
«cornū, -ūs», n., _horn, wing_ of an army (cornucopia);
«ā dextrō cornū», _on the right wing_;
«ā sinistrō cornū», _on the left wing_
«equitātus, -ūs», m., _cavalry_
«exercitus, -ūs», m., _army_
«impetus, -ūs», m., _attack_ (impetus);
«impetum facere in», with acc., _to make an attack on_
«lacus, -ūs, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus», m., _lake_
«manus, -ūs», f., _hand; band, force_ (manual)
«portus, -ūs», m., _harbor_ (port)
«post», prep, with acc., _behind, after_ (post-mortem)
«cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus», _burn_ (cremate)
«exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus», _practice, drill, train_
(exercise)
«259.» Nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or neuter.
«260.» Masculine nouns end in «-us», neuters in «-ū». The genitive ends
in «-ūs».
_a._ Feminine by exception are «domus», _house_; «manus», _hand_;
and a few others.
PARADIGMS
[Transcriber’s Note:
The “Stems” are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied
from the inflectional table in the Appendix.]
«adventus», «cornū»,
m., _arrival_ n., _horn_
STEMS «adventu-» «cornu-»
BASES «advent-» «corn-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
MASC. NEUT.
_Nom._ adventus cornū -us -ū
_Gen._ adventūs cornūs -ūs -ūs
_Dat._ adventuī (ū) cornū -uī (ū) -ū
_Acc._ adventum cornū -um -ū
_Abl._ adventū cornū -ū -ū
PLURAL
_Nom._ adventūs cornua -ūs -ua
_Gen._ adventuum cornuum -uum -uum
_Dat._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
_Acc._ adventūs cornua -ūs -ua
_Abl._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
1. Observe that the base is found, as in other declensions, by
dropping the ending of the genitive singular.
2. «lacus», _lake_, has the ending «-ubus» in the dative and ablative
plural; «portus», _harbor_, has either «-ubus» or «-ibus».
3. «cornū» is the only neuter that is in common use.
«261.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.
I. 1. Ante adventum Caesaris vēlōcēs hostium equitēs ācrem impetum in
castra fēcērunt. 2. Continēre exercitum ā proeliō nōn facile erat.
3. Post adventum suum Caesar iussit legiōnēs ex castrīs dūcī. 4. Prō
castrīs cum hostium equitātū pugnātum est. 5. Post tempus breve
equitātus trāns flūmen fūgit ubi castra hostium posita erant. 6. Tum
victor imperātor agrōs vāstāvit et vīcōs hostium cremāvit. 7. Castra
autem nōn oppugnāvit quia mīlitēs erant dēfessī et locus difficilis.
8. Hostēs nōn cessāvērunt iacere tēla, quae paucīs nocuērunt. 9. Post
adversum proelium principēs Gallōrum lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittere
studēbant, sed populō persuādēre nōn poterant.
II. 1. Did you see the man-of-war on the lake? 2. I did not see it
(_fem_.) on the lake, but I saw it in the harbor. 3. Because of the
strong wind the sailor forbade his brother to sail. 4. Cæsar didn´t make
an attack on the cavalry on the right wing, did he? 5. No, he made an
attack on the left wing. 6. Who taught your swift horse to obey?
7. I trained my horse with my (own) hands, nor was the task difficult.
8. He is a beautiful animal and has great strength.
LESSON XLVII
EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE · THE DECLENSION OF _DOMUS_
[Special Vocabulary]
Athēnae, -ārum, f., plur., _Athens_
Corinthus, -ī, f., _Corinth_
«domus, -ūs», locative «domī», f., _house, home_ (dome). Cf.
«domicilium»
«Genāva, -ae», f., _Geneva_
Pompēii, -ōrum, m., plur., _Pompeii_, a city in Campania. See map
«propter», prep. with acc., _on account of, because of_
rūs, rūris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. «rūra», n., _country_
(rustic)
«tergum, tergī», n., _back_; «ā tergō», _behind, in the rear_
«vulnus, vulneris», n., _wound_ (vulnerable)
«committō, committere, commīsī, commissus», _intrust, commit;_
«proelium committere», _join battle_
«convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātus», _call together, summon_
(convoke)
«timeō, timēre, timuī, ----», _fear; be afraid_ (timid)
«vertō, vertere, vertī, versus», _turn, change_ (convert);
«terga vertere», _to turn the backs_, hence _to retreat_
«262.» We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the
following:
«Galba ad» (or «in») «oppidum properat»
«Galba ab» («dē» or «ex») «oppidō properat»
«Galba in oppidō habitat»
From these expressions we may deduce the following rules:
«263.» RULE. «Accusative of the Place to.» _The «place to which» is
expressed by «ad» or «in» with the accusative. This answers the question
Whither?_
«264.» RULE. «Ablative of the Place from.» _The «place from which» is
expressed by «ā» or «ab», «dē», «ē» or «ex», with the separative
ablative. This answers the question Whence?_ (Cf. Rule, §179.)
«265.» RULE. «Ablative of the Place at or in.» _The «place at or in
which» is expressed by the ablative with «in». This answers the question
Where?_
_a._ The ablative denoting the _place where_ is called the _locative
ablative_ (cf. «locus», _place_).
«266.» «Exceptions.» Names of towns, small islands,[1] «domus», _home_,
«rūs», _country_, and a few other words in common use omit the
prepositions in expressions of place, as,
«Galba Athēnās properat», _Galba hastens to Athens_
«Galba Athēnīs properat», _Galba hastens from Athens_
«Galba Athēnīs habitat», _Galba lives at_ (or _in_) _Athens_
«Galba domum properat», _Galba hastens home_
«Galba rūs properat», _Galba hastens to the country_
«Galba domō properat», _Galba hastens from home_
«Galba rūre properat», _Galba hastens from the country_
«Galba rūrī» (less commonly «rūre») «habitat»,
_Galba lives in the country_
_a._ Names of _countries_, like «Germānia», «Italia», etc., do not
come under these exceptions. _With them prepositions must not be
omitted._
[Footnote 1: Small islands are classed with towns because they
generally have but one town, and the name of the town is the same as
the name of the island.]
«267.» «The Locative Case.» We saw above that the place-relation
expressed by _at_ or _in_ is regularly covered by the locative ablative.
However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form
known as the _locative case_. This case has been everywhere merged in
the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second
declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the
genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small
islands, «domī», _at home_, and a few other words.
«268.» RULE. «Locative and Locative Ablative.» _To express the «place in
which» with names of towns and small islands, «if they are singular and
of the first or second declension», use the locative; otherwise use the
locative ablative without a preposition; as_,
«Galba Rōmae habitat», _Galba lives at Rome_
«Galba Corinthī habitat», _Galba lives at Corinth_
«Galba domī habitat», _Galba lives at home_
Here «Rōmae», «Corinthī», and «domī» are _locatives_, being _singular_
and of the first and second declensions respectively. But in
«Galba Athēnīs habitat», _Galba lives at Athens_,
«Galba Pompēiīs habitat», _Galba lives at Pompeii_
«Athēnīs» and «Pompēiīs» are locative ablatives. These words can have no
locative case, as the nominatives «Athēnae» and «Pompēiī» are _plural_
and there is no plural locative case form.
«269.» The word «domus», _home, house_, has forms of both the second and
the fourth declension. Learn its declension (§468).
«270.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.
I. 1. Corinthī omnia īnsignia aurī ā ducibus victōribus rapta erant.
2. Caesar Genāvam exercitum magnīs itineribus dūxit. 3. Quem pontem
hostēs cremāverant? Pontem in Rhēnō hostēs cremāverant. 4. Pompēiīs
multās Rōmānōrum domōs vidēre poteritis. 5. Rōmā cōnsul equō vēlōcī
rūs properāvit. 6. Domī cōnsulis hominēs multī sedēbant. 7. Imperātor
iusserat lēgātum Athēnās cum multīs nāvibus longīs nāvigāre. 8. Ante
moenia urbis sunt ōrdinēs arborum altārum. 9. Propter arborēs altās nec
lacum nec portum reperīre potuimus. 10. Proeliīs crēbrīs Caesar legiōnēs
suās quae erant in Galliā exercēbat. 11. Cotīdiē in locō idoneō castra
pōnēbat et mūniēbat.
II. 1. Cæsar, the famous general, when he had departed from Rome,
hastened to the Roman province on a swift horse.[2] 2. He had heard a
rumor concerning the allies at Geneva. 3. After his arrival Cæsar called
the soldiers together and commanded them to join battle. 4. The enemy
hastened to retreat, some because[3] they were afraid, others because[3]
of wounds. 5. Recently I was at Athens and saw the place where the
judges used to sit.[4] 6. Marcus and Sextus are my brothers; the one
lives at Rome, the other in the country.
[Footnote 2: Latin says “by a swift horse.” What construction?]
[Footnote 3: Distinguish between the English conjunction _because_
(«quia» or «quod») and the preposition _because of_ («propter»).]
[Footnote 4: _used to sit_, express by the imperfect.]
[Illustration: DAEDALUS ET ICARUS]
«271.» DAED´ALUS AND IC´ARUS
Crēta est īnsula antīqua quae aquā altā magnī maris pulsātur. Ibi ōlim
Mīnōs erat rēx. Ad eum vēnit Daedalus quī ex Graeciā patriā fugiēbat.
Eum Mīnōs rēx benignīs verbīs accēpit et eī domicilium in Crētā dedit.
[5]Quō in locō Daedalus sine cūrā vīvebat et rēgī multa et clāra opera
faciēbat. Post tempus longum autem Daedalus patriam cāram dēsīderāre
incēpit. Domum properāre studēbat, sed rēgī persuādēre nōn potuit et
mare saevum fugam vetābat.
[Footnote 5: _And in this place_; «quō» does not here introduce a
subordinate relative clause, but establishes the connection with the
preceding sentence. Such a relative is called a _connecting
relative_, and is translated by _and_ and a demonstrative or
personal pronoun.]
LESSON XLVIII
THE FIFTH OR Ē-DECLENSION · THE ABLATIVE OF TIME
[Special Vocabulary]
«aciēs, -ēī», f., _line of battle_
«aestās, aestātis», f., _summer_
«annus, -ī», m., _year_ (annual)
«diēs, diēī», m., _day_ (diary)
«fidēs, fideī», no plur., f., _faith, trust; promise, word;
protection_; «in fidem venīre», _to come under the protection_
«fluctus, -ūs», m. _wave, billow_ (fluctuate)
«hiems, hiemis», f., _winter_
«hōra, -ae», f., _hour_
«lūx, lūcis», f., _light_ (lucid); «prīma lux», _daybreak_
«merīdiēs», acc. -em, abl. -ē, no plur., m., _midday_ (meridian)
«nox, noctis (-ium)», f., _night_ (nocturnal)
«prīmus, -a, -um», _first_ (prime)
«rēs, reī», f., _thing, matter_ (real);
«rēs gestae», _deeds, exploits_ (lit. _things performed_);
«rēs adversae», _adversity_; «rēs secundae», _prosperity_
«spēs, speī», f., _hope_
«272.» «Gender.» Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except
«diēs», _day_, and «merīdiēs», _midday_, which are usually masculine.
«273.» PARADIGMS
[Transcriber’s Note:
The “Stems” are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied
from the inflectional table in the Appendix.]
«diēs», «rēs», f.,
m., _day_ _thing_
STEMS «diē-» «rē-»
BASES «di-» «r-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ diēs rēs -ēs
_Gen._ diēī reī -ē̆ī
_Dat._ diēī reī -ē̆ī
_Acc._ diem rem -em
_Abl._ diē rē -ē
PLURAL
_Nom._ diēs rēs -ēs
_Gen._ diērum rērum -ērum
_Dat._ diēbus rēbus -ēbus
_Acc._ diēs rēs -ēs
_Abl._ diēbus rēbus -ēbus
1. The vowel «e» which appears in every form is regularly long. It is
shortened in the ending «-eī» after a consonant, as in «r-ĕī»; and
before «-m» in the accusative singular, as in «di-em». (Cf. §12.2.)
2. Only «diēs» and «rēs» are complete in the plural. Most other nouns
of this declension lack the plural. «Aciēs», _line of battle_, and
«spēs», _hope_, have the nominative and accusative plural.
«274.» The ablative relation (§50) which is expressed by the
prepositions _at, in_, or _on_ may refer not only to place, but also to
time, as _at noon, in summer, on the first day_. The ablative which is
used to express this relation is called the _ablative of time_.
«275.» RULE. «The Ablative of Time.» _The time «when» or «within which»
anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition._
_a._ Occasionally the preposition «_in_» is found. Compare the
English _Next day we started_ and _«On» the next day we started_.
«276.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294.
I. _Galba the Farmer._ Galba agricola rūrī vīvit. Cotīdiē prīmā lūce
labōrāre incipit, nec ante noctem in studiō suō cessat. Merīdiē Iūlia
fīlia eum ad cēnam vocat. Nocte pedēs dēfessōs domum vertit. Aestāte
fīliī agricolae auxilium patrī dant. Hieme agricola eōs in lūdum mittit.
Ibi magister pueris multās fābulās dē rēbus gestīs Caesaris nārrat.
Aestāte fīliī agricolae perpetuīs labōribus exercentur nec grave agrī
opus est iīs molestum. Galba sine ūllā cūrā vivit nec rēs adversās
timet.
II. 1. In that month there were many battles in Gaul. 2. The cavalry of
the enemy made an attack upon Cæsar’s line of battle. 3. In the first
hour of the night the ship was overcome by the billows. 4. On the second
day the savages were eager to come under Cæsar’s protection. 5. The king
had joined battle, moved by the hope of victory. 6. That year a fire
destroyed many birds and other animals. 7. We saw blood on the wild
beast’s teeth.
«277.» DAED´ALUS AND IC´ARUS (_Continued_)
Tum Daedalus gravibus cūrīs commōtus fīliō suō Īcarō ita dixit: “Animus
meus, Īcare, est plēnus trīstitiae nec oculī lacrimīs egent. Discēdere
ex Crētā, Athēnās properāre, maximē studeō; sed rēx recūsat audīre verba
mea et omnem reditūs spem ēripit. Sed numquam rēbus adversīs vincar.
Terra et mare sunt inimīca, sed aliam fugae viam reperiam.” Tum in artīs
ignōtās animum dīmittit et mīrum capit cōnsilium. Nam pennās in ōrdine
pōnit et vērās ālās facit.
LESSON XLIX
PRONOUNS CLASSIFIED · PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
[Special Vocabulary]
«amīcitia, -ae», f., _friendship_ (amicable)
«itaque», conj., _and so, therefore, accordingly_
«littera, -ae», f., _a letter_ of the alphabet;
plur., _a letter, an epistle_
«metus, metūs», m., _fear_
«nihil, indeclinable», n., _nothing_ (nihilist)
«nūntius, nūntī», m., _messenger_. Cf. «nūntiō»
«pāx, pācis», f., _peace_ (pacify)
«rēgnum, -ī», n., _reign, sovereignty, kingdom_
«supplicum, suppli´cī», n., _punishment_;
«supplicum sūmere dē», with abl., _inflict punishment on_;
«supplicum dare», _suffer punishment_. Cf. «poena»
«placeō, placēre, placuī, placitus», _be pleasing to, please_,
with dative. Cf. §154
«sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus», _take up, assume_
«sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus», _sustain_
«278.» We have the same kinds of pronouns in Latin as in English. They
are divided into the following eight classes:
1. «Personal pronouns», which show the person speaking, spoken to, or
spoken of; as, «ego», _I_; «tū», _you_; «is», _he_. (Cf. §279. etc.)
2. «Possessive pronouns», which denote possession; as, «meus», «tuus»,
«suus», etc. (Cf. §98.)
3. «Reflexive pronouns», used in the predicate to refer back to the
subject; as, _he saw himself_. (Cf. §281.)
4. «Intensive pronouns», used to emphasize a noun or pronoun; as, _I
myself saw it_. (Cf. §285.)
5. «Demonstrative pronouns», which point out persons or things; as,
«is», _this, that_. (Cf. §112.)
6. «Relative pronouns», which connect a subordinate adjective clause
with an antecedent; as, «quī», _who_. (Cf. §220.)
7. «Interrogative pronouns», which ask a question; as, «quis», _who?_
(Cf. §225.)
8. «Indefinite pronouns», which point out indefinitely; as, _some one,
any one, some, certain ones_, etc. (Cf. §296.)
«279.» The demonstrative pronoun «is», «ea», «id», as we learned in
§115, is regularly used as the personal pronoun of the third person
(_he_, _she_, _it_, _they_, etc.).
«280.» The personal pronouns of the first person are «ego», _I_; «nōs»,
_we_; of the second person, «tū», _thou_ or _you_; «vōs», _ye_ or _you_.
They are declined as follows:
SINGULAR
FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON
_Nom._ ego, _I_ tū, _you_
_Gen._ meī, _of me_ tuī, _of you_
_Dat._ mihi, _to_ or _for me_ tibi, _to_ or _for you_
_Acc._ mē, _me_ tē, _you_
_Abl._ mē, _with, from_, etc., _me_ tē, _with, from_, etc., _you_
PLURAL
_Nom._ nōs, _we_ vōs, _you_
_Gen._ nostrum or nostrī, _of us_ vestrum or vestrī, _of you_
_Dat._ nōbīs, _to_ or _for us_ vōbīs, _to_ or _for you_
_Acc._ nōs, _us_ vōs, _you_
_Abl._ nōbīs, _with, from_, vōbīs, _with, from_, etc., _you_
etc., _us_
1. The personal pronouns are not used in the nominative excepting for
emphasis or contrast.
«281.» «The Reflexive Pronouns.» 1. The personal pronouns «ego» and «tū»
may be used in the predicate as reflexives; as,
«videō mē», _I see myself_
«vidēmus nōs», _we see ourselves_
«vidēs tē», _you see yourself_
«vidētis vōs», _you see yourselves_
2. The reflexive pronoun of the third person (_himself, herself,
itself, themselves_) has a special form, used only in these senses,
and declined alike in the singular and plural.
SINGULAR AND PLURAL
_Gen._ suī _Acc._ sē
_Dat._ sibi _Abl._ sē
EXAMPLES
«Puer sē videt», _the boy sees himself_
«Puella sē videt», _the girl sees herself_
«Animal sē videt», _the animal sees itself_
«Iī sē vident», _they see themselves_
_a._ The form «sē» is sometimes doubled, «sēsē», for emphasis.
3. Give the Latin for
_I teach myself_ _We teach ourselves_
_You teach yourself_ _You teach yourselves_
_He teaches himself_ _They teach themselves_
«282.» The preposition «cum», when used with the ablative of «ego»,
«tū», or «suī», is appended to the form, as, «mēcum», _with me_;
«tēcum», _with you_; «nōbīscum», _with us_; etc.
«283.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294.
I. 1. Mea māter est cāra mihi et tua māter est cāra tibi. 2. Vestrae
litterae erant grātae nōbis et nostrae litterae erant grātae vōbīs.
3. Nūntius rēgis quī nōbīscum est nihil respondēbit. 4. Nūntiī pācem
amīcitiamque sibi et suīs sociīs postulāvērunt. 5. Sī tū arma sūmēs,
ego rēgnum occupābō. 6. Uter vestrum est cīvis Rōmānus? Neuter nostrum.
7. Eō tempore multī supplicium dedērunt quia rēgnum petierant. 8. Sūme
supplicium, Caesar, dē hostibus patriae ācribus. 9. Prīmā lūce aliī
metū commōtī sēsē fugae mandāvērunt; aliī autem magnā virtūte impetum
exercitūs nostrī sustinuērunt. 10. Soror rēgis, ubi dē adversō proeliō
audīvit, sēsē Pompēiīs interfēcit.
II. 1. Whom do you teach? I teach myself. 2. The soldier wounded himself
with his sword. 3. The master praises us, but you he does not praise.
4. Therefore he will inflict punishment on you, but we shall not suffer
punishment. 5. Who will march (i.e. make a march) with me to Rome?
6. I will march with you to the gates of the city. 7. Who will show
us[1] the way? The gods will show you[1] the way.
[Footnote 1: Not accusative.]
DAED´ALUS AND IC´ARUS (_Concluded_)
«284.» Puer Īcarus ūnā[2] stābat et mīrum patris opus vidēbat. Postquam
manus ultima[3] ālīs imposita est, Daedalus eās temptāvit et similis avī
in aurās volāvit. Tum ālās umerīs fīlī adligāvit et docuit eum volāre
et dīxit, “Tē vetō, mī fīlī, adpropinquāre aut sōlī aut marī. Sī
fluctibus adpropinquāveris,[4] aqua ālīs tuīs nocēbit, et sī sōlī
adpropinquāveris,[4] ignis eās cremābit.” Tum pater et filius iter
difficile incipiunt. Ālās movent et aurae sēsē committunt. Sed stultus
puer verbīs patris nōn pāret. Sōlī adpropinquat. Ālae cremantur et
Īcarus in mare dēcidit et vitam āmittit. Daedalus autem sine ūllō
perīculō trāns fluctūs ad īnsulam Siciliam volāvit.
[Footnote 2: Adverb, see vocabulary.]
[Footnote 3: «manus ultima», _the finishing touch_. What literally?]
[Footnote 4: Future perfect. Translate by the present.]
LESSON L
THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN _IPSE_ AND THE DEMONSTRATIVE _ĪDEM_
[Special Vocabulary]
«corpus, corporis», n., _body_ (corporal)
«dēnsus, -a, -um», _dense_
«īdem, e´adem, idem», demonstrative pronoun, _the same_ (identity)
«ipse, ipsa, ipsum», intensive pronoun, _self; even, very_
«mīrus, -a, -um», _wonderful, marvelous_ (miracle)
«ōlim», adv., _formerly, once upon a time_
«pars, partis (-ium)», f., _part, region, direction_
«quoque», adv., _also_. Stands _after_ the word which it emphasizes
«sōl, sōlis», m., _sun_ (solar)
«vērus, -a, -um», _true, real_ (verity)
«dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus», _owe, ought_ (debt)
«ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus», _snatch from_
«285.» «Ipse» means _-self_ (_him-self, her-self_, etc.) or is
translated by _even_ or _very_. It is used to emphasize a noun or
pronoun, expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an
adjective.
_a._ «Ipse» must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive
«suī». The latter is always used as a pronoun, while «ipse» is
regularly adjective. Compare
«Homō sē videt», _the man sees himself_ (reflexive)
«Homō ipse perīculum videt»,
_the man himself_ (intensive) _sees the danger_
«Homō ipsum perīculum videt»,
_the man sees the danger itself_ (intensive)
«286.» Except for the one form «ipse», the intensive pronoun is declined
exactly like the nine irregular adjectives (cf. §§108, 109). Learn the
declension (§481).
«287.» The demonstrative «īdem», meaning _the same_, is a compound of
«is». It is declined as follows:
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ īdem e´adem idem
_Gen._ eius´dem eius´dem eius´dem
_Dat._ eī´dem eī´dem eī´dem
_Acc._ eun´dem ean´dem idem
_Abl._ eō´dem eā´dem eō´dem
PLURAL
_Nom._ iī´dem eae´dem e´adem
eī´dem
_Gen._ eōrun´dem eārun´dem eōrun´dem
_Dat._ iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem
eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem
_Acc._ eōs´dem eās´dem e´adem
_Abl._ iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem
eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem
_a._ From forms like «eundem» (eum + -dem), «eōrundem» (eōrum
+ -dem), we learn the rule that «m» before «d» is changed to «n».
_b._ The forms «iīdem», «iīsdem» are often spelled and pronounced
with one «ī».
«288.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295.
I. 1. Ego et tū[1] in eādem urbe vīvimus. 2. Iter ipsum nōn timēmus sed
ferās saevās quae in silvā dēnsā esse dīcuntur. 3. Ōlim nōs ipsī idem
iter fēcimus. 4. Eō tempore multās ferās vīdimus. 5. Sed nōbīs nōn
nocuērunt. 6. Caesar ipse scūtum dē manibus mīlitis ēripuit et in ipsam
aciem properāvit. 7. Itaque mīlitēs summā virtūte tēla in hostium
corpora iēcērunt. 8. Rōmānī quoque gravia vulnera accēpērunt. 9. Dēnique
hostēs terga vertērunt et ommīs in partīs[2] fūgērunt. 10. Eādem hōrā
litterae Rōmam ab imperātōre ipsō missae sunt. 11. Eōdem mēnse captīvī
quoque in Italiam missī sunt. 12. Sed multī propter vulnera iter
difficile trāns montīs facere recūsābant et Genāvae esse dīcēbantur.
II. 1. At Pompeii there is a wonderful mountain. 2. When I was in that
place, I myself saw that mountain. 3. On the same day many cities were
destroyed by fire and stones from that very mountain. 4. You have not
heard the true story of that calamity, have you?[3] 5. On that day the
very sun could not give light to men. 6. You yourself ought to tell (to)
us that story.
[Footnote 1: Observe that in Latin we say _I and you_, not _you
and I_.]
[Footnote 2: Not _parts_, but _directions_.]
[Footnote 3: Cf. §210.]
«289.» HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE[4]
Tarquinius Superbus, septimus et ultimus rēx Rōmānōrum, ubi in exsilium
ab īrātīs Rōmānīs ēiectus est, ā Porsenā, rēge Etrūscōrum, auxilium
petiit. Mox Porsena magnīs cum cōpiīs Rōmam vēnit, et ipsa urbs summō in
perīculō erat. Omnibus in partibus exercitus Rōmānus victus erat. Iam
rēx montem Iāniculum[5] occupāverat. Numquam anteā Rōmānī tantō metū
tenēbantur. Ex agrīs in urbem properābant et summō studiō urbem ipsam
mūniēbant.
[Footnote 4: The story of Horatius has been made familiar by
Macaulay’s well-known poem “Horatius” in his _Lays of Ancient Rome_.
Read the poem in connection with this selection.]
[Footnote 5: The Janiculum is a high hill across the Tiber from
Rome.]
LESSON LI
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS _HIC_, _ISTE_, _ILLE_
[Special Vocabulary]
«hic, haec, hoc», demonstrative pronoun, _this_ (of mine);
_he, she, it_
«ille, illa, illud», demonstrative pronoun _that_ (yonder);
_he, she, it_
«invīsus, -a, -um», _hateful, detested_, with dative Cf. §143
«iste, ista, istud», demonstrative pronoun, _that_ (of yours);
_he, she, it_
«lībertās, -ātis», f., _liberty_
«modus, -ī», m., _measure; manner, way, mode_
«nōmen, nōminis», n., _name_ (nominate)
«oculus, -ī», m., _eye_ (oculist)
«prīstinus, -a, -um», _former, old-time_ (pristine)
«pūblicus, -a, -um», _public, belonging to the state;_
«rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae», f., _the commonwealth, the state,
the republic_
«vestīgium, vestī´gī», n., _footprint, track; trace, vestige_
«vōx, vōcis», f., _voice_
«290.» We have already learned the declension of the demonstrative
pronoun «is» and its use. (Cf. Lesson XVII.) That pronoun refers to
persons or things either far or near, and makes no definite reference to
place or time. If we wish to point out an object definitely in place or
time, we must use «hic», «iste», or «ille.» These demonstratives, like
«is», are used both as pronouns and as adjectives, and their relation to
the speaker may be represented graphically thus:
«hic» «iste» «ille»
SPEAKER ------------->-------------->--------------->
_this_, _he_; _that_, _he_; _that_, _he_
(near); (remote); (more remote)
_a._ In dialogue «hic» refers to a person or thing near the speaker;
«iste», to a person or thing near the person addressed; «ille», to a
person or thing remote from both. These distinctions are illustrated
in the model sentences, §293, which should be carefully studied and
imitated.
«291.» «Hic» is declined as follows:
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ hic haec hoc
_Gen._ huius huius huius
_Dat._ huic huic huic
_Acc._ hunc hanc hoc
_Abl._ hōc hāc hōc
PLURAL
_Nom._ hī hae haec
_Gen._ hōrum hārum hōrum
_Dat._ hīs hīs hīs
_Acc._ hōs hās haec
_Abl._ hīs hīs hīs
_a._ «Huius» is pronounced _ho͝o´yo͝os_, and «huic» is pronounced
_ho͝oic_ (one syllable).
«292.» The demonstrative pronouns «iste», «ista», «istud», and «ille»,
«illa», «illud», except for the nominative and accusative singular
neuter forms «istud» and «illud», are declined exactly like «ipse»,
«ipsa», «ipsum.» (See §481.)
«293.» «MODEL SENTENCES»
_Is this horse_ (of mine) _strong?_
«Estne hic equus validus?»
_That horse_ (of yours) _is strong, but that one_ (yonder) _is weak_
«Iste equus est validus, sed ille est īnfīrmus»
_Are these_ (men by me) _your friends?_
«Suntne hī amīcī tuī?»
_Those_ (men by you) _are my friends,
but those_ (men yonder) _are enemies_
«Istī sunt amīcī meī, sed illī sunt inimīcī»
«294.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295.
I. _A German Chieftain addresses his Followers._ Ille fortis Germānōrum
dux suōs convocāvit et hōc modō animōs eōrum cōnfirmāvit. “Vōs, quī in
hīs fīnibus vīvitis, in hunc locum convocāvī[1] quia mēcum dēbētis istōs
agrōs et istās domōs ab iniūriīs Rōmānōrum liberāre. Hoc nōbīs nōn
difficile erit, quod illī hostēs hās silvās dēnsās, ferās saevās quārum
vestīgia vident, montēs altōs timent. Sī fortēs erimus, deī ipsī nōbīs
viam salūtis dēmonstrābunt. Ille sōl, istī oculī calamītātēs nostrās
vīdērunt.[1] Itaque nōmen illīus reī pūblicae Rōmānae nōn sōlum nōbis,
sed etiam omnibus hominibus quī lībertātem amant, est invīsum. Ad arma
vōs vocō. Exercēte istam prīstinam virtūtem et vincētis.”
[Footnote 1: The perfect definite. (Cf. §190.)]
II. 1. Does that bird (of yours)[2] sing? 2. This bird (of mine)[2]
sings both[3] in summer and in winter and has a beautiful voice.
3. Those birds (yonder)[2] in the country don´t sing in winter.
4. Snatch a spear from the hands of that soldier (near you)[2] and come
home with me. 5. With those very eyes (of yours)[2] you will see the
tracks of the hateful enemy who burned my dwelling and made an attack on
my brother. 6. For («propter») these deeds («rēs») we ought to inflict
punishment on him without delay. 7. The enemies of the republic do not
always suffer punishment.
[Footnote 2: English words in parentheses are not to be translated.
They are inserted to show what demonstratives should be used.
(Cf. §290.)]
[Footnote 3: _both ... and_, «et ... et».]
[Illustration: HORATIUS PONTEM DEFENDIT]
«295.» HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (_Continued_)
Altera urbis pars mūrīs, altera flūmine satis mūnīrī vidēbātur. Sed erat
pōns in flūmine quī hostibus iter paene dedit. Tum Horātius Cocles,
fortis vir, magnā vōce dīxit, “Rescindite pontem, Rōmānī! Brevī tempore
Porsena in urbem cōpiās suās trādūcet.” Iam hostēs in ponte erant, sed
Horātius cum duōbus (cf. §479) comitibus ad extrēmam pontis partem
properāvit, et hi sōli aciem hostium sustinuērunt. Tum vērō cīvēs Rōmānī
pontem ā tergō rescindere incipiunt, et hostēs frūstrā Horātium superāre
temptant.
LESSON LII
THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
[Special Vocabulary]
«incolumis, -e», _unharmed_
«nē ... quidem», adv., _not even_. The emphatic word stands between
«nē» and «quidem»
«nisi», conj., _unless, if ... not_
«paene», adv., _almost_ (pen-insula)
«satis», adv., _enough, sufficiently_ (satisfaction)
«tantus, -a, -um», _so great_
«vērō», adv., _truly, indeed, in fact_. As a conj. _but, however_,
usually stands second, never first.
«dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidī, ----», _fall down_ (deciduous)
«dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī, dēsultus», _leap down, dismount_
«maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus», _remain_
«trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductus», _lead across_
«296.» The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to _some person_ or
_some thing_, without indicating which particular one is meant. The
pronouns «quis» and «quī», which we have learned in their interrogative
and relative uses, may also be indefinite; and nearly all the other
indefinite pronouns are compounds of «quis» or «quī» and declined almost
like them. Review the declension of these words, §§221, 227.
«297.» Learn the declension and meaning of the following indefinites:
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
«quis» «quid», _some one, any one_ (substantive)
«quī» «qua» or «quae» «quod», _some, any_ (adjective), §483
«aliquis» «aliquid», _some one, any one_
(substantive), §487
«aliquī» «aliqua» «aliquod», _some, any_ (adjective), §487
«quīdam» «quaedam» «quoddam», «quiddam», _a certain,
a certain one_, §485
«quisquam» «quicquam» or «quidquam» (no plural),
_any one_ (at all) (substantive), §486
«quisque» «quidque», _each one, every one_
(substantive), §484
«quisque» «quaeque» «quodque», _each, every_ (adjective), §484
[Transcriber’s Note:
In the original text, the combined forms (masculine/feminine) were
printed in the “masculine” column.]
NOTE. The meanings of the neuters, _something_, etc., are easily
inferred from the masculine and feminine.
_a._ In the masculine and neuter singular of the indefinites,
«quis-»forms and «quid-»forms are mostly used as substantives,
«quī-»forms and «quod-»forms as adjectives.
_b._ The indefinites «quis» and «quī» never stand first in a clause,
and are rare excepting after «sī», «nisi», «nē», «num» (as, «sī
quis», _if any one_; «sī quid», _if anything_; «nisi quis», _unless
some one_). Generally «aliquis» and «aliquī» are used instead.
_c._ The forms «qua» and «aliqua» are both feminine nominative
singular and neuter nominative plural of the indefinite adjectives
«quī» and «aliquī» respectively. How do these differ from the
corresponding forms of the relative «quī?»
_d._ Observe that «quīdam» (quī + -dam) is declined like «quī»,
except that in the accusative singular and genitive plural «m» of
«quī» becomes «n» (cf. §287.a): «quendam», «quandam»,
«quōrundam», «quārundam;» also that the neuter has «quiddam»
(substantive) and «quoddam» (adjective) in the nominative and
accusative singular. «Quīdam» is the least indefinite of the
indefinite pronouns, and implies that you could name the person or
thing referred to if you cared to do so.
_e._ «Quisquam» and «quisque» (substantive) are declined like
«quis.»
_f._ «Quisquam», _any one_ («quicquam» or «quidquam», _anything_),
is always used substantively and chiefly in negative sentences. The
corresponding adjective _any_ is «ūllus, -a, -um» (§108).
«298.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295.
I. 1. Aliquis dē ponte in flūmen dēcidit sed sine ūllō perīculō servātus
est. 2. Est vērō in vītā cuiusque hominis aliqua bona fortūna. 3. Nē
mīlitum quidem[1] quisquam in castrīs mānsit. 4. Sī quem meae domī
vidēs, iubē eum discēdere. 5. Sī quis pontem tenet, nē tantus quidem
exercitus capere urbem potest. 6. Urbs nōn satis mūnīta erat et merīdiē
rēx quīdam paene cōpiās suās trāns pontem trādūxerat. 7. Dēnique mīles
quīdam armātus in fluctūs dēsiluit et incolumis ad alteram rīpam oculōs
vertit. 8. Quisque illī fortī mīlitī aliquid dare dēbet. 9. Tanta vērō
virtūs Rōmānīs semper placuit. 10. Ōlim Corinthus erat urbs satis magna
et paene par Rōmae ipsī; nunc vērō moenia dēcidērunt et pauca vestīgia
urbis illīus reperīrī possunt. 11. Quisque lībertātem amat, et aliquibus
vērō nōmen rēgis est invīsum.
II. 1. If you see a certain Cornelius at Corinth, send him to me.
2. Almost all the soldiers who fell down into the waves were unharmed.
3. Not even at Pompeii did I see so great a fire. 4. I myself was eager
to tell something to some one. 5. Each one was praising his own work.
6. Did you see some one in the country? I did not see any one. 7. Unless
some one will remain on the bridge with Horatius, the commonwealth will
be in the greatest danger.
[Footnote 1: Observe that «quīdam» and «quidem» are different
words.]
«299.» HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (_Concluded_)
Mox, ubi parva pars pontis mānsit, Horātius iussit comitēs discēdere et
sōlus mīrā cōnstantiā impetum illius tōtius exercitūs sustinēbat.
Dēnique magnō fragōre pōns in flūmen dēcīdit. Tum vērō Horātius tergum
vertit et armātus in aquās dēsiluit. In eum hostēs multa tēla iēcērunt;
incolumis autem per fluctūs ad alteram rīpam trānāvit. Eī propter tantās
rēs gestās populus Rōmānus nōn sōlum alia magna praemia dedit sed etiam
statuam Horāti in locō pūblicō posuit.
* * * * *
«Sixth Review, Lessons XLV-LII, §§521-523»
* * * * *
LESSON LIII
REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
[Special Vocabulary]
«aquila, -ae», f., _eagle_ (aquiline)
«audāx», gen. «audācis», adj., _bold, audacious_
«celer, celeris, celere», _swift, quick_ (celerity). Cf. «vēlōx»
«explōratōr, -ōris», m., _scout, spy_ (explorer)
«ingēns», gen. «ingentis», adj., _huge, vast_
«medius, -a, -um», _middle, middle part of_ (medium)
«mēns, mentis (-ium)», f., _mind_ (mental). Cf. «animus»
«opportūnus, -a, -um», _opportune_
«quam», adv., _than_. With the superlative «quam» gives the force of
_as possible_, as «quam» audācissimī virī, _men as bold as possible_
«recens», gen. «recentis», adj., _recent_
«tam», adv., _so_. Always with an adjective or adverb, while «ita» is
generally used with a verb
«quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus», _ask, inquire, seek_
(question). Cf. «petō»
«300.» The quality denoted by an adjective may exist in either a higher
or a lower degree, and this is expressed by a form of inflection called
comparison. The mere presence of the quality is expressed by the
positive degree, its presence in a higher or lower degree by the
comparative, and in the highest or lowest of all by the superlative. In
English the usual way of comparing an adjective is by using the suffix
_-er_ for the comparative and _-est_ for the superlative; as, positive
_high_, comparative _higher_, superlative _highest_. Less frequently we
use the adverbs _more_ and _most_; as, positive _beautiful_, comparative
_more beautiful_, superlative _most beautiful._
In Latin, as in English, adjectives are compared by adding suffixes or
by using adverbs.
«301.» Adjectives are compared by using suffixes as follows:
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
clārus, -a, -um clārior, clārīus clārissimus, -a, -um
(_bright_) (_brighter_) (_brightest_)
(BASE clār-)
brevis, breve brevior, brevius brevissimus, -a, -um
(_short_) (_shorter_) (_shortest_)
(BASE brev-)
vēlōx vēlōcior, vēlōcius vēlōcissimus, -a, -um
(_swift_) (_swifter_) (_swiftest_)
(BASE veloc-)
_a._ The comparative is formed from the base of the positive by
adding «-ior» masc. and fem., and «-ius» neut.; the superlative by
adding «-issimus, -issima, -issimum».
«302.» Less frequently adjectives are compared by using the adverbs
«magis», _more_; «maximē», _most_; as, «idōneus», _suitable_; «magis
idōneus», _more suitable_; «maximē idōneus», _most suitable._
«303.» «Declension of the Comparative.» Adjectives of the comparative
degree are declined as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ clārior clārīus clāriōrēs clāriōra
_Gen._ clāriōris clāriōris clāriōrum clāriōrum
_Dat._ clāriōrī clāriōrī clāriōribus clāriōribus
_Acc._ clāriōrem clārius clāriōrēs clāriōra
_Abl._ clāriōre clāriōre clāriōribus clāriōribus
_a._ Observe that the endings are those of the consonant stems of
the third declension.
_b._ Compare «longus», _long_; «fortis», _brave_; «recēns» (base,
«recent-»), _recent_; and decline the comparative of each.
«304.» Adjectives in «-er» form the comparative regularly, but the
superlative is formed by adding «-rimus», «-a», «-um» to the nominative
masculine of the positive; as,
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
ācer, ācris, ācre ācrior, ācrius ācerrimus, -a, -um
(BASE acr-)
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulchrior, pulchrius pulcherrimus,
(BASE pulchr-) -a, -um
līber, lībera, līberum līberior, līberius līberrimus, -a, -um
(BASE līber-)
_a._ In a similar manner compare «miser», «aeger», «crēber».
«305.» The comparative is often translated by _quite, too_, or
_somewhat_, and the superlative by _very_; as, «altior», _quite_ (_too,
somewhat_) _high_; «altissimus», _very high._
«306.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296.
I. 1. Quid explōrātōrēs quaerēbant? Explōrātōrēs tempus opportūnissimum
itinerī quaerēbant. 2. Mediā in silvā ignīs quam crēberrimōs fēcimus,
quod ferās tam audācis numquam anteā vīderāmus. 3. Antīquīs temporibus
Germānī erant fortiōrēs quam Gallī. 4. Caesar erat clārior quam
inimīcī[1] quī eum necāvērunt. 5. Quisque scūtum ingēns et pīlum longius
gerēbat. 6. Apud barbarōs Germānī erant audācissimī et fortissimī.
7. Mēns hominum est celerior quam corpus. 8. Virī aliquārum terrārum
sunt miserrimī. 9. Corpora Germānōrum erant ingentiōra quam Rōmānōrum.
10. Ācerrimī Gallōrum prīncipēs sine ūllā morā trāns flūmen quoddam
equōs vēlōcissimōs trādūxērunt. 11. Aestāte diēs sunt longiōrēs quam
hieme. 12. Imperātor quīdam ab explōrātōribus dē recentī adventū nāvium
longārum quaesīvit.
II. 1. Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest. 2. Certain animals are
swifter than the swiftest horse. 3. The Roman name was most hateful to
the enemies of the commonwealth. 4. The Romans always inflicted the
severest[2] punishment on faithless allies. 5. I was quite ill, and so I
hastened from the city to the country. 6. Marcus had some friends dearer
than Cæsar.[3] 7. Did you not seek a more recent report concerning the
battle? 8. Not even after a victory so opportune did he seek the
general’s friendship.
[Footnote 1: Why is this word used instead of «hostēs»?]
[Footnote 2: Use the superlative of «gravis».]
[Footnote 3: Accusative. In a comparison the noun after «quam» is in
the same case as the one before it.]
N.B. Beginning at this point, the selections for reading will be found
near the end of the volume. (See p. 197.)
LESSON LIV
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
THE ABLATIVE WITH COMPARATIVES WITHOUT _QUAM_
[Special Vocabulary]
«alacer, alacris, alacre», _eager, spirited, excited_ (alacrity)
«celeritās, -ātis», f., _speed_ (celerity)
«clāmor, clāmōris», m., _shout, clamor_
«lēnis, lēne», _mild, gentle_ (lenient)
«mulier, muli´eris», f., _woman_
«multitūdō, multitūdinis», f., _multitude_
«nēmŏ», dat. «nēminī», acc. «nēminem» (gen. «nūllīus», abl. «nūllō»,
from «nūllus»), no plur., m. and f., _no one_
«nōbilis, nōbile», _well known, noble_
«noctū», adv. (an old abl.), _by night_ (nocturnal)
«statim», adv., _immediately, at once_
«subitō», adv., _suddenly_
«tardus, -a, -um», _slow_ (tardy)
«cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus», _desire, wish_ (cupidity)
«307.» The following six adjectives in «-lis» form the comparative
regularly; but the superlative is formed by adding «-limus» to the base
of the positive. Learn the meanings and comparison.
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
facilis, -e, _easy_ facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um
difficilis, -e, _hard_ difficilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um
similis, -e, _like_ similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um
dissimilis, -e, _unlike_ dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um
gracilis, -e, _slender_ gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um
humilis, -e, _low_ humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um
«308.» From the knowledge gained in the preceding lesson we should
translate the sentence _Nothing is brighter than the sun_
«Nihil est clārius quam sōl»
But the Romans, especially in negative sentences, often expressed the
comparison in this way,
«Nihil est clārius sōle»
which, literally translated, is _Nothing is brighter away from the sun_;
that is, _starting from the sun as a standard, nothing is brighter_.
This relation is expressed by the separative ablative «sōle». Hence the
rule
«309.» RULE. «Ablative with Comparatives.» _The comparative degree, if
«quam» is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative._
«310.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296.
I. 1. Nēmō mīlitēs alacriōrēs Rōmānīs vīdit. 2. Statim imperātor iussit
nūntiōs quam celerrimōs litterās Rōmam portāre. 3. Multa flūmina sunt
lēniōra Rhēnō. 4. Apud Rōmanōs quis erat clārior Caesare? 5. Nihil
pulchrius urbe Rōmā vīdī. 6. Subitō multitūdo audacissima magnō clamōre
proelium ācrius commīsit. 7. Num est equus tuus tardus? Nōn vērō tardus,
sed celerior aquilā. 8. Ubi Romae fuī, nēmō erat mihi amicior Sextō.
9. Quaedam mulierēs cibum mīlitibus dare cupīvērunt. 10. Rēx vetuit
cīvis ex urbe noctū discēdere. 11. Ille puer est gracilior hāc
muliere. 12. Explōrātor duās (_two_) viās, alteram facilem, alteram
difficiliōrem, dēmōnstrāvit.
II. 1. What city have you seen more beautiful than Rome? 2. The Gauls
were not more eager than the Germans. 3. The eagle is not slower than
the horse. 4. The spirited woman did not fear to make the journey by
night. 5. The mind of the multitude was quite gentle and friendly.
6. But the king’s mind was very different. 7. The king was not like
(similar to) his noble father. 8. These hills are lower than the huge
mountains of our territory.
[Illustration: ARMA ROMANA]
LESSON LV
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Continued_)
[Special Vocabulary]
«aedificium, aedifi´cī», n., _building, dwelling_ (edifice)
«imperium, impe´rī», n., _command, chief power; empire_
«mors, mortis (-ium)», f., _death_ (mortal)
«reliquus, -a, -um», _remaining, rest of_. As a noun, m. and n. plur.,
_the rest_ (relic)
«scelus, sceleris», n., _crime_
«servitūs, -ūtis», f., _slavery_ (servitude)
«vallēs, vallis (-ium)», f., _valley_
«abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus», _hide_
«contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus», _strain, struggle;
hasten_ (contend)
«occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus», _cut down, kill_. Cf. «necō»,
«interficiō»
«perterreō, perterrēre, perterruī, perterritus», _terrify, frighten_
«recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptus», _receive, recover_;
«sē recipere», _betake one’s self, withdraw, retreat_
«trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus», _give over, surrender, deliver_
(traitor)
«311.» Some adjectives in English have irregular comparison, as _good,
better, best_; _many, more, most._ So Latin comparison presents some
irregularities. Among the adjectives that are compared irregularly are
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
«bonus, -a, -um», _good_ «melior, melius» «optimus, -a, -um»
«magnus, -a, -um», _great_ «maior, maius» «maximus, -a, -um»
«malus, -a, -um», _bad_ «peior, peius» «pessimus, -a, -um»
«multus, -a, -um», _much_ «----, plūs» «plūrimus, -a, -um»
«multī, -ae, -a», _many_ «plūrēs, plūra» «plūrimī, -ae, -a»
«parvus, -a, -um», _small_ «minor, minus» «minimus, -a, -um»
«312.» The following four adjectives have two superlatives. Unusual
forms are placed in parentheses.
«exterus, -a, -um», («exterior, -ius», { «extrēmus, -a, -um» }
_outward_ _outer_) {(«extimus, -a, -um») }
_outermost, last_
«īnferus, -a, -um», «īnferior, -ius», { «īnfimus, -a, -um» }
_low_ _lower_ { «īmus, -a, -um» }
_lowest_
«posterus, -a, -um», («posterior, -ius», { «postrēmus, -a, -um» }
_next_ _later_) {(«postumus, -a, -um») }
_last_
«superus, -a, -um», «superior, -ius» { «suprēmus, -a, -um» }
_above_ _higher_ { «summus, -a, -um» }
_highest_
«313.» «Plūs», _more_ (plural _more, many, several_), is declined as
follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ ---- plūs plūrēs plūra
_Gen._ ---- plūris plūrium plūrium
_Dat._ ---- ---- plūribus plūribus
_Acc._ ---- plūs plūrīs, -ēs plūra
_Abl._ ---- plūre plūribus plūribus
_a._ In the singular «plūs» is used only as a neuter substantive.
«314.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296.
I. 1. Reliquī hostēs, quī ā dextrō cornū proelium commīserant, dē
superiōre locō fūgērunt et sēsē in silvam maximam recēpērunt. 2. In
extrēmā parte silvae castra hostium posita erant. 3. Plūrimī captīvī
ab equitibus ad Caesarem ductī sunt. 4. Caesar vērō iussit eōs in
servitūtem trādī. 5. Posterō diē magna multitūdō mulierum ab Rōmānīs
in valle īmā reperta est. 6. Hae mulierēs maximē perterritae adventū
Caesaris sēsē occīdere studēbant. 7. Eae quoque plūrīs fābulās dē
exercitūs Rōmānī sceleribus audīverant. 8. Fāma illōrum mīlitum optima
nōn erat. 9. In barbarōrum aedificiīs maior cōpia frūmentī reperta est.
10. Nēmō crēbrīs proeliīs contendere sine aliquō perīculō potest.
II. 1. The remaining women fled from their dwellings and hid themselves.
2. They were terrified and did not wish to be captured and given over
into slavery. 3. Nothing can be worse than slavery. 4. Slavery is worse
than death. 5. In the Roman empire a great many were killed because they
refused to be slaves. 6. To surrender the fatherland is the worst crime.
LESSON LVI
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Concluded_)
ABLATIVE OF THE MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE
[Special Vocabulary]
«aditus, -ūs», m., _approach, access; entrance_
«cīvitās, cīvitātis», f., _citizenship; body of citizens, state_
(city)
«inter», prep, with acc., _between, among_ (interstate commerce)
«nam», conj., _for_
«obses, obsidis», m. and f., _hostage_
«paulō», adv. (abl. n. of «paulus»), _by a little, somewhat_
«incolō, incolere, incoluī, ----», transitive, _inhabit_;
intransitive, _dwell_. Cf. «habitō», «vīvō»
«relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictus», _leave, abandon_
(relinquish)
«statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtus», _fix, decide_ (statute), usually
with infin.
«315.» The following adjectives are irregular in the formation of the
superlative and have no positive. Forms rarely used are in parentheses.
COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
«citerior», _hither_ («citimus», _hithermost_)
«interior», _inner_ («intimus», _inmost_)
«prior», _former_ «prīmus», _first_
«propior», _nearer_ «proximus», _next, nearest_
«ulterior», _further_ «ultimus», _furthest_
«316.» In the sentence _Galba is a head taller than Sextus_, the phrase
_a head taller_ expresses the «measure of difference» in height between
Galba and Sextus. The Latin form of expression would be _Galba is taller
than Sextus «by a head»_. This is clearly an ablative relation, and the
construction is called the «ablative of the measure of difference».
EXAMPLES
«Galba est altior capite quam Sextus»
_Galba is a head taller_ (taller by a head) _than Sextus_.
«Illud iter ad Italiam est multō brevius»
_That route to Italy is much shorter_ (shorter by much)
«317.» RULE. «Ablative of the Measure of Difference.» _With comparatives
and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure
of difference._
_a._ Especially common in this construction are the neuter ablatives
«eō», _by this, by that_ «nihilō»,[1] _by nothing_
«hōc», _by this_ «paulō», _by a little_
«multō», _by much_
[Footnote 1: «nihil» was originally «nihilum» and declined like
«pīlum». There is no plural.]
«318.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.
I. 1. Barbarī proelium committere statuērunt eō magis quod Rōmānī
īnfīrmī esse vidēbantur. 2. Meum cōnsilium est multō melius quam tuum
quia multō facilius est. 3. Haec via est multō lātior quam illa.
4. Barbarī erant nihilō tardiōrēs quam Rōmānī. 5. Tuus equus est paulō
celerior quam meus. 6. Iī quī paulō fortiōrēs erant prohibuērunt
reliquōs aditum relinquere. 7. Inter illās cīvitātēs Germānia mīlitēs
habet optimōs. 8. Propior via quae per hanc vallem dūcit est inter
portum et lacum. 9. Servī, quī agrōs citeriōrēs incolēbant, priōrēs
dominōs relinquere nōn cupīvērunt, quod eōs amābant. 10. Ultimae
Germāniae partēs numquam in fidem Rōmānōrum vēnērunt. 11. Nam trāns
Rhēnum aditus erat multō difficilior exercituī Rōmānō.
II. 1. Another way much more difficult (more difficult by much) was left
through hither Gaul. 2. In ancient times no state was stronger than the
Roman empire. 3. The states of further Gaul did not wish to give
hostages to Cæsar. 4. Slavery is no better (better by nothing) than
death. 5. The best citizens are not loved by the worst. 6. The active
enemy immediately withdrew into the nearest forest, for they were
terrified by Cæsar’s recent victories.
LESSON LVII
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
[Special Vocabulary]
«aequus, -a, -um», _even, level; equal_
«cohors, cohortis (-ium)», f., _cohort_, a tenth part of a legion,
about 360 men
«currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus», _run_ (course)
«difficultās, -ātis», f., _difficulty_
«fossa, -ae», f., _ditch_ (fosse)
«gēns, gentis (-ium)», f., _race, tribe, nation_ (Gentile)
«negōtium, negōtī», n., _business, affair, matter_ (negotiate)
«regiō, -ōnis», f., _region, district_
«rūmor, rūmōris», m., _rumor, report_. Cf. fāma
«simul atque», conj., _as soon as_
«suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptus», _undertake_
«trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus», _drag, draw_ (ex-tract)
«valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrus», _be strong_; plūrimum valēre,
_to be most powerful, have great influence_ (value). Cf. validus
«319.» Adverbs are generally derived from adjectives, as in English
(e.g. adj. _sweet_, adv. _sweetly_). Like adjectives, they can be
compared; but they have no declension.
«320.» Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second
declensions are formed and compared as follows:
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
_Adj._ cārus, _dear_ cārior cārissimus
_Adv._ cārē, _dearly_ cārius cārissimē
_Adj._ pulcher, _beautiful_ pulchrior pulcherrimus
_Adv._ pulchrē, _beautifully_ pulchrius pulcherrimē
_Adj._ līber, _free_ līberior līberrimus
_Adv._ līberē, _freely_ līberius līberrimē
_a._ The positive of the adverb is formed by adding «-ē» to the base
of the positive of the adjective. The superlative of the adverb is
formed from the superlative of the adjective in the same way.
_b._ The comparative of any adverb is the neuter accusative singular
of the comparative of the adjective.
«321.» Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declension are
formed like those described above in the comparative and superlative.
The positive is usually formed by adding «-iter» to the base of
adjectives of three endings or of two endings, and «-ter» to the base of
those of one ending;[1] as,
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
_Adj._ fortis, _brave_ fortior fortissimus
_Adv._ fortiter, _bravely_ fortius fortissimē
_Adj._ audāx, _bold_ audācior audācissimus
_Adv._ audācter, _boldly_ audācius audācissimē
[Footnote 1: This is a good working rule, though there are some
exceptions to it.]
«322.» «Case Forms as Adverbs.» As we learned above, the neuter
accusative of comparatives is used adverbially. So in the positive or
superlative some adjectives, instead of following the usual formation,
use the accusative or the ablative singular neuter adverbially; as,
_Adj._ facilis, _easy_ prīmus, _first_
_Adv._ facile (acc.), _easily_ prīmum (acc.), _first_
prīmō (abl.), _at first_
_Adj._ multus, _many_ plūrimus, _most_
_Adv._ multum (acc.), _much_ plūrimum (acc.), _most_
multō (abl.), _by much_
«323.» Learn the following irregular comparisons:
bene, _well_ melius, _better_ optimē, _best_
diū, _long_ (time) diūtius, _longer_ diūtissimē, _longest_
magnopere, _greatly_ magis, _more_ maximē, _most_
parum, _little_ minus, _less_ minimē, _least_
prope, _nearly, near_ propius, _nearer_ proximē, _nearest_
saepe, _often_ saepius, _oftener_ saepissimē, _oftenest_
«324.» Form adverbs from the following adjectives, using the regular
rules, and compare them: «laetus», «superbus», «molestus», «amīcus»,
«ācer», «brevis», «gravis», «recēns.»
«325.» RULE. «Adverbs.» _Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other
adverbs._
«326.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.
I. 1. Nūlla rēs melius gesta est quam proelium illud[2] ubi Marius
multō minōre exercitū multō maiōrēs cōpiās Germānōrum in fugam dedit.
2. Audācter in Rōmānōrum cohortīs hostēs impetūs fēcērunt 3. Marius
autem omnēs hōs fortissimē sustinuit. 4. Barbarī nihilō fortiōrēs erant
quam Rōmānī. 5. Prīmō barbarī esse superiōrēs vidēbantur, tum Rōmānī
ācrius contendērunt. 6. Dēnique, ubi iam diūtissimē paene aequō proeliō
pugnātum est, barbarī fugam petiērunt. 7. Quaedam Germānōrum gentēs,
simul atque rūmōrem illīus calamitātis audīvērunt, sēsē in ultimīs
regiōnibus fīnium suōrum abdidērunt. 8. Rōmānī saepius quam hostēs
vīcērunt, quod meliōra arma habēbant. 9. Inter omnīs gentīs Rōmānī
plūrimum valēbant. 10. Hae cohortēs simul atque in aequiōrem regiōnem
sē recēpērunt, castra sine ūllā difficultāte posuērunt.
II. 1. Some nations are easily overcome by their enemies. 2. Germany is
much larger than Gaul. 3. Were not the Romans the most powerful among
the tribes of Italy? 4. On account of (his) wounds the soldier dragged
his body from the ditch with the greatest difficulty. 5. He was able
neither to run nor to fight. 6. Who saved him? A certain horseman boldly
undertook the matter. 7. The rumors concerning the soldier’s death were
not true.
[Footnote 2: «ille» standing after its noun means _that well-known,
that famous_.]
LESSON LVIII
NUMERALS · THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE
[Special Vocabulary]
«commeātus, -ūs», m.. _provisions_
«lātitūdō, -inis», f., _width_ (latitude)
«longitūdō, -inis», f., _length_ (longitude)
«magnitūdō, -inis», f., _size, magnitude_
«mercātor, mercātōris», m., _trader, merchant_
«mūnītiō, -ōnis», f., _fortification_ (munition)
«spatium, spatī», n., _room, space, distance; time_
«cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus», _learn_;
in the perfect tenses, _know_ (re-cognize)
«cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus», _collect; compel_ (cogent)
«dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus», _defend_
«incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus», _set fire to, burn_
(incendiary). Cf. «cremō»
«obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus», _possess, occupy, hold_
(obtain)
«perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventus», _come through, arrive_
«327.» The Latin numeral adjectives may be classified as follows:
1. «Cardinal Numerals», answering the question _how many?_ as, «ūnus»,
_one_; «duo», _two_; etc.
2. «Ordinal Numerals», derived in most cases from the cardinals and
answering the question _in what order?_ as, «prīmus», _first_;
«secundus», _second_; etc.
3. «Distributive Numerals», answering the question _how many at a
time?_ as, «singulī», _one at a time_.
«328.» «The Cardinal Numerals.» The first twenty of the cardinals are as
follows:
1, «ūnus» 6, «sex» 11, «ūndecim» 16, «sēdecim»
2, «duo» 7, «septem» 12, «duodecim» 17, «septendecim»
3, «trēs» 8, «octō» 13, «tredecim» 18, «duodēvīgintī»
4, «quattuor» 9, «novem» 14, «quattuordecim» 19, «ūndēvīgintī»
5, «quīnque» 10, «decem» 15, «quīndecim» 20, «vīgintī»
_a._ Learn also «centum» = 100, «ducentī» = 200, «mīlle» = 1000.
«329.» «Declension of the Cardinals.» Of the cardinals only «ūnus»,
«duo», «trēs», the hundreds above one hundred, and «mīlle» used as a
noun, are declinable.
_a._ «ūnus» is one of the nine irregular adjectives, and is declined
like «nūllus» (cf. §§109, 470). The plural of «ūnus» is used to
agree with a plural noun of a singular meaning, as, «ūna castra»,
_one camp_; and with other nouns in the sense of _only_, as, «Gallī
ūnī», _only the Gauls_.
_b._ Learn the declension of «duo», _two_; «trēs», _three_; and
«mīlle», _a thousand_. (§479.)
_c._ The hundreds above one hundred are declined like the plural of
«bonus»; as,
ducentī, -ae, -a
ducentōrum, -ārum, -ōrum
etc. etc. etc.
«330.» We have already become familiar with sentences like the
following:
«Omnium avium aquila est vēlōcissima»
_Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest_
«Hoc ōrāculum erat omnium clārissimum»
_This oracle was the most famous of all_
In such sentences the genitive denotes the whole, and the word it
modifies denotes a part of that whole. Such a genitive, denoting the
whole of which a part is taken, is called a «partitive genitive».
«331.» RULE. «Partitive Genitive.» _Words denoting a part are often used
with the genitive of the whole, known as the «partitive genitive»._
_a._ Words denoting a part are especially pronouns, numerals, and
other adjectives. But cardinal numbers excepting «mīlle» regularly
take the ablative with «ex» or «dē» instead of the partitive
genitive.
_b._ «Mīlle», _a thousand_, in the singular is usually an
indeclinable adjective (as, «mīlle mīlitēs», _a thousand soldiers_),
but in the plural it is a declinable noun and takes the partitive
genitive (as, «decem mīlia mīlitum», _ten thousand soldiers_).
EXAMPLES:
«Fortissimī hōrum sunt Germānī»
_The bravest of these are the Germans_
«Decem mīlia hostium interfecta sunt»
_Ten thousand_ (lit. _thousands_) _of the enemy were slain_
«Ūna ex captīvīs erat soror rēgis»
_One of the captives was the king’s sister_
«332.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.
I. 1. Caesar maximam partem aedificiōrum incendit. 2. Magna pars
mūnītiōnis aquā flūminis dēlēta est. 3. Gallī huius regiōnis quīnque
mīlia hominum coēgerant. 4. Duo ex meīs frātribus eundem rūmōrem
audīvērunt. 5. Quis Rōmānōrum erat clarior Caesare? 6. Quīnque cohortēs
ex illā legiōne castra quam fortissimē dēfendēbant. 7. Hic locus aberat
aequō spatiō[1] ab castrīs Caesaris et castrīs Germānōrum. 8. Caesar
simul atque pervēnit, plūs commeātūs ab sociīs postulāvit. 9. Nōnne
mercātōrēs magnitūdinem īnsulae cognōverant? Longitūdinem sed nōn
lātitūdinem cognōverant. 10. Paucī hostium obtinēbant collem quem
explōrātōrēs nostrī vīdērunt.
II. 1. I have two brothers, and one of them lives at Rome. 2. Cæsar
stormed that very town with three legions. 3. In one hour he destroyed a
great part of the fortification. 4. When the enemy could no longer[2]
defend the gates, they retreated to a hill which was not far distant.[3]
5. There three thousand of them bravely resisted the Romans.[4]
[Footnote 1: Ablative of the measure of difference.]
[Footnote 2: Not «longius». Why?]
[Footnote 3: Latin, _was distant by a small space._]
[Footnote 4: Not the accusative.]
LESSON LIX
NUMERALS (_Continued_) · THE ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT
[Special Vocabulary]
«agmen, agminis», n., _line of march, column_;
«prīmum agmen», _the van_;
«novissimum agmen», _the rear_
«atque», «ac», conj., _and_; «atque» is used before vowels and
consonants, «ac» before consonants only. Cf. «et» and «-que»
«concilium, conci´lī», n., _council, assembly_
«Helvētiī, -ōrum», m., _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe
«passus, passūs», m., _a pace_, five Roman feet;
«mīlle passuum», _a thousand (of) paces_, a Roman mile
«quā dē causā», _for this reason, for what reason_
«vāllum, -ī», n., _earth-works, rampart_
«cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus», _fall_ (decadence)
«dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus», _surrender, give up_;
with a reflexive pronoun, _surrender one’s self, submit_, with the
dative of the indirect object
«premō, premere, pressī, pressus», _press hard, harass_
«vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vexātus», _annoy, ravage_ (vex)
«333.» Learn the first twenty of the ordinal numerals (§478). The
ordinals are all declined like «bonus».
«334.» The distributive numerals are declined like the plural of
«bonus». The first three are
«singulī, -ae, -a», _one each, one by one_
«bīnī, -ae, -a», _two each, two by two_
«ternī, -ae, -a», _three each, three by three_
«335.» We have learned that, besides its use as object, the accusative
is used to express space relations not covered by the ablative. We have
had such expressions as «per plūrimōs annōs», _for a great many years_;
«per tōtum diem», _for a whole day_. Here the space relation is one of
_extent of time_. We could also say «per decem pedēs», _for ten feet_,
where the space relation is one of _extent of space_. While this is
correct Latin, the usual form is to use the accusative with no
preposition, as,
«Vir tōtum diem cucurrit», _the man ran for a whole day_
«Caesar mūrum decem pedēs mōvit», _Cæsar moved the wall ten feet_
«336.» RULE. «Accusative of Extent.» _Duration of time and extent of
space are expressed by the accusative._
_a._ This accusative answers the questions _how long? how far?_
_b._ Distinguish carefully between the accusative of time _how long_
and the ablative of time _when_, or _within which._
Select the accusatives of time and space and the ablatives of time in
the following:
When did the general arrive? He arrived at two o’clock. How long had
he been marching? For four days. How far did he march? He marched
sixty-five miles. Where has he pitched his camp? Three miles from the
river, and he will remain there several days. The wall around the camp
is ten feet high. When did the war begin? In the first year after the
king’s death.
«337.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298.
I. _Cæsar in Gaul_. Caesar bellum in Gallia septem annōs gessit. Prīmō
annō Helvētiōs vīcit, et eōdem annō multae Germanōrum gentēs eī sēsē
dēdidērunt. Multōs iam annōs Germānī Gallōs vexabant[1] et ducēs Germānī
cōpiās suās trāns Rhēnum saepe trādūcēbant.[1] Nōn singulī veniēbant,
sed multa milia hominum in Galliam contendēbant. Quā dē causā prīncipēs
Galliae concilium convocāvērunt atque statuērunt legates ad Caesarem
mittere. Caesar, simul atque hunc rūmōrem audīvit, cōpiās suās sine morā
coēgit. Primā lūce fortiter cum Germanīs proelium commīsit. Tōtum diem
ācriter pugnātum est. Caesar ipse ā dextrō cornū acicm dūxit. Magna pars
exercitūs Germānī cecidit. Post magnam caedem paucī multa milia passuum
ad flūmen fūgērunt.
II. 1. Cæsar pitched camp two miles from the river. 2. He fortified the
camp with a ditch fifteen feet wide and a rampart nine feet high. 3. The
camp of the enemy was a great way off (was distant by a great space).
4. On the next day he hastened ten miles in three hours. 5. Suddenly the
enemy with all their forces made an attack upon («in» _with acc._) the
rear. 6. For two hours the Romans were hard pressed by the barbarians.
7. In three hours the barbarians were fleeing.
[Footnote 1: Translate as if pluperfect.]
LESSON LX
DEPONENT VERBS
[Special Vocabulary]
«aut», conj., _or_; «aut ... aut», _either ... or_
«causā», abl. of «causa», _for the sake of, because of_. Always stands
_after_ the gen. which modifies it
«ferē», adv., _nearly, almost_
«opīniō, -ōnis», f., _opinion, supposition, expectation_
«rēs frūmentāria, reī frūmentāriae», f. (lit. _the grain affair_),
_grain supply_
«timor, -ōris», m., _fear_. Cf. «timeō»
«undique», adv., _from all sides_
«cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum», _attempt, try_
«ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum», _move out, disembark_;
«prōgredior», _move forward, advance_ (egress, progress)
«moror, morārī, morātus sum», _delay_
«orior, orirī, ortus sum», _arise, spring; begin; be born_ (_from_)
(origin)
«proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum», _set out_
«revertor, revertī, reversus sum», _return_ (revert). The forms of
this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect
system. Perf. act., «revertī»
«sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», _follow_ (sequence). Note the following
compounds of «sequor» and the force of the different prefixes:
«cōnsequor» (_follow with_), _overtake_;
«īnsequor» (_follow against_), _pursue_;
«subsequor» (_follow under_), _follow close after_
«338.» A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as,
«hortor», _I encourage_; «vereor», _I fear_. Such verbs are called
«deponent» because they have laid aside («dē-pōnere», _to lay aside_)
the active forms.
_a._ Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs
have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms
which will be noted later. (Sec§§375, 403.b.)
«339.» The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form,
as,
Conj. I «hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum», _encourage_
Conj. II «vereor, verērī, veritus sum», _fear_
Conj. III (_a_) «sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», _follow_
(_b_) «patior, patī, passus sum», _suffer, allow_
Conj. IV «partior, partīrī, partītus sum», _share, divide_
Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See §493.) «Patior» is conjugated
like the passive of «capiō» (§492).
«340.» PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE
The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are
«ante», _before_
«apud», _among_
«circum», _around_
«contrā», _against, contrary to_
«extrā», _outside of_
«in», _into, in, against, upon_
«inter», _between, among_
«intrā», _within_
«ob», _on account of_ («quam ob rem», _wherefore, therefore_)
«per», _through, by means of_
«post», _after, behind_
«propter», _on account of, because of_
«trāns», _across, over_
_a._ Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and
learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the
ablative, §209.
«341.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298.
I. 1. Trēs ex lēgātīs, contrā Caesaris opīniōnem, iter facere per
hostium fīnīs verēbantur. 2. Quis eōs hortātus est? Imperātor eōs
hortātus est et iīs persuādēre cōnātus est, sed nōn potuit. 3. Quid
lēgātōs perterruit? Aut timor hostium, quī undique premēbant, aut
longitūdō viae eōs perterruit. 4. Tamen omnēs ferē Caesarem multō magis
quam hostīs veritī sunt. 5. Fortissimae gentēs Galliae ex Germānīs
oriēbantur. 6. Quam ob rem tam fortēs erant? Quia nec vīnum nec
alia quae virtūtem dēlent ad sē portārī patiēbantur. 7. Caesar ex
mercātōribus dē īnsulā Britanniā quaesīvit, sed nihil cognōscere potuit.
8. Itaque ipse statuit hanc terram petere, et mediā ferē aestāte cum
multīs nāvibus longīs profectus est. 9. Magnā celeritāte iter confēcit
et in opportūnissimō locō ēgressus est. 10. Barbarī summīs vīribus eum
ab īnsulā prohibēre cōnātī sunt. 11. Ille autem barbarōs multa mīlia
passuum īnsecūtus est; tamen sine equitātū eōs cōnsequī nōn potuit.
II. 1. Contrary to our expectation, the enemy fled and the cavalry
followed close after them. 2. From all parts of the multitude the shouts
arose of those who were being wounded. 3. Cæsar did not allow the
cavalry to pursue too far.[1] 4. The cavalry set out at the first hour
and was returning[2] to camp at the fourth hour. 5. Around the Roman
camp was a rampart twelve feet high. 6. Cæsar will delay three days
because of the grain supply. 7. Nearly all the lieutenants feared the
enemy and attempted to delay the march.
[Footnote 1: Comparative of «longē».]
[Footnote 2: Will this be a deponent or an active form?]
* * * * *
«Seventh Review, Lessons LIII-LX, §§524-526»
* * * * *
[Illustration]