I. 1. Vidēbāmus, dēsīderābat, mātūrābās. 2. Dabant, vocābātis,
dēlēbāmus. 3. Pugnant, laudābās, movēbātis. 4. Iubēbant, properābātis,
portābāmus. 5. Dabās, nārrābant, labōrābātis. 6. Vidēbant, movēbās,
nūntiābāmus. 7. Necābat, movēbam, habēbat, parābātis.
II. 1. You were having (_sing. and plur._), we were killing, they were
laboring. 2. He was moving, we were ordering, we were fighting. 3. We
were telling, they were seeing, he was calling. 4. They were living,
I was longing for, we were destroying. 5. You were giving, you were
moving, you were announcing, (_sing. and plur._). 6. They were caring
for, he was plowing, we were praising.
«136.» NI´OBE AND HER CHILDREN
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.
Niobē, rēgina Thēbānōrum, erat pulchra fēmina sed superba. Erat superba
nōn sōlum fōrmā[1] suā marītīque potentiā[1] sed etiam magnō līberōrum
numerō.[1] Nam habēbat[2] septem fīliōs et septem fīliās. Sed ea
superbia erat rēgīnae[3] causa magnae trīstitiae et līberīs[3] causa
dūrae poenae.
NOTE. The words «Niobē», «Thēbānōrum», and «marītī» will be found in the
general vocabulary. Translate the selection without looking up any other
words.
[Footnote 1: Ablative of cause.]
[Footnote 2: Translate _had_; it denotes a past situation. (See
§134.)]
[Footnote 3: Dative, cf. §43.]
LESSON XXI
FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _AMŌ_ AND _MONEŌ_
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
sacrum, -ī, n., _sacrifice, offering, rite_
«verbum, -ī», n., _word_ (verb)
VERBS
sedeō, -ēre, _sit_ (sediment)
volō, -āre, _fly_ (volatile)
ADJECTIVES
«interfectus, -a, -um», _slain_
«molestus, -a, -um», _troublesome, annoying_ (molest)
«perpetuus, -a, -um», _perpetual, continuous_
«ego», personal pronoun, _I_ (egotism). Always emphatic in the
nominative.
«137.» The tense sign of the Future Indicative in the first and second
conjugations is «-bi-». This is joined to the present stem of the verb
and followed by the personal ending, as follows:
PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING
«amā-» «bi-» «s»
_love_ _will_ _you_
«138.» The Future Active Indicative is inflected as follows.
CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
SINGULAR
1. amā´bō, _I shall love_ monē´bō, _I shall advise_
2. amā´bis, _you will love_ monē´bis, _you will advise_
3. amā´bit, _he will love_ monē´bit, _he will advise_
PLURAL
1. amā´bimus, _we shall love_ monē´bimus, _we shall advise_
2. amā´bitis _you will love_ monē´bitis, _you will advise_
3. amā´bunt, _they will love_ monē´bunt, _they will advise_
_a._ The personal endings are as in the present. The ending «-bō»
in the first person singular is contracted from «-bi-ō». The «-bi-»
appears as «-bu-» in the third person plural. Note that the
inflection is like that of «erō», the future of «sum». _Pay especial
attention to the accent._
In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §129.
«139.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Movēbitis, laudābis, arābō. 2. Dēlēbitis, vocābitis, dabunt.
3. Mātūrābis, dēsīderābit, vidēbimus. 4. Habēbit, movēbunt, necābit.
5. Nārrābimus, monēbis, vidēbunt. 6. Labōrābitis, cūrābunt, dabis.
7. Habitābimus, properābitis, iubēbunt, parābit. 8. Nūntiābō,
portābimus, iubēbō.
II. 1. We shall announce, we shall see, I shall hasten. 2. I shall
carry, he will plow, they will care for. 3. You will announce, you will
move, you will give, (_sing. and plur._). 4. We shall fight, we shall
destroy, I shall long for. 5. He will call, they will see, you will tell
(_plur._). 6. They will dwell, we shall order, he will praise. 7. They
will labor, we shall kill, you will have (_sing. and plur._), he will
destroy.
«140.» NI´OBE AND HER CHILDREN (_Concluded_)
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.
Apollō et Diāna erant līberī Lātōnae. Iīs Thēbānī sacra crēbra
parābant.[1] Oppidānī amābant Lātōnam et līberōs eius. Id superbae
rēgīnae erat molestum. “Cūr,” inquit, “Lātōnae et līberīs sacra parātis?
Duōs līberōs habet Lātōna; quattuordecim habeō ego. Ubi sunt mea sacra?”
Lātōna iīs verbīs[2] īrāta līberōs suōs vocat. Ad eam volant Apollō
Diānaque et sagittīs[3] suīs miserōs līberōs rēgīnae superbae dēlent.
Niobē, nūper laeta, nunc misera, sedet apud līberōs interfectōs et cum
perpetuīs lacrimīs[4] eōs dēsīderat.
NOTE. Consult the general vocabulary for «Apollō», «inquit», «duōs», and
«quattuordecim». Try to remember the meaning of all the other words.
[Footnote 1: Observe the force of the imperfect here, _used to
prepare_, _were in the habit of preparing_; so «amābant» denotes a
past situation of affairs. (See §134.)]
[Footnote 2: Ablative of cause.]
[Footnote 3: Ablative of means.]
[Footnote 4: This may be either manner or accompaniment. It is often
impossible to draw a sharp line between means, manner, and
accompaniment. The Romans themselves drew no sharp distinction. It
was enough for them if the general idea demanded the ablative case.]
LESSON XXII
REVIEW OF VERBS · THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
«disciplīna, -ae», f., _training, culture, discipline_
«Gāius, Gāī», m., _Caius_, a Roman first name
«ōrnāmentum, -ī», n., _ornament, jewel_
Tiberius, Tibe´rī, m., _Tiberius_, a Roman first name
VERB
«doceō, -ēre», _teach_ (doctrine)
ADVERB
«maximē», _most of all, especially_
ADJECTIVE
«antīquus, -qua, -quum», _old, ancient_ (antique)
«141.» Review the present, imperfect, and future active indicative, both
orally and in writing, of «sum» and the verbs in §129.
«142.» We learned in §43 for what sort of expressions we may expect the
dative, and in §44 that one of its commonest uses is with _verbs_ to
express the indirect object. It is also very common with _adjectives_
to express the object toward which the quality denoted by the adjective
is directed. We have already had a number of cases where «grātus»,
_agreeable to_, was so followed by a dative; and in the last lesson we
had «molestus», _annoying to_, followed by that case. The usage may be
more explicitly stated by the following rule:
«143.» RULE. «Dative with Adjectives.» _The dative is used with
adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is
directed. Such are, especially, those meaning «near», also «fit»,
«friendly», «pleasing», «like», and their opposites._
«144.» Among such adjectives memorize the following:
«idōneus, -a, -um», _fit, suitable_ (for)
«amīcus, -a, -um», _friendly_ (to)
«inimīcus, -a, -um», _hostile_ (to)
«grātus, -a, -um», _pleasing_ (to), _agreeable_ (to)
«molestus, -a, -um», _annoying_ (to), _troublesome_ (to)
«fīnitimus, -a, -um», _neighboring_ (to)
«proximus, -a, -um», _nearest, next_ (to)
«145.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Rōmānī terram idōneam agrī cultūrae habent. 2. Gallī cōpiīs
Rōmānīs inimīcī erant. 3. Cui dea Lātōna amīca non erat? 4. Dea Lātōna
superbae rēgīnae amīca nōn erat. 5. Cibus noster, Mārce, erit armātīs
virīs grātus. 6. Quid erat molestum populīs Italiae? 7. Bella longa cum
Gallīs erant molesta populīs Italiae. 8. Agrī Germānōrum fluviō Rhēnō
fīnitimī erant. 9. Rōmānī ad silvam oppidō proximam castra movēbant.
10. Nōn sōlum fōrma sed etiam superbia rēgīnae erat magna. 11. Mox
rēgīna pulchra erit aegra trīstitiā. 12. Cūr erat Niobē, rēgīna
Thēbānōrum, laeta? Laeta erat Niobē multīs fīliīs et fīliābus.
II. 1. The sacrifices of the people will be annoying to the haughty
queen. 2. The sacrifices were pleasing not only to Latona but also to
Diana. 3. Diana will destroy those hostile to Latona. 4. The punishment
of the haughty queen was pleasing to the goddess Diana. 5. The Romans
will move their forces to a large field[1] suitable for a camp. 6. Some
of the allies were friendly to the Romans, others to the Gauls.
[Footnote 1: Why not the dative?]
«146.» CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.
Apud antīquās dominās, Cornēlia, Āfricānī fīlia, erat[2] maximē clāra.
Fīliī eius erant Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius Gracchus. Iī puerī cum
Cornēliā in oppidō Rōmā, clārō Italiae oppidō, habitābant. Ibi eōs
cūrābat Cornēlia et ibi magnō cum studiō eōs docēbat. Bona fēmina erat
Cornēlia et bonam disciplīnam maximē amābat.
NOTE. Can you translate the paragraph above? There are no new words.
[Footnote 2: Observe that all the imperfects denote continued or
progressive action, or describe a state of affairs. (Cf. §134.)]
LESSON XXIII
PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _REGŌ_ AND _AUDIŌ_
«147.» As we learned in §126, the present stem of the third conjugation
ends in «-ĕ», and of the fourth in «-ī». The inflection of the Present
Indicative is as follows:
CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV
«re´gō, re´gere» (_rule_) «au´diō, audī´re» (_hear_)
PRES. STEM «regĕ-» PRES. STEM «audī-»
SINGULAR
1. re´gō, _I rule_ au´diō, _I hear_
2. re´gis, _you rule_ au´dīs, _you hear_
3. re´git, _he (she, it) rules_ au´dit, _he (she, it) hears_
PLURAL
1. re´gimus, _we rule_ audī´mus, _we hear_
2. re´gitis, _you rule_ audī´tis, _you hear_
3. re´gunt, _they rule_ au´diunt, _they hear_
1. The personal endings are the same as before.
2. The final short «-e-» of the stem «regĕ-» combines with the «-ō» in
the first person, becomes «-u-» in the third person plural, and
becomes «-ĭ-» elsewhere. The inflection is like that of «erō», the
future of «sum».
3. In «audiō» the personal endings are added regularly to the stem
«audī-». In the third person plural «-u-» is inserted between the stem
and the personal ending, as «audi-u-nt». Note that the long vowel of
the stem is shortened before final «-t» just as in «amō» and «moneō».
(Cf. §12.2.)
Note that «-i-» is always short in the third conjugation and long in
the fourth, excepting where long vowels are regularly shortened. (Cf.
§12.1, 2.)
«148.» Like «regō» and «audiō» inflect the present active indicative of
the following verbs:
INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT
agō, _I drive_ agere, _to drive_
dīcō, _I say_ dīcere, _to say_
dūcō, _I lead_ dūcere, _to lead_
mittō, _I send_ mittere, _to send_
mūniō, _I fortify_ mūnīre, _to fortify_
reperiō, _I find_ reperīre, _to find_
veniō, _I come_ venīre, _to come_
«149.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Quis agit? Cūr venit? Quem mittit? Quem dūcis? 2. Quid mittunt? Ad
quem veniunt? Cuius castra mūniunt? 3. Quem agunt? Venīmus. Quid puer
reperit? 4. Quem mittimus? Cuius equum dūcitis? Quid dīcunt? 5. Mūnīmus,
venītis, dīcit. 6. Agimus, reperītis, mūnīs. 7. Reperis, ducitis, dīcis.
8. Agitis, audimus, regimus.
II. 1. What do they find? Whom do they hear? Why does he come? 2. Whose
camp are we fortifying? To whom does he say? What are we saying? 3. I am
driving, you are leading, they are hearing. 4. You send, he says, you
fortify (_sing. and plur._). 5. I am coming, we find, they send. 6. They
lead, you drive, he does fortify. 7. You lead, you find, you rule, (_all
plur._).
«150.» CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS (_Concluded_)
Proximum domicīliō Cornēliae erat pulchrae Campānae domicilium. Campāna
erat superba nōn sōlum fōrmā suā sed maximē ōrnāmentīs suīs. Ea[1]
laudābat semper. “Habēsne tū ūlla ornāmenta, Cornēlia?” inquit. “Ubi
sunt tua ōrnāmenta?” Deinde Cornēlia fīliōs suōs Tiberium et Gāium
vocat. “Puerī meī,” inquit, “sunt mea ōrnāmenta. Nam bonī līberī sunt
semper bonae fēminae ōrnāmenta maximē clāra.”
NOTE. The only new words here are «Campāna», «semper», and «tū».
[Footnote 1: «Ea», accusative plural neuter.]
[Illustration: “PUERI MEI SUNT MEA ORNAMENTA”]
LESSON XXIV
IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _REGŌ_ AND _AUDIŌ_
THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL INTRANSITIVE VERBS
«151.» PARADIGMS
CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV
SINGULAR
1. regē´bam, _I was ruling_ audiē´bam, _I was hearing_
2. regē´bās, _you were riding_ audiē´bās, _you were hearing_
3. regē´bat, _he was ruling_ audiē´bat, _he was hearing_
PLURAL
1. regēbā´mus, _we were ruling_ audiēbā´mus, _we were hearing_
2. regēbā´tis, _you were ruling_ audiēbā´tis, _you were hearing_
3. regē´bant, _they were ruling_ audiē´bant, _they were hearing_
1. The tense sign is «-bā-», as in the first two conjugations.
2. Observe that the final «-ĕ-» of the stem is lengthened before the
tense sign «-bā-». This makes the imperfect of the third conjugation
just like the imperfect of the second (cf. «monēbam» and «regēbam»).
3. In the fourth conjugation «-ē-» is inserted between the stem and
the tense sign «-bā-» («audi-ē-ba-m»).
4. In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §148.
«152.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Agēbat, veniēbat, mittēbat, dūcēbant. 2. Agēbant, mittēbant,
dūcēbas, mūniēbant. 3. Mittēbāmus, dūcēbātis, dīcēbant. 4. Mūniēbāmus,
veniēbātis, dīcēbās. 5. Mittēbās, veniēbāmus, reperiēbat. 6. Reperiēbās,
veniēbās, audiēbātis. 7. Agēbāmus, reperiēbātis, mūniēbat. 8. Agēbātis,
dīcēbam, mūniēbam.
II. 1. They were leading, you were driving (_sing. and plur._), he was
fortifying. 2. They were sending, we were finding, I was coming. 3. You
were sending, you were fortifying, (_sing. and plur._), he was saying.
4. They were hearing, you were leading (_sing. and plur._), I was
driving. 5. We were saying, he was sending, I was fortifying. 6. They
were coming, he was hearing, I was finding. 7. You were ruling (_sing.
and plur._), we were coming, they were ruling.
«153.» «The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs.» We learned above
(§20.a) that a verb which does not admit of a direct object is called
an _intransitive_ verb. Many such verbs, however, are of such meaning
that they can govern an indirect object, which will, of course, be in
the dative case (§45). Learn the following list of intransitive verbs
with their meanings. In each case the dative indirect object is the
person or thing to which a benefit, injury, or feeling is directed.
(Cf. §43.)
«crēdō, crēdere», _believe_ (give belief to)
«faveō, favēre», _favor_ (show favor to)
«noceō, nocēre», _injure_ (do harm to)
«pāreō, pārēre», _obey_ (give obedience to)
«persuādeō, persuādēre», _persuade_ (offer persuasion to)
«resistō, resistere», _resist_ (offer resistance to)
«studeō, studēre», _be eager for_ (give attention to)
«154.» RULE. «Dative with Intransitive Verbs.» _The dative of the
indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs «crēdō», «faveō»,
«noceō», «pāreō», «persuādeō», «resistō», «studeō», and others of like
meaning._
«155.» EXERCISE
1. Crēdisne verbīs sociōrum? Multī verbīs eōrum nōn crēdunt. 2. Meī
fīnitimī cōnsiliō tuō nōn favēbunt, quod bellō student. 3. Tiberius et
Gāius disciplīnae dūrae nōn resistēbant et Cornēliae pārēbant. 4. Dea
erat inimīca septem fīliābus rēgīnae. 5. Dūra poena et perpetua
trīstitia rēgīnae nōn persuādēbunt. 6. Nūper ea resistēbat et nunc
resistit potentiae Lātōnae. 7. Mox sagittae volābunt et līberīs miserīs
nocēbunt.
LESSON XXV
FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _REGŌ_ AND _AUDIŌ_
«156.» In the future tense of the third and fourth conjugations we meet
with a new tense sign. Instead of using «-bi-», as in the first and
second conjugations, we use «-ā-»[1] in the first person singular and
«-ē-» in the rest of the tense. In the third conjugation the final «-ĕ-»
of the stem is dropped before this tense sign; in the fourth conjugation
the final «-ī-» of the stem is retained.[2]
[Footnote 1: The «-ā-» is shortened before «-m» final, and «-ē-»
before «-t» final and before «-nt». (Cf. §12.2.)]
[Footnote 2: The «-ī-» is, of course, shortened, being before
another vowel. (Cf. §12.1.)]
«157.» PARADIGMS
CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV
SINGULAR
1. re´gam, _I shall rule_ au´diam, _I shall hear_
2. re´gēs, _you will rule_ au´diēs, _you will hear_
3. re´get, _he will rule_ au´diet, _he will hear_
PLURAL
1. regē´mus, _we shall rule_ audiē´mus, _we shall hear_
2. regē´tis, _you will rule_ audiē´tis, _you will hear_
3. re´gent, _they will rule_ au´dient, _they will hear_
1. Observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the
present of the second, excepting in the first person singular.
2. In the same manner inflect the verbs given in §148.
«158.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Dīcet, dūcētis, mūniēmus. 2. Dīcent, dīcētis, mittēmus.
3. Mūnient, venient, mittent, agent. 4. Dūcet, mittēs, veniet, aget.
5. Mūniet, reperiētis, agēmus. 6. Mittam, veniēmus, regent. 7. Audiētis,
veniēs, reperiēs. 8. Reperiet, agam, dūcēmus, mittet. 9. Vidēbitis,
sedēbō, vocābimus.
II. 1. I shall find, he will hear, they will come. 2. I shall fortify,
he will send, we shall say. 3. I shall drive, you will lead, they will
hear. 4. You will send, you will fortify, (_sing. and plur._), he will
say. 5. I shall come, we shall find, they will send.
6. Who[3] will believe the story? I[4] shall believe the story. 7. Whose
friends do you favor? We favor our friends. 8. Who will resist our
weapons? Sextus will resist your weapons. 9. Who will persuade him?
They will persuade him. 10. Why were you injuring my horse? I was not
injuring your horse. 11. Whom does a good slave obey? A good slave obeys
his master. 12. Our men were eager for another battle.
[Footnote 3: Remember that «quis», _who_, is singular in number.]
[Footnote 4: Express by «ego», because it is emphatic.]
LESSON XXVI
VERBS IN _-IŌ_ OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION · THE IMPERATIVE MOOD
«159.» There are a few common verbs ending in «-iō» which do not belong
to the fourth conjugation, as you might infer, but to the third. The
fact that they belong to the third conjugation is shown by the ending of
the infinitive. (Cf. §126.) Compare
«audiō, audī´re» (_hear_), fourth conjugation
«capiō, ca´pere» (_take_), third conjugation
«160.» The present, imperfect, and future active indicative of «capiō»
are inflected as follows:
«capiō, capere», _take_
PRES. STEM «cape-»
PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE
SINGULAR
1. ca´piō capiē´bam ca´piam
2. ca´pis capiē´bās ca´piēs
3. ca´pit capiē´bat ca´piet
PLURAL
1. ca´pimus capiēbā´mus capiē´mus
2. ca´pitis capiēbā´tis capiē´tis
3. ca´piunt capiē´bant ca´pient
1. Observe that «capiō» and the other «-iō» verbs follow the fourth
conjugation wherever in the fourth conjugation _two vowels occur in
succession._ (Cf. capiō, audiō; capiunt, audiunt; and all the
imperfect and future.) All other forms are like the third conjugation.
(Cf. capis, regis; capit, regit; etc.)
2. Like «capiō», inflect
«faciō, facere», _make, do_
«fugiō, fugere», _flee_
«iaciō, iacere», _hurl_
«rapiō, rapere», _seize_
«161.» «The Imperative Mood.» The imperative mood expresses a command;
as, _come!_ _send!_ The present tense of the imperative is used only in
the second person, singular and plural. _The singular in the active
voice is regularly the same in form as the present stem. The plural is
formed by adding «-te» to the singular._
CONJUGATION SINGULAR PLURAL
I. amā, _love thou_ amā´te, _love ye_
II. monē, _advise thou_ monē´te, _advise ye_
III. (_a_) rege, _rule thou_ re´gite, _rule ye_
(_b_) cape, _take thou_ ca´pite, _take ye_
IV. audī, _hear thou_ audī´te, _hear ye_
sum (irregular) es, _be thou_ este, _be ye_
1. In the third conjugation the final -ĕ- of the stem becomes -ĭ- in
the plural.
2. The verbs «dīcō», _say_; «dūcō», _lead_; and «faciō», _make_, have
the irregular forms «dīc», «dūc», and «fac» in the singular.
3. Give the present active imperative, singular and plural, of
«veniō», «dūcō», «vocō», «doceō», «laudō», «dīcō», «sedeō», «agō»,
«faciō», «mūniō», «mittō», «rapiō».
«162.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Fugient, faciunt, iaciēbat. 2. Dēlē, nūntiāte, fugiunt. 3. Venīte,
dīc, faciētis. 4. Dūcite, iaciam, fugiēbant. 5. Fac, iaciēbāmus,
fugimus, rapite. 6. Sedēte, reperī, docēte. 7. Fugiēmus, iacient,
rapiēs. 8. Reperient, rapiēbātis, nocent. 9. Favēte, resistē, pārēbitis.
10. Volā ad multās terrās et dā auxilium. 11. Ego tēla mea capiam et
multās ferās dēlēbō. 12. Quis fābulae tuae crēdet? 13. Este bonī, puerī,
et audīte verba grāta magistrī.
II. 1. The goddess will seize her arms and will hurl her weapons.
2. With her weapons she will destroy many beasts. 3. She will give aid
to the weak.[1] 4. She will fly to many lands and the beasts will flee.
5. Romans, tell[2] the famous story to your children.
[Footnote 1: Plural. An adjective used as a noun. (Cf.
§99.II.3.)]
[Footnote 2: Imperative. The imperative generally stands first, as
in English.]
* * * * *
«Third Review, Lessons XVIII-XXVI, §§510-512»
* * * * *
LESSON XXVII
THE PASSIVE VOICE
PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE OF _AMŌ_ AND _MONEŌ_
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
«āla, -ae», f., _wing_
«deus, -ī», m., _god_ (deity)[A]
«monstrum, -ī», n., _omen, prodigy; monster_
ōrāculum, -ī, n., _oracle_
VERB
«vāstō, -āre», _lay waste, devastate_
ADJECTIVES
«commōtus, -a, -um», _moved, excited_
«maximus, -a, -um», _greatest_ (maximum)
«saevus, -a, -um», _fierce, savage_
ADVERBS
«ita», _thus, in this way, as follows_
«tum», _then, at that time_
[Footnote A: For the declension of «deus», see §468]
«163.» «The Voices.» Thus far the verb forms have been in the _active
voice_; that is, they have represented the subject as _performing_ an
action; as,
The lion ---> _killed_ ---> the hunter
A verb is said to be in the _passive voice_ when it represents its
subject as _receiving_ an action; as,
The lion <--- _was killed_ <--- by the hunter
Note the direction of the arrows.
«164.» «Passive Personal Endings.» In the passive voice we use a
different set of personal endings. They are as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. -r, _I_ 1. -mur, _we_
2. -ris, -re, _you_ 2. -minī, _you_
3. -tur, _he, she, it_ 3. -ntur, _they_
_a._ Observe that the letter «-r» appears somewhere in all but one
of the endings. This is sometimes called the _passive sign_.
«165.» PARADIGMS
«amō, amāre» «monēo, monēre»
PRES. STEM «amā-» PRES. STEM «monē-»
PRESENT INDICATIVE PERSONAL
ENDINGS
SINGULAR
a´mor, _I am loved_ mo´neor, _I am advised_ -or[1]
amā´ris or amā´re, monē´ris or monē´re. -ris or -re
_you are loved_ _you are advised_
amā´tur, _he is loved_ monē´tur, _he is advised_ -tur
PLURAL
amā´mur, _we are loved_ monē´mur, _we are advised_ -mur
amā´minī, _you are loved_ monē´minī, _you are advised_ -mini
aman´tur, _they are loved_ monen´tur, _they are advised_ -ntur
[Footnote 1: In the present the personal ending of the first person
singular is «-or».]
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (TENSE SIGN «-bā-»)
SINGULAR
amā´bar, monē´bar, -r
_I was being loved_ _I was being advised_
amābā´ris or amābā´re, monēbā´ris or monēbā´re -ris or -re
_you were being loved_ _you were being advised_
amābā´tur, monēbā´tur, -tur
_he was being loved_ _he was being advised_
PLURAL
amābā´mur, monēbā´mur, -mur
_we were being loved_ _we were being advised_
amābā´minī, monēbā´minī, -minī
_you were being loved_ _you were being advised_
amāban´tur, monēban´tur, -ntur
_they were being loved_ _they were being advised_
FUTURE (TENSE SIGN «-bi-»)
SINGULAR
amā´bor, monē´bor, -r
_I shall be loved_ _I shall be advised_
amā´beris, _or_ amā´bere monē´beris _or_ monē´bere, -ris or -re
_you will be loved_ _you will be advised_
amā´bitur, monē´bitur, -tur
_he will be loved_ _he will be advised_
PLURAL
amā´bimur, monē´bimur, -mur
_we shall be loved_ _we shall be advised_
amābi´minī, monēbi´minī, -minī
_you will be loved_ _you will be advised_
amābun´tur, monēbun´tur, -ntur
_they will be loved_ _they will be advised_
1. The tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the active.
2. In the future the tense sign «-bi-» appears as «-bo-» in the first
person, «-be-» in the second, singular number, and as «-bu-» in the
third person plural.
3. Inflect «laudō», «necō», «portō», «moveō», «dēleō», «iubeō», in the
present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.
«166.» Intransitive verbs, such as «mātūrō», _I hasten_; «habitō», _I
dwell_, do not have a passive voice with a personal subject.
«167.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Laudāris _or_ laudāre, laudās, datur, dat. 2. Dabitur, dabit,
vidēminī, vidētis. 3. Vocābat, vocābātur, dēlēbitis, dēlēbiminī.
4. Parābātur, parābat, cūrās, cūrāris _or_ cūrāre. 5. Portābantur,
portābant, vidēbimur, vidēbimus. 6. Iubēris _or_ iubēre, iubēs,
laudābāris _or_ laudābāre, laudābās. 7. Movēberis or movēbere, movēbis,
dabantur, dabant. 8. Dēlentur, dēlent, parābāmur, parābāmus.
II. 1. We prepare, we are prepared, I shall be called, I shall call, you
were carrying, you were being carried. 2. I see, I am seen, it was being
announced, he was announcing, they will order, they will be ordered.
3. You will be killed, you will kill, you move, you are moved, we are
praising, we are being praised. 4. I am called, I call, you will have,
you are cared for. 5. They are seen, they see, we were teaching, we were
being taught, they will move, they will be moved.
[Illustration: PERSEUS ANDROMEDAM SERVAT]
«168.» PER´SEUS AND ANDROM´EDA
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.
Perseus fīlius erat Iovis,[2] maximī[3] deōrum. Dē eō multās fabulās
nārrant poētae. Eī favent deī, eī magica arma et ālās dant. Eīs tēlīs
armātus et ālīs frētus ad multās terrās volābat et mōnstra saeva dēlēbat
et miserīs īnfīrmīsque auxilium dabat.
Aethiopia est terra Āfricae. Eam terram Cēpheus[4] regēbat. Eī[5]
Neptūnus, maximus aquārum deus, erat īrātus et mittit[6] mōnstrum saevum
ad Aethiopiam. Ibi mōnstrum nōn sōlum lātīs pulchrīsque Aethiopiae agrīs
nocēbat sed etiam domicilia agricolārum dēlēbat, et multōs virōs,
fēminās, līberōsque necābat. Populus ex agrīs fugiēbat et oppida mūrīs
validīs mūniēbat. Tum Cēpheus magnā trīstitiā commōtus ad Iovis ōrāculum
properat et ita dīcit: “Amīcī meī necantur; agrī meī vāstantur. Audī
verba mea, Iuppiter. Dā miserīs auxilium. Age mōnstrum saevum ex
patriā.”
[Footnote 2: «Iovis», the genitive of «Iuppiter».]
[Footnote 3: Used substantively, _the greatest_. So below, l. 4,
«miserīs» and «īnfīrmīs» are used substantively.]
[Footnote 4: Pronounce in two syllables, _Ce´pheus_.]
[Footnote 5: «Eī», _at him_, dative with «īrātus».]
[Footnote 6: The present is often used, as in English, in speaking
of a past action, in order to make the story more vivid and
exciting.]
LESSON XXVIII
PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF _REGŌ_ AND _AUDIŌ_
[Special Vocabulary]
VERBS
«respondeō, -ēre», _respond, reply_
«servō, -āre», _save, preserve_
ADJECTIVE
«cārus, -a, -um», _dear_ (cherish)
CONJUNCTION
«autem», _but, moreover, now_. Usually stands second, never first
NOUN
«vīta, -ae», f., _life_ (vital)
«169.» Review the present, imperfect, and future indicative active of
«regō» and «audiō», and learn the passive of the same tenses (§§490,
491).
_a._ Observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are
the same as in the active voice, and that the passive personal
endings (§164) are added instead of the active ones.
_b._ Note the slight irregularity in the second person singular
present of the third conjugation. There the final «-e-» of the stem
is not changed to «-i-», as it is in the active. We therefore have
«re´geris» or «re´gere», _not_ «re´giris», «re´gire».
_c._ Inflect «agō», «dīcō», «dūcō», «mūniō», «reperiō», in the
present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.
«170.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Agēbat, agēbātur, mittēbat, mittēbātur, dūcēbat. 2. Agunt,
aguntur, mittuntur, mittunt, mūniunt. 3. Mittor, mittar, mittam, dūcēre,
dūcere. 4. Dīcēmur, dīcimus, dīcēmus, dīcimur, mūniēbaminī. 5. Dūcitur,
dūciminī, reperīmur, reperiar, agitur. 6. Agēbāmus, agēbāmur, reperīris,
reperiēminī. 7. Mūnīminī, veniēbam, dūcēbar, dīcētur. 8. Mittiminī,
mittitis, mittēris, mitteris, agēbāminī. 9. Dīcitur, dīcit, mūniuntur,
reperient, audientur.
II. 1. I was being driven, I was driving, we were leading, we were being
led, he says, it is said. 2. I shall send, I shall be sent, you will
find, you will be found, they lead, they are led. 3. I am found, we are
led, they are driven, you were being led (_sing. and plur._). 4. We
shall drive, we shall be driven, he leads, he is being led, they will
come, they will be fortified. 5. They were ruling, they were being
ruled, you will send, you will be sent, you are sent, (_sing. and
plur._). 6. He was being led, he will come, you are said (_sing. and
plur._).
«171.» PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Continued_)
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.
Tum ōrāculum ita respondet: “Mala est fortūna tua. Neptūnus, magnus
aquārum deus, terrae Aethiopiae inimīcus, eās poenās mittit. Sed parā
īrātō deō sacrum idōneum et mōnstrum saevum ex patriā tuā agētur.
Andromeda fīlia tua est mōnstrō grāta. Dā eam mōnstrō. Servā cāram
patriam et vītam populī tuī.” Andromeda autem erat puella pulchra. Eam
amābat Cēpheus maximē.
LESSON XXIX
PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF _-IŌ_ VERBS
PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND IMPERATIVE
[Special Vocabulary]
VERB
«superō, -āre», _conquer, overcome_ (insuperable)
NOUNS
«cūra, -ae», f., _care, trouble_
«locus, -ī», m., _place, spot_ (location). «Locus» is neuter in the
plural and is declined «loca, -ōrum», etc.
«perīculum, -ī», n., _danger, peril_
ADVERBS
«semper», _always_
«tamen», _yet, nevertheless_
PREPOSITIONS
«dē», with abl., _down from; concerning_
«per», with acc., _through_
CONJUNCTION
«si», _if_
«172.» Review the active voice of «capiō», present, imperfect, and
future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (§492).
_a._ The present forms «capior» and «capiuntur» are like «audior,
audiuntur», and the rest of the tense is like «regor».
_b._ In like manner inflect the passive of «iaciō» and «rapiō».
«173.» «The Infinitive.» The infinitive mood gives the general meaning
of the verb without person or number; as, «amāre», _to love_. Infinitive
means _unlimited_. The forms of the other moods, being limited by person
and number, are called the _finite_, or limited, verb forms.
«174.» The forms of the Present Infinitive, active and passive, are as
follows:
CONJ. PRES. PRES. INFINITIVE PRES. INFINITIVE
STEM ACTIVE PASSIVE
I. «amā-» amā´re, amā´rī,
_to love_ _to be loved_
II. «monē-» monē´re, monē´rī,
_to advise_ _to be advised_
III. «rege-» re´gere, re´gī,
_to rule_ _to be ruled_
«cape-» ca´pere ca´pī,
_to take_ _to be taken_
IV. «audī-» audī´re, audīrī,
_to hear_ _to be heard_
1. Observe that to form the present active infinitive we add «-re» to
the present stem.
_a._ The present infinitive of «sum» is «esse». There is no passive.
2. Observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the
active by changing final «-e» to «-ī», except in the third
conjugation, which changes final «-ere» to «-ī».
3. Give the active and passive present infinitives of «doceō»,
«sedeō», «volō», «cūrō», «mittō», «dūcō», «mūniō», «reperiō», «iaciō»,
«rapiō.»
«175.» The forms of the Present Imperative, active and passive, are as
follows:
ACTIVE[1] PASSIVE
CONJ. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
I. «a´mā» amā´te amā´re, amā´minī,
_be thou loved_ _be ye loved_
II. «mo´nē» monē´te monē´re, monē´minī,
_be thou advised_ _be ye advised_
III. «re´ge» re´gite re´gere, regi´minī,
_be thou ruled _ _be ye ruled_
«ca´pe» ca´pite ca´pere, capi´minī,
_be thou taken_ _be ye taken_
IV. «au´dī» audī´te audī´re, audī´minī,
_be thou heard_ _be ye heard_
1. Observe that the second person singular of the present passive
imperative is like the present active infinitive, and that both
singular and plural are like the second person singular[2] and plural,
respectively, of the present passive indicative.
2. Give the present imperative, both active and passive, of the verbs
in §174.3.
[Footnote 1: For the sake of comparison the active is repeated from
§161.]
[Footnote 2: That is, using the personal ending «-re». A form like
«amāre» may be either _indicative_, _infinitive_, or _imperative_.]
«176.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.
I. 1. Tum Perseus ālīs ad terrās multās volabit. 2. Mōnstrum saevum per
aquās properat et mox agrōs nostrōs vāstābit. 3. Sī autem Cēpheus ad
ōrāculum properābit, ōrāculum ita respondēbit. 4. Quis tēlīs Perseī
superābitur? Multa mōnstra tēlīs eius superābuntur. 5. Cum cūrīs magnīs
et lacrimīs multīs agricolae ex domiciliīs cārīs aguntur. 6. Multa loca
vāstābantur et multa oppida dēlēbantur. 7. Mōnstrum est validum, tamen
superābitur. 8. Crēdēsne semper verbīs ōrāculī? Ego iīs non semper
crēdam. 9. Pārēbitne Cēpheus ōrāculō? Verba ōrāculī eī persuādēbunt.
10. Si nōn fugiēmus, oppidum capiētur et oppidānī necābuntur. 11. Vocāte
puerōs et nārrāte fābulam clāram dē mōnstrō saevō.
II. 1. Fly thou, to be cared for, be ye sent, lead thou. 2. To lead, to
be led, be ye seized, fortify thou. 3. To be hurled, to fly, send thou,
to be found. 4. To be sent, be ye led, to hurl, to be taken. 5. Find
thou, hear ye, be ye ruled, to be fortified.
LESSON XXX
SYNOPSES IN THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS · THE ABLATIVE DENOTING _FROM_
[Special Vocabulary]
VERBS
«absum, abesse», irreg., _be away, be absent, be distant_, with
separative abl.
«adpropinquō, -āre», _draw near, approach_ (propinquity), with
dative[A]
«contineō, -ēre», _hold together, hem in, keep_ (contain)
«discēdō, -ere», _depart, go away, leave_, with separative abl.
«egeō, -ēre», _lack, need, be without_, with separative abl.
«interficiō, -ere», _kill_
«prohibeō, -ēre», _restrain, keep from_ (prohibit)
«vulnerō, -āre», _wound_ (vulnerable)
NOUNS
«prōvincia, -ae», f., _province_
«vīnum, -ī», n., _wine_
ADJECTIVE
«dēfessus, -a, -um», _weary, worn out_
ADVERB
«longē», _far, by far, far away_
[Footnote A: This verb governs the dative because the idea of
_nearness to_ is stronger than that of _motion to_. If the latter
idea were the stronger, the word would be used with «ad» and the
accusative.]
«177.» You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have
had, as follows:[1]
CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ a´mō a´mor mo´neō mo´neor
_Imperf._ amā´bam amā´bar monē´bam monē´bar
_Fut._ amā´bo amā´bor monē´bo monē´bor
[Footnote 1: Synopses should be given not only in the first person,
but in other persons as well, particularly in the third singular and
plural.]
CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
IMPERATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ a´mā amā´re mo´nē monē´re
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ amā´re amā´rī monē´re monē´rī
CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION III («-iō» verbs)
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ re´gō re´gor ca´piō ca´pior
_Imperf._ regē´bam regē´bar capiē´bam capiē´bar
_Fut._ re´gam re´gar ca´piam ca´piar
IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ re´ge re´gere ca´pe ca´pere
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ re´gere re´gī ca´pere ca´pī
CONJUGATION IV
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ au´diō au´dior
_Imperf._ audiē´bam audiē´bar
_Fut._ au´diam au´diar
IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ au´dī audī´re
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ audī´re audī´rī
1. Give the synopsis of «rapiō», «mūniō», «reperiō», «doceō», «videō»,
«dīcō», «agō», «laudō», «portō», and vary the person and number.
«178.» We learned in §50 that one of the three relations covered by the
ablative case is expressed in English by the preposition _from._ This is
sometimes called the _separative ablative_, and it has a number of
special uses. You have already grown familiar with the first mentioned
below.
«179.» RULE. «Ablative of the Place From.» _The place from which is
expressed by the ablative with the prepositions «ā» or «ab», «dē», «ē»
or «ex»._
«Agricolae ex agrīs veniunt», _the farmers come from the fields_
_a._ «ā» or «ab» denotes _from near_ a place; «ē» or «ex», _out
from_ it; and «dē», _down from_ it. This may be represented
graphically as follows:
_________
| |
«ā» or «ab» | | «ē» or «ex»
/_____________| ___________________\
\ | Place | /
|_________|
|
| «dē»
|
V
«180.» RULE. «Ablative of Separation.» _Words expressing separation or
deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning._
_a._ If the separation is _actual_ and _literal_ of one material
thing from another, the preposition «ā» or «ab», «ē» or «ex», or
«dē» is generally used. If no actual motion takes place of one thing
from another, no preposition is necessary.
(a) «Perseus terram ā mōnstrīs līberat»
_Perseus frees the land from monsters_
(literal separation--actual motion is expressed)
(b) «Perseus terram trīstitiā līberat»
_Perseus frees the land from sorrow_
(figurative separation--no actual motion is expressed)
«181.» RULE. «Ablative of the Personal Agent.» _The word expressing the
person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the
ablative with the preposition «ā» or «ab.»_
_a._ In this construction the English translation of «ā», «ab» is
_by_ rather than _from_. This ablative is regularly used with
passive verbs to indicate the _person by whom_ the act was
performed.
«Mōnstrum ā Perseō necātur», _the monster is being slain by_
(lit. _from_) _Perseus_
_b._ Note that the active form of the above sentence would be
«Perseus monstrum necat», _Perseus is slaying the monster_. In the
passive the _object_ of the active verb becomes the _subject_, and
the _subject_ of the active verb becomes the _ablative of the
personal agent_, with «ā» or «ab».
_c._ Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the
ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into
English by the preposition _by_. (Cf. §100. _b._) _Means is a
«thing»; the agent or actor is a «person»_. The ablative of means
has no preposition. The ablative of the personal agent has «ā» or
«ab». Compare
«Fera sagittā necātur», _the wild beast is killed by an arrow_
«Fera ā Diānā necātur», _the wild beast is killed by Diana_
«Sagittā», in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; «ā
Diānā», in the second, is the ablative of the personal agent.
«182.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.
I. 1. Viri inopiā cibī dēfessī ab eō locō discēdent. 2. Germānī castrīs
Rōmānīs adpropinquābant, tamen lēgātus cōpiās ā proeliō continēbat.
3. Multa Gallōrum oppida ab Rōmanīs capientur. 4. Tum Rōmānī tōtum
populum eōrum oppidōrum gladiīs pīlīsque interficient. 5. Oppidānī
Rōmānīs resistent, sed defessī longō proelīo fugient. 6. Multī ex
Galliā fugiēbant et in Germānōrum vicīs habitābant. 7. Miserī nautae
vulnerantur ab inimīcīs[2] saevīs et cibō egent. 8. Discēdite et
date virīs frūmentum et cōpiam vīnī. 9. Cōpiae nostrae ā proeliō
continēbantur ab Sextō lēgatō. 10. Id oppidum ab prōvinciā Rōmānā longē
aberat.
II. 1. The weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the goddess
Diana. 2. They were without food and without wine. 3. Then Galba and
seven other men are sent to the ancient island by Sextus. 4. Already
they are not far away from the land, and they see armed men on a high
place. 5. They are kept from the land by the men with spears and arrows.
6. The men kept hurling their weapons down from the high place with
great eagerness.
[Footnote 2: «inimīcīs», here used as a noun. See vocabulary.]
LESSON XXXI
PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF _SUM_
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
aurum, -ī, n., _gold_ (oriole)
«mora, -ae», f., _delay_
«nāvigium, nāvi´gī», n., _boat, ship_
«ventus, -ī», m., _wind_ (ventilate)
VERB
«nāvigō, -āre», _sail_ (navigate)
ADJECTIVES
attentus, -a, -um, _attentive, careful_
«dubius, -a, -um», _doubtful_ (dubious)
perfidus, -a, -um, _faithless, treacherous_ (perfidy)
ADVERB
«anteā», _before, previously_
PREPOSITION
«sine», with abl., _without_
«183.» «Principal Parts.» There are certain parts of the verb that are
of so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the
_principal parts._
The principal parts of the Latin verb are the present, the past, and the
past participle; as _go, went, gone_; _see, saw, seen_, etc.
The principal parts of the Latin verb are the _first person singular of
the present indicative_, the _present infinitive_, the _first person
singular of the perfect indicative_, and _the perfect passive
participle._
«184.» «Conjugation Stems.» From the principal parts we get three
conjugation stems, from which are formed the entire conjugation. We
have already learned about the «present stem», which is found from the
present infinitive (cf. §126.a). The other two stems are the «perfect
stem» and the «participial stem».
«185.» «The Perfect Stem.» The perfect stem of the verb is formed in
various ways, but may always be _found by dropping «-ī» from the first
person singular of the perfect_, the third of the principal parts. From
the perfect stem are formed the following tenses:
THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE
THE PLUPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE (ENGLISH PAST PERFECT)
THE FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE
All these tenses express completed action in present, past, or future
time respectively.
«186.» «The Endings of the Perfect.» The perfect active indicative is
inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem.
These endings are different from those found in any other tense, and are
as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. -ī, _I_ 1. -imus, _we_
2. -istī, _you_ 2. -istis, _you_
3. -it, _he, she, it_ 3. -ērunt or -ēre, _they_
«187.» Inflection of «sum» in the perfect, pluperfect, and future
perfect indicative:
PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC.
PRIN. PARTS sum esse fuī
PERFECT STEM fu-
PERFECT
SINGULAR PLURAL
fu´ī, _I have been, I was_ fu´imus, _we have been, we were_
fuis´tī, fuis´tis, _you have been, you were_
_you have been, you were_
fu´it, _he has been, he was_ fuē´runt _or_ fuē´re,
_they have been, they were_
PLUPERFECT (TENSE SIGN «-erā-»)
fu´eram, _I had been_ fuerā´mus, _we had been_
fu´erās, _you had been_ fuerā´tis, _you had been_
fu´erat, _he had been_ fu´erant, _they had been_
FUTURE PERFECT (TENSE SIGN «-eri-»)
fu´erō, _I shall have been_ fue´rimus, _we shall have been_
fu´eris, _you will have been_ fue´ritis, _you will have been_
fu´erit, _he will have been_ fu´erint, _they will have been_
1. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect.
2. Observe that the pluperfect may be formed by adding «eram», the
imperfect of «sum», to the perfect stem. The tense sign is «-erā-».
3. Observe that the future perfect may be formed by adding «erō», the
future of «sum», to the perfect stem. But the third person plural ends
in «-erint», not in «-erunt». The tense sign is «-eri-».
4. All active perfects, pluperfects, and future perfects are formed on
the perfect stem and inflected in the same way.
«188.» DIALOGUE
THE BOYS TITUS, MARCUS, AND QUINTUS
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.
M. Ubi fuistis, Tite et Quīnte?
T. Ego in meō lūdō fuī et Quīntus in suō lūdō fuit. Bonī puerī fuimus.
Fuitne Sextus in vīcō hodiē?
M. Fuit. Nūper per agrōs proximōs fluviō properābat. Ibi is et
Cornēlius habent nāvigium.
T. _Nāvigium_ dīcis? Aliī[1] nārrā eam fābulam!
M. Vērō (_Yes, truly_), pulchrum et novum nāvigium!
Q. Cuius pecūniā[2] Sextus et Cornēlius id nāvigium parant? Quis iīs
pecūniam dat?
M. Amīcī Cornēlī multum habent aurum et puer pecūniā nōn eget.
T. Quō puerī nāvigābunt? Nāvigābuntne longē ā terrā?
M. Dubia sunt cōnsilia eōrum. Sed hodiē, crēdō, sī ventus erit
idōneus, ad maximam īnsulam nāvigābunt. Iam anteā ibi fuērunt.
Tum autem ventus erat perfidus et puerī magnō in perīculō erant.
Q. Aqua ventō commōta est inimīca nautīs semper, et saepe perfidus
ventus nāvigia rapit, agit, dēletque. Iī puerī, sī nōn fuerint
maximē attentī, īrātā aquā et validō ventō superābuntur et ita
interficientur.
[Footnote 1: Dative case. (Cf. §109.)]
[Footnote 2: Ablative of means.]
«189.» EXERCISE
1. Where had the boys been before? They had been in school. 2. Where had
Sextus been? He had been in a field next to the river. 3. Who has been
with Sextus to-day? Cornelius has been with him. 4. Who says so? Marcus.
5. If the wind has been suitable, the boys have been in the boat.
6. Soon we shall sail with the boys. 7. There[3] will be no danger,
if we are (shall have been) careful.[4]
[Footnote 3: The expletive _there_ is not expressed, but the verb
will precede the subject, as in English.]
[Footnote 4: This predicate adjective must be nominative plural to
agree with _we_.]
LESSON XXXII
THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
«animus, -ī», m., _mind, heart; spirit, feeling_ (animate)
«bracchium, bracchī», n., _forearm, arm_
«porta, -ae», f., _gate_ (portal)
ADJECTIVES
«adversus, -a, -um», _opposite; adverse, contrary_
«plēnus, -a, -um», _full_ (plenty)
PREPOSITION
«prō», with abl., _before; in behalf of; instead of_
ADVERB
«diū», _for a long time, long_
«190.» «Meanings of the Perfect.» The perfect tense has two distinct
meanings. The first of these is equivalent to the English present
perfect, or perfect with _have_, and denotes that the action of the verb
is complete at the time of speaking; as, _I have finished my work_. As
this denotes completed action at a definite time, it is called the
«perfect definite».
The perfect is also used to denote an action that happened _sometime in
the past_; as, _I finished my work._ As no definite time is specified,
this is called the «perfect indefinite». It corresponds to the ordinary
use of the English past tense.
_a._ Note carefully the difference between the following tenses:
_I {was finishing } my work_ (imperfect, §134)
{used to finish}
_I finished my work_ (perfect indefinite)
_I have finished my work_ (perfect definite)
When telling a story the Latin uses the _perfect indefinite_ to mark the
different _forward steps_ of the narrative, and the _imperfect_ to
_describe situations and circumstances_ that attend these steps. If the
following sentences were Latin, what tenses would be used?
“Last week I went to Boston. I was trying to find an old friend of
mine, but he was out of the city. Yesterday I returned home.”
«191.» «Inflection of the Perfect.» We learned in §186 that any perfect
is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem.
The inflection in the four regular conjugations is then as follows:
CONJ. I «amāvī» _I have loved_, _I loved_ or _did love_
CONJ. II «monuī» _I have advised_, _I advised_ or _did advise_
CONJ. III «rēxī» _I have ruled_, _I ruled_ or _did rule_
«cēpī» _I have taken_, _I took_ or _did take_
CONJ. IV «audīvī» _I have heard_, _I heard_ or _did hear_
PERFECT STEMS
«amāv-» «monu-» «rēx-» «cēp-» «audīv-»
SINGULAR
1. amā´vī mo´nuī rē´xī cē´pī audī´vī
2. amāvis´tī monuis´tī rēxis´tī cēpis´tī audīvis´tī
3. amā´vit mo´nuit rē´xit cē´pit audī´vit
PLURAL
1. amā´vimus monu´imus rē´ximus cē´pimus audī´vimus
2. amāvis´tis monuis´tis rēxis´tis cēpis´tis audīvis´tis
3. amāvē´runt monuē´runt rēxē´runt cēpē´runt audīvē´runt
_or_ _or_ _or_ _or_ _or_
amāvē´re monuē´re rēxē´re cēpē´re audīvē´re
1. The first person of the perfect is always given as the third of the
principal parts. From this we get the perfect stem. _This shows the
absolute necessity of learning the principal parts thoroughly._
2. Nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed by adding
«-vī» to the present stem. Like «amāvī» inflect «parāvī», «vocāvī»,
«cūrāvī», «laudāvī».
3. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect. Drill on it.
«192.» Learn the principal parts and inflect the perfects:
PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC.
dō dăre dedī _give_
dēleō dēlēre dēlēvī _destroy_
habeō habēre habuī _have_
moveō movēre mōvī _move_
pāreō pārēre pāruī _obey_
prohibeō prohibēre prohibuī _restrain, keep from_
videō vidēre vīdī _see_
dīcō dīcere dīxī _say_
discēdō discēdere discessī _depart_
dūcō dūcere dūxī _lead_
faciō facere fēcī _make, do_
mittō mittere mīsī _send_
mūniō mūnīre mūnīvī _fortify_
veniō venīre vēnī _come_
«193.» PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Continued_)
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290.
Cēpheus, adversā fortūnā maximē commōtus, discessit et multīs cum
lacrimīs populō Aethiopiae verba ōrāculī nārrāvit. Fāta Andromedae,
puellae pulchrae, ā tōtō populō dēplōrābantur, tamen nūllum erat
auxilium. Deinde Cēpheus cum plēnō trīstitiae animō cāram suam fīliam
ex oppidī portā ad aquam dūxit et bracchia eius ad saxa dūra revīnxit.
Tum amīcī puellae miserae longē discessērunt et diū mōnstrum saevum
exspectāvērunt.
Tum forte Perseus, ālīs frētus, super Aethiopiam volābat. Vīdit populum,
Andromedam, lacrimās, et, magnopere attonitus, ad terram dēscendit. Tum
Cēpheus eī tōtās cūrās nārrāvit et ita dīxit: “Pārēbō verbīs ōrāculī, et
prō patriā fīliam meam dabō; sed sī id mōnstrum interficiēs et
Andromedam servābis, tibi (_to you_) eam dabō.”
LESSON XXXIII
PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE
PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE
«194.» CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
«amō» «moneō» «regō» «capiō» «audiō»
PERFECT STEMS «amāv-» «monu-» «rēx-» «cēp-» «audīv-»
PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
TENSE SIGN «-erā-»
SINGULAR
I had loved I had advised I had ruled I had taken I had heard
1. amā´veram monu´eram rē´xeram cē´peram audī´veram
2. amā´verās monu´erās rē´xerās cē´perās audī´verās
3. amā´verat monu´erat rē´xerat cē´perat audī´verat
PLURAL
1. amāverā´mus monuerā´mus rēxerā´mus cēperā´mus audīverā´mus
2. amāverā´tis monuerā´tis rēxerā´tis cēperā´tis audīverā´tis
3. amā´verant monu´erant rē´xerant cē´perant audī´verant
FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
TENSE SIGN «-eri-»
SINGULAR
I shall have I shall have I shall have I shall have I shall have
loved advised ruled taken heard
1. amā´verō monu´erō rē´xerō cē´perō audī´verō
2. amā´veris monu´eris rē´xeris cē´peris audī´veris
3. amā´verit monu´erit rē´xerit cē´perit audī´verit
PLURAL
1. amāve´rimus monue´rimus rēxe´rimus cēpe´rimus audīve´rimus
2. amāve´ritis monue´ritis rēxe´ritis cēpe´ritis audīve´ritis
3. amā´verint monu´erint rē´xerint cē´perint audī´verint
1. Observe that these are all inflected alike and the rules for
formation given in §187.2-4 hold good here.
2. In like manner inflect the pluperfect and future perfect indicative
active of «dō», «portō», «dēleō», «moveō», «habeō», «dīcō», «discēdō»,
«faciō», «veniō», «mūniō.»
«195.» «The Perfect Active Infinitive.» The perfect active infinitive is
formed by adding «-isse» to the perfect stem.
CONJ PERFECT STEM PERFECT INFINITIVE
I. amāv- amāvis´se, _to have loved_
II. monu- monuis´se, _to have advised_
III. (_a_) rēx- rēxis´se, _to have ruled_
(_b_) cēp- cēpis´se, _to have taken_
IV. audīv» audīvis´se, _to have heard_
sum fu- fuis´se, _to have been_
1. In like manner give the perfect infinitive active of «dō», «portō»,
«dēleō», «moveō», «habeō», «dīcō», «discēdō», «faciō», «veniō»,
«mūniō».
«196.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Habuistī, mōvērunt, miserant. 2. Vīdit, dīxeris, dūxisse.
3. Mīsistis, pāruērunt, discesserāmus. 4. Mūnīvit, dederam, mīserō.
5. Habuerimus, dēlēvī, pāruit, fuisse. 6. Dederās, mūnīveritis,
vēnerātis, mīsisse. 7. Vēnerās, fēcisse, dederātis, portāveris.
8. Quem verba ōrāculī mōverant? Populum verba ōrāculī mōverant.
9. Cui Cēpheus verba ōrāculī nārrāverit? Perseō Cēpheus verba ōrāculī
nārrāverit. 10. Amīcī ab Andromedā discesserint. 11. Mōnstrum saevum
domicilia multa dēlēverat. 12. Ubi mōnstrum vīdistis? Id in aquā
vīdimus. 13. Quid mōnstrum faciet? Mōnstrum Andromedam interficiet.
II. 1. They have obeyed, we have destroyed, I shall have had. 2. We
shall have sent, I had come, they have fortified. 3. I had departed, he
has obeyed, you have sent (_sing. and plur._). 4. To have destroyed, to
have seen, he will have given, they have carried. 5. He had destroyed,
he has moved, you have had (_sing. and plur._). 6. I have given, you had
moved (_sing. and plur._), we had said. 7. You will have made (_sing.
and plur._), they will have led, to have given.
8. Who had seen the monster? Andromeda had seen it. 9. Why had the men
departed from[1] the towns? They had departed because the monster had
come. 10. Did Cepheus obey[2] the oracle[3]? He did.
[Footnote 1: «ex». What would «ab» mean?]
[Footnote 2: _Did ... obey_, perfect tense.]
[Footnote 3: What case?]
LESSON XXXIV
REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE
[Special Vocabulary]
ADVERBS
«celeriter», _quickly_ (celerity)
«dēnique», _finally_
«graviter», _heavily, severely_ (gravity)
«subitō», _suddenly_
VERB
«reportō, -āre, -āvī», _bring back, restore; win, gain_ (report)
«197.» A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the
following formation:
{ PRESENT = First of the principal parts
TENSES { IMPERFECT = Present stem + -ba-m
OF THE { FUTURE = Present stem + -bō, Conj. I and II
INDICATIVE { -a-m, Conj. III and IV
{ PERFECT = Third of the principal parts
{ PLUPERFECT = Perfect stem + -era-m
{ FUTURE PERFECT = Perfect stem + -erō
«198.» The synopsis of the active voice of «amō», as far as we have
learned the conjugation, is as follows:
PRINCIPAL PARTS «amō, amāre, amāvī»
PRES. STEM «amā-»
{ _Pres._ amō
INDIC. { _Imperf._ amābam
{ _Fut._ amābō
PRES. IMV. amā
PRES. INFIN. amāre
PERF. STEM «amāv-»
{ _Perf._ amāvī
INDIC. { _Pluperf._ amāveram
{ _Fut. perf._ amāverō
PERF. INFIN. amāvisse
1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal
parts and synopsis of «parō», «dō», «laudō», «dēleō», «habeō»,
«moveō», «pāreō», «videō», «dīcō», «discēdō», «dūcō», «mittō»,
«capiō», «muniō», «veniō».[1]
[Footnote 1: Learn to give synopses rapidly, and not only in the
first person singular but in any person of either number.]
«199.» Learn the following principal parts:[2]
PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC.
IRREGULAR VERBS
sum esse fuī _be_
ab´sum abes´se ā´fuī _be away_
dō dare dedī _give_
CONJUGATION II
contineō continēre continuī _hold in, keep_
doceō docēre docuī _teach_
egeō egēre eguī _need_
faveō favēre fāvī _favor_
iubeō iubēre iussī _order_
noceō nocēre nocuī _injure_
persuādeō persuādēre persuāsī _persuade_
respondeō respondēre respondī _reply_
sedeō sedēre sēdī _sit_
studeō studēre studuī _be eager_
CONJUGATION III
agō agere ēgī _drive_
crēdō crēdere crēdidī _believe_
fugiō fugere fūgī _flee_
iaciō iacere iēcī _hurl_
interficiō interficere interfēcī _kill_
rapiō rapere rapuī _seize_
resis´tō resis´tere re´stitī _resist_
CONJUGATION IV
repe´riō reperī´re rep´perī _find_
[Footnote 2: These are all verbs that you have had before, and the
perfect is the only new form to be learned.]
«200.» PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Concluded_)
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290. Read the whole story.
Perseus semper proeliō studēbat[3] et respondit,[3] “Verba tua sunt
maximē grāta,” et laetus arma sua magica parāvit.[3] Subitō mōnstrum
vidētur; celeriter per aquam properat et Andromedae adpropinquat. Eius
amīcī longē absunt et misera puella est sōla. Perseus autem sine morā
super aquam volāvit.[3] Subitō dēscendit[3] et dūrō gladiō saevum
mōnstrum graviter vulnerāvit.[3] Diū pugnātur,[4] diū proelium est
dubium. Dēnique autem Perseus mōnstrum interfēcit[3] et victōriam
reportāvit.[3] Tum ad saxum vēnit[3] et Andromedam līberāvit[3] et eam
ad Cēpheum dūxit.[3] Is, nūper miser, nunc laetus, ita dīxit[3]: “Tuō
auxiliō, mī amīce, cāra fīlia mea est lībera; tua est Andromeda.” Diū
Perseus cum Andromedā ibi habitābat[3] et magnopere ā tōtō populō
amābātur.[3]
[Footnote 3: See if you can explain the use of the perfects and
imperfects in this passage.]
[Footnote 4: The verb pugnātur means, literally, _it is fought_;
translate freely, _the battle is fought_, or _the contest rages_.
The verb pugnō in Latin is intransitive, and so does not have a
personal subject in the passive. A verb with an indeterminate
subject, designated in English by _it_, is called impersonal.]
LESSON XXXV
THE PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE
THE PERFECT PASSIVE AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE
«201.» The fourth and last of the principal parts (§183) is the «perfect
passive participle». _From it we get the participial stem on which are
formed the future active infinitive and all the passive perfects._
1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time
given in full:
CONJ. PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PASS. PART.
I. amō amā´-re amā´v-ī amā´t-us
This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation.
II. mo´neō monē´-re mo´nu-ī mo´nit-us
III. regō re´ge-re rēx-ī rēct-us
ca´piō ca´pe-re cēp-ī capt-us
IV. au´diō audī´-re audī´v-ī audī´t-us
2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping «-us» from
the perfect passive participle.
«202.» In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses
of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb
_to be_ and the past participle; as, _I have been loved_, _I had been
loved_, _I shall have been loved._
Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect
passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of
«sum» as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, as
Perfect passive, «amā´tus sum», _I have been_ or _was loved_
Pluperfect passive, «amā´tus eram», _I had been loved_
Future perfect passive, «amā´tus erō», _I shall have been loved_
1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of
«moneō», «regō», «capiō», and «audiō», and give the English meanings.
«203.» «Nature of the Participle.» A participle is partly verb and
partly adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an
adjective it is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender,
number, and case.
«204.» The perfect passive participle is declined like «bonus, bona,
bonum», and in the compound tenses (§202) it agrees as a predicate
adjective with the subject of the verb.
EXAMPLES IN SINGULAR
«Vir laudātus est», _the man was praised_, or _has been praised_
«Puella laudāta est», _the girl was praised_, or _has been praised_
«Cōnsilium laudātum est», _the plan was praised_, or
_has been praised_
EXAMPLES IN PLURAL
«Virī laudātī sunt», _the men were praised_, or _have been praised_
«Puellae laudātae sunt», _the girls were praised_, or
_have been praised_
«Cōnsilia laudāta sunt», _the plans were praised_, or
_have been praised_
1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative
passive of «amō», «moneō», «regō», «capiō», and «audiō» (§§488-492).
«205.» «The perfect passive infinitive» is formed by adding «esse»,
the present infinitive of «sum», to the perfect passive participle; as,
amā´t-us (-a, -um) «esse», _to have been loved_; mo´nit-us (-a,
-um) «esse», _to have been advised_.
1. Form the perfect passive infinitive of «regō», «capiō», «audiō»,
and give the English meanings.
«206.» The future active infinitive is formed by adding «esse», the
present infinitive of «sum», to the future active participle. This
participle is made by adding «-ūrus, -a, -um» to the base of the
participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of «amō» is
amat-ū´rus (-a, -um) «esse», _to be about to love_.
_a._ Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive
we use all three conjugation stems:
Present, amāre (present stem), _to love_
Perfect, amāvisse (perfect stem), _to have loved_
Future, amātūrus esse (participial stem), _to be about to love_
1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of «laudō», «moneō»,
«regō», «capiō», «audiō», with the English meanings.
«207.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Fābula Andromedae nārrāta est. 2. Multae fābulae ā magistrō
nārrātae sunt. 3. Ager ab agricolā validō arātus erat. 4. Agrī ab
agricolīs validīs arātī erant. 5. Aurum ā servō perfidō ad domicilium
suum portātum erit. 6. Nostra arma ā lēgātō laudāta sunt. Quis vestra
arma laudāvit? 7. Ab ancillā tuā ad cēnam vocātae sumus. 8. Andromeda
mōnstrō nōn data est, quia mōnstrum ā Perseō necātum erat.
II. 1. The provinces were laid waste, the field had been laid waste, the
towns will have been laid waste. 2. The oracles were heard, the oracle
was heard, the oracles had been heard. 3. The oracle will have been
heard, the province had been captured, the boats have been captured.
4. The fields were laid waste, the man was advised, the girls will have
been advised. 5. The towns had been ruled, we shall have been captured,
you will have been heard.
LESSON XXXVI
REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS · PREPOSITIONS _YES_-OR-_NO_ QUESTIONS
[Special Vocabulary]
«dexter, dextra, dextrum», _right_ (dextrous)
«sinister, sinistra, sinistrum», _left_
«frūstrā», adv., _in vain_ (frustrate)
«gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus», _bear, carry on; wear_;
«bellum gerere», _to wage war_
«occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus», _seize, take possession of_
(occupy)
«postulō, postulāre, postulāvī, postulātus», _demand_ (ex-postulate)
«recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī, recūsātus», _refuse_
«stō, stāre, stetī, status», _stand_
«temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātus», _try, tempt, test; attempt_
«teneō, tenēre, tenuī, ----», _keep, hold_ (tenacious)
The word «ubi», which we have used so much in the sense of _where_ in
asking a question, has two other uses equally important:
1. «ubi» = _when_, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as,
«Ubi mōnstrum audīvērunt, fūgērunt», _when they heard the monster,
they fled_
2. «ubi» = _where_, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as,
«Videō oppidum ubi Galba habitat», _I see the town where Galba
lives_
«ubi» is called a _relative conjunction_ because it is equivalent to
a relative pronoun. _When_ in the first sentence is equivalent to
_at the time «at which»;_ and in the second, _where_ is equivalent
to _the place «in which»._
«208.» The following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you
have had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had
before are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new
form for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the principal parts are
lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A
few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active
participle in «-ūrus», which appears in the principal parts instead.
IRREGULAR VERBS
«sum» «esse» «fuī» «futūrus» _be_
«absum» «abesse» «āfuī» «āfutūrus» _be away_
«dō»[1] «dare» «dedī» «datus» _give_
[Footnote 1: «dō» is best classed with the irregular verbs because
of the short «a» in the present and participial stems.]
CONJUGATION I
«portō» «portāre» «portāvī» «portātus» _carry_
So for all verbs of this conjugation thus far used.
CONJUGATION II
«contineō» «continēre» «continuī» «contentus» _hold in, keep_
«dēleō» «dēlēre» «dēlēvī» «dēlētus» _destroy_
«doceō» «docēre» «docuī» «doctus» _teach_
«egeō» «egēre» «eguī» ---- _lack_
«faveō» «favēre» «fāvī» «fautūrus» _favor_
«iubeō» «iubēre» «iussī» «iussus» _order_
«moveō» «movēre» «mōvī» «mōtus» _move_
«noceō» «nocēre» «nocuī» «nocitūrus» _injure_
«pāreō» «pārēre» «pāruī» ---- _obey_
«persuādeō» «persuādēre» «persuāsī» «persuāsus» _persuade (from)_
«prohibeō» «prohibēre» «prohibuī» «prohibitus» _restrain, keep_
«respondeō» «respondēre» «respondī» «respōnsus» _reply_
«sedeō» «sedēre» «sēdī» «-sessus» _sit_
«studeō» «studēre» «studuī» ---- _be eager_
«videō» «vidēre» «vīdī» «vīsus» _see_
CONJUGATION III
«agō» «agere» «ēgī» «āctus» _drive_
«crēdō» «crēdere» «crēdidī» «crēditus» _believe_
«dīcō» «dīcere» «dīxī» «dictus» _say_
«discēdō» «discēdere» «discessī» «discessus» _depart_
«dūcō» «dūcere» «dūxī» «ductus» _lead_
«faciō»[2] «facere» «fēcī» «factus» _make_
«fugiō» «fugere» «fūgī» «fugitūrus» _flee_
«iaciō» «iacere» «iēcī» «iactus» _hurl_
«interficiō» «interficere» «interfēcī» «interfectus» _kill_
«mittō» «mittere» «mīsī» «missus» _send_
«rapiō» «rapere» «rapuī» «raptus» _seize_
«resistō» «resistere» «restitī» ---- _resist_
CONJUGATION IV
«mūniō» «mūnīre» «mūnīvī» «mūnītus» _fortify_
«reperiō» «reperīre» «rep´perī» «repertus» _find_
«veniō» «venīre» «vēnī» «ventus» _come_
[Footnote 2: «faciō» has an irregular passive which will be
presented later.]
«209.» «Prepositions.»
1. We learned in §§52, 53 that only the _accusative_ and the
_ablative_ are used with prepositions, and that prepositions
expressing ablative relations govern the ablative case. Those we have
had are here summarized. The table following should be learned.
«ā» or «ab», _from, by_
«cum», _with_
«dē», _down from, concerning_
«ē» or «ex», _out from, out of_
«prō», _before, in front of; for, in behalf of_
«sine», _without_
2. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the
_accusative_ (§52). Of these we have had the following:
«ad», _to_;
«apud», _among_;
«per», _through_
There are many others which you will meet as we proceed.
3. The preposition «in» when meaning _in_ or _on_ governs the
_ablative_; when meaning _to, into, against_ (relations foreign to the
ablative) «in» governs the _accusative_.
«210.» «_Yes_-or-_No_ Questions.» Questions not introduced by some
interrogative word like _who, why, when_, etc., but expecting the answer
_yes_ or _no_, may take one of three forms:
1. _Is he coming?_ (Asking for information. Implying nothing as to
the answer expected.)
2. _Is he not coming?_ (Expecting the answer _yes_.)
3. _He isn´t coming, is he?_ (Expecting the answer _no_.)
These three forms are rendered in Latin as follows:
1. «Venitne?» _is he coming?_
2. «Nōnne venit?» _is he not coming?_
3. «Num venit?» _he isn´t coming, is he?_
_a._ «-ne», the question sign, is usually added to the verb, which
then stands first.
_b._ We learned in §56.b that _yes_-or-_no_ questions are usually
answered by repeating the verb, with or without a negative. Instead
of this, «ita», «vērō», «certē», etc. (_so, truly, certainly_, etc.)
may be used for _yes_, and «nōn», «minimē», etc. for _no_ if the
denial is emphatic, as, _by no means_, _not at all_.
«211.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290.
I. 1. Nōnne habēbat Cornēlia ōrnāmenta aurī? Habēbat. 2. Num Sextus
lēgātus scūtum in dextrō bracchiō gerēbat? Nōn in dextrō, sed sinistrō
in bracchiō Sextus scūtum gerēbat. 3. Frūstrā bella multa ab Gallīs
gesta erant. 4. Ubi oppidum ā perfidō Sextō occupātum est, oppidānī
miserī gladiō interfectī sunt. 5. Id oppidum erat plēnum frūmentī.
6. Nōnne Sextus ab oppidānīs frūmentum postulāvit? Vērō, sed iī
recūsāvērunt frūmentum dare. 7. Cūr oppidum ab Sextō dēlētum est? Quia
frūmentum recūsātum est. 8. Ea victōria nōn dubia erat. 9. Oppidānī
erant dēfessī et armīs egēbant. 10. Num fugam temptāvērunt? Minimē.
II. 1. Where was Julia standing? She was standing where you had ordered.
2. Was Julia wearing any ornaments? She had many ornaments of gold.
3. Did she not attempt flight when she saw the danger? She did. 4. Who
captured her? Galba captured her without delay and held her by the left
arm. 5. She didn´t have the lady’s gold, did she? No, the gold had been
taken by a faithless maid and has been brought back.
* * * * *
«Fourth Review, Lessons XXVII-XXXVI, §§513-516»
* * * * *
LESSON XXXVII
CONJUGATION OF _POSSUM_ · THE INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH
[Special Vocabulary]
«neque» or «nec», conj., _neither_, _nor_, _and ... not_;
«neque ... neque», _neither ... nor_
«castellum, -ī», n., _redoubt, fort_ (castle)
«cotīdiē», adv., _daily_
cessō, cessāre, cessāvī, cessātus, _cease_, with the infin.
«incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptus», _begin_ (incipient),
with the infin.
«oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus», _storm, assail_
«petō, petere, petivi» or «petiī, petītus», _aim at, assail, storm,
attack; seek, ask_ (petition)
«pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus», _place, put_ (position);
«castra pōnere», _to pitch camp_
«possum, posse, potuī, ----», _be able, can_ (potent), with the infin.
«vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus», _forbid_ (veto), vith the infin.;
opposite of «iubeō», _command_
«vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus», _conquer_ (in-vincible)
«vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, ----», _live, be alive_ (re-vive)
«212.» Learn the principal parts of «possum», _I am able_, _I can_, and
its inflection in the indicative and infinitive. (Cf. §495.)
_a._ «Possum», _I can_, is a compound of «potis», _able_, and «sum»,
_I am_.
«213.» «The Infinitive with Subject Accusative.» The _infinitive_ (cf.
§173) is a _verbal noun_. Used as a noun, it has the constructions of a
noun. As a verb it can govern a case and be modified by an adverb. The
uses of the infinitive are much the same in Latin as in English.
1. In English certain verbs of _wishing, commanding, forbidding_, and
the like are used with an object clause consisting of a substantive in
the objective case and an infinitive, as, _he commanded the men to
flee_. Such object clauses are called infinitive clauses, and the
substantive is said to be the subject of the infinitive.
Similarly in Latin, some verbs of _wishing, commanding, forbidding_,
and the like are used with an object clause consisting of an
infinitive with a subject in the accusative case, as, «Is virōs
fugere iussit», _he commanded the men to flee_.
«214.» RULE. «Subject of the Infinitive.» _The subject of the infinitive
is in the accusative._
«215.» «The Complementary Infinitive.» In English a verb is often
followed by an infinitive to complete its meaning, as, _the Romans are
able to conquer the Gauls_. This is called the _complementary_
infinitive, as the predicate is not _complete_ without the added
infinitive.
Similarly in Latin, _verbs of incomplete predication_ are completed by
the infinitive. Among such verbs are «possum», _I am able, I can_;
«properō», «mātūrō», _I hasten_; «temptō», _I attempt_; as
«Rōmānī Gallōs superāre possunt»,
_the Romans are able to_ (or _can_) _conquer the Gauls_
«Bellum gerere mātūrant»,
_they hasten to wage war_
_a._ A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive
agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main
verb.
«Malī puerī esse bonī nōn possunt», _bad boys are not able to_
(or _cannot_) _be good._
Observe that «bonī» agrees with «puerī».
«216.» «The Infinitive used as a Noun.» In English the infinitive is
often used as a pure noun, as the subject of a sentence, or as a
predicate nominative. For example, _To conquer_ (= conquering) _is
pleasing; To see_ (= seeing) _is to believe_ (= believing). The same use
of the infinitive is found in Latin, especially with «est», as
«Superāre est grātum», _to conquer is pleasing_
«Vidēre est crēdere», _to see is to believe_
_a._ In the construction above, the infinitive often has a subject,
which must then be in the accusative case, as
«Galbam superāre inimīcōs est grātum multīs»,
_for Galba to conquer his enemies is pleasing to many_
_b._ An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular. Thus, in the
sentence «superāre est grātum», the predicate adjective «grātum» is
in the neuter nominative singular to agree with «superāre» the
subject.
«217.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.
I. 1. Magister lūdī līberōs cum dīligentiā labōrāre iussit. 2. Egēre
cibō et vinō est virīs molestum. 3. Virī armātī vetuērunt Gallōs castra
ibi pōnere. 4. Estne lēgātus in castellō an in mūrō? Is est prō portā.
5. Ubi nostrī[1] fugere incēpērunt, lēgātus ab vestrīs[1] captus est.
6. Gallī castellum ibi oppugnāverant ubi praesidium erat īnfīrmum.
7. Aliī pugnāre temptābant, aliī portās petēbant. 8. Fēminae prō
domiciliīs sedēbant neque resistere validīs Gallīs poterant.
9. Bellum est saevum, nec īnfīrmīs nec miserīs favet. 10. Sed virī arma
postulābant et studēbant Gallōs dē mūrīs agere. 11. Id castellum ab
Gallīs occupārī Rōmānīs nōn grātum erit. 12. Gallī ubi ā Rōmānīs victī
sunt, esse līberī[2] cessāvērunt. 13. Diū sine aquā vīvere nōn potestis.
II. 1. The girl began daily to carry water from the river to the gates.
2. The Gauls had pitched their camp in a place suitable for a battle.
3. For a long time they tried in vain to seize the redoubt. 4. Neither
did they cease to hurl weapons against[3] the walls. 5. But they were
not able to (could not) take the town.
[Footnote 1: Supply _men_. «nostri», «vestrī», and «suī» are often
used as nouns in this way.]
[Footnote 2: Not _children_. The Romans used «līberī» either as an
adjective, meaning _free_, or as a noun, meaning _the free_, thereby
signifying their _free-born children_. The word was never applied to
children of slaves.]
[Footnote 3: «in» with the accusative.]
«218.» THE FAITHLESS TARPE´IA
Sabīnī ōlim cum Rōmānīs bellum gerēbant et multās victōriās
reportāverant. Iam agrōs proximōs mūrīs vāstābant, iam oppidō
adpropinquābant. Rōmānī autem in Capitōlium fūgerant et longē perīculō
aberant. Mūrīs validīs et saxīs altīs crēdēbant. Frūstrā Sabīnī tēla
iaciēbant, frūstrā portās dūrās petēbant; castellum occupāre nōn
poterant. Deinde novum cōnsilium cēpērunt.[4]
Tarpēia erat puella Rōmāna pulchra et superba. Cotīdiē aquam cōpiīs
Rōmānīs in Capitōlium portābat. Eī[5] nōn nocēbant Sabīnī, quod ea sine
armīs erat neque Sabīnī bellum cum fēminīs līberīsque gerēbant. Tarpēia
autem maximē amābat ōrnāmenta aurī. Cotīdiē Sabīnōrum ōrnāmenta vidēbat
et mox ea dēsīderāre incipiēbat. Eī ūnus ex[6] Sabīnīs dīxit, “Dūc
cōpiās Sabīnās intrā portās, Tarpēia, et maxima erunt praemia tua.”
[Footnote 4: «cōnsilium capere», _to make a plan_. Why is the
_perfect_ tense used here and the imperfect in the preceding
sentences? Explain the use of tenses in the next paragraph.]
[Footnote 5: Dative with «nocēbant». (Cf. §154.)]
[Footnote 6: «ex», _out of_, i.e. _from the nuumber of_; best
translated _of_.]
[Illustration: TARPEIA PUELLA PERFIDA]
LESSON XXXVIII
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN
«219.» Sentences are _simple, compound_, or _complex_.
_a._ A _simple sentence_ is a sentence containing but one statement,
that is, one subject and one predicate: _The Romans approached the
town._
_b._ A _compound sentence_ is a sentence containing two or more
independent statements:
_The Romans approached the town_ | and | _the enemy fled._
NOTE. An independent statement is one that can stand alone; it does not
depend upon another statement.
_c._ A _complex sentence_ is a sentence containing one independent
statement and one or more dependent statements:
_When the Romans approached the town | the enemy fled._
NOTE. A dependent or subordinate statement is one that depends on or
qualifies another statement; thus _the enemy fled_ is independent, and
_when the Romans approached the town_ is dependent or subordinate.
_d._ The separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are
called _clauses_. In a complex sentence the independent statement is
called the _main clause_ and the dependent statement the
_subordinate clause._
«220.» Examine the complex sentence
_The Romans killed the men who were taken_
Here are two clauses:
_a._ The main clause, _The Romans killed the men_
_b._ The subordinate clause, _who were taken_
The word _who_ is a pronoun, for it takes the place of the noun _men_.
It also connects the subordinate clause _who were taken_ with the noun
_men_. Hence the clause is an _adjective clause_. A pronoun that
connects an _adjective clause_ with a substantive is called a _relative
pronoun_, and the substantive for which the relative pronoun stands is
called its _antecedent_. The relative pronouns in English are _who,
whose, whom, which, what, that_.
«221.» The relative pronoun in Latin is «quī», «quae», «quod», and it is
declined as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ «quī» «quae» «quod» «quī» «quae» «quae»
_Gen._ «cuius» «cuius» «cuius» «quōrum» «quārum» «quōrum»
_Dat._ «cui» «cui» «cui» «quibus» «quibus» «quibus»
_Acc._ «quem» «quam» «quod» «quōs» «quās» «quae»
_Abl._ «quō» «quā» «quō» «quibus» «quibus» «quibus»
1. Review the declension of «is», §114, and note the similarity in
the endings. The forms «quī», «quae», and «quibus» are the only forms
showing new endings.
NOTE. The genitive «cuius» and the dative «cui» are pronounced
_co͝oi´yo͝os_ (two syllables) and _co͝oi_ (one syllable).
«222.» «The Relative Pronoun is translated as follows:»[1]
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ _who, that_ _which, what, that_
_Gen._ _of whom, whose_ _of which, of what, whose_
_Dat._ _to_ or _for whom_ _to_ or _for which_, _to_ or _for what_
_Acc._ _whom, that_ _which, what, that_
_Abl._ _from_, etc., _whom_ _from_, etc., _which_ or _what_
[Footnote 1: This table of meanings need not be memorized. It is
inserted for reference when translating.]
_a._ We see from the table above that «quī», when it refers to a
person, is translated by some form of _who_ or by _that_; and that
when it refers to anything else it is translated by _which, what_,
or _that_.
«223.» Note the following sentences:
_The Romans killed the men who were taken_
_The Romans killed the woman who was taken_
«Rōmānī interfēcērunt virōs quī captī sunt»
«Rōmānī interfēcērunt fēminam quae capta est»
In the first sentence _who_ («quī») refers to the antecedent _men_
(«virōs»), and is _masculine plural_. In the second, _who_ («quae»)
refers to _woman_ («fēminam»), and _feminine singular_. From this we
learn that the relative must agree with its antecedent in _gender_ and
_number_. In neither of the sentences are the antecedents and relatives
in the same case. «Virōs» and «fēminam» are accusatives, and «quī» and
«quae» are nominatives, being the subjects of the subordinate clauses.
Hence
«224.» RULE. «Agreement of the Relative.» _A relative pronoun must agree
with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by
the way it is used in its own clause._
«225.» «Interrogative Pronouns.» An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun
that asks a question. In English the interrogatives are _who?_ _which?_
_what?_ In Latin they are «quis?» «quid?» (pronoun) and «quī?» «quae?»
«quod?» (adjective).
«226.» Examine the sentences
_a._ _Who is the man?_ «Quis est vir?»
_b._ _What man is leading them?_ «Quī vir eōs dūcit?»
In _a_, _who_ is an interrogative _pronoun_. In _b_, _what_ is an
interrogative _adjective_. Observe that in Latin «quis», «quid» is the
_pronoun_ and «quī», «quae», «quod» is the _adjective_.
«227.» 1. The interrogative adjective «quī», «quae», «quod» is declined
just like the relative pronoun. (See §221.)
2. The interrogative pronoun «quis», «quid» is declined like «quī»,
«quae», «quod» in the plural. In the singular it is declined as
follows:
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ «quis», _who?_ «quid», _what? which?_
_Gen._ «cuius», _whose?_ «cuius», _whose?_
_Dat._ «cui», _to_ or _for whom?_ «cui», _to_ or _for_
_what_ or _which?_
_Acc._ «quem», _whom?_ «quid», _what? which?_
_Abl._ «quō», _from_, etc., _whom?_ «quō», _from_, etc.,
_which_ or _what?_
NOTE. Observe that the masculine and feminine are alike and that all the
forms are like the corresponding forms of the relative, excepting quis
and quid.
«228.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Quis est aeger? Servus quem amō est aeger. 2. Cuius scūtum habēs?
Scūtum habeō quod lēgātus ad castellum mīsit. 3. Cui lēgātus suum scūtum
dabit? Fīliō meō scūtum dabit. 4. Ubi Germānī antīquī vīvēbant? In terrā
quae est proxima Rhēnō Germānī vīvēbant. 5. Quibuscum[1] Germānī bellum
gerēbant? Cum Rōmānīs, qui eōs superāre studēbant, Germānī bellum
gerēbant. 6. Quī virī castra pōnunt? Iī sunt virī quōrum armīs Germānī
victī sunt. 7. Quibus tēlīs cōpiae nostrae eguērunt? Gladiīs et telīs
nostrae cōpiae eguērunt. 8. Ā quibus porta sinistra tenēbātur? Ā sociīs
porta sinistra tenēbātur. 9. Quae prōvinciae ā Rōmānīs occupātae sunt?
Multae prōvinciae ā Rōmānīs occupātae sunt. 10. Quibus virīs deī
favēbunt? Bonīs virīs deī favēbunt.
[Footnote 1: «cum» is added to the ablative of relative,
interrogative, and personal pronouns instead of being placed
before them.]
[Illustration: GERMANI ANTIQUI]
II. 1. What victory will you announce? 2. I will announce to the people
the victory which the sailors have won. 3. The men who were pitching
camp were eager for battle. 4. Nevertheless they were soon conquered by
the troops which Sextus had sent. 5. They could not resist our forces,
but fled from that place without delay.
«229.» THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA (_Concluded_)[2]
Tarpēia, commōta ōrnamentīs Sabīnōrum pulchrīs, diū resistere nōn potuit
et respondit: “Date mihi[3] ōrnāmenta quae in sinistrīs bracchīs
geritis, et celeriter cōpiās vestrās in Capitōlium dūcam.” Nec Sabīnī
recūsāvērunt, sed per dūrās magnāsque castellī portās properāvērunt
quō[1] Tarpēia dūxit et mox intrā validōs et altōs mūrōs stābant. Tum
sine morā in[2] Tarpēiam scūta graviter iēcērunt; nam scūta quoque in
sinistrīs bracchiīs gerēbant. Ita perfida puella Tarpēia interfecta est;
ita Sabīnī Capitōlium occupāvērunt.
[Footnote 2: Explain the use of the tenses in this selection.]
[Footnote 3: _to me._]
[Footnote 1: quō = _whither_, _to the place where_. Here «quo» is
the relative adverb. We have had it used before as the interrogative
adverb, _whither?_ _to what place?_]
[Footnote 2: _upon_.]
LESSON XXXIX
THE THIRD DECLENSION · CONSONANT STEMS
[Special Vocabulary]
«barbarus, -a, -um», _strange, foreign, barbarous_. As a noun,
«barbarī, -ōrum», m., plur., _savages, barbarians_
«dux, ducis», m., _leader_ (duke). Cf. the verb «dūcō»
«eques, equitis», m., _horseman, cavalryman_ (equestrian)
iūdex, iūdicis, _m., judge_
«lapis, lapidis», m., _stone_ (lapidary)
«mīles, mīlitis», m., _soldier_ (militia)
«pedes, peditis», m., _foot soldier_ (pedestrian)
«pēs, pedis»,[A] m., _foot_ (pedal)
«prīnceps, prīncipis», m., _chief_ (principal)
«rēx, rēgis», m., _king_ (regal)
«summus, -a, -um», _highest, greatest_ (summit)
«virtūs, virtūtis», f., _manliness, courage_ (virtue)
[Footnote A: Observe that «e» is _long_ in the nom. sing, and
_short_ in the other cases.]
«230.» «Bases and Stems.» In learning the first and second declensions
we saw that the different cases were formed by adding the case
terminations to the part of the word that did not change, which we
called the «base». If to the base we add «-ā» in the first declension,
and «-o» in the second, we get what is called the «stem». Thus «porta»
has the base «port-» and the stem «portā-»; «servus» has the base
«serv-» and the stem «servo-».
These stem vowels, «-ā-» and «-o-», play so important a part in the
formation of the case terminations that these declensions are named from
them respectively the _Ā_- and _O_-Declensions.
«231.» «Nouns of the Third Declension.» The third declension is called
the Consonant or _I_-Declension, and its nouns are classified according
to the way the _stem_ ends. If the last letter of the stem is a
consonant, the word is said to have a _consonant stem_; if the stem ends
in «-i-», the word is said to have an «i-»_stem_. _In consonant stems
the stem is the same as the base. In_ «i-»_stems the stem is formed by
adding_ «-i-» _to the base._ The presence of the «i» makes a difference
in certain of the cases, so the distinction is a very important one.
«232.» Consonant stems are divided into two classes:
I. Stems that add «-s» to the base to form the nominative singular.
II. Stems that add no termination in the nominative singular.
CLASS I
«233.» Stems that add «-s» to the base in the nominative singular are
either masculine or feminine and are declined as follows:
«prīnceps», «mīles», m., «lapis»,
m., _chief_ _soldier_ m., _stone_
BASES OR
STEMS «prīncip-» «mīlit-» «lapid-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
M. AND F.
_Nom._ prīnceps mīles lapis -s
_Gen._ prīn´cipis mīlitis lapidis -is
_Dat._ prīn´cipī mīlitī lapidī -ī
_Acc._ prīn´cipem mīlitem lapidem -em
_Abl._ prīn´cipe mīlite lapide -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ prīn´cipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs
_Gen._ prīn´cipum mīlitum lapidum -um
_Dat._ prīnci´pibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus
_Acc._ prīn´cipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs
_Abl._ prīnci´pibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus
«rēx», «iūdex», «virtūs», f.,
m., _king_ m.,_judge_ _manliness_
BASES OR
STEMS «rēg-» «iūdic-» «virtūt-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
M. AND F.
_Nom._ rēx iūdex virtūs -s
_Gen._ rēgis iūdicis virtū´tis -is
_Dat._ rēgī iūdicī virtū´tī -ī
_Acc._ rēgem iūdicem virtū´tem -em
_Abl._ rēge iūdice virtū´te -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ rēgēs iūdicēs virtū´tēs -ēs
_Gen._ rēgum iūdicum virtū´tum -um
_Dat._ rēgibus iūdicibus virtū´tibus -ibus
_Acc._ rēgēs iūdicēs virtū´tēs -ēs
_Abl._ rēgibus iūdicibus virtū´tibus -ibus
1. The base or stem is found by dropping «-is» in the genitive
singular.
2. Most nouns of two syllables, like «prīnceps» («prīncip-»), «mīles»
(«mīlit-»), «iūdex» («iūdic-»), have «i» in the base, but «e» in the
nominative.
_a._ «lapis» is an exception to this rule.
3. Observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the
nominative:
_a._ A final «-t» or «-d» is dropped before «-s»; thus «mīles» for
«mīlets», «lapis» for «lapids», «virtūs» for «virtūts».
_b._ A final «-c» or «-g» unites with «-s» and forms «-x»; thus
«iūdec» + «s» = «iūdex», «rēg» + «s» = «rēx».
4. Review §74 and apply the rules to this declension.
In like manner decline «dux, ducis», m., _leader_; «eques, equitis»,
m., _horseman_; «pedes, peditis», m., _foot soldier_; «pēs, pedis»,
m.,_foot_.
«234.» EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.
I. 1. Neque peditēs neque equitēs occupāre castellum Rōmānum poterant.
2. Summā virtūte mūrōs altōs cotīdiē oppugnābant. 3. Pedes mīlitum
lapidibus quī dē mūrō iaciēbantur saepe vulnerābantur. 4. Quod novum
cōnsilium dux cēpit? 5. Is perfidam puellam pulchrīs ōrnāmentīs
temptāvit. 6. Quid puella fēcit? 7. Puella commōta aurō mīlitēs per
portās dūxit. 8. Tamen praemia quae summō studiō petīverat nōn
reportāvit. 9. Apud Rōmānōs antīquōs Tarpēia nōn est laudāta.
II. 1. What ship is that which I see? That («illud») ship is the
_Victory_. It is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon
approach Italy. 2. The judges commanded the savages to be seized and to
be killed. 3. The chiefs of the savages suddenly began to flee, but were
quickly captured by the horsemen. 4. The king led the foot soldiers to
the wall from which the townsmen were hurling stones with the greatest
zeal.
[Illustration: NAVIGIUM]
LESSON XL
THE THIRD DECLENSION · CONSONANT STEMS (_Continued_)