" "Usum vitis ignorant (Japonii): oryzâ exprimunt vinum: Sed ipsi

quoque ante omnia delectantur haustibus aquae poene ferventis, insperso

quem supra diximus pulvere CHIA. Circa eam potionem diligentissimi sunt,

ac principes interdum viri suis ipsi manibus eidem temperandae ac

miscendae, amicorum honoris causae, dant operam."—_Ibid._ Lib. xii.

1598.—"... the aforesaid warme water is made with the powder of a

certaine hearbe called CHAA."—_Linschoten_, 46; [Hak. Soc. i. 157].

1611.—"Of the same fashion is the CHA of China, and taken in the same

manner; except that the _Cha_ is the small leaf of a herb, from a certain

plant brought from Tartary, which was shown me when I was at

Malaca."—_Teixeira_, i. 19.

1616.—"I bought 3 CHAW cups covered with silver plates...."—_Cocks,

Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 202, [and see ii. 11].

1626.—"They vse much the powder of a certaine Herbe called CHIA, of which

they put as much as a Walnut-shell may containe, into a dish of

Porcelane, and drinke it with hot water."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 587.

1631.—"_Dur._ You have mentioned the drink of the Chinese called THEE;

what is your opinion thereof?... _Bont._ ... The Chinese regard this

beverage almost as something sacred ... and they are not thought to have

fulfilled the rites of hospitality to you until they have served you with

it, just like the Mahometans with their Caveah (see COFFEE). It is of a

drying quality, and banishes sleep ... it is beneficial to asthmatic and

wheezing patients."—_Jac. Bontius, Hist. Nat. et Med. Ind. Or._ Lib. i.

Dial. vi. p. 11.

1638.—"Dans les assemblées ordinaires (à Sourat) que nous faisions tous

les iours, nous ne prenions que du THÈ, dont l'vsage est fort cummun par

toutes les Indes."—_Mandelslo_, ed. Paris, 1659, p. 113.

1658.—"Non mirum est, multos etiam nunc in illo errore versari, quasi

diversae speciei plantae essent THE et TSIA, cum è contra eadem sit,

cujus decoctum Chinensibus THE, Iaponensibus TSIA nomen audiat; licet

horum TSIA, ob magnam contributionem et coctionem, nigrum THE

appellatur."—_Bontii Hist. Nat._ Pisonis Annot. p. 87.

1660.—(September) "28th.... I did send for a cup of TEA (a China drink)

of which I never had drank before."—_Pepys's Diary._ [Both Ld. Braybrooke

(4th ed. i. 110) and Wheatley (i. 249) read TEE, and give the date as

Sept. 25.]

1667.—(June) "28th.... Home and there find my wife making of TEA; a drink

which Mr. Pelling, the Potticary, tells her is good for her cold and

defluxions."—_Ibid._ [_Wheatley_, vi. 398].

1672.—"There is among our people, and particularly among the womankind a

great abuse of THEE, not only that too much is drunk ... but this is also

an evil custom to drink it with a full stomach; it is better and more

wholesome to make use of it when the process of digestion is pretty well

finished.... It is also a great folly to use sugar candy with

THEE."—_Baldaeus_, Germ. ed. 179. (This author devotes five columns to

tea, and its use and abuse in India).

1677.—"Planta dicitur CHÀ, vel ... Cià, ... cujus usus in _Chinae_

claustris nescius in Europae quoque paulatim sese insinuare attentat....

Et quamvis Turcarum _Cave_ (see COFFEE) et Mexicanorum _Ciocolata_ eundem

praestent effectum, CIÀ tamen, quam nonulli quoque TE vocant, ea multum

superat," etc.—_Kircher, China Illust._ 180.

" "Maer de CIÂ (of THEE) sonder achting op eenije tijt te hebben,

is novit schadelijk."—_Vermeulen_, 30.

1683.—"Lord Russell ... went into his chamber six or seven times in the

morning, and prayed by himself, and then came out to Tillotson and me; he

drunk a little TEA and some sherry."—_Burnet, Hist. of Own Time_, Oxford

ed. 1823, ii. 375.

1683.—

"Venus her Myrtle, Phœbus has his Bays;

TEA both excels which She[265] vouchsafes to praise,

The best of Queens, and best of Herbs we owe

To that bold Nation which the Way did show

To the fair Region where the Sun does rise,

Whose rich Productions we so justly prize."—_Waller._

1690.—"... Of all the followers of _Mahomet_ ... none are so rigidly

Abstemious as the _Arabians_ of _Muscatt_.... For TEA and COFFEE, which

are judg'd the privileg'd Liquors of all the _Mahometans_, as well as

_Turks_, as those of _Persia_, _India_, and other parts of _Arabia_, are

condemned by them as unlawful...."—_Ovington_, 427.

1726.—"I remember well how in 1681 I for the first time in my life drank

THEE at the house of an Indian Chaplain, and how I could not understand

how sensible men could think it a treat to drink what tasted no better

than hay-water."—_Valentijn_, v. 190.

1789.—

"And now her vase a modest Naiad fills

With liquid crystal from her pebbly rills;

Piles the dry cedar round her silver urn,

(Bright climbs the blaze, the crackling faggots burn).

Culls the green herb of China's envy'd bowers,

In gaudy cups the steaming treasure pours;

And sweetly smiling, on her bended knee,

Presents the fragrant quintessence of TEA."

_Darwin, Botanic Garden, Loves of the Plants_, Canto ii.

1844.—"The Polish word for tea, _Herbata_, signifies more properly

'herb,' and in fact there is little more of the genuine Chinese beverage

in the article itself than in its name, so that we often thought with

longing of the delightful Russian TSHAÏ, genuine in word and fact."—_J.

I. Kohl, Austria_, p. 444.

The following are some of the names given in the market to different kinds

of tea, with their etymologies.

1. (TEA), BOHEA. This name is from the _Wu-i_ (dialectically _Bú-î_)-shan

Mountains in the N.W. of Fuh-kien, one of the districts most famous for its

black tea. In Pope's verse, as Crawfurd points out, _Bohea_ stands for a

tea in use among fashionable people. Thus:

"To part her time 'twixt reading and BOHEA,

To muse, and spill her solitary tea."

_Epistle to Mrs Teresa Blount._

[The earliest examples in the _N.E.D._ carry back the use of the word to

the first years of the 18th century.]

1711.—"There is a parcel of extraordinary fine BOHEE TEA to be sold at

26_s._ per Pound, at the sign of the Barber's Pole, next door to the

Brazier's Shop in Southampton Street in the Strand."—Advt. in the

_Spectator_ of April 2, 1711.

1711.—

"Oh had I rather unadmired remained

On some lone isle or distant northern land;

Where the gilt chariot never marks the way,

Where none learn ombre, none e'er taste BOHEA."

_Belinda_, in _Rape of the Lock_, iv. 153.

The last quotation, and indeed the first also, shows that the word was then

pronounced _Bohay_. At a later date BOHEA sank to be the market name of one

of the lowest qualities of tea, and we believe it has ceased altogether to

be a name quoted in the tea-market. The following quotations seem to show

that it was the general name for "black-tea."

1711.—"BOHEA is of little Worth among the _Moors_ and _Gentoos_ of India,

_Arrabs_ and _Persians_ ... that of 45 Tale (see TAEL) would not fetch

the Price of green Tea of 10 Tale a PECULL."—_Lockyer_, 116.

1721.—

"Where Indus and the double Ganges flow,

On odorif'rous plains the leaves do grow,

Chief of the treat, a plant the boast of fame,

Sometimes called green, BOHEA'S the greater name."

_Allan Ramsay's Poems_, ed. 1800, i. 213-14.

1726.—"A^{nno} 1670 and 1680 there was knowledge only of BOEY Tea and

Green Tea, but later they speak of a variety of other sorts ... CONGO ...

PEGO ... _Tongge_, _Rosmaryn Tea_, rare and very dear."—_Valentijn_, iv.

14.

1727.—"In September they strip the Bush of all its Leaves, and, for Want

of warm dry Winds to cure it, are forced to lay it on warm Plates of Iron

or Copper, and keep it stirring gently, till it is dry, and that Sort is

called BOHEA."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 289; [ed. 1744, ii. 288].

But Zedler's _Lexicon_ (1745) in a long article on THEE gives THEE BOHEA as

"the worst sort of all." The other European trade-names, according to

Zedler, were THEE-PECO, CONGO which the Dutch called the best, but THEE

CANCHO was better still and dearer, and CHAUCON best of all.

2. (TEA) CAMPOY, a black tea also. _Kam-pui_, the Canton pron. of the

characters _Kien-pei_, "select-dry (over a fire)."

3. (TEA) CONGOU (a black tea). This is _Kang-hu_ (TÊ) the Amoy

pronunciation of the characters _Kung-fu_, 'work or labour.' [Mr. Pratt (9

ser. _N. & Q._ iv. 26) writes: "The _N.E.D._ under _Congou_ derives it from

the standard Chinese _Kung-fu_ (which happens also to be the Cantonese

spelling); 'the omission of the _f_,' we are told, 'is the foreigner's

corruption.' It is nothing of the kind. The Amoy name for this tea is

_Kong-hu_, so that the omission of the _f_ is due to the local Chinese

dialect."]

4. HYSON (a green tea). This is _He-_ (_hei_ and _ai_ in the south)

_-ch'un_, 'bright spring,' [which Mr. Ball (_Things Chinese_, 586) writes

_yu-ts'in_, 'before the rain'], characters which some say formed the HONG

name of a tea-merchant named Le, who was in the trade in the dist. of

Hiu-ning (S.W. of Hang-chau) about 1700; others say that _He-chun_ was Le's

daughter, who was the first to separate the leaves, so as to make what is

called HYSON. [Mr. Ball says that it is so called, "the young hyson being

half-opened leaves plucked in April before the spring rains."]

c. 1772.—

"And Venus, goddess of the eternal smile,

Knowing that stormy brows but ill become

Fair patterns of her beauty, hath ordained

Celestial TEA;—a fountain that can cure

The ills of passion, and can free from frowns.

* * * * *

To her, ye fair! in adoration bow!

Whether at blushing morn, or dewy eve,

Her smoking cordials greet your fragrant board

With HYSON, or BOHEA, or CONGO crown'd."

_R. Fergusson, Poems._

5. OOLONG (bl. tea). _Wu-lung_, 'black dragon'; respecting which there is a

legend to account for the name. ["A black snake (and snakes are sometimes

looked upon as dragons in China) was coiled round a plant of this tea, and

hence the name" (_Ball_, _op. cit._ 586).]

6. PEKOE (do.). _Pak-ho_, Canton pron. of characters _pŏh-hao_,

'white-down.'

7. POUCHONG (do.). _Pao-chung_, 'fold-sort.' So called from its being

packed in small paper packets, each of which is supposed to be the produce

of one choice tea-plant. Also called PADRE-_souchong_, because the priests

in the Wu-i hills and other places prepare and pack it.

8. SOUCHONG (do.). _Siu-chung_, Canton for _Siao-chung_, 'little-sort.'

1781.—"Les Nations Européennes retirent de la Chine des thés connus sous

les noms de thé BOUY, thé vert, et THÉ SAOTHON."—_Sonnerat_, ii. 249.

9. TWANKAY (green tea). From _T'un-k'i_, the name of a mart about 15 m.

S.W. of Hwei-chau-fu in Ngan-hwei. Bp. Moule says (perhaps after W.

Williams?) from _T'un-k'i_, name of a stream near Yen-shau-fu in Chi-kiang.

[Mr. Pratt (_loc. cit._) writes; "The Amoy _Tun-ke_ is nearer, and the

Cantonese _Tun-kei_ nearer still, its second syllable being absolutely the

same in sound as the English. The Twankay is a stream in the E. of the

province of Nganhwui, where Twankay tea grows."] _Twankay_ is used by

Theodore Hook as a sort of slang for 'tea.'

10. YOUNG HYSON. This is called by the Chinese _Yü-t'sien_, 'rain-before,'

or '_Yu-before_,' because picked before _Kuh-yu_, a term falling about 20th

April (see HYSON above). According to Giles it was formerly called, in

trade, _Uchain_, which seems to represent the Chinese name. In an "_Account

of the Prices at which Teas have been put up to Sale, that arrived in

England in 1784, 1785_" (MS. India Office Records) the Teas are (from

cheaper to dearer):—

"BOHEA TEA,

CONGOU,

SOUCHONG,

Singlo (?),

HYSON."

TEA-CADDY, s. This name, in common English use for a box to contain tea for

the daily expenditure of the household, is probably corrupted, as Crawfurd

suggests, from CATTY, a weight of 1⅓ _lb._ (q.v.). A '_catty-box_,' meaning

a box holding a _catty_, might easily serve this purpose and lead to the

name. This view is corroborated by a quotation which we have given under

CADDY (q.v.) A friend adds the remark that in his youth 'Tea-caddy' was a

Londoner's name for Harley Street, due to the number of E.I. Directors and

proprietors supposed to inhabit that district.

TEAPOY, s. A small tripod table. This word is often in England imagined to

have some connection with _tea_, and hence, in London shops for japanned

ware and the like, a _teapoy_ means a tea-chest fixed on legs. But this is

quite erroneous. _Tipāī_ is a Hindustāni, or perhaps rather an

Anglo-Hindustāni word for a tripod, from Hind. _tīn_, 3, and Pers. _pāē_,

'foot.' The legitimate word from the Persian is _sipāī_ (properly

_sihpāya_), and the legitimate Hindi word _tirpad_ or _tripad_, but _tipāī_

or _tepoy_ was probably originated by some European in analogy with the

familiar CHARPOY (q.v.) or 'four-legs,' possibly from inaccuracy, possibly

from the desire to avoid confusion with another very familiar word SEPOY,

SEAPOY. [Platts, however, gives _tipāī_ as a regular Hind. word, Skt.

_tri-pād-ikā_.] The word is applied in India not only to a three-legged

table (or any very small table, whatever number of legs it has), but to any

tripod, as to the tripod-stands of surveying instruments, or to trestles in

carpentry. _Sihpāya_ occurs in 'Ali of Yezd's history of Timur, as applied

to the trestles used by Timur in bridging over the Indus (_Elliot_, iii.

482). A teapoy is called in Chinese by a name having reference to tea: viz.

_Ch'a-chi'rh_. It has 4 legs.

[c. 1809.—"(Dinajpoor) SEPAYA, a wooden stand for a lamp or candle with

three feet."—_Buchanan, Eastern India_, ii. 945.]

1844.—"'Well, to be sure, it does seem odd—very odd;'—and the old

gentleman chuckled,—'most odd to find a person who don't know what a

TEPOY is.... Well, then, a TEPOY or _tinpoy_ is a thing with three feet,

used in India to denote a little table, such as that just at your right.'

"'Why, that table has four legs,' cried Peregrine.

"'It's a TEPOY all the same,' said Mr. Havethelacks."—_Peregrine

Pulteney_, i. 112.

TEAK, s. The tree, and timber of the tree, known to botanists as _Tectona

grandis_, L., N.O. _Verbenaceae_. The word is Malayāl. _tekka_, Tam.

_tekku_. No doubt this name was adopted owing to the fact that Europeans

first became acquainted with the wood in Malabar, which is still one of the

two great sources of supply; Pegu being the other. The Skt. name of the

tree is _śāka_, whence the modern Hind. name _sāgwān_ or _sāgūn_ and the

Mahr. _śāg_. From this last probably was taken _sāj_, the name of teak in

Arabic and Persian. And we have doubtless the same word in the σαγαλίνα of

the Periplus, one of the exports from Western India, a form which may be

illustrated by the Mahr. adj. _sāgalī_, 'made of the teak, belonging to

teak.' The last fact shows, in some degree, how old the export of teak is

from India. Teak beams, still undecayed, exist in the walls of the great

palace of the Sassanid Kings at Seleucia or Ctesiphon, dating from the

middle of the 6th century. [See _Birdwood, First Letter Book_, Intro.

XXIX.] Teak has continued to recent times to be imported into Egypt. See

_Forskal_, quoted by Royle (_Hindu Medicine_, 128). The _gopher-wood_ of

Genesis is translated _sāj_ in the Arabic version of the Pentateuch

(Royle). [It was probably cedar (see _Encycl. Bibl._ s.v.)]

Teak seems to have been hardly known in Gangetic India in former days. We

can find no mention of it in Baber (which however is indexless), and the

only mention we can find in the _Āīn_, is in a list of the weights of a

cubic yard of 72 kinds of wood, where the name "_Ságaun_" has not been

recognised as teak by the learned translator (see _Blochmann's_ E.T. i. p.

228).

c. A.D. 80.—"In the innermost part of this Gulf (the Persian) is the Port

of Apologos, lying near Pasine Charax and the river Euphrates.

"Sailing past the mouth of the Gulf, after a course of 6 days you reach

another port of Persia called Omana. Thither they are wont to despatch

from Barygaza, to both these ports of Persia, great vessels with brass,

and timbers and beams of TEAK (ζύλων σαγαλίνων καὶ δοκῶν), and horns and

spars of shisham (see SISSOO) (σασαμίνων), and of ebony...."—_Peripl.

Maris Erythr._ § 35-36.

c. 800.—(under Hārūn al Rashīd) "Faẓl continued his story '... I heard

loud wailing from the house of Abdallah ... they told me he had been

struck with the _judām_, that his body was swollen and all black.... I

went to Rashīd to tell him, but I had not finished when they came to say

Abdallah was dead. Going out at once I ordered them to hasten the

obsequies.... I myself said the funeral prayer. As they let down the bier

a slip took place, and the bier and earth fell in together; an

intolerable stench arose ... a second slip took place. I then called for

planks of _teak_ (SĀJ)...."—Quotation in _Maṣ'ūdī, Prairies d'Or_, vi.

298-299.

c. 880.—"From Kol to Sindān, where they collect TEAK-_wood_ (SĀJ) and

cane, 18 farsakhs."—_Ibn Khurdādba_, in _J. As. S._ VI. tom. v. 284.

c. 940.—"... The _teak-tree_ (SĀJ). This tree, which is taller than the

date-palm, and more bulky than the walnut, can shelter under its branches

a great number of men and cattle, and you may judge of its dimensions by

the logs that arrive, of their natural length, at the depôts of Basra, of

'Irāk, and of Egypt...."—_Māṣ'ūdī_, iii. 12.

Before 1200.—Abu'l-ḍhali' the Sindian, describing the regions of Hind,

has these verses:

* * * * *

"By my life! it is a land where, when the rain falls,

Jacinths and pearls spring up for him who wants ornaments.

There too are produced MUSK and CAMPHOR and _ambergris_ and _agila_,

* * * * *

And ivory there, and _teak_ (AL-SĀJ) and aloeswood and sandal...."

Quoted by _Kazwini_, in _Gildemeister_, 217-218.

The following order, in a King's Letter to the Goa Government, no doubt

refers to Pegu teak, though not naming the particular timber:

1597.—"We enjoin you to be very vigilant not to allow the Turks to export

any timber from the Kingdom of Pegu, nor from that of Achem (see ACHEEN),

and you must arrange how to treat this matter, particularly with the King

of Achem."—In _Archiv. Port. Orient._ fasc. ii. 669.

1602.—"... It was necessary in order to appease them, to give a promise

in writing that the body should not be removed from the town, but should

have public burial in our church in sight of everybody; and with this

assurance it was taken in solemn procession and deposited in a box of

_teak_ (TECA), which is a wood not subject to decay...."—_Sousa, Oriente

Conquist._ (1710), ii. 265.

[ " "Of many of the roughest thickets of bamboos and of the largest

and best wood in the world, that is TECA."—_Couto_, Dec. VII. Bk. vi. ch.

6. He goes on to explain that all the ships and boats made either by

Moors or Gentiles since the Portuguese came to India, were of this wood

which came from the inexhaustible forests at the back of Damaun.]

1631.—Bontius gives a tolerable cut of the foliage, &c., of the

Teak-tree, but writing in the Archipelago does not use that name,

describing it under the title "_Quercus Indica_, Kiati Malaiis

dicta."—Lib. vi. cap. 16. On this Rheede, whose plate of the tree is, as

usual, excellent (_Hortus Malabaricus_, iv. tab. 27), observes justly

that the teak has no resemblance to an oak-tree, and also that the Malay

name is not _Kiati_ but _Jati_. _Kiati_ seems to be a mistake of some

kind growing out of _Kayu-jati_, 'Teak-wood.'

1644.—"Hã nestas terras de Damam muyta e boa madeyra de TECA, a milhor de

toda a India, e tambem de muyta parte do mundo, porque com ser muy fasil

de laurar he perduravel, e particullarmente nam lhe tocando

agoa."—_Bocarro, MS._

1675.—"At Cock-crow we parted hence and observed that the Sheds here were

round thatched and lined with broad Leaves of TEKE (the Timber Ships are

built with) in Fashion of a Bee-hive."—_Fryer_, 142.

" "... TEKE by the Portuguese, SOGWAN by the Moors, is the firmest

Wood they have for Building ... in Height the lofty Pine exceeds it not,

nor the sturdy Oak in Bulk and Substance.... This Prince of the Indian

Forest was not so attractive, though mightily glorious, but

that...."—_Ibid._ 178.

1727.—"_Gundavee_ is next, where good Quantities of TEAK Timber are cut,

and exported, being of excellent Use in building of Houses or Ships."—_A.

Hamilton_, i. 178; [ed. 1744].

1744.—"TECKA is the name of costly wood which is found in the Kingdom of

Martaban in the East Indies, and which never decays."—_Zeidler, Univ.

Lexicon_, s.v.

1759.—"They had endeavoured to burn the TEAK _Timbers_ also, but they

lying in a _swampy place_, could not take fire."—_Capt. Alves, Report on

Loss of Negrais_, in _Dalrymple_, i. 349.

c. 1760.—"As to the wood it is a sort called TEAK, to the full as durable

as oak."—_Grose_, i. 108.

1777.—"Experience hath long since shewn, that ships built with oak, and

joined together with wooden trunnels, are by no means so well calculated

to resist the extremes of heat and damp, in the tropical latitudes of

Asia, as the ships which are built in India of TEKEWOOD, and bound with

iron spikes and bolts."—_Price's Tracts_, i. 191.

1793.—"The TEEK forests, from whence the marine yard at Bombay is

furnished with that excellent species of ship-timber, lie along the

western side of the Gaut mountains ... on the north and north-east of

Basseen.... I cannot close this subject without remarking the

unpardonable negligence we are guilty of in delaying to build TEAK ships

of war for the service of the Indian seas."—_Rennell, Memoir_, 3rd ed.

260.

[1800.—"TAYCA, _Tectona Robusta_."—_Buchanan, Mysore_, i. 26.]

TEE, s. The metallic decoration, generally gilt and hung with tinkling

bells, on the top of a dagoba in Indo-Chinese countries, which represents

the _chatras_ [_chhattras_] or umbrellas which in ancient times, as royal

emblems, crowned these structures. Burm. _h'ti_, 'an umbrella.'

1800.—"... In particular the TEE, or umbrella, which, composed of open

iron-work, crowned the spire, had been thrown down."—_Symes_, i. 193.

1855.—"... gleaming in its white plaster, with numerous pinnacles and

tall central spire, we had seen it (Gaudapalen Temple at Pugan) from far

down the Irawadi rising like a dim vision of Milan Cathedral.... It is

cruciform in plan ... exhibiting a massive basement with porches, and

rising above in a pyramidal gradation of terraces, crowned by a spire and

HTEE. The latter has broken from its stays at one side, and now leans

over almost horizontally...."—_Yule, Mission to Ava_, 1858, p. 42.

1876.—"... a feature known to Indian archaeologists as a

TEE...."—_Fergusson, Ind. and East. Archit._ 64.

TEEK, adj. Exact, precise, punctual; also parsimonious, [a meaning which

Platts does not record]. Used in N. India. Hind. _ṭhīk_.

[1843.—"They all feel that _the good old rule of right_ (TEEK), as long

as a man does his duty well, can no longer be relied upon."—_G. W.

Johnson, Stranger in India_, i. 290.]

[1878.—"... 'it is necessary to send an explanation to the magistrate,

and the return does not look so THÊK' (a word expressing all

excellence)."—_Life in the Mofussil_, i. 253.]

TEERUT, TEERTHA, s. Skt. and Hind. _tīrth_, _tīrtha_. A holy place of

pilgrimage and of bathing for the good of the soul, such as Hurdwar, or the

confluence at PRAAG (Allahabad).

[1623.—"The Gentiles call it _Ram_TIRT, that is, Holy Water."—_P. della

Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 205.]

c. 1790.—"Au temple l'enfant est reçue par les devedaschies (DEVA-DASI)

des mains de ses parens, et après l'avoir baignée dans le TIRTHA ou étang

du temple, elles lui mettent des vêtemens neufs...."—_Haafner_, ii. 114.

[1858.—"He then summoned to the place no less than three CRORES and half,

or thirty millions and half of TEERUTS, or angels (_sic_) who preside

each over his special place of religious worship."—_Sleeman, Journey

through Oudh_, ii. 4.]

TEHR, TAIR, &c., s. The wild goat of the Himālaya; _Hemitragus jemlaicus_,

Jerdon, [Blanford, _Mammalia_, 509]. In Nepāl it is called _jhāral_. (See

SURROW).

TEJPAT, s. Hind. _tejpāt_, Skt. _teja-patra_, 'pungent leaf.' The native

name for MALABATHRUM.

1833.—"Last night as I was writing a long description of the TĒZ-PĀT, the

leaf of the cinnamon-tree, which humbly pickles beef, leaving the honour

of crowning heroes to the _Laurus nobilis_...."—_Wanderings of a

Pilgrim_, i. 278.

1872.—TEJPÁT is mentioned as sold by the village shopkeeper, in _Govinda

Samanta_, i. 223.

(1) TELINGA, n.p. Hind. _Tilangā_, Skt. _Tailanga_. One of the people of

the country east of the Deccan, and extending to the coast, often called,

at least since the Middle Ages, _Tiliñgāna_ or _Tilangāna_, sometimes

_Tiling_ or _Tilang_. Though it has not, perhaps, been absolutely

established that this came from a form _Triliñga_, the habitual application

of _Tri-Kaliñga_, apparently to the same region which in later days was

called TILINGA, and the example of actual use of _Triliñga_, both by

Ptolemy (though he carries us beyond the Ganges) and by a Tibetan author

quoted below, do make this a reasonable supposition (see _Bp. Caldwell's

Dravidian Grammar_, 2nd ed. Introd. pp. 30 _seqq._, and the article KLING

in this book).

A.D. c. 150.—"Τρίγλυπτον, τὸ καὶ Τρίλιγγον Βασιλείον ...

κ.τ.λ."—_Ptolemy_, vi. 2, 23.

1309.—"On Saturday the 10th of Sha'bán, the army marched from that spot,

in order that the pure tree of Islám might be planted and flourish in the

soil of TILANG, and the evil tree which had struck its roots deep, might

be torn up by force.... When the blessed canopy had been fixed about a

mile from Arangal (Warangal, N.E. of Hyderabad), the tents around the

fort were pitched so closely that the head of a needle could not get

between them."—_Amīr Khusrū_, in _Elliot_, iii. 80.

1321.—"In the year 721 H. the Sultán (Ghiyásu-ddín) sent his eldest son,

Ulugh Khán, with a canopy and an army against Arangal and

TILANG."—_Ziá-uddín Barní_, _Ibid._ 231.

c. 1335.—"For every mile along the road there are three _dāwāt_ (post

stations) ... and so the road continues for six months' marching, till

one reaches the countries of TILING and Ma'bar...."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii.

192.

" In the list of provinces of India under the Sultan of Delhi,

given by Shihāb-ud-dīn Dimishkī, we find both TALANG and TALANJ, probably

through some mistake.—_Not. et Exts._ Pt. 1. 170-171.

c. 1590.—"Ṣūba Berār.... Its length from Batāla (or Patiāla) to Bairāgaṛh

is 200 _kuroh_ (or kos); its breadth from Bīdar to Hindia 180. On the

east of Bairāgaṛh it marches with Bastar; on the north with Hindia; on

the south with TILINGĀNA; on the west with Mahkarābād...."—_Āīn_ (orig.)

i. 476; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 228; and see 230, 237].

1608.—"In the southern lands of India since the day when the Turushkas

(Turks, _i.e._ Mahommedans) conquered Magadha, many abodes of Learning

were founded; and though they were inconsiderable, the continuance of

instruction and exorcism was without interruption, and the Pandit who was

called the Son of Men, dwelt in Kalinga, a part of

TRILINGA."—_Tāranātha's H. of Buddhism_ (Germ. ed. of Schiefner), p. 264.

See also 116, 158, 166.

c. 1614.—"Up to that time none of the _zamíndárs_ of distant lands, such

as the Rájá of TILANG, Pegu, and Malabar, had ventured upon disobedience

or rebellion."—_Firishta_, in _Elliot_, vi. 549.

1793.—"TELLINGANA, of which Warangoll was the capital, comprehended the

tract lying between the Kistnah and Godavery Rivers, and east of

Visiapour...."—_Rennell's Memoir_, 3rd ed. p. [cxi.]

(2) TELINGA, s. This term in the 18th century was frequently used in Bengal

as synonymous with SEPOY, or a native soldier disciplined and clothed in

quasi-European fashion, [and is still commonly used by natives to indicate

a sepoy or armed policeman in N. India], no doubt because the first

soldiers of that type came to Bengal from what was considered to be the

Telinga country, viz. Madras.

1758.—"... the latter commanded a body of Hindu soldiers, armed and

accoutred and disciplined in the European manner of fighting; I mean

those soldiers that are become so famous under the name of

TALINGAS."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, ii. 92.

c. 1760.—"... Sepoys, sometimes called TELLINGAS."—_Grose_, in his

_Glossary_, see vol. I. xiv.

1760.—"300 TELINGEES are run away, and entered into the Beerboom Rajah's

service."—In _Long_, 235; see also 236, 237, and (1761) p. 258,

"TELLINGERS."

c. 1765.—"Somro's force, which amounted to 15 or 16 field-pieces and 6000

or 7000 of those foot soldiers called TALINGHAS, and which are armed with

flint muskets, and accoutred as well as disciplined in the _Frenghi_ or

European manner."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 254.

1786.—"... _Gardi_ (see GARDEE), which is now the general name of

Sipahies all over India, save Bengal ... where they are stiled TALINGAS,

because the first Sipahees that came in Bengal (and they were imported in

1757 by Colonel Clive) were all TALINGAS or TELOUGOUS born ... speaking

hardly any language but their native...."—Note by Tr. of _Seir

Mutaqherin_, ii. 93.

c. 1805.—"The battalions, according to the old mode of France, were

called after the names of cities and forts.... The TELINGAS, composed

mostly of Hindoos, from Oude, were disciplined according to the old

English exercise of 1780...."—_Sketch of the Regular Corps, &c., in

Service of Native Princes_, by _Major Lewis Ferdinand Smith_, p. 50.

1827.—"You are a Sahib Angrezie.... I have been a TELINGA ... in the

Company's service, and have eaten their salt. I will do your

errand."—_Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter_, ch. xiii.

1883.—"We have heard from natives whose grandfathers lived in those

times, that the Oriental portions of Clive's army were known to the

Bengalis of Nuddea as TELINGAS, because they came, or were supposed to

have accompanied him from Telingana or Madras."—_Saty. Review_, Jan. 29,

p. 120.

TELOOGOO, n.p. The first in point of diffusion, and the second in culture

and copiousness, of the Dravidian languages of the Indian Peninsula. It is

"spoken all along the eastern coast of the Peninsula, from the

neighbourhood of Pulicat" (24 m. N. of Madras) "where it supersedes Tamil,

to Chicacole, where it begins to yield to the Oriya (see OORIYA), and

inland it prevails as far as the eastern boundary of the Marâtha country

and Mysore, including within its range the 'CEDED DISTRICTS' and Karnûl

(see KURNOOL), a considerable part of the territories of the Nizam ... and

a portion of the Nâgpûr country and Goṇḍvâna" (_Bp. Caldwell's Dravid.

Gram. Introd._ p. 29). _Telugu_ is the name given to the language of the

people themselves (other forms being, according to Bp. Caldwell, TELUNGA,

TELINGA, TAILINGA, TENUGU, and TENUNGU), as the language of Telingāna (see

TELINGA (1)). It is this language (as appears in the passage from Fryer)

that used to be, perhaps sometimes is, called GENTOO at Madras. [Also see

BADEGA.]

1673.—"Their Language they call generally GENTU ... the peculiar name of

their speech is TELINGA."—_Fryer_, 33.

1793.—"The TELLINGA language is said to be in use, at present, from the

River Pennar in the Carnatic, to Orissa, along the coast, and inland to a

very considerable distance."—_Rennell, Memoir_, 3rd ed. p. [cxi].

TEMBOOL, Betel-leaf. Skt. _tāmbūla_, adopted in Pers. as _tāmbūl_, and in

Ar. _al-tambūl_. [It gives its name to the Tambolis or Tamolis, sellers of

betel in the N. Indian bazars.]

1298.—"All the people of this city, as well as the rest of India, have a

custom of perpetually keeping in the mouth a certain leaf called

TEMBUL...."—_Marco Polo_, ii. 358.

1498.—"And he held in his left hand a very great cup of gold as high as a

half _almude_ pot ... into which he spat a certain herb which the men of

this country chew for solace, and which herb they call ATAMBOR."—_Roteiro

de V. da Gama_, 59.

1510.—"He also eats certain leaves of herbs, which are like the leaves of

the sour orange, called by some TAMBOLI."—_Varthema_, 110.

1563.—"Only you should know that Avicenna calls the betre (BETEL) TEMBUL,

which seems a word somewhat corrupted, since everybody pronounces it

TAMBUL, and not _tembul_."—_Garcia_, f. 37_h_.

TENASSERIM, n.p. A city and territory on the coast of the Peninsula of

Further India. It belonged to the ancient kingdom of Pegu, and fell with

that to Ava. When we took from the latter the provinces east and south of

the Delta of the Irawadi, after the war of 1824-26, these were officially

known as "the Martaban and Tenasserim Province," or often as "the

Tenasserim Provinces." We have the name probably from the Malay form

_Tanasari_. We do not know to what language the name originally belongs.

The Burmese call it _Ta-nen-thā-ri_. ["The name Tenasserim (Malay

_Tanah-sari_), 'the land of happiness or delight,' was long ago given by

the Malays to the Burma province, which still keeps it, the Burmese

corruption being _Tanang-sari_" (_Gray_, on _Pyrard de Laval_, quoted

below).]

c. 1430.—"Relicta Taprobane ad urbem THENASSERIM supra ostium fluvii

eodem nomine vocitati diebus XVI tempestate actus est. Quae regio et

elephantis et verzano (BRAZIL-WOOD) abundat."—_Nic. Conti_, in _Poggio de

Var. Fort._ lib. iv.

1442.—"The inhabitants of the shores of the Ocean come thither (to

Hormuz) from the countries of Chīn (CHINA), Jāvah, Bangāla, the cities of

ZIRBĀD (q.v.), of TENASERI, of Sokotara, of _Shahrinao_ (see SARNAU), of

the Isles of Dīwah Mahal (MALDIVES)."—_Abdur-razzāk_, in _Not. et Exts._

xiv. 429.

1498.—"TENAÇAR is peopled by Christians, and the King is also a Christian

... in this land is much brasyll, which makes a fine vermilion, as good

as the grain, and it costs here 3 cruzados a BAHAR, whilst in Quayro

(Cairo) it costs 60; also there is here aloes-wood, but not

much."—_Roteiro de V. da Gama_, 110.

1501.—TANASER appears in the list of places in the East Indies of which

Amerigo Vespucci had heard from the Portuguese fleet at C. Verde. Printed

in _Baldelli Boni's Il Milione_, pp. liii. _seqq._

1506.—"At TENAZAR grows all the _verzi_ (BRAZIL), and it costs 1½ ducats

the baar (BAHAR), equal to 4 _kantars_. This place, though on the coast,

is on the mainland. The King is a Gentile; and thence come pepper,

cinnamon, galanga, camphor that is eaten, and camphor that is not

eaten.... This is indeed the first mart of spices in India."—_Leonardo

Ca' Masser_, in _Archiv. Stor. Ital._ p. 28.

1510.—"The city of TARNASSARI is situated near the sea, etc."—_Varthema_,

196. This adventurer's account of Tenasserim is an imposture. He

describes it by implication as in India Proper, somewhere to the north of

Coromandel.

1516.—"And from the Kingdom of Peigu as far as a city which has a

seaport, and is named TANASERY, there are a hundred

leagues...."—_Barbosa_, 188.

1568.—"The Pilot told vs that wee were by his altitude not farre from a

citie called TANASARY, in the Kingdom of Pegu."—_C. Frederike_, in

_Hakl._ ii. 359. See _Lancaster_.

c. 1590.—"In _Kambayat_ (CAMBAY) a Nákhuda (NACODA) gets 800 R.... In

Pegu and DAHNASARI, he gets half as much again as in Cambay."—_Āīn_, i.

281.

[1598.—"Betweene two Islandes the coast runneth inwards like a bow,

wherein lyeth the towne of TANASSARIEN."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 103.

In the same page he writes TANASSARIA.

[1608.—"The small quantities they have here come from

TANNASERYE."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 22.

[c. 1610.—"Some Indians call it (Ceylon) TENASIRIN, signifying land of

delights, or earthly paradise."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ii. 140, with Gray's

note (Hak. Soc.) quoted above.]

1727.—"Mr. _Samuel White_ was made Shawbandaar (SHABUNDER) or

Custom-Master at Merjee (MERGUI) and TANACERIN, and Captain Williams was

Admiral of the King's Navy."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 64; [ed. 1744].

1783.—"TANNASERIM...."—_Forrest, V. to Mergui_, 4.

TERAI, TERYE, s. Hind. _tarāī_, 'moist (land)' from _tar_, 'moist' or

'green.' [Others, however, connect it with _tara_, _tala_, 'beneath (the

Himālaya).'] The term is specially applied to a belt of marshy and jungly

land which runs along the foot of the Himālaya north of the Ganges, being

that zone in which the moisture which has sunk into the talus of porous

material exudes. A tract on the south side of the Ganges, now part of

Bhāgalpūr, was also formerly known as the JUNGLE-TERRY (q.v.).

1793.—"Helloura, though standing very little below the level of Cheeria

Ghat's top is nevertheless comprehended in the TURRY or TURRYANI of

Nepaul ... TURRYANI properly signifies low marshy lands, and is sometimes

applied to the flats lying below the hills in the interior of Nepaul, as

well as the low tract bordering immediately on the Company's northern

frontier."—_Kirkpatrick's Nepaul_ (1811), p. 40.

1824.—"Mr. Boulderson said he was sorry to learn from the raja that he

did not consider the unhealthy season of the TERRAI yet over ... I asked

Mr. B. if it were true that the monkeys forsook these woods during the

unwholesome months. He answered that not the monkeys only, but everything

which had the breath of life instinctively deserts them from the

beginning of April to October. The tigers go up to the hills, the

antelopes and wild hogs make incursions into the cultivated plain ... and

not so much as a bird can be heard or seen in the frightful

solitude."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, 250-251.

[The word is used as an adj. to describe a severe form of malarial fever,

and also a sort of double felt hat, worn when the sun is not so powerful as

to require the use of a SOLA TOPEE.

[1879.—"Remittent has been called Jungle Fever, TERAI Fever, Bengal

Fever, &c., from the locality in which it originated...."—_Moore, Family

Med. for India_, 211.

[1880.—"A TERAI hat is sufficient for a Collector."—_Ali Baba_, 85.]

THAKOOR, s. Hind. _ṭhākur_, from Skt. _ṭhakkura_, 'an idol, a deity.' Used

as a term of respect, Lord, Master, &c., but with a variety of specific

applications, of which the most familiar is as the style of Rājpūt nobles.

It is also in some parts the honorific designation of a barber, after the

odd fashion which styles a tailor _khalīfa_ (see CALEEFA); a _bihishtī_,

_jama'-dār_ (see JEMADAR); a sweeper, MEHTAR. And in Bengal it is the name

of a Brahman family, which its members have Anglicised as _Tagore_, of whom

several have been men of character and note, the best known being

Dwārkanāth Tagore, "a man of liberal opinions and enterprising character"

(_Wilson_), who died in London in 1840.

[c. 1610.—"The nobles in blood (in the Maldives) add to their name

TACOUROU."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 217.

[1798.—"The THACUR (so Rajput chieftains are called) was naked from the

waist upwards, except the sacrificial thread or scarf on his shoulders

and a turban on his head."—_L. of Colebrooke_, 462.

[1881.—"After the sons have gone to their respective offices, the mother

changing her clothes retires into the THAKUR_ghar_ (the place of

worship), and goes through her morning service...."—_S. C. Bose, The

Hindoos as they are_, 13.]

THERMANTIDOTE, s. This learned word ("heat-antidote") was applied

originally, we believe, about 1830-32 to the invention of the instrument

which it designates, or rather to the application of the instrument, which

is in fact a winnowing machine fitted to a window aperture, and incased in

wet TATTIES (q.v.), so as to drive a current of cooled air into a house

during hot, dry weather. We have a dim remembrance that the invention was

ascribed to Dr. Spilsbury.

1831.—"To the 21st of June, this oppressive weather held its sway; our

only consolation grapes, iced-water, and the THERMANTIDOTE, which answers

admirably, almost too well, as on the 22d. I was laid up with rheumatic

fever and lumbago, occasioned ... by standing or sleeping before

it."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_, i. 208.

[Mrs Parkes saw for the first time a THERMANTIDOTE at Cawnpore in

1830.—_Ibid._ i. 134.]

1840.—"... The thermometer at 112° all day in our tents, notwithstanding

tatties, PHERMANTICLOTES,[266] and every possible invention that was

likely to lessen the stifling heat."—_Osborne, Court and Camp of Runjeet

Singh_, 132.

1853.—"... then came punkahs by day, and next punkahs by night, and then

tatties, and then THERM-ANTIDOTES, till at last May came round again, and

found the unhappy Anglo-Indian world once more surrounded with all the

necessary but uncomfortable sweltering panoply of the hot

weather."—_Oakfield_, i. 263-4.

1878.—"They now began (c. 1840) to have the benefit of THERMANTIDOTES,

which however were first introduced in 1831; the name of the inventor is

not recorded."—_Calcutta Rev._ cxxiv. 718.

1880.—"... low and heavy punkahs swing overhead; a sweet breathing of wet

_khaskhas_ grass comes out of the THERMANTIDOTE."—_Sir Ali Baba_, 112.

THUG, s. Hind. _ṭhag_, Mahr. _ṭhak_, Skt. _sṭhaga_, 'a cheat, a swindler.'

And this is the only meaning given and illustrated in R. Drummond's

_Illustrations of Guzerattee_, &c. (1808). But it has acquired a specific

meaning, which cannot be exhibited more precisely or tersely than by

Wilson: "Latterly applied to a robber and assassin of a peculiar class, who

sallying forth in a gang ... and in the character of wayfarers, either on

business or pilgrimage, fall in with other travellers on the road, and

having gained their confidence, take a favourable opportunity of strangling

them by throwing their handkerchiefs round their necks, and then plundering

them and burying their bodies." The proper specific designation of these

criminals was _phānsīgar_ or _phānsigar_, from _phansī_, 'a noose.'

According to Mackenzie (in _As. Res._ xiii.) the existence of gangs of

these murderers was unknown to Europeans till shortly after the capture of

Seringapatam in 1799, when about 100 were apprehended in Bangalore. But

Fryer had, a century earlier, described a similar gang caught and executed

near Surat. The _Phānsigars_ (under that name) figured prominently in an

Anglo-Indian novel called, we think, "The English in India," which one of

the present writers read in early boyhood, but cannot now trace. It must

have been published between 1826 and 1830.

But the name of _Thug_ first became thoroughly familiar not merely to that

part of the British public taking an interest in Indian affairs, but even

to the mass of Anglo-Indian society, through the publication of the late

Sir William Sleeman's book "_Ramaseeana_; or a Vocabulary of the peculiar

language used by the THUGS, with an Introduction and Appendix, descriptive

of that Fraternity, and of the Measures which have been adopted by the

Supreme Government of India for its Suppression," Calcutta, 1836; and by an

article on it which appeared in the _Edinburgh Review_, for Jan. 1837,

(lxiv. 357). One of Col. Meadows Taylor's Indian romances also, _Memoirs of

a Thug_ (1839), has served to make the name and system familiar. The

suppression of the system, for there is every reason to believe that it was

brought to an end, was organised in a masterly way by Sir W. (then Capt.)

Sleeman, a wise and admirable man, under the government and support of Lord

William Bentinck. [The question of the Thugs and their modern successors

has been again discussed in the _Quarterly Review_, Oct. 1901.]

c. 1665.—"Les Voleurs de ce pais-là sont les plus adroits du monde; ils

ont l'usage d'un certain lasset à noeud coulant, qu'ils savent jetter si

subtilement au col d'un homme, quand ils sont à sa portée, qu'ils ne le

manquent jamais; en sorte qu'en un moment ils l'étranglent ..."

&c.—_Thevenot_, v. 123.

1673.—"They were Fifteen, all of a Gang, who used to lurk under Hedges in

narrow Lanes, and as they found Opportunity, by a Device of a Weight tied

to a Cotton Bow-string made of Guts, ... they used to throw it upon

Passengers, so that winding it about their Necks, they pulled them from

their Beasts and dragging them upon the Ground strangled them, and

possessed themselves of what they had ... they were sentenced to _Lex

Talionis_, to be hang'd; wherefore being delivered to the _Catwal_ or

Sheriff's Men, they led them two Miles with Ropes round their Necks to

some Wild Date-trees: In their way thither they were chearful, and went

singing, and smoaking Tobacco ... as jolly as if going to a Wedding; and

the Young Lad now ready to be tied up, boasted, That though he were not

14 Years of Age, he had killed his Fifteen Men...."—_Fryer_, 97.

1785.—"Several men were taken up for a most cruel method of robbery and

murder, practised on travellers, by a tribe called PHANSEEGURS, or

stranglers ... under the pretence of travelling the same way, they enter

into conversation with the strangers, share their sweetmeats, and pay

them other little attentions, until an opportunity offers of suddenly

throwing a rope round their necks with a slip-knot, by which they

dexterously contrive to strangle them on the spot."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._

iv. 13; [2nd ed. ii. 397].

1808.—"PHANSEEO. A term of abuse in Guzerat, applied also, truly, to

thieves or robbers who strangle children in secret or travellers on the

road."—_R. Drummond, Illustrations_, s.v.

1820.—"In the more northern parts of India these murderers are called

THEGS, signifying deceivers."—_As. Res._ xiii. 250.

1823.—"The THUGS are composed of all castes, Mahommedans even were

admitted: but the great majority are Hindus; and among these the

Brahmins, chiefly of the Bundelcund tribes, are in the greatest numbers,

and generally direct the operations of the different bands."—_Malcolm,

Central India_, ii. 187.

1831.—"The inhabitants of Jubbulpore were this morning assembled to

witness the execution of 25 THUGS.... The number of THUGS in the

neighbouring countries is enormous; 115, I believe, belonged to the party

of which 25 were executed, and the remainder are to be transported; and

report says there are as many in Sauger Jail."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_,

i. 201-202.

1843.—"It is by the command, and under the special protection of the most

powerful goddesses that the THUGS join themselves to the unsuspecting

traveller, make friends with him, slip the noose round his neck, plunge

their knives in his eyes, hide him in the earth, and divide his money and

baggage."—_Macaulay, Speech on Gates of Somnauth._

1874.—"If a THUG makes strangling of travellers a part of his religion,

we do not allow him the free exercise of it."—_W. Newman_, in

_Fortnightly Rev._, N.S. xv. 181.

[Tavernier writes: "The remainder of the people, who do not belong to

either of these four castes, are called _Pauzecour_." This word Mr. Ball

(ii. 185) suggests to be equivalent to either PARIAH or PHANSIGAR. Here he

is in error. _Pauzecour_ is really Skt. _Pancha-Gauḍa_, the five classes of

northern Brahmans, for which see _Wilson_, (_Indian Caste_, ii. 124

_seqq._).]

TIBET, n.p. The general name of the vast and lofty table-land of which the

Himālaya forms the southern marginal range, and which may be said roughly

to extend from the Indus elbow, N.W. of Kashmīr, to the vicinity of

Sining-fu in Kansuh (see SLING) and to Tatsienlu on the borders of

Szechuen, the last a distance of 1800 miles. The origin of the name is

obscure, but it came to Europe from the Mahommedans of Western Asia; its

earliest appearance being in some of the Arab Geographies of the 9th

century.

Names suggestive of _Tibet_ are indeed used by the Chinese. The original

form of these (according to our friend Prof. Terrien de la Couperie) was

_Tu-pot_; a name which is traced to a prince so called, whose family

reigned at Liang-chau, north of the Yellow R. (in modern Kansuh), but who

in the 5th century was driven far to the south-west, and established in

eastern Tibet a State to which he gave the name of _Tu-pot_, afterwards

corrupted into _Tu-poh_ and _Tu-fan_. We are always on ticklish ground in

dealing with derivations from or through the Chinese. But it is doubtless

possible, perhaps even probable, that these names passed into the western

form _Tibet_, through the communication of the Arabs in Turkestan with the

tribes on their eastern border. This may have some corroboration from the

prevalence of the name _Tibet_, or some proximate form, among the Mongols,

as we may gather both from Carpini and Rubruck in the 13th century (quoted

below), and from Sanang Setzen, and the Mongol version of the _Bodhimor_

several hundred years later. These latter write the name (as represented by

I. J. Schmidt), _Tūbet_ and _Tōbōt_.

[c. 590.—"TOBBAT." See under INDIA.]

851.—"On this side of China are the countries of the Taghazghaz and the

Khākān of TIBBAT; and that is the termination of China on the side of the

Turks."—_Relation_, &c., tr. par _Reinaud_, pt. i. p. 60.

c. 880.—"Quand un étranger arrive au _Tibet_ (_al_-TIBBAT), il éprouve,

sans pouvoir s'en rendre compte, un sentiment de gaieté et de bien être

qui persiste jusqu'au départ."—_Ibn Khurdādba_, in _J. As._ Ser. vi. tom.

v. 522.

c. 910.—"The country in which lives the goat which produces the musk of

China, and that which produces the musk of TIBBAT are one and the same;

only the Chinese get into their hands the goats which are nearest their

side, and the people of TIBBAT do likewise. The superiority of the musk

of TIBBAT over that of China is due to two causes; first, that the

musk-goat on the TIBBAT side of the frontier finds aromatic plants,

whilst the tracts on the Chinese side only produce plants of a common

kind."—_Relation_, &c., pt. 2, pp. 114-115.

c. 930.—"This country has been named TIBBAT because of the establishment

there of the Himyarites, the word _thabat_ signifying to fix or establish

oneself. That etymology is the most likely of all that have been

proposed. And it is thus that Di'bal, son of 'Alī-al-Khuzā'ī, vaunts this

fact in a poem, in which when disputing with Al-Kumair he exalts the

descendants of Ḳaṭḷān above those of Nizāar, saying:

"'Tis they who have been famous by their writings at the gate of Merv,

And who were writers at the gate of Chīn,

'Tis they who have bestowed on Samarkand the name of Shamr,

And who have transported thither the _Tibetans_" (_Al_-TUBBATĪNA).[267]

_Mas'ūdī_, i. 352.

c. 976.—"From the sea to TIBET is 4 months' journey, and from the sea of

Fārs to the country of Kanauj is 3 months' journey."—_Ibn Haukal_, in

_Elliot_, i. 33.

c. 1020.—"Bhútesar is the first city on the borders of TIBET. There the

language, costume, and appearance of the people are different. Thence to

the top of the highest mountain, of which we spoke ... is a distance of

20 parasangs. From the top of it TIBET looks red and Hind

black."—_Al-Birūnī_, in _Elliot_, i. 57.

1075.—"Τοῦ μόσχου, διάφορα εἴδη εἰσίν· ὦν ὁ κρείττων γίνεται ἐν πόλει

τινὶ πολὺ τοῦ Χοράση ἀνατολικοτερα, λεγομένη Τουπάτα· ἔστι δὲ τὴν χροιὰν

ὑπόξανθον· τοῦτου δὲ ἧπτον ὁ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰνδιάς μετακομιζόμενος· ῥέπει δὲ ἐπὶ

τὸ μελάντερον· καὶ τούτου πάλιν ὑποδεέστερος ὁ ἀπὸ τῶν Σίνων ἀγόμενος·

πάντες δε ἐν ὀμφαλῷ ἀπογεννῶνται ζώου τινὸς μονοκέρωτος μέγιστου ὁμοιόυ

δορκάδος."—_Symeon Seth_, quoted by _Bochart, Hieroz._ III. xxvi.

1165.—"This prince is called in Arabic Sultan-al-Fars-al-Kábar ... and

his empire extends from the banks of the Shat-al-Arab to the City of

Samarkand ... and reaches as far as THIBET, in the forests of which

country that quadruped is found which yields the musk."—_Rabbi Benjamin_,

in _Wright's Early Travels_, 106.

c. 1200.—

"He went from Hindustan to the TIBAT-land....

From TIBAT he entered the boundaries of Chīn."

_Sikandar Nāmah_, E.T. by

_Capt. H. W. Clarke_, R.E., p. 585.

1247.—"Et dum reverteretur exercitus ille, videlicet Mongalorum, venit ad

terram Buri-THABET, quos bello vicerunt: qui sunt pagani. Qui

consuetudinem mirabilem imo potius miserabilem habent: quia cum alicujus

pater humanae naturae debitum solvit, omnem congregant parentelam ut

comedant eum, sicut nobis dicebatur pro certo."—_Joan. de Plano Carpini_,

in _Rec. de Voyages_, iv. 658.

1253.—"Post istos sunt TEBET, homines solentes comedere parentes suos

defunctos, ut causa pietatis non facerent aliud sepulchrum eis nisi

viscera sua."—_Rubruq._ in _Recueil de Voyages_, &c. iv. 289.

1298.—"TEBET est une grandisime provence qve lengajes ont por elles, et

sunt ydres.... Il sunt maint grant laironz ... il sunt mau custumés; il

ont grandismes chenz mastin qe sunt grant come asnes et sunt mout buen a

prendre bestes sauvajes."—_Marco Polo_, Geog. Text. ch. cxvi.

1330.—"Passando questa provincia grande perveni a un altro gran regno che

si chiama TIBET, ch'ene ne confini d'India ed e tutta al gran Cane ... la

gente di questa contrada dimora in tende che sono fatte di feltri neri.

La principale cittade è fatta tutta di pietre bianche e nere, e tutte le

vie lastricate. In questa cittade dimora il Atassi (Abassi?) che viene a

dire in nostro modo il Papa."—_Fr. Odorico_, Palatine MS., in _Cathay_,

&c. App. p. lxi.

c. 1340.—"The said mountain (_Karāchīl_, the Himālaya) extends in length

a space of 3 months' journey, and at the base is the country of THABBAT,

which has the antelopes which give musk."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 438-439.

TICAL, s. This (_tikāl_) is a word which has long been in use by foreign

traders to Burma, for the quasi-standard weight of (uncoined) current

silver, and is still in general use in B. Burma as applied to that value.

This weight is by the Burmese themselves called _kyat_, and is the

hundredth part of the VISS (q.v.), being thus equivalent to about 1¼ rupee

in value. The origin of the word _tikāl_ is doubtful. Sir A. Phayre

suggests that possibly it is a corruption of the Burmese words _ta-kyat_,

"one kyat." On the other hand perhaps it is more probable that the word may

have represented the Indian _ṭakā_ (see TUCKA). The word is also used by

traders to Siam. But there likewise it is a foreign term; the Siamese word

being _bat_. In Siam the _tikal_ is according to Crawfurd a silver _coin_,

as well as a weight equivalent to 225½ grs. English. In former days it was

a short cylinder of silver bent double, and bearing two stamps, thus

half-way between the Burmese bullion and proper coin.[268]

[1554.—"TICALS." See MACAO B. Also see VISS.]

1585.—"Auuertendosi che vna _bize_ di peso è per 40 once Venetiane, e

ogni _bize_ è TECCALI cento, e vn _gito_ val TECCALI 25, e vn _abocco_

val TECCALI 12½."—_G. Balbi_ (in Pegu), f. 108.

[1615.—"Cloth to the value of six cattes (CATTY) less three

TIGGALLS."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 107.

[1639.—"Four TICALS make a Tayl (TAEL)."—_Mandelslo_, E.T. ii. 130.]

1688.—"The proportion of their (Siamese) Money to ours is, that their

TICAL, which weighs no more than half a Crown, is yet worth three

shillings and three half-pence."—_La Loubère_, E.T. p. 72.

1727.—"_Pegu_ Weight.

1 _Viece_ is 39 ou. _Troy_,

or 1 _Viece_ 100 TECULS.

140 _Viece_ a _Bahaar_ (see BAHAR).

The _Bahaar_ is 3 PECUL China."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 317; [ed. 1744].

c. 1759.—"... a dozen or 20 fowls may be bought for a TICAL (little more

than ½ a Crown)."—In _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 121.

1775.—Stevens, _New and Complete Guide to E.I. Trade_, gives

"Pegu weight:

100 moo = 1 Tual (read TICAL).

100 tual (TICAL) = 1 vis (see VISS) = 3 lb. 5 oz. 5 dr. avr.

150 vis = 1 CANDY."

And under Siam:

"80 Tuals (TICALS) = 1 CATTY.

50 CATTIES = 1 PECUL."

1783.—"The merchandize is sold for TEECALLS, a round piece of silver,

stamped and weighing about one rupee and a quarter."—_Forrest, V. to

Mergui_, p. vii.

TICCA, and vulg. TICKER, adj. This is applied to any person or thing

engaged by the job, or on contract. Thus a _ticca garry_ is a hired

carriage, a _ticca doctor_ is a surgeon not in the regular service but

temporarily engaged by Government. From Hind. _ṭhīka_, _ṭhīkah_, 'hire,

fare, fixed price.'

[1813.—"TEECKA, hire, fare, contract, job."—_Gloss. to Fifth Report_,

s.v.]

1827.—"A Rule, Ordinance and Regulation for the good Order and Civil

Government of the Settlement of Fort William in Bengal, and for

regulating the number and fare of TEEKA PALANKEENS, and TEEKA BEARERS in

the Town of Calcutta ... registered in the Supreme Court of Judicature,

on the 27th June, 1827."—_Bengal Regulations_ of 1827.

1878.—"Leaving our servants to jabber over our heavier baggage, we got

into a 'TICCA GHARRY,' 'hired trap,' a bit of civilization I had hardly

expected to find so far in the Mofussil."—_Life in the Mofussil_, ii. 94.

[TICKA, s. Hind. _ṭīkā_, Skt. _tilaka_, a mark on the forehead made with

coloured earth or unguents, as an ornament, to mark sectarial distinction,

accession to the throne, at betrothal, &c.; also a sort of spangle worn on

the forehead by women. The word has now been given the additional meaning

of the mark made in vaccination, and the _ṭīkāwālā Ṣāḥib_ is the

vaccination officer.

[c. 1796.—"... another was sent to Kutch to bring thence the

TIKA...."—_Mir Hussein Ali, Life of Tipu_, 251.

[1832.—"In the centre of their foreheads is a TEEKA (or spot) of

lamp-black."—_Herklots, Qanoon-e-Islam_, 2nd ed. 139.

[c. 1878.—"When a sudden stampede of the children, accompanied by violent

yells and sudden falls, has taken place as I entered a village, I have

been informed, by way of apology, that it was not I whom the children

feared, but that they supposed that I was the TIKAWALA _Sahib_."—_Panjab

Gazetteer, Rohtak_, p. 9.]

TICKY-TOCK. This is an unmeaning refrain used in some French songs, and by

foreign singing masters in their scales. It would appear from the following

quotations to be of Indian origin.

c. 1755.—"These gentry (the band with nautch-girls) are called TICKYTAW

boys, from the two words TICKY and TAW, which they continually repeat,

and which they chaunt with great vehemence."—_Ives_, 75.

[c. 1883.—"Each pair of boys then, having privately arranged to represent

two separate articles ... comes up to the captains, and one of the pair

says DIK DIK, DAUN DAUN, which apparently has about as much meaning as

the analogous English nursery saying, 'Dickory, dickory dock.'"—_Panjab

Gazetteer, Hoshiārpur_, p. 35.]

[TIER-CUTTY, s. This is Malayāl. _tiyar-katti_, the knife used by a Tiyan

or toddy-drawer for scarifying the palm-trees. The Tiyan caste take their

title from Malayal. _tíyyan_, which again comes from Malayal. _tívu_, Skt.

_dvīpa_, 'an island,' and derive their name from their supposed origin in

Ceylon.

[1792.—"12 TIER CUTTIES."—Account, in _Logan, Malabar_, iii. 169.

[1799.—"The negadee (_naqdī_, 'cash-payment') on houses, banksauls (see

BANKSHALL), TIERS' knives."—_Ibid._ iii. 324.]

TIFFIN, s. Luncheon, Anglo-Indian and Hindustani, at least in English

households. Also TO TIFF, v. to take luncheon. Some have derived this word

from Ar. _tafannun_, 'diversion, amusement,' but without history, or

evidence of such an application of the Arabic word. Others have derived it

from Chinese _ch'ih-fan_, 'eat-rice,' which is only an additional example

that anything whatever may be plausibly resolved into Chinese

monosyllables. We believe the word to be a local survival of an English

colloquial or slang term. Thus we find in the _Lexicon Balatronicum_,

compiled originally by Capt. Grose (1785): "_Tiffing_, eating or drinking

out of meal-times," besides other meanings. Wright (_Dict. of Obsolete and

Provincial English_) has: "_Tiff_, s. (1) a draught of liquor, (2) small

beer;" and Mr. Davies (_Supplemental English Glossary_) gives some good

quotations both of this substantive and of a verb "_to tiff_," in the sense

of 'take off a draught.' We should conjecture that Grose's sense was a

modification of this one, that his "_tiffing_" was a participial noun from

the verb to _tiff_, and that the Indian TIFFIN is identical with the

participial noun. This has perhaps some corroboration both from the form

"_tiffing_" used in some earlier Indian examples, and from the Indian use

of the verb "TO TIFF." [This view is accepted by Prof. Skeat, who derives

_tiff_ from Norweg. _tev_, 'a drawing in of the breath, sniff,' _teva_, 'to

sniff' (_Concise Dict._ s.v.; and see 9 ser. _N. & Q._ iv. 425, 460, 506;

v. 13).] Rumphius has a curious passage which we have tried in vain to

connect with the present word; nor can we find the words he mentions in

either Portuguese or Dutch Dictionaries. Speaking of TODDY and the like he

says:

"Homines autem qui eas (potiones) colligunt ac praeparant, dicuntur

Portugallico nomine _Tiffadores_, atque opus ipsum _Tiffar_; nostratibus

Belgis _tyfferen_" (_Herb. Amboinense_, i. 5).

We may observe that the comparatively late appearance of the word TIFFIN in

our documents is perhaps due to the fact that when dinner was early no

lunch was customary. But the word, to have been used by an English novelist

in 1811, could not then have been new in India.

We now give examples of the various uses:

TIFF, s. In the old English senses (in which it occurs also in the form

_tip_, and is probably allied to _tipple_ and _tipsy_); [see Prof. Skeat,

quoted above].

(1) For a draught:

1758.—"_Monday_ ... _Seven_. Returned to my room. Made a TIFF of warm

punch, and to bed before nine."—_Journal of a Senior Fellow_, in the

_Idler_, No. 33.

(2) For small beer:

1604.—

"... make waste more prodigal

Than when our beer was good, that John may float

To Styx in beer, and lift up Charon's boat

With wholsome waves: and as the conduits ran

With claret at the Coronation,

So let your channels flow with single TIFF,

For John I hope is crown'd...."

_On John Dawson_, Butler of Christ Church,

in _Bishop Corbet's Poems_, ed. 1807, pp. 207-8.

TO TIFF, v. in the sense of taking off a draught.

1812.—

"He TIFF'D his punch and went to rest."

_Combe, Dr. Syntax_, I. Canto v.

(This is quoted by Mr. Davies.)

TIFFIN (the Indian substantive).

1807.—"Many persons are in the habit of sitting down to a repast at one

o'clock, which is called TIFFEN, and is in fact an early

dinner."—_Cordiner's Ceylon_, i. 83.

1810.—"The (Mahommedan) ladies, like ours, indulge in TIFFINGS (slight

repasts), it being delicate to eat but little before

company."—_Williamson, V.M._ i. 352.

" (published 1812) "The dinner is scarcely touched, as every person

eats a hearty meal called TIFFIN, at 2 o'clock, at home."—_Maria Graham_,

29.

1811.—"Gertrude was a little unfortunate in her situation, which was next

below Mrs. Fashionist, and who ... detailed the delights of India, and

the _routine_ of its day; the changing linen, the _curry-combing_ ... the

idleness, the dissipation, the sleeping and the necessity of sleep, the

gay TIFFINGS, were all delightful to her in reciting...."—_The Countess

and Gertrude, or Modes of Discipline_, by _Laetitia Maria Hawkins_, ii.

12.

1824.—"The entreaty of my friends compelled me to remain to breakfast and

an early TIFFIN...."—_Seely, Wonders of Ellora_, ch. iii.

c. 1832.—"Reader! I, as well as Pliny, had an uncle, an East Indian Uncle

... everybody has an Indian Uncle.... He is not always so orientally rich

as he is reputed; but he is always orientally munificent. Call upon him

at any hour from two till five, he insists on your taking TIFFIN; and

such a TIFFIN! The English corresponding term is luncheon: but how meagre

a shadow is the European meal to its glowing Asiatic cousin."—_De

Quincey, Casuistry of Roman Meals_, in _Works_, iii. 259.

1847.—"'Come home and have some TIFFIN, Dobbin,' a voice cried behind

him, as a pudgy hand was laid on his shoulder.... But the Captain had no

heart to go a-feasting with Joe Sedley."—_Vanity Fair_, ed. 1867, i. 235.

1850.—"A vulgar man who enjoys a champagne TIFFIN and swindles his

servants ... may be a pleasant companion to those who do not hold him in

contempt as a vulgar knave, but he is not a gentleman."—_Sir C. Napier,

Farewell Address._

1853.—"This was the case for the prosecution. The court now adjourned for

TIFFIN."—_Oakfield_, i. 319.

1882.—"The last and most vulgar form of 'nobbling' the press is well

known as the luncheon or TIFFIN trick. It used to be confined to

advertising tradesmen and hotel-keepers, and was practised on newspaper

reporters. Now it has been practised on a loftier scale...."—_Saty.

Rev._, March 25, 357.

TO TIFF, in the Indian sense.

1803.—"He hesitated, and we were interrupted by a summons to TIFF at

Floyer's. After TIFFIN Close said he should be glad to

go."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, i. 116.

1814.—"We found a pool of excellent water, which is scarce on the hills,

and laid down to TIFF on a full soft bed, made by the grass of last year

and this. After TIFFING, I was cold and unwell."—_Ibid._ p. 283.

_Tiffing_ here is a participle, but its use shows how the noun TIFFIN

would be originally formed.

1816.—

"The huntsman now informed them all

They were to TIFF at Bobb'ry Hall.

Mounted again, the party starts,

Upsets the HACKERIES and carts,

Hammals (see HUMMAUL) and PALANQUINS and DOOLIES,

Dobies (see DHOBY) and burrawas (?) and COOLIES."

_The Grand Master, or Adventures of Qui Hi_,

by _Quiz_ (Canto viii.).

[Burrawa is probably H. _bhaṛuā_, 'a pander.']

1829.—"I was TIFFING with him one day, when the subject turned on the

sagacity of elephants...."—_John Shipp_, ii. 267.

1859.—"Go home, Jack. I will TIFF with you to-day at half-past two."—_J.

Lang, Wanderings in India_, p. 16.

The following, which has just met our eye, is bad grammar, according to

Anglo-Indian use:

1885.—"'Look here, RANDOLPH, don't you know,' said Sir PEEL, ... 'Here

you've been gallivanting through India, riding on elephants, and

TIFFINING with Rajahs....'"—_Punch, Essence of Parliament_, April 25, p.

204.

TIGER, s. The royal tiger was apparently first known to the Greeks by the

expedition of Alexander, and a little later by a live one which Seleucus

sent to Athens. The animal became, under the Emperors, well known to the

Romans, but fell out of the knowledge of Europe in later days, till it

again became familiar in India. The Greek and Latin τίγρις, _tigris_, is

said to be from the old Persian word for an arrow, _tigra_, which gives the

modern Pers. (and Hind.) _tīr_.[269] Pliny says of the _River_ Tigris: "_a

celeritate_ TIGRIS _incipit vocari. Ita appellant Medi sagittam_" (vi. 27).

In speaking of the animal and its "_velocitatis tremendae_," Pliny

evidently glances at this etymology, real or imaginary. So does Pausanias

probably, in his remarks on its colour. [This view of the origin of the

name is accepted by Schrader (_Prehist. Ant. of the Aryan Peoples_, E.T.

250), who writes: "Nothing like so far back in the history of the

Indo-Europeans does the lion's dreadful rival for supremacy over the

beasts, the tiger, go. In India the songs of the Rigveda have nothing to

say about him; his name (_vyághrá_) first occurs in the Atharvaveda, _i.e._

at a time when the Indian immigration must have extended much farther

towards the Ganges; for it is in the reeds and grasses of Bengal that we

have to look for the tiger's proper home. Nor is he mentioned among the

beasts of prey in the Avesta. The district of Hyrcania, whose numerous

tigers the later writers of antiquity speak of with especial frequency, was

then called _Vehrkana_, 'wolf-land.' It is, therefore, not improbable ...

that the tiger has spread in relatively late times from India over portions

of W. and N. Asia."]

c. B.C. 325.—"The Indians think the TIGER (τὸν τίγριν) a great deal

stronger than the elephant. Nearchus says he saw the skin of a tiger, but

did not see the beast itself, and that the Indians assert the TIGER to be

as big as the biggest horse; whilst in swiftness and strength there is no

creature to be compared to him. And when he engages the elephant he

springs on its head, and easily throttles it. Moreover, the creatures

which we have seen and call _tigers_ are only jackals which are dappled,

and of a kind bigger than ordinary jackals."—_Arrian, Indica_, xv. We

apprehend that this big dappled jackal (θῶς) is meant for a _hyaena_.

c. B.C. 322.—"In the island of Tylos ... there is also another wonderful

thing they say ... for there is a certain tree, from which they cut

sticks, and these are very handsome articles, having a certain variegated

colour, like the skin of a TIGER. The wood is very heavy; but if it is

struck against any solid substance it shivers like a piece of

pottery."—_Theophrastus, H. of Plants_, Bk. v. c. 4.

c. B.C. 321.—"And Ulpianus ... said: 'Do we anywhere find the word used a

masculine, τὸν τίγριν? for I know that Philemon says thus in his Neaera:

'_A._ We've seen the TIGRESS (τὴν τίγριν) that Seleucus sent us;

Are we not bound to send Seleucus back

Some beast in fair exchange?'"

In _Athenaeus_, xiii. 57.

c. B.C. 320.—"According to Megasthenes, the largest TIGERS are found

among the Prasii, almost twice the size of lions, and of such strength

that a tame one led by four persons seized a mule by its hinder leg,

overpowered it, and dragged it to him."—_Strabo_, xv. ch. 1, § 37

(_Hamilton_ and _Falconer's_ E.T. iii. 97).

c. B.C. 19.—"And Augustus came to Samos, and again passed the winter

there ... and all sorts of embassies came to him; and the Indians who had

previously sent messages proclaiming friendship, now sent to make a

solemn treaty, with presents, and among other things including TIGERS,

which were then seen for the first time by the Romans; and if I am not

mistaken by the Greeks also."—_Dio Cassius_, liv. 9. [See _Merivale,

Hist. Romans_, ed. 1865, iv. 176.]

c. B.C. 19.—

"... duris genuit te cautibus horrens

Caucasus, Hyrcanaeque admôrunt ubera TIGRES."

_Aen._ iv. 366-7.

c. A.D. 70.—"The Emperor Augustus ... in the yeere that Q. Tubero and

Fabius Maximus were Consuls together ... was the first of all others that

shewed a tame TYGRE within a cage: but the Emperour Claudius foure at

once.... TYGRES are bred in Hircania and India: this beast is most

dreadful for incomparable swiftness."—_Pliny_, by _Ph. Holland_, i. 204.

c. 80-90.—"Wherefore the land is called Dachanabadēs (see DECCAN), for

the South is called _Dachanos_ in their tongue. And the land that lies in

the interior above this towards the East embraces many tracts, some of

them of deserts or of great mountains, with all kinds of wild beasts,

panthers and TIGERS (τίγρεις) and elephants, and immense serpents

(δράκοντας) and hyenas (κροκόττας) and _cynocephala_ of many species, and

many and populous nations till you come to the Ganges."—_Periplus_, § 50.

c. A.D. 180.—"That beast again, in the talk of Ctesias about the Indians,

which is alleged to be called by them _Martióra_ (_Martichóra_), and by

the Greeks _Androphagus_ (Man-eater), I am convinced is really the TIGER

(τὸν τίγριν). The story that he has a triple range of teeth in each jaw,

and sharp prickles at the tip of his tail which he shoots at those who

are at a distance, like the arrows of an archer,—I don't believe it to be

true, but only to have been generated by the excessive fear which the

beast inspires. They have been wrong also about his colour;—no doubt when

they see him in the bright sunlight he takes that colour and looks red;

or perhaps it may be because of his going so fast, and because even when

not running he is constantly darting from side to side; and then (to be

sure) it is always from a long way off that they see him."—_Pausanias_,

IX. xxi. 4. [See Frazer's tr. i. 470; v. 86. _Martichoras_ is here Pers.

_mardumkhwūr_, 'eater of men.']

1298.—"Enchore sachiés qe le Grant Sire a bien leopars asez qe tuit sunt

bon da chacer et da prendre bestes.... Il ha plosors lyons grandismes,

greignors asez qe cele de Babilonie. Il sunt de mout biaus poil et de

mout biaus coleor, car il sunt tout vergés por lonc, noir et vermoil et

blance. Il sunt afaités a prandre sengler sauvajes et les bueff sauvajes,

et orses et asnes sauvajes et cerf et cavriolz et autres bestes."—_Marco

Polo, Geog. Text_, ch. xcii. Thus Marco Polo can only speak of this huge

animal, striped black and red and white, as of a _Lion_. And a medieval

Bestiary has a chapter on the TIGRE which begins: "Une Beste est qui est

apelée TIGRE, c'est une maniere de serpent."—(In _Cahier et Martin,

Mélanges d' Archéol._ ii. 140).

1474.—"This meane while there came in certein men sent from a Prince of

India, w^{th} certain strange beastes, the first whereof was a _leonza_

ledde in a chayne by one that had skyll, which they call in their

languaige _Babureth_. She is like vnto a lyonesse; but she is redde

coloured, streaked all over w^{th} black strykes; her face is redde

w^{th} certain white and blacke spottes, the bealy white, and tayled like

the lyon: seemyng to be a marvailouse fiers beast."—_Josafa Barbaro_,

Hak. Soc. pp. 53-54. Here again is an excellent description of a tiger,

but that name seems unknown to the traveller. _Babureth_ is in the Ital.

original _Baburth_, Pers. _babr_, a TIGER.

1553.—"... Beginning from the point of Çingapura and all the way to

Pulloçambilam, _i.e._ the whole length of the Kingdom of Malaca ... there

is no other town with a name except this City of Malaca, only some havens

of fishermen, and in the interior a very few villages. And indeed the

most of these wretched people sleep at the top of the highest trees they

can find, for up to a height of 20 palms the TIGERS can seize them at a

leap; and if anything saves the poor people from these beasts it is the

bonfires they keep burning at night, which the tigers are much afraid of.

In fact these are so numerous that many come into the city itself at

night in search of prey. And it has happened, since we took the place,

that a tiger leapt into a garden surrounded by a good high timber fence,

and lifted a beam of wood with three slaves who were laid by the heels,

and with these made a clean leap over the fence."—_Barros_, II. vi. 1.

Lest I am doing the great historian wrong as to this Munchausen-like

story, I give the original: "E jà aconteceo ... saltar hum tigre em hum

quintal cercado de madeira bem alto, e levou hum tronco de madeira com

trez (tres?) escravos que estavam prezos nelle, com os quaes saltou de

claro em claro per cima da cerca."

1583.—"We also escaped the peril of the multitude of TIGERS which infest

those tracts" (the Pegu delta) "and prey on whatever they can get at. And

although we were on that account anchored in midstream, nevertheless it

was asserted that the ferocity of these animals was such that they would

press even into the water to seize their prey."—_Gasparo Balbi_, f.

94_v_.

1586.—"We went through the wildernesse because the right way was full of

thieves, when we passed the country of _Gouren_, where we found but few

Villages, but almost all Wildernesse, and saw many Buffes, Swine, and

Deere, Grasse longer than a man, and very many TIGRES."—_R. Fitch_, in

_Purchas_, ii. 1736.

1675.—"Going in quest whereof, one of our Soldiers, a Youth, killed a

TIGRE-ROYAL; it was brought home by 30 or 40 _Combies_ (KOONBEE), the

Body tied to a long Bamboo, the Tail extended ... it was a TIGRE of the

Biggest and Noblest Kind, Five Feet in Length beside the Tail, Three and

a Half in Height, it was of a light Yellow, streaked with Black, like a

Tabby Cat ... the Visage Fierce and Majestick, the Teeth

gnashing...."—_Fryer_, 176.

1683.—"In y^e afternoon they found a great TIGER, one of y^e black men

shot a barbed arrow into his Buttock. Mr. Frenchfeild and Capt. Raynes

alighted off their horses and advanced towards the thicket where y^e

Tiger lay. The people making a great noise, y^e Tiger flew out upon Mr.

Frenchfeild, and he shot him with a brace of Bullets into y^e breast: at

which he made a great noise, and returned again to his den. The Black Men

seeing of him wounded fell upon him, but the Tiger had so much strength

as to kill 2 men, and wound a third, before he died. At Night y^e Ragea

sent me the Tiger."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 66-67.

1754.—"There was a _Charter_ granted to the _East India Company_. Many

Disputes arose about it, which came before Parliament; all Arts were used

to corrupt or delude the Members; among others a TYGER _was baited_ with

Solemnity, on the Day the great Question was to come on. This was such a

Novelty, that several of the Members were drawn off from their

Attendance, and absent on the Division...."—_A Collection of Letters

relating to the E.I. Company_, &c. (Tract), 1754, p. 13.

1869.—"Les TIGRES et les léopards sont considérés, autant par les Hindous

que par les musalmans, comme étant la propriété des _pirs_ (see PEER):

aussi les naturels du pays ne sympathisent pas avec les Européens pour la

chasse du TIGRE."—_Garcin de Tassy, Rel. Mus._ p. 24.

1872.—"One of the Frontier Battalion soldiers approached me, running for

his life.... This was his story:—

'Sahib, I was going along with the letters ... which I had received from

your highness ... a great TIGER came out and stood in the path. Then I

feared for my life; and the TIGER stood, and I stood, and we looked at

each other. I had no weapon but my kukri (KOOKRY) ... and the Government

letters. So I said, 'My lord TIGER, here are the Government letters, the

letters of the Honourable Kumpany Bahadur ... and it is necessary for me

to go on with them.' The tiger never ceased looking at me, and when I had

done speaking he growled, but he never offered to get out of the way. On

this I was much more afraid, so I kneeled down and made obeisance to him;

but he did not take any more notice of that either, so at last I told him

I should report the matter to the Sahib, and I threw down the letters in

front of him, and came here as fast as I was able. Sahib, I now ask for

your justice against that TIGER.'"—_Lt.-Col. T. Lewin, A Fly on the

Wheel_, p. 444.

TINCALL, s. Borax. Pers. _tinkār_, but apparently originally Skt.

_ṭaṇkaṇa_, and perhaps from the people so called who may have supplied it,

in the Himālaya—Τάγγανοι of Ptolemy. [Mr. Atkinson (_Himalayan Gazz._ ii.

357) connects the name of this people with that of the TANGUN pony.]

1525.—"TYMQUALL, small, 60 tangas a maund."—_Lembrança_, 50.

1563.—"It is called _borax_ and _crisocola_; and in Arabic TINCAR, and so

the Guzeratis call it...."—_Garcia_, f. 78.

c. 1590.—"Having reduced the _k'haral_ to small bits, he adds to every

_man_ of it 1½ _sers_ of TANGÁR (borax) and 3 _sers_ of pounded _natrum_,

and kneads them together."—_Āīn_, i. 26.

[1757.—"A small quantity of _Tutenegg_ (TOOTNAGUE), TINKAL and _Japan

Copper_ was also found here...."—_Ives_, 105.]

TINDAL, s. Malayāl. _taṇḍal_, Telug. _taṇḍelu_, also in Mahr. and other

vernaculars _ṭaṇḍel_, _ṭaṇḍail_, [which Platts connects with _ṭānḍā_, Skt.

_tantra_, 'a line of men,' but the _Madras Gloss._ derives the S. Indian

forms from Mal. _tandu_, 'an oar,' _valli_, 'to pull.'] The head or

commander of a body of men; but in ordinary specific application a native

petty officer of LASCARS, whether on board ship (boatswain) or in the

ordnance department, and sometimes the head of a gang of labourers on

public works.

c. 1348.—"The second day after our arrival at the port of Kailukari this

princess invited the _nākhodah_ (NACODA) or owner of the ship, the

_karāni_ (see CRANNY) or clerk, the merchants, the persons of

distinction, the TANDĪL...."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 250. The Moorish traveller

explains the word as _muḳaddam_ (MOCUDDUM, q.v.) _al-rajāl_, which the

French translators render as "général des piétons," but we may hazard the

correction of "Master of the crew."

c. 1590.—"In large ships there are twelve classes. 1. The _Nákhudá_, or

owner of the ship.... 3. The TANDÍL, or chief of the _khaláçis_ (see

CLASSY) or sailors...."—_Āīn_, i. 280.

1673.—"The Captain is called NUCQUEDAH, the boatswain

TINDAL...."—_Fryer_, 107.

1758.—"One TINDAL, or Corporal of Lascars."—_Orme_, ii. 339.

[1826.—"I desired the TINDAL, or steersman to answer,

'Bombay.'"—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, ii. 157.]

TINNEVELLY, n.p. A town and district of Southern India, probably

_Tiru-nel-vēli_, 'Sacred Rice-hedge.' [The _Madras Gloss._ gives 'Sacred

Paddy-village.'] The district formed the southern part of the Madura

territory, and first became a distinct district about 1744, when the Madura

Kingdom was incorporated with the territories under the Nawāb of Arcot

(_Caldwell, H. of Tinnevelly_).

TIPARRY, s. Beng. and Hind. _tipārī_, _tepārī_, the fruit of _Physalis

peruviana_, L., N.O. _Solanaceae_. It is also known in India as 'Cape

gooseberry,' [which is usually said to take its name from the Cape of Good

Hope, but as it is a native of tropical America, Mr. Ferguson (8 ser. _N. &

Q._ xii. 106) suggests that the word may really be _cape_ or _cap_, from

the peculiarity of its structure noted below.] It is sometimes known as

'Brazil cherry.' It gets its generic name from the fact that the inflated

calyx encloses the fruit as in a bag or bladder (φύσα). It has a slightly

acid gooseberry flavour, and makes excellent jam. We have seen a suggestion

somewhere that the Bengali name is connected with the word _tenpā_,

'inflated,' which gives its name to a species of _tetrodon_ or globe-fish,

a fish which has the power of dilating the œsophagus in a singular manner.

The native name of the fruit in N.W. India is _māk_ or _māko_, but _tipārī_

is in general Anglo-Indian use. The use of an almost identical name for a

gooseberry-like fruit, in a Polynesian Island (Kingsmill group) quoted

below from Wilkes, is very curious, but we can say no more on the matter.

1845.—"On Makin they have a kind of fruit resembling the gooseberry,

called by the natives 'TEIPARU'; this they pound, after it is dried, and

make with molasses into cakes, which are sweet and pleasant to the

taste."—_U.S. Expedition_, by _C. Wilkes_, U.S.N., v. 81.

1878.—"... The enticing TIPARI in its crackly covering...."—_P. Robinson,

In My Indian Garden_, 49-50.

TIPPOO SAHIB, n.p. The name of this famous enemy of the English power in

India was, according to C. P. Brown, taken from that of _Tipū Sultān_, a

saint whose tomb is near Hyderabad. [Wilks (_Hist. Sketches_, i. 522, ed.

1869), says that the tomb is at Arcot.]

TIRKUT, s. Foresail. Sea Hind. from Port. _triquette_ (_Roebuck_).

TIYAN, n.p. Malayāl. _Tīyan_, or _Tīvan_, pl. _Tīyar_ or _Tīvar_. The name

of what may be called the third caste (in rank) of Malabar. The word

signifies 'islander,' [from Mal. _tīvu_, Skt. _dvīpa_, 'an island']; and

the people are supposed to have come from Ceylon (see TIER CUTTY).

1510.—"The third class of Pagans are called TIVA, who are

artizans."—_Varthema_, 142.

1516.—"The cleanest of these low and rustic people are called _Tuias_

(read TIVAS), who are great labourers, and their chief business is to

look after the palm-trees, and gather their fruit, and carry everything

... for hire, because there are no draught cattle in the

country."—_Barbosa_, Lisbon ed. 335.

[1800.—"All TIRS can eat together, and intermarry. The proper duty of the

cast is to extract the juice from palm-trees, to boil it down to _Jagory_

(JAGGERY), and to distil it into spirituous liquors; but they are also

very diligent as cultivators, porters, and cutters of

firewood."—_Buchanan, Mysore_, ii. 415; and see _Logan, Malabar_, i. 110,

142.]

TOBACCO, s. On this subject we are not prepared to furnish any elaborate

article, but merely to bring together a few quotations touching on the

introduction of tobacco into India and the East, or otherwise of interest.

[? c. 1550.—"... Abū Kīr would carry the cloth to the market-street and

sell it, and with its price buy meat and vegetables and

TOBACCO...."—_Burton, Arab. Nights_, vii. 210. The only mention in the

_Nights_ and the insertion of some scribe.]

" "It has happened to me several times, that going through the

provinces of Guatemala and Nicaragua I have entered the house of an

Indian who had taken this herb, which in the Mexican language is called

TABACCO, and immediately perceived the sharp fetid smell of this truly

diabolical and stinking smoke, I was obliged to go away in haste, and

seek some other place."—_Girolamo Benzoni_, Hak. Soc. p. 81. [The word

_tabaco_ is from the language of Hayti, and meant, first, the pipe,

secondly, the plant, thirdly, the sleep which followed its use (_Mr. J.

Platt_, 9 ser. _N. & Q._ viii. 322).]

1585.—"Et hi" (viz. Ralph Lane and the first settlers in Virginia)

"reduces Indicam illam plantam quam TABACCAM vocant et _Nicotiam_, qua

contra cruditates ab Indis edocti, usi erant, in Angliam primi, quod

suam, intulerunt. Ex illo sane tempore usu coepit esse creberrimo, et

magno pretio, dum quam plurimi graveolentem illius fumum, alii

lascivientes, alii valetudini consulentes, per tubulum testaceum

inexplebili aviditate passim hauriunt, et mox e naribus efflant; adeo ut

tabernae TABACCANAE non minus quam cervisiariae et vinariae passim per

oppida habeantur. Ut Anglorum corpora (quod salse ille dixit) qui hac

plantâ tantopere delectantur in Barbarorum naturam degenerasse videantur;

quum iisdem quibus Barbari delectentur et sanari se posse credant."—_Gul.

Camdeni, Annal. Rerum Anglicanum_ ... regn. _Elizabetha_, ed. 1717, ii.

449.

1592.—

"Into the woods thence forth in haste shee went

To seeke for hearbes that mote him remedy;

For shee of herbes had great intendiment,

Taught of the Nymphe which from her infancy

Her nourced had in true Nobility:

This whether yt divine TOBACCO were,

Or Panachaea, or Polygony,

Shee fownd, and brought it to her patient deare

Who al this while lay bleding out his hart-blood neare."

_The Faerie Queen_, III. v. 32.

1597.—"His Lordship" (E. of Essex at Villafranca) "made no answer, but

called for TOBACCO, seeming to give but small credit to this alarm; and

so on horseback, with these noblemen and gentlemen on foot beside him,

took TOBACCO, whilst I was telling his Lordship of the men I had sent

forth, and the order I had given them. Within some quarter of an hour, we

might hear a good round volley of shot betwixt the 30 men I had sent to

the chapel, and the enemy, which made his Lordship cast his pipe from

him, and listen to the shooting."—_Commentaries of Sir Francis Vere_, p.

62.

1598.—"_Cob._ Ods me I marle what pleasure or felicity they have in

taking this roguish TOBACCO. It is good for nothing but to choke a man,

and fill him full of smoke and embers: there were four died out of one

house last week with taking of it, and two more the bell went for

yesternight; one of them they say will never scape it; he voided a bushel

of soot yesterday upward and downward ... its little better than

rats-bane or rosaker."—_Every Man in his Humour_, iii. 2.

1604.—"Oct. 19. Demise to Tho. Lane and Ph. Bold of the new Impost of

6_s._ 8_d._, and the old Custom of 2_d._ per pound on TOBACCO."—_Calendar

of State Papers, Domestic_, James I., p. 159.

1604 or 1605.—"In Bijápúr I had found some TOBACCO. Never having seen the

like in India, I brought some with me, and prepared a handsome pipe of

jewel work.... His Majesty (Akbar) was enjoying himself after receiving

my presents, and asking me how I had collected so many strange things in

so short a time, when his eye fell upon the tray with the pipe and its

appurtenances: he expressed great surprise and examined the TOBACCO,

which was made up in pipefuls; he inquired what it was, and where I had

got it. The Nawab Khán-i-'Azam replied: 'This is TOBACCO, which is well

known in Mecca and Medina, and this doctor has brought it as a medicine

for your Majesty.' His Majesty looked at it, and ordered me to prepare

and take him a pipeful. He began to smoke it, when his physician

approached and forbade his doing so" ... (omitting much that is curious).

"As I had brought a large supply of tobacco and pipes, I sent some to

several of the nobles, while others sent to ask for some; indeed all,

without exception, wanted some, and the practice was introduced. After

that the merchants began to sell it, so the custom of smoking spread

rapidly."—_Asad Beg_, in _Elliot_, vi. 165-167.

1610.—"The _Turkes_ are also incredible takers of Opium ... carrying it

about with them both in peace and in warre; which they say expelleth all

feare, and makes them couragious; but I rather think giddy headed.... And

perhaps for the self same cause they also delight in TOBACCO; they take

it through reeds that have ioyned vnto them great heads of wood to

containe it: I doubt not but lately taught them, as brought them by the

English: and were it not sometimes lookt into (for _Morat Bassa_ not long

since commanded a pipe to be thrust through the nose of a _Turke_, and so

to be led in derision through the Citie,) no question but it would prove

a principall commodity. Neverthelesse they will take it in corners, and

are so ignorant therein, that that which in England is not saleable, doth

passe here amongst them for most excellent."—_Sandys, Journey_, 66.

1615.—"Il TABACCO ancora usano qui" (at Constantinople) "di pigliar in

conversazione per gusto: ma io non ho voluto mai provarne, e ne avera

cognizione in Italia che molti ne pigliano, ed in particolare il signore

cardinale Crescenzio qualche volta per medicamento insegnatogli dal

Signor don Virginio Orsino, che primo di tutti, se io non fallo, gli anni

addietro lo portò in Roma d'Inghilterra."—_P. della Valle_, i. 76.

1616.—"Such is the miraculous omnipotence of our strong tasted TOBACCO,

as it cures al sorts of diseases (which neuer any drugge could do before)

in all persons and at all times.... It cures the gout in the feet and

(which is miraculous) in that very instant when the smoke thereof, as

light, flies vp into the head, the virtue thereof, as heauy, runs down to

the litle toe. It helps all sorts of agues. It refreshes a weary man, and

yet makes a man hungry. Being taken when they goe to bed, it makes one

sleepe soundly, and yet being taken when a man is sleepie and drousie, it

will, as they say, awake his braine, and quicken his vnderstanding.... O

omnipotent power of TOBACCO! And if it could by the smoake thereof chase

out deuils, as the smoake of _Tobias_ fish did (which I am sure could

smell no stronglier) it would serve for a precious Relicke, both for the

Superstitious Priests, and the insolent Puritanes, to cast out deuils

withall."—_K. James I., Counterblaste to Tobacco_, in _Works_, pp.

219-220.

1617.—"As the smoking of tobacco (TAMBÁKÚ) had taken very bad effect upon

the health and mind of many persons, I ordered that no one should

practise the habit. My brother Sháh 'Abbás, also being aware of its evil

effects, had issued a command against the use of it in Irán. But

Khán-i-'Alam was so much addicted to smoking, that he could not abstain

from it, and often smoked."—_Memoirs of Jahángír_, in _Elliot_, v. 851.

See the same passage rendered by _Blochmann_, in _Ind. Antiq._ i. 164.

1623.—"Incipit nostro seculo in immensum crescere usus TOBACCO, atque

afficit homines occulta quidem delectatione, ut qui illi semel assueti

sint, difficile postea abstinent."—_Bacon, H. Vitae et Mortis_, in _B.

Montague's_ ed. x. 189.

We are unable to give the date or Persian author of the following extract

(though clearly of the 17th century), which with an introductory sentence

we have found in a fragmentary note in the handwriting of the late Major

William Yule, written in India about the beginning of last century:[270]

"Although TOBACCO be the produce of an European Plant, it has

nevertheless been in use by our Physicians medicinally for some time

past. Nay, some creditable People even have been friendly to the use of

it, though from its having been brought sparingly in the first instance

from Europe, its rarity prevented it from coming into general use. The

Culture of this Plant, however, became speedily almost universal, within

a short period after its introduction into Hindostaun; and the produce of

it rewarded the Cultivator far beyond every other article of Husbandry.

This became more especially the case in the reign of Shah Jehaun

(commenced A.H. 1037) when the Practice of Smoking pervaded all Ranks and

Classes within the Empire. Nobles and Beggars, Pious and Wicked, Devotees

and Free-thinkers, poets, historians, rhetoricians, doctors and patients,

high and low, rich and poor, all! all seemed intoxicated with a decided

preference over every other luxury, nay even often over the necessaries

of life. To a stranger no offering was so acceptable as a Whiff, and to a

friend one could produce nothing half so grateful as a CHILLUM. So rooted

was the habit that the confirmed Smoker would abstain from Food and Drink

rather than relinquish the gratification he derived from inhaling the

Fumes of this deleterious Plant! Nature recoils at the very idea of

touching the Saliva of another Person, yet in the present instance our

Tobacco smokers pass the moistened Tube from one mouth to another without

hesitation on the one hand, and it is received with complacency on the

other! The more acrid the Fumes so much the more grateful to the Palate

of the Connoisseur. The Smoke is a Collyrium to the Eyes, whilst the

Fire, they will tell you, supplies to the Body the waste of radical Heat.

Without doubt the HOOKAH is a most pleasing Companion, whether to the

Wayworn Traveller or to the solitary Hermit. It is a Friend in whose

Bosom we may repose our most confidential Secrets; and a Counsellor upon

whose advice we may rely in our most important Concerns. It is an elegant

Ornament in our private Appartments: it gives joy to the Beholder in our

public Halls. The Music of its sound puts the warbling of the Nightingale

to Shame, and the Fragrance of its Perfume brings a Blush on the Cheek of

the Rose. Life in short is prolonged by the Fumes inhaled at each

inspiration, whilst every expiration of them is accompanied with extatic

delight...."—(_cætera desunt_).

c. 1760.—"TAMBÁKÚ. It is known from the _Maásir-i-Rahímí_ that the

TOBACCO came from Europe to the Dakhin, and from the Dakhin to Upper

India, during the reign of Akbar Sháh (1556-1605), since which time it

has been in general use."—_Bahár-i'-Ajam_, quoted by _Blochmann_, in

_Ind. Antiq._ i. 164.

1878.—It appears from Miss Bird's _Japan_ that tobacco was not cultivated

in that country till 1605. In 1612 and 1615 the Shogun prohibited both

culture and use of TABAKO.—See the work, i. 276-77. [According to Mr.

Chamberlain (_Things Japanese_, 3rd ed. p. 402) by 1651 the law was so

far relaxed that smoking was permitted, but only out-of-doors.]

TOBRA, s. Hind. _tobṛā_, [which, according to Platts, is Skt. _protha_,

'nose of a horse,' inverted]. The leather nose-bag in which a horse's feed

is administered. "In the Nerbudda valley, in Central India, the women wear

a profusion of toe-rings, some standing up an inch high. Their shoes are

consequently curiously shaped, and are called TOBRAS" (_M.-Gen. R. H.

Keatinge_). As we should say, 'buckets.' [The use of the nosebag is

referred to by Sir T. Herbert (ed. 1634): "The horses (of the Persians)

feed usually of barley and chopt-straw put into a bag, and fastened about

their heads, which implyes the manger." Also see TURA.]

1808.—"... stable-boys are apt to serve themselves to a part out of the

poor beasts allowance; to prevent which a thrifty housewife sees it put

into a TOBRA, or mouth bag, and spits thereon to make the Hostler loathe

and leave it alone."—_Drummond, Illustrations_, &c.

[1875.—"One of the horsemen dropped his TOBRA or nose-bag."—_Drew,

Jummoo_, 240.]

TODDY, s. A corruption of Hind. _tāṛī_, _i.e._ the fermented sap of the

_tāṛ_ or palmyra, Skt. _tāla_, and also of other palms, such as the date,

the coco-palm, and the _Caryota urens_; palm-wine. _Toddy_ is generally the

substance used in India as yeast, to leaven bread. The word, as is well

known, has received a new application in Scotland, the immediate history of

which we have not traced. The _tāla_-tree seems to be indicated, though

confusedly, in this passage of Megasthenes from Arrian:

c. B.C. 320.—"Megasthenes tells us ... the Indians were in old times

nomadic ... were so barbarous that they wore the skins of such wild

animals as they could kill, and subsisted (?) on the bark of trees; that

these trees were called in the Indian speech TALA, and that there grew on

them as there grows at the tops of the (date) palm trees, a fruit

resembling balls of wool."—_Arrian, Indica_, vii., tr. by McCrindle.

c. 1330.—"... There is another tree of a different species, which ...

gives all the year round a white liquor, pleasant to drink, which tree is

called TARI."—_Fr. Jordanus_, 16.

[1554.—"There is in Gujaret a tree of the palm-tribe, called TARI agadji

(millet tree). From its branches cups are suspended, and when the cut end

of a branch is placed into one of these vessels, a sweet liquid,

something of the nature of ARRACK, flows out in a continuous stream ...

and presently changes into a most wonderful wine."—_Travels of Sidi Ali

Reïs, trans. A. Vambéry_, p. 29.]

[1609-10.—"TARREE." See under SURA.]

1611.—"Palmiti Wine, which they call TADDY."—_N. Dounton_, in _Purchas_,

i. 298.

[1614.—"A sort of wine that distilleth out of the Palmetto trees, called

TADIE."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 4.]

1615.—

"... And then more to glad yee

Weele have a health to al our friends in TADEE."

_Verses to T. Coryat_, in _Crudities_, iii. 47.

1623.—"... on board of which we stayed till nightfall, entertaining with

conversation and drinking TARI, a liquor which is drawn from the coco-nut

trees, of a whitish colour, a little turbid, and of a somewhat rough

taste, though with a blending in sweetness, and not unpalatable,

something like one of our _vini piccanti_. It will also intoxicate, like

wine, if drunk over freely."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 530; [Hak. Soc. i.

62].

[1634.—"The TODDY-tree is like the Date of Palm; the Wine called TODDY is

got by wounding and piercing the Tree, and putting a Jar or Pitcher under

it, so as the Liquor may drop into it."—_Sir T. Herbert_, in _Harris_, i.

408.]

1648.—"The country ... is planted with palmito-trees, from which a sap is

drawn called TERRY, that they very commonly drink."—_Van Twist_, 12.

1653.—"... le TARI qui est le vin ordinaire des Indes."—_De la

Boullaye-le-Gouz_, 246.

1673.—"The Natives singing and roaring all Night long; being drunk with

TODDY, the Wine of the Cocoe."—_Fryer_, 53.

" "As for the rest, they are very respectful, unless the Seamen and

Soldiers get drunk, either with TODDY or Bang."—_Ibid._ 91.

1686.—"Besides the Liquor or Water in the Fruit, there is also a sort of

Wine drawn from the Tree called TODDY, which looks like Whey."—_Dampier_,

i. 293.

1705.—"... cette liqueur s'appelle TARIF."—_Luillier_, 43.

1710.—This word was in common use at Madras.—_Wheeler_, ii. 125.

1750.—"_J._ Was vor Leute trincken TADDY? _C._ Die Soldaten, die Land

Portugiesen, die Parreier (see PARIAH) und Schiffleute trincken diesen

TADDY."—_Madras, oder Fort St. George_, &c., Halle, 1750.

1857.—"It is the unfermented juice of the Palmyra which is used as food:

when allowed to ferment, which it will do before midday, if left to

itself, it is changed into a sweet, intoxicating drink called 'kal' or

'TODDY.'"—_Bp. Caldwell, Lectures on Tinnevelly Mission_, p. 33.

¶ "The Rat, returning home full of TODDY, said, If I meet the Cat, I will

tear him in pieces."—Ceylon Proverb, in _Ind. Antiq._ i. 59.

Of the Scotch application of the word we can find but one example in Burns,

and, strange to say, no mention in Jameson's Dictionary:

1785.—

"The lads an' lasses, blythely bent

To mind baith saul an' body,

Sit round the table, weel content

An' steer about the TODDY...."

_Burns, The Holy Fair._

1798.—"Action of the case, for giving her a dose in some TODDY, to

intoxicate and inflame her passions."—_Roots's Reports_, i. 80.

1804.—

"... I've nae fear for't;

For siller, faith, ye ne'er did care for't,

Unless to help a needful body,

An' get an antrin glass o' TODDY."

_Tannahill, Epistle to James Barr._

TODDY-BIRD, s. We do not know for certain what bird is meant by this name

in the quotation. The nest would seem to point to the BAYA, or Weaver-bird

(_Ploceus Baya_, Blyth): but the _size_ alleged is absurd; it is probably a

blunder. [Another bird, the _Artamus fuscus_, is, according to Balfour

(_Cycl._ s.v.) called the TODDY shrike.]

[1673.—"For here is a Bird (having its name from the Tree it chuses for

its Sanctuary, the TODDY-TREE)...."—_Fryer_, 76.]

c. 1750-60.—"It is in this tree (see PALMYRA, BRAB) that the TODDY-BIRDS,

so called from their attachment to that tree, make their exquisitely

curious nests, wrought out of the thinnest reeds and filaments of

branches, with an inimitable mechanism, and are about the bigness of a

partridge (?) The birds themselves are of no value...."—_Grose_, i. 48.

TODDY-CAT, s. This name is in S. India applied to the _Paradoxurus

Musanga_, Jerdon: [the _P. niger_, the Indian Palm-Civet of Blanford

(_Mammalia_, 106).] It infests houses, especially where there is a ceiling

of cloth (see CHUTT). Its name is given for its fondness, real or supposed,

for palm-juice.

[TOKO, s. Slang for 'a thrashing.' The word is imper. of Hind. _ṭoknā_, 'to

censure, blame,' and has been converted into a noun on the analogy of

BUNNOW and other words of the same kind.

[1823.—"TOCO _for yam_—Yams are food for negroes in the W. Indies ... and

if, instead of receiving his proper ration of these, blackee gets a whip

(TOCO) about his back, why 'he has caught TOCO' instead of yam."—_John

Bee, Slang Dict._

[1867.—"TOKO FOR YAM. An expression peculiar to negroes for crying out

before being hurt."—_Smyth, Sailor's Word-Book_, s.v.]

TOLA, s. An Indian weight (chiefly of gold or silver), not of extreme

antiquity. Hind. _tolā_, Skt. _tulā_, 'a balance,' _tul_, 'to lift up, to

weigh.' The Hindu scale is 8 _rattīs_ (see RUTTEE) = 1 _māsha_, 12 _māshas_

= 1 _tolā_. Thus the _tolā_ was equal to 96 _rattīs_. The proper weight of

the _rattī_, which was the old Indian unit of weight, has been determined

by Mr. E. Thomas as 1.75 grains, and the medieval _tanga_ which was the

prototype of the rupee was of 100 _rattīs_ weight. "But ... the factitious

_rattī_ of the Muslims was merely an aliquot part—1/96 of the comparatively

recent _tola_, and 1/92 of the newly devised _rupee_." By the Regulation

VII. of 1833, putting the British India coinage on its present footing (see

under SEER) the _tolā_ weighing 180 grs., which is also the weight of the

rupee, is established by the same Regulation, as the unit of the system of

weights, 80 _tolas_ = 1 _ser_, 40 _sers_ = 1 MAUND.

1563.—"I knew a secretary of Nizamoxa (see NIZAMALUCO), a native of

Coraçon, who ate every day three TOLLAS (of opium), which is the weight

of ten cruzados and a half; but this Coraçoni (_Khorasānī_), though he

was a man of letters and a great scribe and official, was always nodding

or sleeping."—_Garcia_, f. 155_b_.

1610.—"A TOLE is a rupee _challany_ of silver, and ten of these TOLES are

the value of one of gold."—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i. 217.

1615-16.—"Two TOLE and a half being an ounce."—_Sir T. Roe_, in

_Purchas_, i. 545; [Hak. Soc. i. 183].

1676.—"Over all the Empire of the Great _Mogul_, all the Gold and Silver

is weigh'd with Weights, which they call TOLLA, which amounts to 9

deniers and eight grains of our weight."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 18; [ed.

_Ball_, i. 14].

TOMAUN, s. A Mongol word, signifying 10,000, and constantly used in the

histories of the Mongol dynasties for a division of an army theoretically

consisting of that number. But its modern application is to a Persian

money, at the present time worth about 7_s._ 6_d._ [In 1899 the exchange

was about 53 CRANS to the £1; 10 _Crans_ = 1 tumān.] Till recently it was

only a money of account, representing 10,000 _dīnārs_; the latter also

having been in Persia for centuries only a money of account, constantly

degenerating in value. The tomaun in Fryer's time (1677) is reckoned by him

as equal to £3, 6_s._ 8_d._ P. della Valle's estimate 60 years earlier

would give about £4, 10_s._ 0_d._, and is perhaps loose and too high. Sir

T. Herbert's valuation (5 × 13_s._ 8_d._) is the same as Fryer's. In the

first and third of the following quotations we have the word in the Tartar

military sense, for a division of 10,000 men:

1298.—"You see when a Tartar prince goes forth to war, he takes with him,

say, 100,000 horse ... they call the corps of 100,000 men a _Tuc_; that

of 10,000 they call a TOMAN."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. i. ch. 54.

c. 1340.—"Ces deux portions réunies formaient un total de 800 TOUMANS,

dont chacun vaut 10,000 DINARS courants, et le DINAR 6

dirhems."—_Shihābuddīn, Masālak-al Abṣār_, in _Not. et Exts._ xiii. 194.

c. 1347.—"I was informed ... that when the Kān assembled his troops, and

called the array of his forces together, there were with him 100

divisions of horse, each composed of 10,000 men, the chief of whom was

called Amīr TUMĀN, or lord of 10,000."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 299-300.

A form of the Tartar word seems to have passed into Russian:

c. 1559.—"One thousand in the language of the people is called

_Tissutze_: likewise ten thousand in a single word TMA: twenty thousand

_Duue_TMA: thirty thousand _Ti_TMA."—_Herberstein, Della Moscovia,

Ramusio_, iii. 159.

[c. 1590.—In the Sarkár of Kandahár "eighteen DINÁRS make a TUMÁN, and

each tumán is equivalent to 800 dáms. The tumán of Khurasán is equal in

value to 30 rupees and the tumán of Irák to 40."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_,

ii. 393-94.]

1619.—"L'ambasciadore Indiano ... ordinò che donasse a tutti un TOMANO,

cioè dieci zecchini per uno."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 22.

c. 1630.—"But how miserable so ere it seemes to others, the Persian King

makes many happy harvests; filling every yeere his insatiate coffers with

above 350,000 TOMANS (a TOMAN is five markes sterlin)."—_Sir T. Herbert_,

p. 225.

[c. 1665.—In Persia "the abási is worth 4 sháhis, and the TOMÁN 50

_abásis_ or 200 _sháhis_."—_Tavernier_, ed. _Ball_, i. 24.]

1677.—"... Receipt of Custom (at Gombroon) for which he pays the King

yearly Twenty-two thousand THOMANDS, every THOMAND making Three pound and

a Noble in our Accompt, Half which we have a Right to."—_Fryer_, 222.

1711.—"Camels, Houses, &c., are generally sold by the TOMAND, which is

200 Shahees or 50 Abassees; and they usually reckon their Estates that

way; such a man is worth so many TOMANDS, as we reckon by Pounds in

England."—_Lockyer_, 229.

[1858.—"Girwur Singh, TOMANDAR, came up with a detachment of the special

police."—_Sleeman, Journey through Oudh_, ii. 17.]

TOMBACK, s. An alloy of copper and zinc, _i.e._ a particular modification

of brass, formerly imported from Indo-Chinese countries. Port. _tambaca_,

from Malay _tāmbaga_ and _tămbaga_, 'copper,' which is again from Skt.

_tamṛika_ and _tāmra_.

1602.—"Their drummes are huge pannes made of a metall called TOMBAGA,

which makes a most hellish sound."—_Scott, Discourse of Iaua_, in

_Purchas_, i. 180.

1690.—"This TOMBAC is a kind of Metal, whose scarcity renders it more

valuable than Gold.... 'Tis thought to be a kind of natural Compound of

Gold, Silver, and Brass, and in some places the mixture is very Rich, as

at _Borneo_, and the _Moneilloes_, in others more allayed, as at

Siam."—_Ovington_, 510.

1759.—"The _Productions_ of this _Country_ (Siam) are prodigious

quantities of Grain, Cotton, Benjamin ... and TAMBANCK."—In _Dalrymple_,

i. 119.

TOM-TOM, s. _Ṭamṭam_, a native drum. The word comes from India, and is

chiefly used there. Forbes (_Rās-Mālā_, ii. 401) [ed. 1878, p. 665] says

the thing is so called because used by criers who beat it _tām-tām_, 'place

by place,' _i.e._ first at one place, then at another. But it is rather an

_onomatopoeia_, not belonging to any language in particular. In Ceylon it

takes the form _tamaṭṭama_, in Tel. _tappeta_, in Tam. _tambattam_; in

Malay it is _toṅtoṅ_, all with the same meaning. [When badminton was

introduced at Satāra natives called it _Ṭamṭam phūl khel_, _ṭam-ṭam_

meaning 'battledore,' and the shuttlecock looked like a flower (_phūl_).

Tommy Atkins promptly turned this into "_Tom Fool_" (_Calcutta Rev._ xcvi.

346).] In French the word _tamtam_ is used, not for a drum of any kind, but

for a Chinese GONG (q.v.). M. Littré, however, in the Supplement to his

Dict., remarks that this use is erroneous.

1693.—"It is ordered that to-morrow morning the CHOULTRY Justices do

cause the TOM TOM to be beat through all the Streets of the Black

Town...."—In _Wheeler_, i. 268.

1711.—"Their small Pipes, and TOM TOMS, instead of Harmony made the

Discord the greater."—_Lockyer_, 235.

1755.—In the Calcutta Mayor's expenses we find:

"TOM TOM, R. 1 1 0."—In _Long_, 56.

1764.—"You will give strict orders to the Zemindars to furnish Oil and

Musshauls, and TOM TOMS and Pikemen, &c., according to custom."—_Ibid._

391.

1770.—"... An instrument of brass which the Europeans lately borrowed

from the Turks to add to their military music, and which is called a TAM"

(!).—_Abbé Raynal_, tr. 1777, i. 30.

1789.—"An harsh kind of music from a TOM-TOM or drum, accompanied by a

loud rustic pipe, sounds from different parties throughout the

throng...."—_Munro, Narrative_, 73.

1804.—"I request that they may be hanged; and let the cause of their

punishment be published in the bazar by beat of TOM-TOM."—_Wellington_,

iii. 186.

1824.—"The Mahrattas in my vicinity kept up such a confounded noise with

the TAMTAMS, cymbals, and pipes, that to sleep was impossible."—_Seely,

Wonders of Ellora_, ch. iv.

1836.—For the use of the word by Dickens, see under GUM-GUM.

1862.—"The first musical instruments were without doubt percussive

sticks, calabashes, TOMTOMS."—_Herbert Spencer, First Principles_, 356.

1881.—"The TOM-TOM is ubiquitous. It knows no rest. It is content with

depriving man of his. It selects by preference the hours of the night as

the time for its malign influence to assert its most potent sway. It

reverberates its dull unmeaning monotones through the fitful dreams which

sheer exhaustion brings. It inspires delusive hopes by a brief lull only

to break forth with refreshed vigour into wilder ecstacies of maniacal

fury—accompanied with nasal incantations and protracted

howls...."—_Overland Times of India_, April 14.

TONGA, s. A kind of light and small two-wheeled vehicle, Hind, _tāngā_,

[Skt. _tamanga_, 'a platform']. The word has become familiar of late years,

owing to the use of the _tonga_ in a modified form on the roads leading up

to Simla, Darjeeling, and other hill-stations. [Tavernier speaks of a

carriage of this kind, but does not use the word:

[c. 1665.—"They have also, for travelling, small, very light, carriages

which contain two persons; but usually one travels alone ... to which

they harness a pair of oxen only. These carriages, which are provided,

like ours, with curtains and cushions, are not slung...."—_Tavernier_,

ed. _Ball_, i. 44.]

1874.—"The villages in this part of the country are usually superior to

those in Poona or Sholápur, and the people appear to be in good

circumstances.... The custom too, which is common, of driving light

TONGAS drawn by ponies or oxen points to the same

conclusion."—_Settlement Report of Násik._

1879.—"A TONGHA dâk has at last been started between Rajpore and Dehra.

The first tongha took only 5½ hours from Rajpore to

Saharunpore."—_Pioneer Mail._

1880.—"In the (_Times_) of the 19th of April we are told that 'Syud

Mahomed Padshah has repulsed the attack on his fort instigated by certain

_moolahs_ of TONGA _dâk_.'... Is the relentless TONGA a region of country

or a religious organization?... The original telegram appears to have

contemplated a full stop after 'certain _moollahs_.' Then came an

independent sentence about the TONGA _dâk_ working admirably between

Peshawur and Jellalabad, but the sub-editor of the _Times_, interpreting

the message referred to, made sense of it in the way we have seen,

associating the ominous mystery with the _moollahs_, and helping out the

other sentence with some explanatory ideas of his own."—_Pioneer Mail_,

June 10.

1881.—"Bearing in mind Mr. Framji's extraordinary services, notably those

rendered during the mutiny, and ... that he is crippled for life ... by

wounds received while gallantly defending the mail TONGA cart in which he

was travelling, when attacked by dacoits...."—Letter from _Bombay Govt.

to Govt. of India_, June 17, 1881.

TONICATCHY, TUNNYKETCH, s. In Madras this is the name of the domestic

water-carrier, who is generally a woman, and acts as a kind of under

housemaid. It is a corr. of Tamil _tannir-kāssi_, _tannikkāriççi_, an

abbreviation of _tannīr-kāsatti_, 'water-woman.'

c. 1780.—"'Voudriez-vous me permettre de faire ce trajet avec mes gens et

mes bagages, qui ne consistent qu'en deux malles, quatre caisses de vin,

deux ballots de toiles, et deux femmes, dont l'une est ma cuisinière, et

l'autre, ma TANNIE KARETJE ou porteuse d'eau.'"—_Haafner_, i. 242.

1792.—"The Armenian ... now mounts a bit of blood ... and ... dashes the

mud about through the streets of the _Black Town_, to the admiration and

astonishment of the TAWNY-KERTCHES."—_Madras Courier_, April 26.

TONJON, and vulg. TOMJOHN, s. A sort of sedan or portable chair. It is (at

least in the Bengal Presidency) carried like a palankin by a single pole

and four bearers, whereas a JOMPON (q.v.), for use in a hilly country, has

two poles like a European sedan, each pair of bearers bearing it by a stick

between the poles, to which the latter are slung. We cannot tell what the

origin of this word is, nor explain the etymology given by Williamson

below, unless it is intended for _thām-jāngh_, which _might_ mean

'support-thigh.' Mr. Platts gives as forms in Hind. _tāmjhām_ and

_thāmjān_. The word is perhaps adopted from some trans-gangetic language. A

rude contrivance of this kind in Malabar is described by Col. Welsh under

the name of a 'Tellicherry chair' (ii. 40).

c. 1804.—"I had a TONJON, or open palanquin, in which I rode."—_Mrs.

Sherwood, Autobiog._ 283.

1810.—"About Dacca, Chittagong, Tipperah, and other mountainous parts, a

very light kind of conveyance is in use, called a TAUM-JAUNG, _i.e._ 'a

support to the feet.'"—_Williamson, V.M._ i. 322-23.

" "Some of the party at the tents sent a TONJON, or open chair,

carried like a palankeen, to meet me."—_Maria Graham_, 166.

[1827.—"In accordance with Lady D'Oyly's earnest wish I go out every

morning in her TONJIN."—_Diary of Mrs. Fenton_, 100.]

1829.—"I had been conveyed to the hill in Hanson's TONJON, which differs

only from a palanquin in being like the body of a gig with a head to

it."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_, 88.

[1832.—"... I never seat myself in the palankeen or THONJAUN without a

feeling bordering on self-reproach...."—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali,

Observations_, i. 320.]

1839.—"He reined up his ragged horse, facing me, and dancing about till I

had passed; then he dashed past me at full gallop, wheeled round, and

charged my TONJON, bending down to his saddlebow, pretending to throw a

lance, showing his teeth, and uttering a loud quack!"—_Letters from

Madras_, 290.

[1849.—"We proceeded to Nawabgunge, the minister riding out with me, for

some miles, to take leave, as I sat in my TONJOHN."—_Sleeman, Journey

through Oudh_, i. 2.]

TOOLSY, s. The holy Basil of the Hindus (_Ocimum sanctum_, L.), Skt.

_tulsī_ or _tulasī_, frequently planted in a vase upon a pedestal of

masonry in the vicinity of Hindu temples or dwellings. Sometimes the ashes

of deceased relatives are preserved in these domestic shrines. The practice

is alluded to by Fr. Odoric as in use at Tana, near Bombay (see _Cathay_,

i. 59, c. 1322); and it is accurately described by the later ecclesiastic

quoted below. See also _Ward's Hindoos_, ii. 203. The plant has also a kind

of sanctity in the Greek Church, and a character for sanitary value at

least on the shores of the Mediterranean generally.

[c. 1650.—"They who bear the TULASĪ round the neck ... they are

Vaishnavas, and sanctify the world."—_Bhaktā Mālā_, in _H. H. Wilson's

Works_, i. 41.]

1672.—"Almost all the Hindus ... adore a plant like our _Basilico

gentile_, but of more pungent odour.... Every one before his house has a

little altar, girt with a wall half an ell high, in the middle of which

they erect certain pedestals like little towers, and in these the shrub

is grown. They recite their prayers daily before it, with repeated

prostrations, sprinklings of water, &c. There are also many of these

maintained at the bathing-places, and in the courts of the pagodas."—_P.

Vincenzo Maria_, 300.

1673.—"They plaster Cow-dung before their Doors; and so keep themselves

clean, having a little place or two built up a Foot Square of Mud, where

they plant _Calaminth_, or (by them called) TULCE, which they worship

every Morning, and tend with Diligence."—_Fryer_, 199.

1842.—"Veneram a planta chamada TULOSSE, por dizerem é do pateo dos

Deoses, e por isso é commun no pateo de suas casas, e todas as manhãs lhe

vão tributar veneração."—_Annaes Maritimos_, iii. 453.

1872.—"At the head of the ghát, on either side, is a sacred TULASI plant

... placed on a high pedestal of masonry."—_Govinda Samanta_, i. 18.

The following illustrates the esteem attached to Toolsy in S. Europe:

1885.—"I have frequently realised how much prized the basil is in Greece

for its mystic properties. The herb, which they say grew on Christ's

grave, is almost worshipped in the Eastern Church. On St. Basil's day

women take sprigs of this plant to be blessed in church. On returning

home they cast some on the floor of the house, to secure luck for the

ensuing year. They eat a little with their household, and no sickness,

they maintain, will attack them for a year. Another bit they put in their

cupboard, and firmly believe that their embroideries and silken raiment

will be free from the visitation of rats, mice, and moths, for the same

period."—_J. T. Bent, The Cyclades_, p. 328.

TOOMONGONG, s. A Malay title, especially known as borne by one of the

chiefs of Johōr, from whom the Island of Singapore was purchased. The

Sultans of Johōr are the representatives of the old Mahommedan dynasty of

Malacca, which took refuge in Johōr, and the adjoining islands (including

Bintang especially), when expelled by Albuquerque in 1511, whilst the

_Tumanggung_ was a minister who had in Peshwa fashion appropriated the

power of the Sultan, with hereditary tenure: and this chief now lives, we

believe, at Singapore. Crawfurd says: "The word is most probably Javanese;

and in Java is the title of a class of nobles, not of an office" (_Malay

Dict._ s.v.)

[1774.—"Paid a visit to the Sultan ... and Pangaram

TOOMONGONG...."—_Diary of J. Herbert_, in _Forrest, Bombay Letters, Home

Series_, ii. 438.

[1830.—"This (Bopáti), however, is rather a title of office than of mere

rank, as these governors are sometimes TUMÚNG'GUNGS, _An'gebáis_, and of

still inferior rank."—_Raffles, Java_, 2nd ed. i. 299.]

1884.—"Singapore had originally been purchased from two Malay chiefs; the

Sultan and TUMANGONG of Johore. The former, when Sir Stamford Raffles

entered into the arrangement with them, was the titular sovereign, whilst

the latter, who held an hereditary office, was the real

ruler."—_Cavenagh, Reminis. of an Indian Official_, 273.

TOON, TOON-WOOD, s. The tree and timber of the _Cedrela Toona_, Roxb. N.O.

_Meliaceae_. Hind. _tun_, _tūn_, Skt. _tunna_. The timber is like a poor

mahogany, and it is commonly used for furniture and fine joiner's work in

many parts of India. It is identified by Bentham with the Red Cedar of N.S.

Wales and Queensland (_Cedrela australis_, F. Mueller). See _Brandis,

Forest Flora_, 73. A sp. of the same genus (_C. sinensis_) is called in

Chinese _ch'un_, which looks like the same word.

[1798.—The tree first described by Sir W. Jones, _As. Res._ iv. 288.]

1810.—"The TOON, or country mahogany, which comes from Bengal...."—_Maria

Graham_, 101.

1837.—"Rosellini informs us that there is an Egyptian harp at Florence,

of which the wood is what is commonly called E. Indian mahogany

(_Athenaeum_, July 22, 1837). This may be the _Cedrela_ TOONA."—_Royle's

Hindu Medicine_, 30.

TOORKEY, s. A _Turkī_ horse, _i.e._ from Turkestan. Marco Polo uses what is

practically the same word for a horse from the Turcoman horse-breeders of

Asia Minor.

1298.—"... the Turcomans ... dwell among mountains and downs where they

find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping. Excellent

horses, known as TURQUANS, are reared in their country...."—_Marco Polo_,

Bk. i. ch. 2.

[c. 1590.—"The fourth class (TURKÍ) are horses imported from Turán;

though strong and well formed, they do not come up to the preceding

(Arabs, Persian, Mujannas)."—_Āīn_, i. 234.

[1663.—"If they are found to be TURKI horses, that is from Turkistan or

Tartary, and of a proper size and adequate strength, they are branded on

the thigh with the King's mark...."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 243.]

1678.—"Four horses bought for the Company—

_Pagodas._

One young Arab at 160

One old TURKEY at 40

One old Atchein at 20

One of this country at 20

-----

240."

_Ft. St. Geo. Consns._, March 6, in

_Notes and Exts._, Madras, 1871.

1782.—"Wanted one or two Tanyans (see TANGUN) rising six years old,

Wanted also a Bay TOORKEY, or Bay _Tazzi_ (see TAZEE) Horse for a

Buggy...."—_India Gazette_, Feb. 9.

" "To be disposed of at Ghyretty ... a Buggy, almost new ... a pair

of uncommonly beautiful spotted TOORKAYS."—_Ibid._ March 2.

TOOTNAGUE, s. Port. _tutenaga_. This word appears to have two different

applications. A. A Chinese alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel, sometimes

called 'white copper' (_i.e._ _peh-tung_ of the Chinese). The finest

qualities are alleged to contain arsenic.[271] The best comes from Yunnan,

and Mr. Joubert of the Garnier Expedition, came to the conclusion that it

was produced by a direct mixture of the ores in the furnace (_Voyage

d'Exploration_, ii. 160). B. It is used in Indian trade in the same loose

way that _spelter_ is used, for either _zinc_ or _pewter_ (_peh-yuen_, or

'white lead' of the Chinese). The base of the word is no doubt the Pers.

_tūtiya_, Skt. _tuttha_, an oxide of zinc, generally in India applied to

blue vitriol or sulphate of copper, but the formation of the word is

obscure. Possibly the last syllable is merely an adjective affix, in which

way _nāk_ is used in Persian. Or it may be _nāga_ in the sense of lead,

which is one of the senses given by Shakespear. In one of the quotations

given below, _tutenague_ is confounded with _calin_ (see CALAY). Moodeen

Sheriff gives as synonyms for _zinc_, Tam. _tuttanāgam_ [_tuttunāgam_],

Tel. _tuttunāgam_ [_tuttināgamu_], Mahr. and Guz. _tutti-nāga_. Sir G.

Staunton is curiously wrong in supposing (as his mode of writing seems to

imply) that _tutenague_ is a Chinese word. [The word has been finally

corrupted in England into '_tooth and egg_' metal, as in a quotation

below.]

1605.—"4500 Pikals (see PECUL) of _Tintenaga_ (for TIUTENAGA) or

Spelter."—In _Valentijn_, v. 329.

1644.—"That which they export (from Cochin to Orissa) is pepper, although

it is prohibited, and all the drugs of the south, with Callaym (see

CALAY), TUTUNAGA, wares of China and Portugal; jewelled ornaments; but

much less nowadays, for the reasons already stated...."—_Bocarro, MS._ f.

316.

1675.—"... from thence with _Dollars_ to _China_ for _Sugar_, _Tea_,

_Porcelane_, _Laccared Ware_, _Quicksilver_, TUTHINAG, and

Copper...."—_Fryer_, 86.

[1676-7.—"... supposing yo^r Hon^r may intend to send y^e Sugar,

Sugar-candy, and TUTONAG for Persia...."—_Forrest, Bombay Letters, Home

Series_, i. 125.]

1679.—Letter from Dacca reporting ... "that Dacca is not a good market

for Gold, Copper, Lead, Tin or TUTENAGUE."—_Ft. St. Geo. Consns._, Oct.

31, in _Notes and Exts._ Madras, 1871.

[ " "In the list of commodities brought from the East Indies, 1678,

I find among the drugs, tincal (see TINCALL) and TOOTHANAGE set doune.

Enquire also what these are...."—Letter of _Sir T. Browne_, May 29, in

_N. & Q._ 2 ser. vii. 520.]

1727.—"Most of the Spunge in China had pernicious Qualities because the

Subterraneous Grounds were stored with Minerals, as Copper, Quicksilver,

Allom, TOOTHENAGUE, &c."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 223; [ed. 1744, ii. 222, for

"Spunge" reading "Springs"].

1750.—"A sort of Cash made of TOOTHENAGUE is the only Currency of the

Country."—_Some Ac. of Cochin China_, by _Mr. Robert Kirsop_, in

_Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 245.

[1757.—Speaking of the freemen enrolled at Nottingham in 1757, Bailey

(_Annals of Nottinghamshire_, iii. 1235) mentions as one of them William

Tutin, buckle-maker, and then goes on to say: "It was a son of this

latter person who was the inventor of that beautiful composite white

metal, the introduction of which created such a change in numerous

articles of ordinary table service in England. This metal, in honour of

the inventor, was called TUTINIC, but which word, by one of the most

absurd perversions of language ever known, became transferred into 'TOOTH

AND EGG,' the name by which it was almost uniformly recognised in the

shops."—Quoted in 2 ser. _N. & Q._ x. 144.]

1780.—"At Quedah, there is a trade for calin (see CALAY) or TUTENAGUE ...

to export to different parts of the Indies."—_Dunn, New Directory_, 5th

ed. 338.

1797.—"TU-TE-NAG is, properly speaking, zinc, extracted from a rich ore

or calamine; the ore is powdered and mixed with charcoal dust, and placed

in earthen jars over a slow fire, by means of which the metal rises in

form of vapour, in a common distilling apparatus, and afterwards is

condensed in water."—_Staunton's Acct. of Lord Macartney's Embassy_, 4to

ed. ii. 540.

TOPAZ, TOPASS, &c., s. A name used in the 17th and 18th centuries for

dark-skinned or half-caste claimants of Portuguese descent, and Christian

profession. Its application is generally, though not universally, to

soldiers of this class, and it is possible that it was originally a

corruption of Pers. (from Turkish) _top-chī_, 'a gunner.' It may be a

slight support to this derivation that Italians were employed to cast guns

for the Zamorin at Calicut from a very early date in the 16th century, and

are frequently mentioned in the annals of Correa between 1503 and 1510.

Various other etymologies have however been given. That given by Orme below

(and put forward doubtfully by Wilson) from _topī_, 'a hat,' has a good

deal of plausibility, and even if the former etymology be the true

_origin_, it is probable that this one was often in the minds of those

using the term, as its true connotation. It may have some corroboration not

only in the fact that Europeans are to this day often spoken of by natives

(with a shade of disparagement) as TOPEEWALAS (q.v.) or 'Hat-men,' but also

in the pride commonly taken by all persons claiming European blood in

wearing a hat; indeed Fra Paolino tells us that this class call themselves

_gente de chapeo_ (see also the quotation below from Ovington). Possibly

however this was merely a misrendering of _topaz_ from the assumed

etymology. The same Fra Paolino, with his usual fertility in error,

propounds in another passage that _topaz_ is a corruption of _do-bhāshiya_,

'two-tongued' (in fact is another form of DUBASH, q.v.), viz. using

Portuguese and a debased vernacular (pp. 50 and 144). [The _Madras Gloss._

assumes Mal. _tópáshi_ to be a corruption of DUBASH.] The _Topaz_ on board

ship is the sweeper, who is at sea frequently of this class.

1602.—"The 12th ditto we saw to seaward another _Champaigne_ (SAMPAN)

wherein were 20 men, Mestiços (see MUSTEES) and TOUPAS."—_Van

Spilbergen's Voyage_, p. 34, pub. 1648.

[1672.—"TOEPASSES." See under MADRAS.]

1673.—"To the Fort then belonged 300 _English_, and 400 TOPAZES, or

Portugal Firemen."—_Fryer_, 66. In his glossarial Index he gives

"TOPAZES, Musketeers."

1680.—"It is resolved and ordered to entertain about 100 TOPASSES, or

Black Portuguese, into pay."—In _Wheeler_, i. 121.

1686.—"It is resolved, as soon as English soldiers can be provided

sufficient for the garrison, that all TOPASSES be disbanded, and no more

entertained, since there is little dependence on them."—In _ditto_, 159.

1690.—"A Report spread abroad, that a Rich Moor Ship belonging to one

_Abdal Ghaford_, was taken by _Hat-men_, that is, in their (the Moors)

Dialect, Europeans."—_Ovington_, 411.

1705.—"... TOPASES, qui sont des gens du pais qu'on élève et qu'on

habille à la Françoise, lesquels ont esté instruits dans la Religion

Catholique par quelques uns de nos Missionnaires."—_Luillier_, 45-46.

1711.—"The Garrison consists of about 250 Soldiers, at 91 Fanhams, or

1_l._ 2_s._ 9_d._ per Month, and 200 TOPASSES, or black Mungrel

Portuguese, at 50, or 52 Fanhams per Month."—_Lockyer_, 14.

1727.—"Some Portuguese are called TOPASSES ... will be served by none but

Portuguese Priests, because they indulge them more and their

Villany."—_A. Hamilton_, [ed. 1744, i. 326].

1745.—"Les Portugais et les autres Catholiques qu'on nomme Mestices (see

MUSTEES) et TOPASES, également comme les naturels du Pays y viennent sans

distinction pour assister aux Divins mystères."—_Norbert_, ii. 31.

1747.—"The officers upon coming in report their People in general behaved

very well, and could not do more than they did with such a handful of men

against the Force the Enemy had, being as they believe at least to be one

thousand Europeans, besides TOPASSES, Coffrees (see CAFFER), and Seapoys

(see SEPOY), altogether about Two Thousand (2000)."—_MS. Consns. at Ft.

St. David_, March 1. (In India Office).

1749.—"600 effective _Europeans_ would not have cost more than that Crowd

of useless TOPASSES and _Peons_ of which the Major Part of our Military

has of late been composed."—In _A Letter to a Proprietor of the E.I. Co._

p. 57.

" "The TOPASSES of which the major Part of the Garrison consisted,

every one that knows _Madrass_ knows it to be a black, degenerate,

wretched Race of the antient _Portuguese_, as proud and bigotted as their

Ancestors, lazy, idle, and vitious withal, and for the most Part as weak

and feeble in Body as base in Mind, not one in ten possessed of any of

the necessary Requisites of a Soldier."—_Ibid._ App. p. 103.

1756.—"... in this plight, from half an hour after eleven till near two

in the morning, I sustained the weight of a heavy man, with his knees on

my back, and the pressure of his whole body on my head; a Dutch sergeant,

who had taken his seat upon my left shoulder, and a TOPAZ bearing on my

right."—_Holwell's Narr. of the Black Hole_, [ed. 1758, p. 19].

1758.—"There is a distinction said to be made by you ... which, in our

opinion, does no way square with rules of justice and equity, and that is

the exclusion of Portuguese TOPASSES, and other Christian natives, from

any share of the money granted by the Nawab."—_Court's Letter_, in

_Long_, 133.

c. 1785.—"TOPASSES, black foot soldiers, descended from Portuguese

marrying natives, called TOPASSES because they wear hats."—_Carraccioli's

Clive_, iv. 564. The same explanation in _Orme_, i. 80.

1787.—"... Assuredly the mixture of Moormen, Rajahpoots, Gentoos, and

Malabars in the same corps is extremely beneficial.... I have also

recommended the corps of TOPASSES or descendants of Europeans, who retain

the characteristic qualities of their progenitors."—_Col. Fullarton's

View of English Interests in India_, 222.

1789.—"TOPASSES are the sons of Europeans and black women, or low

Portuguese, who are trained to arms."—_Munro, Narr._ 321.

1817.—"TOPASSES, or persons whom we may denominate Indo-Portuguese,

either the mixed produce of Portuguese and Indian parents, or converts to

the Portuguese, from the Indian, faith."—_J. Mill, Hist._ iii. 19.

TOPE, s. This word is used in three quite distinct senses, from distinct

origins.

A. Hind. _top_, 'a cannon.' This is Turkish _tōp_, adopted into Persian and

Hindustani. We cannot trace it further. [Mr. Platts regards T. _tob_,

_top_, as meaning originally 'a round mass,' from Skt. _stūpa_, for which

see below.]

B. A grove or orchard, and in Upper India especially a mango-orchard. The

word is in universal use by the English, but is quite unknown to the

natives of Upper India. It is in fact Tam. _tōppu_, Tel. _tōpu_, [which the

_Madras Gloss._ derives from Tam. _togu_, 'to collect,'] and must have been

carried to Bengal by foreigners at an early period of European traffic. But

Wilson is curiously mistaken in supposing it to be in common use in

Hindustan by natives. The word used by them is _bāgh_.

C. An ancient Buddhist monument in the form of a solid dome. The word _tōp_

is in local use in the N.W. Punjab, where ancient monuments of this kind

occur, and appears to come from Skt. _stūpa_ through the Pali or Prakrit

_thūpo_. According to Sir H. Elliot (i. 505), _Stupa_ in Icelandic

signifies 'a Tower.' We cannot find it in Cleasby. The word was first

introduced to European knowledge by Mr. Elphinstone in his account of the

Tope of Manikyala in the Rawul Pindi district.

A.—

[1687.—"TOPE." See under TOPE-KHANA.

[1884.—"The big gun near the Central Museum of Lahor called the Zam-Zamah

or Bhanjianvati TOP, seems to have held much the same place with the

Sikhs as the Malik-i-Maidán held in Bijapur."—_Bombay Gazetteer_, xxiii.

642.]

B.—

1673.—"... flourish pleasant TOPS of Plantains, Cocoes,

Guiavas."—_Fryer_, 40.

" "The Country is Sandy; yet plentiful in Provisions; in all

places, TOPS of Trees."—_Ibid._ 41.

1747.—"The TOPES and Walks of Trees in and about the Bounds will furnish

them with firewood to burn, and Clay for Bricks is almost

everywhere."—_Report of a Council of War at Ft. St. David_, in _Consns._

of May 5, MS. in India Office.

1754.—"A multitude of People set to the work finished in a few days an

entrenchment, with a stout mud wall, at a place called Facquire's TOPE,

or the grove of the Facquire."—_Orme_, i. 273.

1799.—"Upon looking at the TOPE as I came in just now, it appeared to me,

that when you get possession of the bank of the NULLAH, you have the TOPE

as a matter of course."—_Wellington, Desp._ i. 23.

1809.—"... behind that a rich country, covered with rice fields and

TOPES."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 557.

1814.—"It is a general practice when a plantation of mango trees is made,

to dig a well on one side of it. The well and the TOPE are married, a

ceremony at which all the village attends, and large sums are often

expended."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iii. 56.

C.—

[1839.—"TOPE is an expression used for a mound or barrow as far west as

Peshawer...."—_Elphinstone, Caubul_, 2nd ed. i. 108.]

TOPE-KHANA, s. The Artillery, Artillery Park, or Ordnance Department,

Turco-Pers. _tōp-khāna_, 'cannon-house' or 'cannon-department.' The word is

the same that appears so often in reports from Constantinople as the

_Tophaneh_. Unless the traditions of Donna Tofana are historical, we are

strongly disposed to suspect that _Aqua Tofana_ may have had its name from

this word.

1687.—"_The Toptchi._ These are Gunners, called so from the word _Tope_,

which in Turkish signifies a Cannon, and are in number about 1200,

distributed in 52 Chambers; their Quarters are at TOPHANA, or the place

of Guns in the Suburbs of Constantinople."—_Rycaut's Present State of the

Ottoman Empire_, p. 94.

1726.—"Isfandar Chan, chief of the Artillery (called the Daroger (see

DAROGA) of the TOPSCANNA)."—_Valentijn_, iv. (_Suratte_), 276.

1765.—"He and his troops knew that by the treachery of the TOPE KHONNAH

DROGER (see DAROGA), the cannon were loaded with powder only."—_Holwell,

Hist. Events_, &c. i. 96.

TOPEE, s. A hat, Hind. _ṭopī_. This is sometimes referred to Port. _topo_,

'the top' (also _tope_, 'a top-knot,' and _topete_, a 'toupee'), which is

probably identical with English and Dutch _top_, L. German _topp_, Fr.

_topet_, &c. But there is also a simpler Hind. word _ṭop_, for a helmet or

hat, and the quotation from the Roteiro Vocabulary seems to show that the

word existed in India when the Portuguese first arrived. With the usual

tendency to specialize foreign words, we find this word becomes specialized

in application to the SOLA hat.

1498.—In the vocabulary ("_Este he a linguajem de Calicut_") we have:

"barrete (_i.e._ a cap): TUPY."—_Roteiro_, 118.

The following expression again, in the same work, seems to be Portuguese,

and to refer to some mode in which the women's hair was dressed: "Trazem

em a moleera huuns TOPETES por signall que sam Christãos."—_Ibid._ 52.

1849.—"Our good friend Sol came down in right earnest on the waste, and

there is need of many a fold of twisted muslin round the white TOPI, to

keep off his importunacy."—_Dry Leaves from Young Egypt_, 2.

1883.—"TOPEE, a solar helmet."—_Wills, Modern Persia_, 263.

TOPEEWALA, s. Hind. _ṭopīwālā_, 'one who wears a hat,' generally a

European, or one claiming to be so. Formerly by Englishmen it was

habitually applied to the dark descendants of the Portuguese. R. Drummond

says that in his time (before 1808) _Topeewala_ and PUGGRY_wala_ were used

in Guzerat and the Mahratta country for 'Europeans' and 'natives.' [The S.

Indian form is _Toppikār_.] The author of the Persian _Life of Hydur Naik_

(Or. Tr. Fund, by Miles) calls Europeans _Kalāh-posh_, _i.e._ 'hat-wearers'

(p. 85).

1803.—"The descendants of the Portuguese ... unfortunately the ideas of

Christianity are so imperfect that the only mode they hit upon of

displaying their faith is by wearing hats and breeches."—_Sydney Smith,

Works_, 3d. ed. iii. 5.

[1826.—"It was now evident we should have to encounter the TOPEE

WALLAS."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 71.]

1874.—"... you will see that he will not be able to protect us. All

TOPIWÁLÁS ... are brothers to each other. The magistrates and the judge

will always decide in favour of their white brethren."—_Govinda Samanta_,

ii. 211.

TORCULL, s. This word occurs only in Castanheda. It is the Malayālam

_tiru-koyil_, [Tam. _tiru_, Skt. _śri_, 'holy' _koyil_, 'temple']. See i.

253, 254; also the English Trans. of 1582, f. 151. In fact, in the 1st ed.

of the 1st book of Castanheda _turcoll_ occurs where _pagode_ is found in

subsequent editions. [_Tricalore_ in S. Arcot is in Tam. _Tirukkoyilūr_,

with the same meaning.]

TOSHACONNA, s. P.—H. _tosha-khāna_. The repository of articles received as

presents, or intended to be given as presents, attached to a

government-office, or great man's establishment. The _tosha-khāna_ is a

special department attached to the Foreign Secretariat of the Government of

India.

[1616.—"Now indeed the ATASHCKANNOE was become a right stage."—_Sir T.

Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 300.]

[1742.—"... the Treasury, Jewels, TOISHIK-KHANNA ... that belonged to the

Emperor...."—_Fraser, H. of Nadir Shah_, 173.]

1799.—"After the capture of Seringapatam, and before the country was

given over to the Raja, some brass SWAMIES (q.v.), which were in the

TOSHEKANAH were given to the brahmins of different pagodas, by order of

Macleod and the General. The prize-agents require payment for

them."—_Wellington_, i. 56.

[1885.—"When money is presented to the Viceroy, he always 'remits' it,

but when presents of jewels, arms, stuffs, horses, or other things of

value are given him, they are accepted, and are immediately handed over

to the TOSH KHANA or Government Treasury...."—_Lady Dufferin, Viceregal

Life_, 75.]

TOSTDAUN, s. Military Hind. _tosdān_ for a cartouche-box. The word appears

to be properly Pers. _toshadān_, 'provision-holder,' a wallet.

[1841.—"This last was, however, merely 'TOS-DAN _kee awaz_'—a

cartouch-box report—as our sepoys oddly phrase a vague rumour."—_Society

in India_, ii. 223.]

TOTY, s. Tam. _toṭṭi_, Canar. _totīga_, from Tam. _tondu_, 'to dig,'

properly a low-caste labourer in S. India, and a low-caste man who in

villages receives certain allowances for acting as messenger, &c., for the

community, like the GORAYT of N. India.

1730.—"Il y a dans chaque village un homme de service, appellé TOTTI, qui

est chargé des impositions publiques."—_Lettr. Edif._ xiii. 371.

[1883.—"The name TOTY being considered objectionable, the same officers

in the new arrangements are called _Talaiaris_ (see TALIAR) when assigned

to Police, and _Vettians_ when employed in Revenue duties."—_Le Fanu,

Man. of Salem_, ii. 211.]

TOUCAN, s. This name is very generally misapplied by Europeans to the

various species of Hornbill, formerly all styled _Buceros_, but now

subdivided into various genera. Jerdon says: "They (the hornbills) are,

indeed, popularly called Toucans throughout India; and this appears to be

their name in some of the Malayan isles; the word signifying 'a worker,'

from the noise they make." This would imply that the term did originally

belong to a species of hornbill, and not to the S. American _Rhamphastes_

or _Zygodactyle_. _Tukang_ is really in Malay a 'craftsman or artificer';

but the dictionaries show no application to the bird. We have here, in

fact, a remarkable instance of the coincidences which often justly perplex

etymologists, or would perplex them if it were not so much their habit to

seize on one solution and despise the others. Not only is _tukang_ in Malay

'an artificer,' but, as Willoughby tells us, the Spaniards called the real

S. American toucan '_carpintero_' from the noise he makes. And yet there

seems no doubt that _Toucan_ is a Brazilian name for a Brazilian bird. See

the quotations, and especially Thevet's, with its date.

The Toucan is described by Oviedo (c. 1535), but he mentions only the name

by which "the Christians" called it,—in Ramusio's Italian _Picuto_

(?_Beccuto_; _Sommario_, in _Ramusio_, iii. f. 60). [Prof. Skeat (_Concise

Dict._ s.v.) gives only the Brazilian derivation. The question is still

further discussed, without any very definite result, save that it is

probably an imitation of the cry of the bird, in _N. & Q._ 9 ser. vii. 486;

viii. 22, 67, 85, 171, 250.]

1556.—"Sur la coste de la marine, la plus frequẽte marchandise est le

plumage d'vn oyseau, qu'ils appellent en leur langue TOUCAN, lequel

descrivons sommairement puis qu'il vient à propos. Cest oyseau est de la

grandeur d'vn pigeon.... Au reste cest oyseau est merveilleusement

difforme et monstrueux, ayant le bec plus gros et plus long quasi que le

reste du corps."—_Les Singularitez de la France Antarticque, autrement

nommée Amerique.... Par T. André Theuet, Natif d'Angoulesme_, Paris,

1558, f. 91.

1648.—"TUCANA sive TOUCAN Brasiliensibus: avis picae aut palumbi

magnitudine.... Rostrum habet ingens et nonnumquam palmum longum,

exterius flavam.... Mirum est autem videri possit quomodo tantilla avis

tam grande rostrum ferat; sed levissimum est."—_GeorgI MarcgravI de

Liebstad, Hist. Rerum Natur. Brasiliae._ Lib. V. cap. xv., in _Hist.

Natur. Brasil._ Lugd. Bat. 1648, p. 217.

See also (1599) _Aldrovandus, Ornitholog._ lib. xii. cap. 19, where the

word is given TOUCHAM.

Here is an example of misapplication to the Hornbill, though the latter

name is also given:

1885.—"Soopah (in N. Canara) is the only region in which I have met with

the TOUCAN or great hornbill.... I saw the comical looking head with its

huge aquiline beak, regarding me through a fork in the branch; and I

account it one of the best shots I ever made, when I sent a ball ...

through the head just at its junction with the handsome orange-coloured

helmet which surmounts it. Down came the TOUCAN with outspread wings,

dead apparently; but when my peon Manoel raised him by the thick muscular

neck, he fastened his great claws on his hand, and made the wood resound

with a succession of roars more like a bull than a bird."—_Gordon Forbes,

Wild Life in Canara_, &c. pp. 37-38.

TOWLEEA, s. Hind. _tauliyā_, 'a towel.' This is a corruption, however, not

of the English form, but rather of the Port. _toalha_ (_Panjab N. & Q._,

1885, ii. 117).

TRAGA, s. [Molesworth gives "S. _trāgā_, Guz. _trāgu_"; _trāga_ does not

appear in Monier-Williams's Skt. Dict., and Wilson queries the word as

doubtful. Dr. Grierson writes: "I cannot trace its origin back to Skt. One

is tempted to connect it with the Skt. root _trai_, or _trā_, 'to protect,'

but the termination _gā_ presents difficulties which I cannot get over. One

would expect it to be derived from some Skt. word like _trāka_, but no such

word exists."] The extreme form of DHURNA (q.v.) among the Rājputs and

connected tribes, in which the complainant puts himself, or some member of

his family, to torture or death, as a mode for bringing vengeance on the

oppressor. The tone adopted by some persons and papers at the time of the

death of the great Charles Gordon, tended to imply their view that his

death was a kind of _traga_ intended to bring vengeance on those who had

sacrificed him. [For a case in Greece, see _Pausanias_, X. i. 6. Another

name for this self-sacrifice is _Chandi_, which is perhaps Skt. _ćaṇḍa_,

'passionate' (see _Malcolm, Cent. India_, 2nd ed. ii. 137). Also compare

the _jūhar_ of the Rājputs (_Tod, Annals_, Calcutta reprint, i. 74). And

for _Kūr_, see _As. Res._ iv. 357 _seqq._]

1803.—A case of TRAGA is recorded in Sir Jasper Nicoll's Journal, at the

capture of Gawilgarh, by Sir A. Wellesley. See note to _Wellington_, ed.

1837, ii. 387.

1813.—"Every attempt to levy an assessment is succeeded by the TARAKAW, a

most horrid mode of murdering themselves and each other."—_Forbes, Or.

Mem._ ii. 91; [2nd ed. i. 378; and see i. 244].

1819.—For an affecting story of TRAGA, see _Macmurdo_, in _Bo. Lit. Soc.

Trans._ i. 281.

[TRANKEY, s. A kind of boat used in the Persian Gulf and adjoining seas.

All attempts to connect it with any Indian or Persian word have been

unsuccessful. It has been supposed to be connected with the Port.

_trincador_, a sort of flat-bottomed coasting vessel with a high stern, and

with _trinquart_, a herring-boat used in the English Channel. Smyth

(_Sailor's Word-book_, s.v.) has: "_Trankeh_ or _Trankies_, a large boat of

the Gulf of Persia." See _N. & Q._ 8 ser. vii. 167, 376.

[1554.—"He sent certain spies who went in TERRANQUIMS dressed as

fishermen who caught fish inside the straits."—_Couto_, Dec. VI. Bk. x.

ch. 20.

[c. 1750.—"... he remained some years in obscurity, till an Arab TRANKY

being driven in there by stress of weather, he made himself known to his

countrymen...."—_Grose_, 1st ed. 25.

[1753.—"Taghi Khan ... soon after embarked a great number of men in small

vessels." In the note TARRANQUINS.—_Hanway_, iv. 181.

[1773.—"Accordingly we resolved to hire one of the common, but

uncomfortable vessels of the Gulph, called a TRANKEY...."—_Ives_, 203.]

TRANQUEBAR, n.p. A seaport of S. India, which was in the possession of the

Danes till 1807, when it was taken by England. It was restored to the Danes

in 1814, and purchased from them, along with Serampore, in 1845. The true

name is said to be _Tarangam-bāḍi_, 'Sea-Town' or 'Wave-Town'; [so the

_Madras Gloss._; but in the _Man._ (ii. 216) it is interpreted 'Street of

the Telegu people.']

1610.—"The members of the Company have petitioned me, that inasmuch as

they do much service to God in their establishment at Negapatam, both

among Portuguese and natives, and that there is a settlement of newly

converted Christians who are looked after by the catechumens of the

parish (FREGUEZIA) of TRANGABAR...."—_King's Letter_, in _Livros das

Monções_, p. 285.

[1683-4.—"This Morning the Portuguez ship that came from Vizagapatam

Sailed hence for TRANGAMBAR."—_Pringle, Diary, Ft. St. Geo._ 1st ser.

iii. 16.]

TRAVANCORE, n.p. The name of a village south of Trevandrum, from which the

ruling dynasty of the kingdom which is known by the name has been called.

The true name is said to be _Tiru-vidān-koḍu_, shortened to _Tiruvānkoḍu_.

[The _Madras Gloss._ gives _Tiruvitānkūr_, _tiru_, Skt. _śrī_, 'the goddess

of prosperity,' _vāzhu_, 'to reside,' _kūr_, 'part.']

[1514.—"As to the money due from the Raja of TRAVAMCOR...."—_Albuquerque,

Cartas_, p. 270.]

1553.—"And at the place called TRAVANCOR, where this Kingdom of Coulam

terminates, there begins another Kingdom, taking its name from this very

TRAVANCOR, the king of which our people call the _Rey Grande_, because he

is greater in his dominion, and in the state which he keeps, than those

other princes of Malabar; and he is subject to the King of

NARSINGA."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

1609.—"The said Governor has written to me that most of the kings

adjacent to our State, whom he advised of the coming of the rebels, had

sent replies in a good spirit, with expressions of friendship, and with

promises not to admit the rebels into their ports, all but him of

TRAVANCOR, from whom no answer had yet come."—_King of Spain's Letter_,

in _Livros das Monções_, p. 257.

TRIBENY, n.p. Skt. _tri-veṇī_, 'threefold braid'; a name which properly

belongs to Prayāga (Allahābād), where the three holy rivers, Ganges, Jumna,

and (unseen) Sarasvatī are considered to unite. But local requirements have

instituted another Tribeṇī in the Ganges Delta, by bestowing the name of

Jumna and Sarasvatī on two streams connected with the Hugli. The Bengal

Tribeni gives name to a village, which is a place of great sanctity, and to

which the _melas_ or religious fairs attract many visitors.

1682.—"... if I refused to stay there he would certainly stop me again at

TRIPPANY some miles further up the River."—_Hedges, Diary_, Oct. 14;

[Hak. Soc. i. 38].

1705.—"... pendant la Lune de Mars ... il arrive la Fête de TRIPIGNY,

c'est un Dieu enfermé dans une maniere de petite Mosquée, qui est dans le

milieu d'une tres-grande pleine ... au bord du Gange."—_Luillier_, 69.

1753.—"Au-dessous de Nudia, à TRIPINI, dont le nom signifie trois eaux,

le Gange fait encore sortir du même côte un canal, qui par sa rentrée,

forme une seconde île renfermée dans la première."—_D'Anville_, 64.

TRICHIES, TRITCHIES, s. The familiar name of the cheroots made at

Trichinopoly; long, and rudely made, with a straw inserted at the end for

the mouth. They are (or were) cheap and coarse, but much liked by those

used to them. Mr. C. P. Brown, referring to his etymology of TRICHINOPOLY

under the succeeding article, derives the word _cheroot_ from the form of

the name which he assigns. But this, like his etymology of the place-name,

is entirely wrong (see CHEROOT). Some excellent practical scholars seem to

be entirely without the etymological sense.

1876.—"Between whiles we smoked, generally Manillas, now supplanted by

foul Dindiguls and fetid TRICHIES."—_Burton, Sind Revisited_, i. 7.

TRICHINOPOLY, n.p. A district and once famous rock-fort of S. India. The

etymology and proper form of the name has been the subject of much

difference. Mr. C. P. Brown gives the true name as _Chiruta-paḷḷi_,

'Little-Town.' But this may be safely rejected as mere guess, inconsistent

with facts. The earliest occurrence of the name on an inscription is (about

1520) as _Tiru-śśilla-paḷḷi_, apparently 'Holy-rock-town.' In the _Tevāram_

the place is said to be mentioned under the name of _Sirapalli_. Some

derive it from _Tri-sira-puram_, 'Three-head-town,' with allusion to a

'three-headed demon.' [The _Madras Gloss._ gives _Tiruććināppalli_, _tiru_,

'holy,' _shina_, 'the plant _cissampelos pareira_, L. _palli_, 'village.']

1677.—"TRITCHENAPALI."—_A. Bassing_, in _Valentijn_, v. (_Ceylon_), 300.

1741.—"The Maratas concluded the campaign by putting this whole Peninsula

under contribution as far as C. Cumerim, attacking, conquering, and

retaining the city of TIRUXERAPALI, capital of Madura, and taking

prisoner the Nabab who governed it."—_Report of the Port. Viceroy_, in

_Bosquejo das Possessões_, &c., _Documentos_, ed. 1853, iii. 19.

1753.—"Ces embouchûres sont en grand nombre, vû la division de ce fleuve

en différens bras ou canaux, à remonter jusqu'à TIRISHIRAPALI, et à la

pagode de Shirangham."—_D'Anville_, 115.

1761.—"After the battle Mahommed Ali Khan, son of the late nabob, fled to

TRUCHINAPOLLI, a place of great strength."—_Complete Hist. of the War in

India_, 1761, p. 3.

TRINCOMALEE, n.p. A well-known harbour on the N.E. coast of Ceylon. The

proper name is doubtful. It is alleged to be _Tirukko-nātha-malai_, or

_Taranga-malai_. The last ('Sea-Hill') seems conceived to fit our modern

pronunciation, but not the older forms. It is perhaps _Tri-kona-malai_, for

'Three-peak Hill.' There is a shrine of Siva on the hill, called

_Trikoneśwara_; [so the _Madras Man._ (ii. 216)].

1553.—"And then along the coast towards the north, above Baticalou, there

is the kingdom of TRIQUINAMALÉ."—_Barros_, II. ii. cap. 1.

1602.—"This Prince having departed, made sail, and was driven by the

winds unknowing whither he went. In a few days he came in sight of a

desert island (being that of Ceilon), where he made the land at a haven

called Preaturé, between TRIQUILLIMALÉ and the point of

JAFANAPATAM."—_Couto_, V. i. 5.

1672.—"TRINQUENEMALE hath a surpassingly fine harbour, as may be seen

from the draught thereof, yea one of the best and largest in all Ceylon,

and better sheltered from the winds than the harbours of Belligamme,

Gale, or Colombo."—_Baldaeus_, 413.

1675.—"The Cinghalese themselves oppose this, saying that they emigrated

from another country ... that some thousand years ago, a Prince of great

piety, driven out of the land of Tanassery ... came to land near the Hill

of TRICOENMALE with 1800 or 2000 men...."—_Ryklof van Goens_, in

_Valentijn_ (_Ceylon_), 210.

1685.—"TRIQUINIMALE...."—_Ribeyro_, Fr. Tr. 6.

1726.—"TRINKENEMALE, properly TRICOENMALE" (_i.e._

_Trikunmalê_).—_Valentijn_ (_Ceylon_), 19.

" "TRINKEMALE...."—_Ibid._ 103.

1727.—"... that vigilant _Dutchman_ was soon after them with his Fleet,

and forced them to fight disadvantageously in TRANKAMALAYA Bay, wherein

the French lost one half of their Fleet, being either sunk or burnt."—_A.

Hamilton_, i. 343, [ed. 1744].

1761.—"We arrived at TRINCONOMALE in Ceylone (which is one of the finest,

if not y^e best and most capacious Harbours in y^e World) the first of

November, and employed that and part of the ensuing Month in preparing

our Ships for y^e next Campaign."—MS. Letter of _James Rennell_, Jan. 31.

TRIPANG, s. The sea-slug. This is the Malay name, _trīpang_, _tĕrīpang_.

See SWALLOW, and BECHE-DE-MER.

[1817.—"Bich de mar is well known to be a dried sea slug used in the

dishes of the Chinese; it is known among the Malayan Islands by the name

of TRIPANG...."—_Raffles, H. of Java_, 2nd ed. i. 232.]

TRIPLICANE, n.p. A suburb of Fort St. George; the part where the palace of

the "Nabob of the Carnatic" is. It has been explained, questionably, as

_Tiru-valli-kēḍi_, 'sacred-creeper-tank.' Seshagiri Sastri gives it as

_Tiru-alli-kēni_, 'sacred lily- (_Nymphaea rubea_) tank,' [and so the

_Madras Gloss._ giving the word as _Tiruvallikkéni_.]

1674.—"There is an absolute necessity to go on fortifying this place in

the best manner we can, our enemies at sea and land being within less

than musket shot, and better fortified in their camp at TRIVELICANE than

we are here."—_Ft. St. Geo. Consns._ Feb. 2. In _Notes and Exts._,

Madras, 1871, No. I. p. 28.

1679.—"The Didwan (DEWAUN) from Conjeveram, who pretends to have come

from Court, having sent word from TREPLICANE that unless the Governor

would come to the garden by the river side to receive the Phyrmaund he

would carry it back to Court again, answer is returned that it hath not

been accustomary for the Governours to go out to receive a bare Phyrmaund

except there come therewith a Serpow (see SEERPAW) or a Tasheriff" (see

TASHREEF).—_Do., do._, Dec. 2. _Ibid._ 1873, No. III. p. 40.

[1682-4.—"TRIBLICANE, TREBLICANE Trivety."—_Diary Ft. St. Geo._ ed.

_Pringle_, i. 63; iii. 154.]

TRIVANDRUM, n.p. The modern capital of the State now known as TRAVANCORE

(q.v.) Properly _Tiru-(v)anantā-puram_, 'Sacred Vishnu-Town.'

TRUMPÁK, n.p. This is the name by which the site of the native suburb of

the city of ORMUS on the famous island of that name is known. The real name

is shown by Lt. Stiffe's account of that island (_Geogr. Mag._ i. 13) to

have been _Tūrūn-bāgh_, 'Garden of Tūrūn,' and it was properly the palace

of the old Kings, of whom more than one bore the name of Tūrūn or Tūrūn

Shāh.

1507.—"When the people of the city saw that they were so surrounded, that

from no direction could water be brought, which was what they felt most

of all, the principal Moors collected together and went to the king

desiring him earnestly to provide a guard for the pools of TURUMBAQUE,

which were at the head of the island, lest the Portuguese should obtain

possession of them...."—_Comment. of Alboquerque_, E.T. by _Birch_, i.

175.

" "Meanwhile the Captain-Major ordered Afonso Lopes de Costa and

João da Nova, and Manuel Teles with his people to proceed along the

water's edge, whilst he with all the rest of the force would follow, and

come to a place called TURUMBAQUE, which is on the water's edge, in which

there were some palm-trees, and wells of brackish water, which supplied

the people of the city with drink when the water-boats were not arriving,

as sometimes happened owing to a contrary wind."—_Correa_, i. 830.

1610.—"The island has no fresh water ... only in TORUNPAQUE, which is a

piece of white salt clay, at the extremity of the island, there is a well

of fresh water, of which the King and the Wazir take advantage, to water

the gardens which they have there, and which produce perfectly everything

which is planted."—_Teixeira, Rel. de los Reyes de Harmuz_, 115.

1682.—"Behind the hills, to the S.S.W. and W.S.W. there is another part

of the island, lying over against the anchorage that we have mentioned,

and which includes the place called TURUMBAKE ... here one sees the

ancient pleasure-house of the old Kings of Ormus, with a few small trees,

and sundry date-palms. There are also here two great wells of water,

called after the name of the place, 'The Wells of TURUMBAKE'; which water

is the most wholesome and the freshest in the whole island."—_Nieuhof,

Zee en Lant-Reize_, ii. 86.

TUAN, s. Malay _tuan_ and _tuwan_, 'lord, master.' The word is used in the

English and Dutch settlements of the Archipelago exactly as SAHIB is in

India. [An early Chinese form of the word is referred to under SUMATRA.]

1553.—"Dom Paulo da Gama, who was a worthy son of his father in his zeal

to do the King good service ... equipped a good fleet, of which the King

of Ugentana (see UJUNGTANAH) had presently notice, who in all speed set

forth his own, consisting of 30 LANCHARAS, with a large force on board,

and in command of which he put a valiant Moor called TUAM-bár, to whom

the King gave orders that as soon as our force had quitted the fortress

(of Malacca) not leaving enough people to defend it, he should attack the

town of the _Queleys_ (see KLING) and burn and destroy as much as he

could."—_Correa_, iii. 486.

1553.—"For where this word RAJA is used, derived from the kingly title,

it attaches to a person on whom the King bestows the title, almost as

among us that of Count, whilst the style TUAM is like our _Dom_; only the

latter of the two is put before the person's proper name, whilst the

former is put after it, as we see in the names of these two Javanese,

Vtimuti RAJA, and TUAM Colascar."—_Barros_, II. vi. 3.

[1893.—"... the cooly talked over the affairs of the TUAN _Ingris_

(English gentleman) to a crowd of natives."—_W. B. Worsfold, A Visit to

Java_, 145.]

TUCKA, s. Hind. _ṭakā_, Beng. _ṭākā_, [Skt. _ṭankaka_, 'stamped silver

money']. This is the word commonly used among Bengalis for a rupee. But in

other parts of India it (or at least _ṭakā_) is used differently; as for

aggregates of 4, or of 2 pice (generally in N.W.P. _pānch ṭakā paisā_ =

five _ṭakā_ of pice, 20 pice). Compare TANGA.

[1809.—"A requisition of four TUKHAS, or eight _pice_, is made upon each

shop...."—_Broughton, Letters from a Mahr. Camp_, ed. 1892, p. 84.]

1874.—"'... How much did my father pay for her?'

"'He paid only ten TÁKÁS.'

"I may state here that the word _rupeyá_, or as it is commonly written

RUPEE or _rupi_, is unknown to the peasantry of Bengal, at least to

Bengali Hindu peasants; the word they invariably use is TÁKÁ."—_Govinda

Samanta_, i. 209.

TUCKÁVEE, s. Money advanced to a ryot by his superior to enable him to

carry on his cultivation, and recoverable with his quota of revenue. It is

Ar.—H. _taḳāvī_, from Ar. _ḳavī_, 'strength,' thus literally 'a

reinforcement.'

[1800.—"A great many of them, who have now been forced to work as

labourers, would have thankfully received TACAVY, to be repaid, by

instalments, in the course of two or three years."—_Buchanan, Mysore_,

ii. 188.]

1880.—"When the Sirkar disposed of lands which reverted to it ... it sold

them almost always for a _nazarána_ (see NUZZERANA). It sometimes gave

them gratis, but it never paid money, and seldom or ever advanced TAKÁVI

to the tenant or owner."—_Minutes of Sir T. Munro_, i. 71. These words

are not in Munro's spelling. The Editor has reformed the orthography.

TUCKEED, s. An official reminder. Ar.—H. _tākīd_, 'emphasis, injunction,'

and verb _tākīd karnā_, 'to enjoin stringently, to insist.'

1862.—"I can hardly describe to you my life—work all day, English and

Persian, scores of appeals and session cases, and a continual irritation

of TUKEEDS and offensive remarks ... these take away all the enjoyment of

doing one's duty, and make work a slavery."—Letter from _Col. J. R.

Becher_, in (unpublished) _Memoir_, p. 28.

[TUCKIAH, s. Pers. _takya_, literally 'a pillow or cushion'; but commonly

used in the sense of a hut or hermitage occupied by a fakīr or holy man.

[1800.—"He declared ... that two of the people charged ... had been at

his TUCKIAH."—_Wellington, Desp._ i. 78.

[1847.—"In the centre of the wood was a Faqir's TALKIAT (_sic_) or Place

of Prayer, situated on a little mound."—_Mrs. Mackenzie, Life in the

Mission_, &c. ii. 47.]

TULWAUR, s. Hind. _talwār_ and _tarwār_, 'a sabre.' Williams gives Skt.

_taravāri_ and _tarabālika_. ["_Talwār_ is a general term applied to

shorter or more or less curved side-arms, while those that are lighter and

shorter still are often styled _nimchas_" (_Sir W. Elliot_, in _Ind.

Antiq._ xv. 29). Also see _Egerton, Handbook_, 138.]

[1799.—"... Ahmood Sollay ... drew his TOLWA on one of them."—_Jackson,

Journey from India_, 49.

[1829.—"... the _panchās huzār_ TURWAR _Rahtorān_, meaning the 'fifty

thousand Rahtore swords,' is the proverbial phrase to denote the muster

of Maroo...."—_Tod, Annals_, Calcutta reprint, ii. 179.]

1853.—"The old native officer who carried the royal colour of the

regiments was cut down by a blow of a Sikh TULWAR."—_Oakfield_, ii. 78.

TUMASHA, s. An entertainment, a _spectacle_ (in the French sense), a

popular excitement. It is Ar. _tamāshi_, 'going about to look at anything

entertaining.' The word is in use in Turkestan (see _Schuyler_, below).

1610.—"Heere are also the ruines of _Ranichand_ (_qu._ Ramchand's?)

Castle and Houses which the Indians acknowledge for the great God, saying

that he took flesh vpon him to see the TAMASHA of the World."—_Finch_, in

_Purchas_, i. 436.

1631.—"Hic quoque meridiem prospicit, ut spectet THAMASHAM id est pugnas

Elephantum Leonum Buffalorum et aliarum ferarum...."—_De Laet, De Imperio

Magni Mogolis_, 127. (For this quotation I am indebted to a communication

from Mr. Archibald Constable of the Oudh and Rohilkund Railway.—_Y._)

1673.—"... We were discovered by some that told our Banyan ... that two

Englishmen were come to the TOMASIA, or Sight...."—_Fryer_, 159.

1705.—"TAMACHARS. Ce sont des réjouissances que les Gentils font en

l'honneur de quelqu'unes de leurs divinitez."—_Luillier, Tab. des

Matières._

1840.—"Runjeet replied, 'Don't go yet; I am going myself in a few days,

and then we will have _burra_ TOMACHA.'"—_Osborne, Court and Camp of

Runjeet Singh_, 120-121.

1876.—"If you told them that you did not want to buy anything, but had

merely come for TOMASHA, or amusement, they were always ready to explain

and show you everything you wished to see."—_Schuyler's Turkistan_, i.

176.

TUMLET, s. Domestic Hind. _tāmlet_, being a corruption of _tumbler_.

TUMLOOK, n.p. A town, and anciently a sea-port and seat of Buddhist

learning on the west of the Hoogly near its mouth, formerly called

_Tāmralipti_ or _-lipta_. It occurs in the Mahābhārata and many other

Sanskrit words. "In the _Dasa Kumāra_ and _Vrihat Katha_, collections of

tales written in the 9th and 12th centuries, it is always mentioned as a

great port of Bengal, and the seat of an active and flourishing commerce

with the countries and islands of the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean"

(_Prof. H. H. Wilson_, in _J. R. As. Soc._ v. 135). [Also see _Cunningham,

Anct. Geog._ p. 504.]

c. 150.—

"... καὶ πρὸς αὐτῷ τῷ ποταμῷ (Γάγγῃ) πολείς·

* * * *

Παλιμβοθρα βασιλειον

Ταμαλιτης."

—_Ptolemy's Tables_, Bk. VII. i. 73.

c. 410.—"From this, continuing to go eastward nearly 50 _yôjanas_, we

arrive at the Kingdom of TAMRALIPTI. Here it is the river (Ganges)

empties itself into the sea. Fah Hian remained here for two years,

writing out copies of the Sacred Books.... He then shipped himself on

board a great merchant vessel...."—_Beal, Travels of Fah Hian_, &c.

(1869), pp. 147-148.

[c. 1070.—"... a merchant named Harshagupta, who had arrived from

TAMRALIPTI, having heard of that event, came there full of

curiosity."—_Tawney, Katha Sarit Sāgara_, i. 329.]

1679.—In going down the Hoogly:

"Before daybreak overtook the _Ganges_ at Barnagur, met the _Arrival_ 7

days out from Ballasore, and at night passed the _Lilly_ at

TUMBALEE."—_Ft. St. Geo._ (Council on Tour). In _Notes & Exts._ No. II.

p. 69.

1685.—"_January 2._—We fell downe below TUMBOLEE River.

"_January 3._—We anchored at the Channel Trees, and lay here y^e 4^{th}

and 5^{th} for want of a gale to carry us over to Kedgeria."—_Hedges,

Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 175.

[1694.—"The Royal James and Mary ... fell on a sand on this side TUMBOLEE

point...."—_Birdwood, Report on Old Records_, 90.]

1726.—"TAMBOLI and Banzia are two Portuguese villages, where they have

their churches, and salt business."—_Valentijn_, v. 159.

[1753.—"TOMBALI." See under KEDGEREE.]

TUMTUM, s. A dog-cart. We do not know the origin. [It is almost certainly a

corr. of English _tandem_, the slang use of which in the sense of a

conveyance (according to the _Stanf. Dict._) dates from 1807. Even now

English-speaking natives often speak of a dog-cart with a single horse as a

_tandem_.]

1866.—"We had only 3 coss to go, and we should have met a pair of TUMTUMS

which would have taken us on."—_Trevelyan, The Dawk Bungalow_, 384.

[1889.—"A G.B.T. cart once married a bathing-machine, and they called the

child TUM-TUM."—_R. Kipling, The City of Dreadful Night_, 74.]

TUNCA, TUNCAW, &c., s. P.—H. _tankhwāh_, pron. _tankhā_. Properly an

assignment on the revenue of a particular locality in favour of an

individual; but in its most ordinary modern sense it is merely a word for

the wages of a monthly servant. For a full account of the special older

uses of the word see _Wilson_. In the second quotation the use is obscure;

perhaps it means the villages on which assignments had been granted.

1758.—"Roydoolub ... has taken the discharge of the TUNCAWS and the

arrears of the Nabob's army upon himself."—_Orme_, iii.; [ii. 361].

1760.—"You have been under the necessity of writing to Mr. Holwell (who

was sent to collect in the TUNCARS).... The low men that are employed in

the TUNCARS are not to be depended on."—_The Nawab to the Prest. and

Council of Ft. Wm._, in _Long_, 233.

1778.—"These rescripts are called TUNCAWS, and entitle the holder to

receive to the amount from the treasuries ... as the revenues come

in."—_Orme_, ii. 276.

[1823.—"The Grassiah or Rajpoot chiefs ... were satisfied with a fixed

and known TANKA, or tribute from certain territories, on which they had a

real or pretended claim."—_Malcolm, Cent. India_, 2nd. ed. i. 385.

[1851.—"The Sikh detachments ... used to be paid by TUNKHWÁHS, or

assignments of the provincial collectors of revenue."—_Edwardes, A Year

on the Punjab Frontier_, i. 19.]

TURA, s. Or. Turk. _tūra_. This word is used in the Autobiography of Baber,

and in other Mahommedan military narratives of the 16th century. It is

admitted by the translators of Baber that it is rendered by them quite

conjecturally, and we cannot but think that they have missed the truth. The

explanation of _tūr_ which they quote from Meninski is "_reticulatus_," and

combining this with the manner in which the quotations show these _tūra_ to

have been employed, we cannot but think that the meaning which best suits

is 'a gabion.' Sir H. Elliot, in referring to the first passage from Baber,

adopts the reading _tūbra_, and says: "_Túbras_ are nose-bags, but ...

Badáúni makes the meaning plain, by saying that they were _filled with

earth_ (_Táríkh-i-Badáúni_, f. 136).... The sacks used by Sher Sháh as

temporary fortifications on his march towards Rájpútána were _túbras_"

(_Elliot_, vi. 469). It is evident, however, that Baber's TŪRAS were no

TOBRAS, whilst a reference to the passage (_Elliot_, iv. 405) regarding

Sher Shāh shows that the use of bags filled with sand on that occasion was

regarded as a new contrivance. The _tūbra_ of Badáúni may therefore

probably be a misreading; whilst the use of gabions implies necessarily

that they would be filled with earth.

1526.—(At the Battle of Pānipat) "I directed that, according to the

custom of Rûm, the gun-carriages should be connected together with

twisted bull-hides as with chains. Between every two gun-carriages were 6

or 7 TÛRAS (or breastworks). The matchlockmen stood behind these guns and

tûras, and discharged their matchlocks.... It was settled, that as

Pânipat was a considerable city, it would cover one of our flanks by its

buildings and houses while we might fortify our front by

TÛRAS...."—_Baber_, p. 304.

1528.—(At the siege of Chānderī) "overseers and pioneers were appointed

to construct works on which the guns were to be planted. All the men of

the army were directed to prepare TÛRAS and scaling-ladders, and to serve

the TÛRAS which are used in attacking forts...."—_Ibid._ p. 376. The

editor's note at the former passage is: "The meaning (viz. 'breastwork')

assigned to TÛRA here, and in several other places is merely conjectural,

founded on Petis de la Croix's explanation, and on the meaning given by

Meninski to TÛR, viz. _reticulatus_. The TÛRAS may have been formed by

the branches of trees, interwoven like basket-work ... or they may have

been covered defences from arrows and missiles...." Again: "These TÛRAS,

so often mentioned, appear to have been a sort of _testudo_, under cover

of which the assailants advanced, and sometimes breached the wall...."

TURAKA, n.p. This word is applied both in Mahratti and in Telugu to the

Mahommedans (_Turks_). [The usual form in the inscriptions is _Turushka_

(see _Bombay Gazetteer_, i. pt. i. 189).] Like this is _Tarūk_ (see TAROUK)

which the Burmese now apply to the Chinese.

TURBAN, s. Some have supposed this well-known English word to be a

corruption of the P.—H. _sirband_, 'head-wrap,' as in the following:

1727.—"I bought a few SEERBUNDS and _sannoes_ there (at Cuttack) to know

the difference of the prices."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 394 (see PIECE-GOODS).

This, however, is quite inconsistent with the history of the word.

Wedgewood's suggestion that the word may be derived from Fr. _turbin_, 'a

whelk,' is equally to be rejected. It is really a corruption of one which,

though it seems to be out of use in modern Turkish, was evidently used by

the Turks when Europe first became familiar with the Ottomans and their

ways. This is set forth in the quotation below from Zedler's _Lexicon_,

which is corroborated by those from Rycaut and from Galland, &c. The proper

word was apparently _dulband_. Some modern Persian dictionaries give the

only meaning of this as 'a sash.' But Meninski explains it as 'a cloth of

fine white muslin; a wrapper for the head'; and Vüllers also gives it this

meaning, as well as that of a 'sash or belt.'[272] In doing so he quotes

Shakespear's Dict., and marks the use as 'Hindustani-Persian.' But a merely

Hindustani use of a Persian word could hardly have become habitual in

Turkey in the 15th and 16th centuries. The use of _dulband_ for a turban

was probably genuine Persian, adopted by the Turks. Its etymology is

apparently from Arab. _dul_, '_volvere_,' admitting of application to

either a girdle or a head-wrap. From the Turks it passed in the forms

_Tulipant_, _Tolliban_, _Turbant_, &c., into European languages. And we

believe that the flower _tulip_ also has its name from its resemblance to

the old Ottoman turban, [a view accepted by Prof. Skeat (_Concise Dict._

s.v. _tulip_, _turban_)].[273]

1487.—"... tele bambagine assai che loro chiamano TURBANTI; tele assai

colla salda, che lor chiamano _sexe_ (sash)...."—Letter on presents from

the Sultan to L. de' Medici, in _Roscoe's Lorenzo_, ed. 1825, ii. 371-72.

c. 1490.—"Estradiots sont gens comme Genetaires: vestuz, à pied et à

cheval, comme les Turcs, sauf la teste, où ils ne portent ceste toille

qu'ils appellent TOLLIBAN, et sont durs gens, et couchent dehors tout

l'an et leurs chevaulx."—_Ph. de Commynes_, Liv. VIII. ch. viii. ed.

_Dupont_ (1843), ii. 456. Thus given in Danett's translation (1595):

"These Estradiots are soldiers like to the Turkes Ianizaries, and attired

both on foote and on horsebacke like to the Turks, save that they weare

not vpon their head such a great roule of linnen as the Turkes do called

(_sic_) TOLLIBAN."—p. 325.

1586-8.—"... the King's Secretarie, who had upon his head a peece of died

linen cloth folded vp like vnto a Turkes TULIBAN."—_Voyage of Master

Thomas Candish_, in _Hakl._ iv. 33.

1588.—"In this canoa was the King's Secretarie, who had on his head a

piece of died linen cloth folded vp like vnto a Turkes

TULIBAN."—_Cavendish_, _ibid._ iv. 337.

c. 1610.—"... un gros TURBAN blanc à la Turque."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i.

98; [Hak. Soc. i. 132 and 165].

1611.—Cotgrave's French Dict. has: "TOLIBAN: m. A TURBANT or Turkish hat.

"TOLOPAN, as TURBANT.

"TURBAN: m. A TURBANT; a Turkish hat, of white and fine linnen wreathed

into a rundle; broad at the bottom to enclose the head, and lessening,

for ornament, towards the top."

1615.—"... se un Cristiano fosse trovato con TURBANTE bianco in capo,

sarebbe perciò costretto o a rinegare o a morire. Questo TURBANTE poi lo

portano Turchi, di varie forme."—_P. della Valle_, i. 96.

1615.—"The Sultan of Socotora ... his clothes are _Surat_ Stuffes, after

the Arabs manner ... a very good TURBANT, but bare footed."—_Sir T. Roe_,

[Hak. Soc. i. 32].

" "Their Attire is after the Turkish fashion, TURBANTS only

excepted, insteed whereof they have a kind of Capp, rowled about with a

black TURBANT."—_De Monfart_, 5.

1619.—"Nel giorno della qual festa tutti Persiani più spensierati, e fin

gli uomini grandi, e il medesimo rè, si vestono in abito succinto all uso

di Mazanderan; e con certi berrettini, non troppo buoni, in testa, perchè

i TURBANTI si guasterebbono e sarebbero di troppo impaccio...."—_P. della

Valle_, ii. 31; [Hak. Soc. comp. i. 43].

1630.—"Some indeed have sashes of silke and gold, TULIPANTED about their

heads...."—_Sir T. Herbert_, p. 128.

" "His way was made by 30 gallant young gentlemen vested in crimson

saten; their TULIPANTS were of silk and silver wreath'd about with

cheynes of gold."—_Ibid._ p. 139.

1672.—"On the head they wear great TULBANDS (_Tulbande_) which they touch

with the hand when they say _salam_ to any one."—_Baldaeus_ (Germ.

version), 33.

" "Trois TULBANGIS venoient de front après luy, et ils portoient

chascun un beau TULBAN orné et enrichy d'aigrettes."—_Journ. d'Ant.

Galland_, i. 139.

1673.—"The mixture of Castes or Tribes of all _India_ are distinguished

by the different Modes of binding their TURBATS."—_Fryer_, 115.

1674.—"El TANADAR de un golpo cortò las repetidas bueltas del TURBANTE a

un Turco, y la cabeça asta la mitad, de que cayò muerte."—_Faria y Sousa,

Asia Port._ ii. 179-180.

" "TURBANT, a Turkish hat," &c.—_Glossographia, or a Dictionary

interpreting the Hard Words of whatsoever language, now used in our

refined English Tongue_, &c., the 4th ed., by _T.E._, of the Inner

Temple, Esq. In the Savoy, 1674.

1676.—"_Mahamed Alibeg_ returning into _Persia_ out of _India_ ...

presented _Cha-Sefi_ the second with a Coco-nut about the bigness of an

Austrich-egg ... there was taken out of it a TURBANT that had 60 cubits

of calicut in length to make it, the cloath being so fine that you could

hardly feel it."—_Tavernier_, E.T. p. 127; [ed. _Ball_, ii. 7].

1687.—In a detail of the high officers of the Sultan's Court we find:

"5. The TULBENTAR Aga, he that makes up his TURBANT."

A little below another personage (apparently) is called TULBAN-_oghlani_

('The Turban Page')—_Ricaut, Present State of the Ottoman Empire_, p. 14.

1711.—"Their common Dress is a piece of blew Callico, wrap'd in a Role

round their Heads for a TURBAT."—_Lockyer_, 57.

1745.—"The Turks hold the Sultan's TURBAN in honour to such a degree that

they hardly dare touch it ... but he himself has, among the servants of

his privy chamber, one whose special duty it is to adjust his TURBAN, or

head-tire, and who is thence called TULBENTAR or DULBENTAR _Aga_, or

DULBENDAR _Aga_, also called by some DULBEND _Oghani_ (_Oghlani_), or

Page of the Turban."—_Zedler, Universal Lexicon_, s.v.

c. 1760.—"They (the Sepoys) are chiefly armed in the country manner, with

sword and target, and wear the Indian dress, the TURBANT, the cabay

(CABAYA) or vest, and LONG DRAWERS."—_Grose_, i. 39.

1843.—"The mutiny of Vellore was caused by a slight shown to the

Mahomedan TURBAN; the mutiny of Bangalore by disrespect said to have been

shown to a Mahomedan place of worship."—_Macaulay, Speech on Gates of

Somnauth_.

TURKEY, s. This fowl is called in Hindustani _perū_, very possibly an

indication that it came to India, perhaps first to the Spanish settlements

in the Archipelago, across the Pacific, as the red pepper known as CHILI

did. In Tamil the bird is called _vān-kōṛi_, 'great fowl.' Our European

names of it involve a complication of mistakes and confusions. _We_ name it

as if it came from the Levant. But the name _turkey_ would appear to have

been originally applied to another of the _Pavonidae_, the GUINEA-FOWL,

_Meleagris_ of the ancients. Minsheu's explanations (quoted below) show

strange confusions between the two birds. The French _coq d'Inde_ or

_Dindon_ points only ambiguously to India, but the German _Calecutische

Hahn_ and the Dutch _Kalkoen_ (from _Calicut_) are specific in error as

indicating the origin of the Turkey in the East. This misnomer may have

arisen from the nearly simultaneous discovery of America and of the Cape

route to Calicut, by Spain and Portugal respectively. It may also have been

connected with the fact that Malabar produced domestic fowls of

extraordinary size. Of these Ibn Batuta (quoted below) makes quaint

mention. Zedler's great German _Lexicon of Universal Knowledge_, a work

published as late as 1745, says that these birds (turkeys) were called

_Calecutische_ and _Indische_ because they were brought by the Portuguese

from the Malabar coast. Dr. Caldwell cites a curious disproof of the

antiquity of certain Tamil verses from their containing a simile of which

the turkey forms the subject. And native scholars, instead of admitting the

anachronism, have boldly maintained that the turkey had always been found

in India (_Dravidian Gramm._ 2nd ed. p. 137). Padre Paolino was apparently

of the same opinion, for whilst explaining that the etymology of Calicut is

"Castle of the Fowls," he asserts that Turkeys (_Galli d'India_) came

originally from India; being herein, as he often is, positive and wrong. In

1615 we find W. Edwards, the E.I. Co.'s agent at Ajmir, writing to send the

Mogul "three or four TURKEY cocks and hens, for he hath three cocks but no

hens" (_Colonial Paper_, E. i. c. 388). Here, however, the ambiguity

between the real turkey and the guinea-fowl may possibly arise. In Egypt

the bird is called _Dik-Rūmī_, 'fowl of Rūm' (_i.e._ of Turkey), probably a

rendering of the English term.

c. 1347.—"The first time in my life that I saw a China cock was in the

city of Kaulam. I had at first taken it for an ostrich, and I was looking

at it with great wonder, when the owner said to me, 'Pooh! there are

cocks in China much bigger than that!' and when I got there I found that

he had said no more than the truth."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 257.

c. 1550.—"One is a species of peacock that has been brought to Europe,

and commonly called the INDIAN FOWL."—_Girolamo Benzoni_, 148.

1627.—"TURKY _Cocke_, or _cocke of_ India, _avis ita dicta, quod ex_

Africa, _et vt nonulli volunt alii, ex_ India _vel_ Arabia _ad nos allata

sit_. B. INDISCHE HAEN. T. INDIANISCH HUN, CALECUTTISCH HUN.... H. Pavon

de las Indias. G. Poulle d'Inde. H. 2. Gallepauo. L. Gallo-pauo, _quod

de_ vtriusque natura videtur participare ... _aves_ Numidicae, _à

Numidia_, Meleagris ... à μέλας, i. niger, and ἄγρος, ager, quod in

Æthiopia praecipuè inveniuntur.

"A TURKIE, or Ginnie Henne ... I. _Gallina d'India_. H. Galina Morisca.

G. Poulle d'Inde. L. Penélope. _Auis Pharaonis._ Meleágris....

* * * * *

"A GINNIE _cocke or hen: ex_ Guinea, _regione_ Indica ... _vnde fuerunt

priùs ad alias regiones transportati_. vi. TURKIE-COCKE or

HEN."—_Minsheu's Guide into Tongues_ (2d edition).

1623.—"33. GALLUS INDICUS, aut TURCICUS (quem vocant), gallinacei aevum

parum superat; iracundus ales, et carnibus valde albis."—_Bacon, Hist.

Vitae et Mortis_, in _Montague's_ ed. x. 140.

1653.—"Les François appellent _coq-d'Inde_ vn oyseau lequel ne se trouue

point aux Indes Orientales, les Anglois le nomment TURKI-KOQ qui signifie

coq de Turquie, quoy qu'il n'y ait point d'autres en Turquie que ceux que

l'on y a portez d'Europe. Ie croy que cet oyseau nous est venu de

l'Amerique."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 259.

1750-52.—"Some Germans call the TURKEYS _Calcutta hens_; for this reason

I looked about for them here, and to the best of my remembrance I was

told they were foreign."—_Olof Toreen_, 199-200. We do not know whether

the mistake of _Calcutta_ for _Calicut_ belongs to the original author or

to the translator—probably to the proverbial _traditore_.

TURNEE, TUNNEE, s. An English supercargo, Sea-Hind., and probably a

corruption of _attorney_. (_Roebuck_).

TURPAUL, s. Sea-Hind. A tarpaulin (_ibid._). [The word (_tārpāl_) has now

come into common native use.]

TUSSAH, TUSSER, s. A kind of inferior silk, the tissues of which are now

commonly exported to England. Anglo-Indians generally regard the

termination of this word in _r_ as a vulgarism, like the use of _solar_ for

SOLA (q.v.); but it is in fact correct. For though it is written by Milburn

(1813) _tusha_, and _tusseh_ (ii. 158, 244), we find it in the

_Āīn-i-Akbarī_ as _tassar_, and in Dr. Buchanan as _tasar_ (see below). The

term is supposed to be adopted from Skt. _tasara_, _trasara_, Hind.

_tasar_, 'a shuttle'; perhaps from the form of the cocoon? The moth whose

worm produced this silk is generally identified with _Antheraea paphia_,

but Capt. Hutton has shown that there are several species known as _tasar_

worms. These are found almost throughout the whole extent of the forest

tracts of India. But the chief seat of the manufacture of stuffs, wholly or

partly of _tasar_ silk, has long been Bhāgalpur on the Ganges. [See also

_Allen, Mon. on Silk Cloths of Assam_, 1899; _Yusuf Ali, Silk Fabrics of

N.W.P._, 1900.] The first mention of _tasar_ in English reports is said to

be that by Michael Atkinson of Jangīpūr, as cited below in the _Linnæan

Transactions_ of 1804 by Dr. Roxburgh (see _Official Report on Sericulture

in India_, by _J. Geoghegan_, Calcutta, 1872), [and the elaborate article

in Watt, _Econ. Dict._ vi. pt. iii. 96 _seqq._].

c. 1590.—"TASSAR, per piece ... ⅓ to 2 Rupees."—_Āīn_, i. 94.

[1591.—See the account by Rumphius, quoted by _Watt_, _loc. cit._ p. 99.]

1726.—"TESSERSSE ... 11 ells long and 2 els broad...."—_Valentijn_, v.

178.

1796.—"... I send you herewith for Dr. Roxburgh a specimen of Bughy

TUSSEH silk.... There are none of the Palma Christi species of TUSSEH to

be had here.... I have heard that there is another variation of the

Tusseh silk-worm in the hills near Bauglipoor."—Letter of _M. Atkinson_,

as above, in _Linn. Trans._, 1804, p. 41.

1802.—"They (the insects) are found in such abundance over many parts of

Bengal and the adjoining provinces as to have afforded to the natives,

from time immemorial, an abundant supply of a most durable, coarse,

dark-coloured silk, commonly called TUSSEH silk, which is woven into a

cloth called TUSSEH _doot'hies_, much worn by Bramins and other sects of

Hindoos."—_Roxburgh_, _Ibid._ 34.

c. 1809.—"The chief use to which the tree (_Terminalia elata_, or _Asan_)

is however applied, is to rear the TASAR silk."—_Buchanan, Eastern

India_, ii. 157 _seqq._

[1817.—"A thick cloth, called TUSURU, is made from the web of the gootee

insect in the district of Veerbhoomee."—_Ward, Hindoos_, 2d ed. i. 85.]

1876.—"The work of the TUSSUR silk-weavers has so fallen off that the

Calcutta merchants no longer do business with them."—_Sat. Rev._, 14

Oct., p. 468.

TUTICORIN, n.p. A sea-port of Tinnevelly, and long the seat of

pearl-fishery, in Tamil _Tūttukkuḍi_, [which the _Madras Gloss._ derives

from Tam. _tūttu_, 'to scatter,' _kudi_, 'habitation']. According to Fra

Paolino the name is _Tutukodi_, 'a place where nets are washed,' but he is

not to be trusted. Another etymology alleged is from _turu_, 'a bush.' But

see Bp. Caldwell below.

1544.—"At this time the King of Cape Comorin, who calls himself the Great

King (see TRAVANCORE), went to war with a neighbour of his who was king

of the places beyond the Cape, called Manapá and TOTUCURY, inhabited by

the Christians that were made there by Miguel Vaz, Vicar General of India

at the time."—_Correa_, iv. 403.

1610.—"And the said Captain and Auditor shall go into residence every

three years, and to him shall pertain all the temporal government,

without any intermeddling therein of the members of the Company ... nor

shall the said members (_religiosos_) compel any of the Christians to

remain in the island unless it is their voluntary choice to do so, and

such as wish it may live at TUTTUCORIM."—_King's Letter_, in _L. das

Monções_, 386.

1644.—"The other direction in which the residents of Cochim usually go

for their trading purchases is to TUTOCORIM, on the Fishery Coast (Costa

da PESCARIA), which gets that name from the pearl which is fished

there."—_Bocarro_, MS.

[c. 1660.—"... musk and porcelain from _China_, and pearls from Beharen

(Bahrein), and TUTUCOURY, near Ceylon...."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_,

204.]

1672.—"The pearls are publicly sold in the market at TUTECORYN and at

Cailpatnam.... The TUTECORINISH and Manaarish pearls are not so good as

those of Persia and Ormus, because they are not so free from water or so

white."—_Baldaeus_ (Germ. ed.), 145.

1673.—"... TUTTICAREE, a Portugal Town in time of Yore."—_Fryer_, 49.

[1682.—"The Agent having notice of an INTERLOPER lying in TITTICORIN Bay,

immediately sent for y^e Councell to consult about it."—_Pringle, Diary

Ft. St. Geo._ 1st ser. i. 69.]

1727.—"TUTECAREEN has a good safe harbour.... This colony superintends a

Pearl-Fishery ... which brings the Dutch Company 20,000L. yearly

Tribute."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 334; [ed. 1744, i. 336].

1881.—"The final _n_ in TUTICORIN was added for some such euphonic reason

as turned Kochchi into Cochin and Kumari into Comorin. The meaning of the

name _Tūttukkuḍi_ is said to be 'the town where the wells get filled up';

from _tūttu_ (properly _tūrttu_), 'to fill up a well,' and _kuḍi_, 'a

place of habitation, a town.' This derivation, whether the true one or

not, has at least the merit of being appropriate...."—_Bp. Caldwell,

Hist. of Tinnevelly_, 75.

TYCONNA, TYEKANA, s. A room in the basement or cellarage, or dug in the

ground, in which it has in some parts of India been the practice to pass

the hottest part of the day during the hottest season of the year. Pers.

_tah-khāna_, 'nether-house,' _i.e._ 'subterraneous apartment.' ["In the

centre of the court is an elevated platform, the roof of a subterraneous

chamber called a _zeera zemeon_, whither travellers retire during the great

heats of the summer" (_Morier, Journey through Persia_, &c., 81). Another

name for such a place is _sardābeh_ (_Burton, Ar. Nights_, i. 314).]

1663.—"... in these hot Countries, to entitle an House to the name of

Good and Fair it is required it should be ... furnish'd also with good

CELLARS with great Flaps to stir the Air, for reposing in the fresh Air

from 12 till 4 or 5 of the Clock, when the Air of these Cellars begins to

be hot and stuffing...."—_Bernier_, E.T. 79; [ed. _Constable_, 247].

c. 1763.—"The throng that accompanied that minister proved so very great

that the floor of the house, which happened to have a TAH-QHANA, and

possibly was at that moment under a secret influence, gave way, and the

body, the Vizir, and all his company fell into the apartment

underneath."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 19.

1842.—"The heat at Jellalabad from the end of April was tremendous, 105°

to 110° in the shade. Everybody who could do so lived in underground

chambers called TYKHÁNÁS. Broadfoot dates a letter 'from my den six feet

under ground.'"—_Mrs. Mackenzie, Storms and Sunshine of a Soldier's

Life_, i. 298. [The same author in her _Life in the Mission_ (i. 330)

writes TAIKHANA.]

TUXALL, TAKSAUL, s. The Mint. Hind. _ṭaksāl_, from Skt. _ṭankaśālā_,

'coin-hall.'

[1757.—"Our provisions were regularly sent us from the Dutch

TANKSAL...."—_Holwell's Narr. of Attack on Calcutta_, p. 34; in _Wheeler,

Early Records_, 248.

[1811.—"The TICKSALI, or superintendent of the mint...."—_Kirkpatrick,

Nepaul_, 201.]

TYPHOON, s. A tornado or cyclone-wind; a sudden storm, a 'NOR-WESTER'

(q.v.). Sir John Barrow (see _Autobiog._ 57) ridicules "learned

antiquarians" for fancying that the Chinese took _typhoon_ from the

Egyptian _Typhon_, the word being, according to him, simply the Chinese

syllables, _ta-fung_, 'Great Wind.' His ridicule is misplaced. With a

monosyllabic language like the Chinese (as we have remarked elsewhere) you

may construct a plausible etymology, to meet the requirements of the sound

alone, from anything and for anything. And as there is no evidence that the

word is in Chinese use at all, it would perhaps be as fair a suggestion to

derive it from the English "_tough 'un_." Mr. Giles, who seems to think

that the balance of evidence is in favour of this (Barrow's) etymology,

admits a serious objection to be that the Chinese have special names for

the _typhoon_, and rarely, if ever, speak of it vaguely as a 'great wind.'

The fact is that very few words of the class used by seafaring and trading

people, even when they refer to Chinese objects, are directly taken from

the Chinese language. _E.g._ _Mandarin_, _pagoda_, _chop_, _cooly_,

_tutenague_;—none of these are Chinese. And the probability is that Vasco

and his followers got the _tufão_, which our sailors made into _touffon_

and then into _typhoon_, as they got the _monção_ which our sailors made

into _monsoon_, direct from the Arab pilots.

The Arabic word is _ṭūfān_, which is used habitually in India for a sudden

and violent storm. Lane defines it as meaning 'an overpowering rain, ...

Noah's flood,' etc. And there can be little doubt of its identity with the

Greek τυφῶν or τυφών. [But Burton (_Ar. Nights_, iii. 257) alleges that it

is pure Arabic, and comes from the root _ṭauf_, 'going round.'] This word

τυφών (the etymologists say, from τυφώ, 'I raise smoke') was applied to a

demon-giant or Titan, and either directly from the etym. meaning or from

the name of the Titan (as in India a whirlwind is called 'a DEVIL or

PISACHEE') to a 'waterspout,' and thence to analogous stormy phenomena.

'Waterspout' seems evidently the meaning of τυφών in the _Meteorologica_ of

Aristotle (γίγνεται μὲν οὖν τυφών ... κ.τ.λ.) iii. 1 (the passage is

exceedingly difficult to render clearly); and also in the quotation which

we give from Aulus Gellius. The word _may_ have come to the Arabs either in

maritime intercourse, or through the translations of Aristotle. It occurs

(_al-ṭūfān_) several times in the Koran; thus in _sura_, vii. 134, for a

flood or storm, one of the plagues of Egypt, and in s. xxix. 14 for the

Deluge.

Dr. F. Hirth, again (_Journ. R. Geog. Soc._ i. 260), advocates the

quasi-Chinese origin of the word. Dr. Hirth has found the word _T'ai_ (and

also with the addition of _fung_, 'wind') to be really applied to a certain

class of cyclonic winds, in a Chinese work on Formosa, which is a re-issue

of a book originally published in 1694. Dr. Hirth thinks _t'ai_ as here

used (which is not the Chinese word _ta_ or _tai_, 'great,' and is

expressed by a different character) to be a local Formosan term; and is of

opinion that the combination _t'ai-fung_ is "a sound so near that of

_typhoon_ as almost to exclude all other conjectures, if we consider that

the writers using the term in European languages were travellers distinctly

applying it to storms encountered in that part of the China Sea." Dr. Hirth

also refers to F. Mendes Pinto and the passages (quoted below) in which he

says _tufão_ is the Chinese name for such storms. Dr. Hirth's paper is

certainly worthy of much more attention than the scornful assertion of Sir

John Barrow, but it does not induce us to change our view as to the origin

of _typhoon_.

Observe that the Port. _tufão_ distinctly represents _ṭūfān_ and not

_t'ai-fung_, and the oldest English form '_tuffon_' does the same, whilst

it is not by any means unquestionable that these Portuguese and English

forms were first applied in the China Sea, and not in the Indian Ocean.

Observe also Lord Bacon's use of the word _typhones_ in his Latin below;

also that _ṭūfān_ is an Arabic word, at least as old as the Koran, and

closely allied in sound and meaning to τυφών, whilst it is habitually used

for a storm in Hindustani. This is shown by the quotations below

(1810-1836); and Platts defines _ṭūfān_ as "a violent storm of wind and

rain, a tempest, a TYPHOON; a flood, deluge, inundation, the universal

deluge" etc.; also _ṭūfānī_, "stormy, tempestuous ... boisterous,

quarrelsome, violent, noisy, riotous."

Little importance is to be attached to Pinto's linguistic remarks such as

that quoted, or even to the like dropt by Couto. We apprehend that Pinto

made exactly the same mistake that Sir John Barrow did; and we need not

wonder at it, when so many of our countrymen in India have supposed HACKERY

to be a Hindustani word, and when we find even the learned H. H. Wilson

assuming TOPE (in the sense of 'grove') to be in native Hindustani use.

Many instances of such mistakes might be quoted. It is just possible,

though not we think very probable, that some contact with the Formosan term

may have influenced the modification of the old English form _tuffon_ into

_typhoon_. It is much more likely to have been influenced by the analogies

of _monsoon_, _simoom_; and it is quite possible that the Formosan mariners

took up their (unexplained) _t'ai-fung_ from the Dutch or Portuguese.

On the origin of the Ar. word the late Prof. Robertson-Smith forwarded the

following note:

"The question of the origin of _Ṭūfān_ appears to be somewhat tangled.

"Τυφῶν, 'whirlwind, waterspout,' connected with τῦφος seems pure Greek;

the combination in Baal-_Zephon_, Exod. xiv. 2, and _Sephóni_, the

northern one, in Joel, ii. 20, suggested by Hitzig, appears to break

down, for there is no proof of any Egyptian name for Set corresponding to

Typhon.

"On the other hand _Ṭūfān_, the deluge, is plainly borrowed from the

Aramaic. _Tūfān_, for Noah's flood, is both Jewish, Aramaic and Syriac,

and this form is not borrowed from the Greek, but comes from a true

Semitic root _ṭūf_ 'to overflow.'

"But again, the sense of _whirlwind_ is not recognised in classical

Arabic. Even Dozy in his dictionary of later Arabic only cites a modern

French-Arabic dictionary (Bocthor's) for the sense, _Tourbillon_,

_trombe_. Bistání in the _Moḥít el Moḥít_ does not give this sense,

though he is pretty full in giving modern as well as old words and

senses. In Arabic the root _ṭūf_ means: 'to go round,' and a combination

of this idea with the sense of sudden disaster might conceivably have

given the new meaning to the word. On the other hand it seems simpler to

regard this sense as a late loan from some modern form of τυφών, _typho_,

or _tifone_. But in order finally to settle the matter one wants examples

of this sense of _ṭūfān_."

[Prof. Skeat (_Concise Dict._ s.v.) gives: "Sometimes claimed as a Chinese

word meaning 'a great wind' ... but this seems to be a late mystification.

In old authors the forms are _tuffon_, _tuffoon_, _tiphon_, &c.—Arab.

_ṭūfān_, a hurricane, storm. Gk. τυφών, better τυφώς, a whirlwind. The

close accidental coincidence of these words in sense and form is very

remarkable, as Whitney notes."]

c. A.D. 160.—"... dies quidem tandem illuxit: sed nichil de periculo, de

saevitiâve remissum, quia turbines etiam crebriores, et coelum atrum et

fumigantes globi, et figurae quaedam nubium metuendae, quas τυφῶνας

vocabant, impendere, imminere, et depressurae navem videbantur."—_Aul.

Gellius_, xix. 2.

1540.—"Now having ... continued our Navigation within this Bay of

_Cauchin-china_ ... upon the day of the nativity of our Lady, being the

eight of _September_, for the fear that we were in of the new Moon,

during the which there oftentimes happens in this Climate such a terrible

storm of wind and rain, as it is not possible for ships to withstand it,

which by the Chineses is named TUFAN" (_o qual tormento os Chins chamão_

TUFÃO).—_Pinto_ (orig. cap. I.) in _Cogan_, p. 60.

" "... in the height of forty and one degrees, there arose so

terrible a South-wind, called by the Chineses TUFAON (_un tempo do Sul, a

q̃ Chins chamão_ TUFÃO)."—_Ibid._ (cap. lxxix.), in _Cogan_, p. 97.

1554.—"Não se ouve por pequena maravilha cessarem os TUFÕES na paragem da

ilha de Sãchião."—Letter in _Sousa, Oriente Conquist._ i. 680.

[c. 1554.—"... suddenly from the west arose a great storm known as fil

TOFANI [literally 'Elephant's flood,' comp. ELEPHANTA, B.]."—_Travels of

Sidi Ali, Reïs_, ed. _Vambéry_, p. 17.]

1567.—"I went aboorde a shippe of Bengala, at which time it was the yeere

of TOUFFON, concerning which TOUFFON ye are to vnderstand that in the

East Indies often times, there are not stormes as in other countreys; but

every 10 or 12 yeeres there are such tempests and stormes that it is a

thing incredible ... neither do they know certainly what yeere they will

come."—_Master Caesar Frederike_, in _Hakl._ ii. 370 [369].

1575.—"But when we approach'd unto it (Cyprus), a Hurricane arose

suddenly, and blew so fiercely upon us, that it wound our great Sail

round about our main Mast.... These Winds arise from a Wind that is

called by the Greeks TYPHON; and _Pliny_ calleth it _Vertex_ and

_Vortex_; but as dangerous as they are, as they arise suddenly, so

quickly are they laid again also."—_Rauwolff's Travels_, in _Ray's

Collection_, ed. 1705, p. 320. Here the traveller seems to intimate

(though we are not certain) that _Typhon_ was then applied in the Levant

to such winds; in any case it was exactly the _ṭūfān_ of India.

1602.—"This Junk seeking to make the port of Chincheo met with a

tremendous storm such as the natives call TUFÃO, a thing so overpowering

and terrible, and bringing such violence, such earthquake as it were,

that it appears as if all the spirits of the infernal world had got into

the waves and seas, driving them in a whirl till their fury seems to

raise a scud of flame, whilst in the space of one turning of the

sand-glass the wind shall veer round to every point of the compass,

seeming to blow more furiously from each in succession.

"Such is this phenomenon that the very birds of heaven, by some natural

instinct, know of its coming 8 days beforehand, and are seen to take

their nests down from the tree-tops and hide them in crevices of rock.

Eight days before, the clouds also are seen to float so low as almost to

graze men's heads, whilst in these days the seas seem beaten down as it

were, and of a deep blue colour. And before the storm breaks forth, the

sky exhibits a token well-known to all, a great object which seamen call

the Ox-Eye (_Olho de Boi_) all of different colours, but so gloomy and

appalling that it strikes fear in all who see it. And as the Bow of

Heaven, when it appears, is the token of fair weather, and calm, so this

seems to portend the Wrath of God, as we may well call such a storm...."

&c.—_Couto_, V. viii. 12.

1610.—"But at the breaking vp, commeth alway a cruell Storme, which they

call the TUFFON, fearfull even to men on land; which is not alike

extreame euery yeare."—_Finch_, in _Purchas_, i. 423.

1613.—"E porque a terra he salitrosa e ventosa, he muy sogeita a

tempestades, ora menor aquella chamada Ecnephia (Εκνεφιας), ora maior

chamada TIPHON (Τυφων), aquelle de ordinario chamamos TUPHÃO ou Tormenta

desfeita ... e corre com tanta furia e impeto que desfas os tectos das

casas e aranca arvores, e as vezes do mar lança as embarcações em terra

nos campos do sertão."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 36v.

1615.—"And about midnight Capt. Adams went out in a bark abord the

_Hozeander_ with many other barks to tow her in, we fearing a

TUFFON."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 50.

1624.—"3. TYPHONES majores, qui per latitudinem aliquam corripiunt, et

correpta sorbent in sursum, raro fiunt; at vortices, sive turbines exigui

et quasi ludicri, frequenter.

"4. Omnes procellae et TYPHONES, et turbines majores, habent manifestum

motum praecipitii, aut vibrationis deorsum magis quam alii

venti."—_Bacon, Hist. Ventorum_, in _B. Montagu's_ ed. of Works, x. 49.

In the translation by R. G. (1671) the words are rendered "the greater

TYPHONES."—_Ibid._ xiv. 268.

1626.—"_Francis Fernandez_ writeth, that in the way from Malacca to Iapan

they are encountred with great stormes which they call TUFFONS, that blow

foure and twentie houres, beginning from the North to the East, and so

about the Compasse."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 600.

1688.—"TUFFOONS are a particular kind of violent Storms blowing on the

Coast of Tonquin ... it comes on fierce and blows very violent, at N.E.

twelve hours more or less.... When the Wind begins to abate it dies away

suddenly, and falling flat calm it continues so an Hour, more or less;

then the Wind comes round about to the S.W. and it blows and rains as

fierce from thence, as it did before at N.E. and as long."—_Dampier_, ii.

36.

1712.—"Non v'è spavento paragonabile a quello de' naviganti, quali in

mezzo all' oceano assaltati d'ogni intorno da turbini e da TIFONI."—_P.

Paolo Segnero, Mann. dell' Anima_, Ottobre 14. (Borrowed from Della

Crusca Voc.).

1721.—"I told them they were all strangers to the nature of the MOUSSOONS

and TUFFOONS on the coast of India and China."—_Shelvocke's Voyage_, 383.

1727.—"... by the Beginning of _September_, they reacht the Coast of

China, where meeting with a TUFFOON, or a North East Storm, that often

blows violently about that Season, they were forced to bear away for

Johore."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 89; [ed. 1744, ii. 88].

1727.—

"In the dread Ocean, undulating wide,

Beneath the radiant line that girts the globe,

The circling TYPHON, whirl'd from point to point,

Exhausting all the rage of all the Sky...."

_Thomson, Summer._

1780.—Appended to Dunn's New Directory, 5th ed. is:—

"PROGNOSTIC of a TUFFOON _on the Coast of China_. By ANTONIO PASCAL DE

ROSA, _a Portuguese Pilot of_ MACAO."

c. 1810.—(Mr. Martyn) "was with us during a most tremendous TOUFFAN, and

no one who has not been in a tropical region can, I think, imagine what

these storms are."—_Mrs. Sherwood's Autobiog._ 382.

1826.—"A most terrific TOOFAUN ... came on that seemed likely to tear the

very trees up by the roots."—_John Shipp_, ii. 285.

" "I thanked him, and enquired how this TOOFAN or storm had

arisen."—_Pandurang Hari_, [ed. 1873, i. 50].

1836.—"A hurricane has blown ever since gunfire; clouds of dust are borne

along upon the rushing wind; not a drop of rain; nothing is to be seen

but the whirling clouds of the TŪFĀN. The old peepul-tree moans, and the

wind roars in it as if the storm would tear it up by the

roots."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_, ii. 53.

1840.—"Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying. TYPHOON coming on.

"'Aloft all hands, strike the topmasts and belay;

Yon angry setting sun, and fierce-edge clouds

Declare the TYPHOON'S coming' &c. (_Fallacies of Hope_)."

_J. M. W. Turner_, in the R.A. Catalogue.

Mr. Ruskin appears to have had no doubt as to the etymology of TYPHOON,

for the rain-cloud from this picture is engraved in _Modern Painters_,

vol. iv. as "The Locks of TYPHON." See Mr. Hamerton's _Life of Turner_,

pp. 288, 291, 345.

_Punch_ parodied Turner in the following imaginary entry from the R.A.

Catalogue:

"34.—A TYPHOON bursting in a Simoon over the Whirlpool of Maelstrom,

Norway, with a ship on fire, an eclipse and the effect of a lunar

rainbow."

1853.—"... pointing as he spoke to a dark dirty line which was becoming

more and more visible in the horizon:

"'By Jove, yes!' cried Stanton, 'that's a TYPHAON coming up, sure

enough.'"—_Oakfield_, i. 122.

1859.—"The weather was sultry and unsettled, and my Jemadar, Ramdeen

Tewarry ... opined that we ought to make ready for the coming TUPHAN or

tempest.... A darkness that might be felt, and that no lamp could

illumine, shrouded our camp. The wind roared and yelled. It was a

hurricane."—_Lt.-Col. Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, p. 62.

Compare the next quotation, from the same writer, with that given above

from Couto respecting the _Olho de Boi_:

1885.—"The district was subject to cyclonic storms of incredible

violence, fortunately lasting for a very short time, but which often

caused much destruction. These storms were heralded by the appearance

above the horizon of clouds known to the natives by the name of 'lady's

eyebrows,' so called from their being curved in a narrow black-arched

wisp, and these most surely foretold the approach of the

tornado."—_Ibid._ 176.

TYRE, s. Tamil and Malayāl. _tayir_. The common term in S. India for

curdled milk. It is the Skt. _dadhi_, Hind. _dahi_ of Upper India, and

probably the name is a corruption of that word.

1626.—"Many reasoned with the Iesuits, and some held vaine Discourses of

the Creation, as that there were seuen seas; one of Salt water, the

second of Fresh, the third of Honey, the fourth of Milke, the fift of

TAIR (which is Cream beginning to sowre)...."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 561.

1651.—"TAYER, dat is dicke Melch, die wie _Saen_ nommen."—_Rogerius_,

138.

1672.—"Curdled milk, TAYER, or what we call _Saane_, is a thing very

grateful to them, for it is very cooling, and used by them as a remedy,

especially in hot fevers and smallpox, which is very prevalent in the

country."—_Baldaeus, Zeylon_, 403.

1776.—"If a Bramin applies himself to commerce, he shall not sell ...

Camphire and other aromaticks, or Honey, or Water, or Poison, or Flesh,

or Milk, or TYER (Sour Cream) or GHEE, or bitter Oil...."—_Halhed, Code_,

41.

1782.—"Les uns en furent affligés pour avoir passé les nuits et dormi en

plein air; d'autres pour avoir mangé du riz froid avec du

TAIR."—_Sonnerat_, i. 201.