c. 1784.—"The Saniassi (SUNYASEE), who lived near the _chauderie_ (see

CHOULTRY), took charge of preparing my meals, which consisted of rice,

vegetables, TAYAR (_lait caillé_), and a little _mologonier_" (_eau

poivrée_—see MULLIGATAWNY).—_Haafner_, i. 147.

[1800.—"The boiled milk, that the family has not used, is allowed to cool

in the same vessel; and a little of the former day's TYRE, or curdled

milk, is added to promote its coagulation...."—_Buchanan, Mysore_, ii.

14.]

1822.—"He was indeed poor, but he was charitable; so he spread before

them a repast, in which there was no lack of GHEE, or milk, or

TYER."—_The Gooroo Paramartan_, E.T. by _Babington_, p. 80.

U

UJUNGTANAH, n.p. This is the Malay name (nearly answering to 'Land's End,'

from _Ujung_, 'point or promontory,' and _tanah_, 'land') of the extreme

end of the Malay Peninsula terminating in what the maps call Pt. Romania.

In Godinho de Eredia's _Declaracam de Malaca_ the term is applied to the

whole Peninsula, but owing to the interchangeable use of _u_, _v_, and of

_j_, _i_, it appears there throughout as VIONTANA. The name is often

applied by the Portuguese writers to the Kingdom of Johor, in which the

Malay dynasty of Malacca established itself when expelled by Alboquerque in

1511; and it is even applied (as in the quotation from Barros) to their

capital.

c. 1539.—"After that the King of JANTANA had taken that oath before a

great Cacis (CASIS) of his, called _Raia Moulana_, upon a festival day

when as they solemnized their Ramadan (RAMDAM)...."—_Pinto_, in _Cogan's_

E.T., p. 36.

1553.—"And that you may understand the position of the city of UJANTANA,

which Don Stephen went to attack, you must know that UJANTANA is the most

southerly and the most easterly point of the mainland of the Malaca

coast, which from this Point (distant from the equator about a degree,

and from Malaca something more than 40 leagues) turns north in the

direction of the Kingdom of Siam.... On the western side of this Point a

river runs into the sea, so deep that ships can run up it 4 leagues

beyond the bar, and along its banks, well inland, King Alaudin had

established a big town...."—_Barros_, IV. xi. 13.

1554.—"... en Muar, in OJANTANA...."—_Botelho, Tombo_, 105.

UMBRELLA, s. This word is of course not Indian or Anglo-Indian, but the

_thing_ is very prominent in India, and some interest attaches to the

history of the word and thing in Europe. We shall collect here a few

quotations bearing upon this. The knowledge and use of this serviceable

instrument seems to have gone through extraordinary eclipses. It is

frequent as an accompaniment of royalty in the Nineveh sculptures; it was

in general Indian use in the time of Alexander; it occurs in old Indian

inscriptions, on Greek vases, and in Greek and Latin literature; it was in

use at the court of Byzantium, and at that of the Great Khan in Mongolia,

in medieval Venice, and more recently in the semi-savage courts of

Madagascar and Ashantee. Yet it was evidently a strange object, needing

particular description, to John Marignolli (c. 1350), Ruy Clavijo (c.

1404), Barbosa (1516), John de Barros (1553), and Minsheu (1617). See also

CHATTA, and SOMBRERO.

c. B.C. 325.—"Τοὺς δὲ πωγώνας λέγει Νέαρχος ὅτι βάπτονται Ἰνδοὶ ... καὶ

σκιάδια ὅτι προβάλλονται, τοῦ θέρεος, ὅσοι οὐκ ἠμελημένοι

Ἰνδῶν."—_Arrian, Indica_, xvi.

c. B.C. 2.

"Ipse tene distenta suis UMBRACULA virgis;

Ipse face in turba, qua venit illa, locum."

_Ovid, Art. Amat._ ii. 209-210.

c. A.D. 5.

"Aurea pellebant rapidos UMBRACULA soles

Quae tamen Herculeae sustinuere manus."

_Ibid._ _Fasti_, ii. 311-312.

c. A.D. 100.

"En, cui tu viridem UMBELLAM, cui succina mittas

Grandia natalis quoties redit...."

_Juvenal_, ix. 50-51.

c. 200.—"... ἔπεμψε δὲ καὶ κλίνην αὔτῳ ἀργυρόποδα, καὶ στρωμνὴν, καὶ

σκηνὴν οὐρανόροφον ἀνθίνην, καὶ θρόνον ἀργυροῦν, καὶ ἐπίχρυσον σκιάδιον

..."—_Athenaeus_, Lib. ii. Epit. § 31.

c. 380.—"Ubi si inter aurata flabella laciniis sericis insiderint muscae,

vel per foramen UMBRACULI pensilis radiolus irruperit solis, queruntur

quod non sunt apud Cimmerios nati."—_Ammianus Marcellinus_, XXVIII. iv.

1248.—"Ibi etiam quoddam SOLINUM (_v._ SOLIOLUM), sive tentoriolum, quod

portatur super caput Imperatoris, fuit praesentatum eidem, quod totum

erat praeparatum cum gemmis."—_Joan. de Plano Carpini_, in _Rec. de V._,

iv. 759-760.

c. 1292.—"Et a haute festes porte Monsignor le Dus une corone d'or ... et

la ou il vait a hautes festes si vait apres lui un damoiseau qui porte

une UNBRELE de dras à or sur son chief...."

and again:

"Et apres s'en vet Monsignor li Dus desos L'ONBRELE que li dona Monsignor

l'Apostoille; et cele ONBRELE est d'un dras (a) or, que la porte un

damosiaus entre ses mains, que s'en vet totes voies apres Monsignor li

Dus."—Venetian Chronicle of _Martino da Canale, Archiv. Stor. Ital._, I.

Ser. viii. 214, 560.

1298.—"Et tout ceus ... ont par commandement que toutes fois que il

chevauchent doivent avoir sus le chief un palieque que on dit OMBREL, que

on porte sur une lance en senefiance de grant seigneurie."—_Marco Polo_,

Text of _Pauthier_, i. 256-7.

c. 1332.—(At Constantinople) "the inhabitants, military men or others,

great and small, winter and summer, carry over their heads huge UMBRELLAS

(_ma hallāt_)."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 440.

c. 1335.—"Whenever the Sultan (of Delhi) mounts his horse, they carry an

UMBRELLA over his head. But when he starts on a march to war, or on a

long journey, you see carried over his head seven umbrellas, two of which

are covered with jewels of inestimable value."—_Shihābuddīn Dimishkī_, in

_Not. et Exts._ xiii. 190.

1404.—"And over her head they bore a SHADE (SOMBRA) carried by a man, on

a shaft like that of a lance; and it was of white silk, made like the

roof of a round tent, and stretched by a hoop of wood, and this shade

they carry over the head to protect them from the sun."—_Clavijo_, §

cxxii.

1541.—"Then next to them marches twelve men on horseback, called

Peretandas, each of them carrying an UMBRELLO of carnation Sattin, and

other twelve that follow with banners of white damask."—_Pinto_, in

_Cogan's_ E.T., p. 135.

In the original this runs:

"Vão doze homẽs a cavallo, que se chamão peretandas, cõ SOMBREYROS de

citim cramesim nas mãos _a modo de esparavels postos em cesteas muyto

compridas_ (like tents upon very long staves) et outros doze cõ bãndeyras

de damasco branco."

[c. 1590.—"_The Ensigns of Royalty_.... 2. The _Chatr_, or UMBRELLA, is

adorned with the most precious jewels, of which there are never less than

seven. 3. The _Sáibán_ is of an oval form, a yard in length, and its

handle, like that of the umbrella, is covered with brocade, and

ornamented with precious stones. One of the attendants holds it, to keep

off the rays of the sun. It is also called _Áftábgír_."—_Āīn_, i. 50.]

1617.—"An UMBRELL, a _fashion of_ round and broade fanne, wherewith the

Indians, _and from them our great ones preserue themselves from the heate

of the scorching sunne_. G. Ombraire, m. Ombrelle, f. I. Ombrélla. L.

Vmbella, _ab vmbra_, the shadow, _est enim_ instrumentum quo solem à

facie arcent ¶ Iuven. Gr. σκιάδιον, diminut. a σκία, i. vmbra. T.

SCHABHUT, q. SCHATHUT, _à_ SCHATTEN, i. _vmbra_, et HUT, i. _pileus, á

quo_, et B. SCHINHOEDT. Br. _Teggidel, à teg,_ i. pulchrum forma, et

_gidd_, pro _riddio_, i. protegere; _haec enim vmbellae

finis_."—_Minsheu_ (1st ed. s.v.).

1644.—"Here (at Marseilles) we bought UMBRELLAS against the

heats."—_Evelyn's Diary_, 7th Oct.

1677.—(In this passage the word is applied to an awning before a shop.)

"The Streets are generally narrow ... the better to receive the

advantages of UMBRELLO'S extended from side to side to keep the sun's

violence from their customers."—_Fryer_, 222.

1681.—"After these comes an Elephant with two Priests on his back; one

whereof is the Priest before spoken of, carrying the painted Stick on his

shoulder.... The other sits behind him, holding a round thing like an

VMBRELLO over his head, to keep off Sun or Rain."—_Knox's Ceylon_, 79.

1709.—"... The Young Gentleman belonging to the Custom-house that for

fear of rain borrowed the UMBRELLA at Will's Coffee-house in Cornhill of

the Mistress, is hereby advertised that to be dry from head to foot in

the like occasion he shall be welcome to the Maid's pattens."—_The Female

Tatler_, Dec. 12, quoted in _Malcolm's Anecdotes_, 1808, p. 429.

1712.

"The tuck'd up semstress walks with hasty strides

While streams run down her oil'd UMBRELLA'S sides."

_Swift, A City Shower._

1715.

"Good housewives all the winter's rage despise,

Defended by the riding hood's disguise;

Or underneath the UMBRELLA'S oily shade

Safe through the wet on clinking pattens tread.

"Let Persian dames the UMBRELLA'S ribs display

To guard their beauties from the sunny ray;

Or sweating slaves support the shady load

When Eastern monarchs show their state abroad;

Britain in winter only knows its aid

To guard from chilly showers the walking maid."

_Gay, Trivia_, i.

1850.—_Advertisement posted at the door of one of the Sections of the_

British Association _meeting at_ Edinburgh.

"The gentleman, who carried away a brown silk UMBRELLA from the ——

Section yesterday, may have the cover belonging to it, which is of no

further use to the Owner, by applying to the Porter at the Royal

Hotel."—(_From Personal Recollection._)—It is a curious parallel to the

advertisement above from the _Female Tatler_.

UPAS, s. This word is now, like JUGGERNAUT, chiefly used in English as a

customary metaphor, and to indicate some institution that the speaker

wishes to condemn in a compendious manner. The word _upas_ is Javanese for

poison; [Mr. Scott writes: "The Malay word _ūpas_, means simply 'poison.'

It is Javanese _hupas_, Sundanese _upas_, Balinese _hupas_, 'poison.' It

commonly refers to vegetable poison, because such are more common. In the

Lampong language _upas_ means 'sickness.'"] It became familiar in Europe in

connection with exaggerated and fabulous stories regarding the

extraordinary and deadly character of a tree in Java, alleged to be so

called. There are several trees in the Malay Islands producing deadly

poisons, but the particular tree to which such stories were attached is one

which has in the last century been described under the name of _Antiaris

toxicaria_, from the name given to the poison by the Javanese proper, viz.

_Antjar_, or _Anchar_ (the name of the tree all over Java), whilst it is

known to the Malays and people of Western Java as _Upas_, and in Celebes

and the Philippine Islands as _Ipo_ or _Hipo_. [According to Mr. Scott "the

Malay name for the 'poison-tree,' or any poison-tree, is _pōhun ūpas_,

_pūhun ūpas_, represented in English by BOHON-UPAS. The names of two

poison-trees, the Javanese _anchar_ (Malay also _anchar_) and _chetik_,

appear occasionally in English books ... The Sundanese name for the poison

tree is _bulo ongko_."] It was the poison commonly used by the natives of

Celebes and other islands for poisoning the small bamboo darts which they

used (and in some islands still use) to shoot from the blow-tube (see

SUMPITAN, SARBATANE).

The story of some deadly poison in these islands is very old, and we find

it in the _Travels_ of Friar Odoric, accompanied by the mention of the

disgusting antidote which was believed to be efficacious, a genuine Malay

belief, and told by a variety of later and independent writers, such as

Nieuhof, Saar, Tavernier, Cleyer, and Kaempfer.

The subject of this poison came especially to the notice of the Dutch in

connection with its use to poison the arrows just alluded to, and some

interesting particulars are given on the subject by Bontius, from whom a

quotation is given below, with others. There is a notice of the poison in

De Bry, in Sir T. Herbert (whencesoever he borrowed it), and in somewhat

later authors about the middle of the 17th century. In March 1666 the

subject came before the young Royal Society, and among a long list of

subjects for inquiry in the East occur two questions pertaining to this

matter.

The illustrious Rumphius in his _Herbarium Amboinense_ goes into a good

deal of detail on the subject, but the tree does not grow in Amboyna where

he wrote, and his account thus contains some ill-founded statements, which

afterwards lent themselves to the fabulous history of which we shall have

to speak presently. Rumphius however procured from Macassar specimens of

the plant, and it was he who first gave the native name (_Ipo_, the

Macassar form) and assigned a scientific name, _Arbor toxicaria_.[274]

Passing over with simple mention the notices in the appendix to John Ray's

_Hist. Plantarum_, and in Valentijn (from both of which extracts will be

found below), we come to the curious compound of the loose statements of

former writers magnified, of the popular stories current among Europeans in

the Dutch colonies, and of pure romantic invention, which first appeared in

1783, in the _London Magazine_. The professed author of this account was

one Foersch, who had served as a junior surgeon in the Dutch East

Indies.[275] This person describes the tree, called BOHON-UPAS, as situated

"about 27 leagues[276] from Batavia, 14 from Soura Karta, the seat of the

Emperor, and between 18 and 20 leagues from Tinkjoe" (probably for

_Tjukjoe_, _i.e._ Djokjo-Karta), "the present residence of the Sultan of

Java." Within a radius of 15 to 18 miles round the tree no human creature,

no living thing could exist. Condemned malefactors were employed to fetch

the poison; they were protected by special arrangements, yet not more than

1 in 10 of them survived the adventure. Foersch also describes executions

by means of the Upas poison, which he says he witnessed at Sura Karta in

February 1776.

The whole paper is a very clever piece of sensational romance, and has

impressed itself indelibly, it would seem, on the English language; for to

it is undoubtedly due the adoption of that standing metaphor to which we

have alluded at the beginning of this article. This effect may, however,

have been due not so much directly to the article in the _London Magazine_

as to the adoption of the fable by the famous ancestor of a man still more

famous, Erasmus Darwin, in his poem of the _Loves of the Plants_. In that

work not only is the essence of Foersch's story embodied in the verse, but

the story itself is quoted at length in the notes. It is said that Darwin

was warned of the worthlessness of the narrative, but was unwilling to rob

his poem of so sensational an episode.

Nothing appears to be known of Foersch except that there was really a

person of that name in the medical service in Java at the time indicated.

In our article ANACONDA we have adduced some curious particulars of analogy

between the Anaconda-myth and the Upas-myth, and intimated a suspicion that

the same hand may have had to do with the spinning of both yarns.

The extraordinary _éclat_ produced by the Foerschian fables led to the

appointment of a committee of the Batavian Society to investigate the true

facts, whose report was published in 1789. This we have not yet been able

to see, for the report is not contained in the regular series of the

_Transactions_ of that Society; nor have we found a refutation of the

fables by M. Charles Coquebert referred to by Leschenault in the paper

which we are about to mention. The poison tree was observed in Java by

Deschamps, naturalist with the expedition of D'Entrecasteaux, and is the

subject of a notice by him in the _Annales de Voyages_, vol. i., which goes

into little detail, but appears to be correct as far as it goes, except in

the statement that the Anchar was confined to Eastern Java. But the first

thorough identification of the plant, and scientific account of the facts

was that of M. Leschenault de la Tour. This French savant, when about to

join a voyage of discovery to the South Seas, was recommended by Jussieu to

take up the investigation of the Upas. On first enquiring at Batavia and

Samarang, M. Leschenault heard only fables akin to Foersch's romance, and

it was at Sura Karta that he first got genuine information, which

eventually enabled him to describe the tree from actual examination.

The tree from which he took his specimens was more than 100 ft. in height,

with a girth of 18 ft. at the base. A Javanese who climbed it to procure

the flowers had to make cuts in the stem in order to mount. After ascending

some 25 feet the man felt so ill that he had to come down, and for some

days he continued to suffer from nausea, vomiting, and vertigo. But another

man climbed to the top of the tree without suffering at all. On another

occasion Leschenault, having had a tree of 4 feet girth cut down, walked

among its broken branches, and had face and hands besprinkled with the

gum-resin, yet neither did he suffer; he adds, however, that he had washed

immediately after. Lizards and insects were numerous on the trunk, and

birds perched upon the branches. M. Leschenault gives details of the

preparation of the poison as practised by the natives, and also particulars

of its action, on which experiment was made in Paris with the material

which he brought to Europe. He gave it the scientific name by which it

continues to be known, viz. _Antiaris toxicaria_ (N.O. _Artocarpeae_).[277]

M. Leschenault also drew the attention of Dr. Horsfield, who had been

engaged in the botanical exploration of Java some years before the British

occupation, and continued it during that period, to the subject of the

Upas, and he published a paper on it in the _Batavian Transactions_ for

1813 (vol. vii.). His account seems entirely in accordance with that of

Leschenault, but is more detailed and complete, with the result of numerous

observations and experiments of his own. He saw the _Antiaris_ first in the

Province of Poegar, on his way to Banyuwangi. In Blambangan (eastern

extremity of Java) he visited four or five trees; he afterwards found a

very tall specimen growing at Passaruwang, on the borders of Malang, and

again several young trees in the forests of Japāra, and one near Onārang.

In all these cases, scattered over the length of Java, the people knew the

tree as _anchar_.

Full articles on the subject are to be found (by Mr. J. J. Bennet) in

Horsfield's _Plantae Javanicae Rariores_, 1838-52, pp. 52 _seqq._, together

with a figure of a flowering branch pl. xiii.; and in Blume's _Rumphia_

(Brussels, 1836), pp. 46 _seqq._, and pls. xxii., xxiii.; to both of which

works we have been much indebted for guidance. Blume gives a drawing, for

the truth of which he vouches, of a tall specimen of the trees. These he

describes as "_vastas, arduas, et a ceteris segregatas_,"—solitary and

eminent, on account of their great longevity, (possibly on account of their

being spared by the axe?), but not for any such reason as the fables

allege. There is no lack of adjoining vegetation; the spreading branches

are clothed abundantly with parasitical plants, and numerous birds and

squirrels frequent them. The stem throws out 'wings' or buttresses (see

Horsfield in the _Bat. Trans._, and Blume's Pl.) like many of the forest

trees of Further India. Blume refers, in connection with the origin of the

prevalent fables, to the real existence of exhalations of carbonic acid gas

in the volcanic tracts of Java, dangerous to animal life and producing

sterility around, alluding particularly to a paper by M. Loudoun (a Dutch

official of Scotch descent), in the _Edinburgh New Phil. Journal_ for 1832,

p. 102, containing a formidable description of the Guwo Upas or Poison

Valley on the frontier of the Pekalongan and Banyumas provinces. We may

observe, however, that, if we remember rightly, the exaggerations of Mr.

Loudoun have been exposed and ridiculed by Dr. Junghuhn, the author of

"_Java_." And if the Foersch legend be compared with some of the

particulars alleged by several of the older writers, _e.g._ Camell (in

Ray), Valentijn, Spielman, Kaempfer, and Rumphius, it will be seen that the

_basis_ for a great part of that _putida commentatio_, as Blume calls it,

is to be found in them.

George Colman the Younger founded on the Foerschian Upas-myth, a kind of

melodrama, called the _Law of Java_, first acted at Covent Garden May 11,

1822. We give some quotations below.[278]

Lindley, in his _Vegetable Kingdom_, in a short notice of _Antiaris

toxicaria_, says that, though the accounts are greatly exaggerated, yet the

facts are notable enough. He says cloth made from the tough fibre is so

acrid as to verify the Shirt of Nessus. My friend Gen. Maclagan, noticing

Lindley's remark to me, adds: "Do you remember in our High School days (at

Edinburgh) a grand Diorama called THE UPAS TREE? It showed a large wild

valley, with a single tree in the middle, and illustrated the safety of

approach on the windward side, and the desolation it dealt on the other."

[For some details as to the use of the Upas poison, and an analysis of the

Arrow-poisons of Borneo by Dr. L. Lewin (from _Virchow's Archiv. fur

Pathol. Anat._ 1894, pp. 317-25) see _Ling Roth, Natives of Sarawak_, ii.

188 _seqq._ and for superstitions connected with these poisons, _Skeat,

Malay Magic_, 426.]

c. 1330.—"En queste isole sono molte cose maravigliose e strane. Onde

alcuni arbori li sono ... che fanno veleno pessimo.... Quelli uomini sono

quasi tutti corsali, e quando vanno a battaglia portano ciascuno uno

canna in mano, di lunghezza d'un braccio e pongono in capo de la canna

uno ago di ferro atossiato in quel veleno, e sofiano nella canna e l'ago

vola e percuotelo dove vogliono, e 'ncontinente quelli ch'è percosso

muore. Ma egli hanno la tina piene di sterco d'uomo e una iscodella di

sterco guarisce l'uomo da queste cotali ponture."—_Storia di Frate

Odorigo_, from Palatina MS., in _Cathay, &c._, App., p. xlix.

c. 1630.—"And (in Makasser) which is no lesse infernall, the men use long

canes or truncks (cald Sempitans—see SUMPITAN), out of which they can

(and use it) blow a little pricking quill, which if it draw the lest drop

of blood from any part of the body, it makes him (though the strongest

man living) die immediately; some venoms operate in an houre, others in a

moment, the veynes and body (by the virulence of the poyson) corrupting

and rotting presently, to any man's terrour and amazement, and feare to

live where such abominations predominate."—_Sir T. Herbert_, ed. 1638, p.

329.

c. 1631.—"I will now conclude; but I first must say something of the

poison used by the King of Macassar in the Island of Celebes to envenom

those little arrows which they shoot through blowing-tubes, a poison so

deadly that it causes death more rapidly than a dagger. For one wounded

ever so lightly, be it but a scratch bringing blood, or a prick in the

heel, immediately begins to nod like a drunken man, and falls dead to the

ground. And within half an hour of death this putrescent poison so

corrupts the flesh that it can be plucked from the bones like so much

_mucus_. And what seems still more marvellous, if a man (_e.g._) be

scratched in the thigh, or higher in the body, by another point which is

_not_ poisoned, and the still warm blood as it flows down to the feet be

merely touched by one of these poisoned little arrows, swift as wind the

pestilent influence ascends to the wound, and with the same swiftness and

other effects snatches the man from among the living.

"These are no idle tales, but the experience of eye-witnesses, not only

among our countrymen, but among Danes and Englishmen."—_Jac. Bontii_,

lib. v. cap. xxxiii.

1646.—"Es wachst ein Baum auf _Maccasser_, einer Cüst auf der Insul

_Çelebes_, der ist treflich vergiftet, dass wann einer nur an einem Glied

damit verletzet wird, und man solches nit alsbald wegschlägt, der Gift

geschwind zum Hertzen eilet, und den Garaus machet" (then the antidote as

before is mentioned).... "Mit solchem Gift schmieren die _Bandanesen_

Ihre lange Pfeil, die Sie von grossen Bögen, einer Mannsläng hoch, hurtig

schiessen; in _Banda_ aber tähten Ihre Weiber grossen Schaden damit. Denn

Sie sich auf die Bäume setzten, und kleine Fischgeräht damit schmierten,

und durch ein gehöhlert Röhrlein, von einem Baum, auf unser Volck

schossen, mit grossen machtigen Schaden."—_Saar, Ost-Indianische

Funfzehen-Jahrige Kriegs-Dienste_ ... 1672, pp. 46-47.

1667.—"_Enquiries for_ Suratt, _and other parts of the East Indies_.

* * * * *

"19. Whether it be true, that the only Antidote hitherto known, against

the famous and fatal _macassar-poison_, is _human ordure_, taken

inwardly? And what substance that poison is made of?"—_Phil. Trans._ vol.

ii. Anno 1667 (Proceedings for March 11, 1666, _i.e._ N.S. 1667), d. 417.

1682.—"The especial weapons of the Makassar soldiers, which they use

against their enemies, are certain pointed arrowlets about a foot in

length. At the foremost end these are fitted with a sharp and pointed

fish-tooth, and at the butt with a knob of spongy wood.

"The points of these arrows, long before they are to be used, are dipt in

poison and then dried.

"This poison is a sap that drips from the bark of the branches of a

certain tree, like resin, from pine-trees.

"The tree grows on the Island Makasser, in the interior, and on three or

four islands of the Bugisses (see BUGIS), round about Makassar. It is

about the height of the clove-tree, and has leaves very similar.

"The fresh sap of this tree is a very deadly poison; indeed its virulence

is incurable.

"The arrowlets prepared with this poison are not, by the Makasser

soldiers, shot with a bow, but blown from certain blow-pipes (_uit zekere

spatten gespat_); just as here, in the country, people shoot birds by

blowing round pellets of clay.

"They can with these in still weather hit their mark at a distance of 4

rods.

"They say the Makassers themselves know no remedy against this poison ...

for the poison presses swiftly into the blood and vital spirits, and

causes a violent inflammation. They hold (however) that the surest remedy

for this poison is ..." (and so on, repeating the antidote already

mentioned).—_Joan Nieuhof's Zee en Land Reize_, &c., pp. 217-218.

c. 1681.—"_Arbor Toxicaria_, IPO.

"I have never yet met with any poison more horrible and hateful, produced

by any vegetable growth, than that which is derived from this lactescent

tree.

* * * * *

Moreover beneath this tree, and in its whole circumference to the

distance of a stone-cast, no plant, no shrub, or herbage will grow; the

soil beneath it is barren, blackened, and burnt as it were ... and the

atmosphere about it is so polluted and poisoned that the birds which

alight upon its branches become giddy and fall dead * * * all things

perish which are touched by its emanations, insomuch that every animal

shuns it and keeps away from it, and even the birds eschew flying by it.

"No man dares to approach the tree without having his arms, feet, and

head wrapped round with linen ... for Death seems to have planted his

foot and his throne beside this tree...." (He then tells of a venomous

basilisk with two feet in front and fiery eyes, a crest, and a horn, that

dwelt under this tree). * * *

"The Malays call it _Cayu_ UPAS, but in Macassar and the rest of Celebes

it is called IPO.

* * * * *

"It grows in desert places, and amid bare hills, and is easily discerned

from afar, there being no other tree near it."

* * * * *

—_Rumphii, Herbarium Amboinense_, ii. 263-268.

1685.—"I cannot omit to set forth here an account of the poisoned

missiles of the Kingdom of _Macassar_, which the natives of that kingdom

have used against our soldiers, bringing them to sudden death. It is

extracted from the Journal of the illustrious and gallant admiral, H.

Cornelius Spielman.... The natives of the kingdom in question possess a

singular art of shooting arrows by blowing through canes, and wounding

with these, insomuch that if the skin be but slightly scratched the

wounded die in a twinkling."

(Then the old story of the only antidote)....

The account follows extracted from the Journal.

* * * * *

"There are but few among the Macassars and Bugis who possess the real

knowledge needful for selecting the poison, so as to distinguish between

what is worthless and what is highest quality.... From the princes (or

Rajas) I have understood that the soil in which the trees affording the

poison grow, for a great space round about produces no grass nor any

other vegetable growth, and that the poison is properly a water or

liquid, flowing from a bruise or cut made in the bark of those trees,

oozing out as sap does from plants that afford milky juices.... When the

liquid is being drawn from the wounded tree, no one should carelessly

approach it so as to let the liquid touch his hands, for by such contact

all the joints become stiffened and contracted. For this reason the

collectors make use of long bamboos, armed with sharp iron points. With

these they stab the tree with great force, and so get the sap to flow

into the canes, in which it speedily hardens."—Dn. Corn. Spielman ... _de

Telis deleterio Veneno infectis in_ Macassar, _et aliis Regnis Insulae_

Celebes; _ex ejus Diario extracta. Huic praemittitur brevis narratio de

hac materia Dn._ Andreae Cleyeri. In _Miscellanea Curiosa, sive

Ephemeridum.... Academiae Naturae Curiosorum_, Dec. II. Annus Tertius.

Anni MDCLXXXIV., Norimbergae (1685), pp. 127 _seqq._

1704.—"IPO seu HYPO arbor est mediocris, folio parvo, et obscure virenti,

quae tam malignae et nocivae qualitatis, ut omne vivens umbrâ suâ

interimat, unde narrant in circuitu, et umbrae distinctu, plurima ossium

mortuorum hominum animaliumque videri. Circumvicinas etiam plantas

enecat, et aves insidentes interficere ferunt, si Nucis Vomicae _Igasur_,

plantam non invenerint, qua reperta vita quidem donantur et servantur,

sed defluvium patiuntur plumarum.... HYPO lac Indi _Camucones_ et

_Sambales_, Hispanis infensissimi, longis, excipiunt arundineis perticis,

sagittis intoxicandis deserviturum irremediabile venenum, omnibus aliis

alexipharmacis superius, praeterquam stercore humano propinato. An

Argensolae _arbor comosa_, quam _Insulae Celebes_ ferunt, cujus umbra

occidentalis mortifera, orientalis antidotum?..."—_De Quibusdam Arboribus

Venenatis_, in _Herbarum aliarumque Stirpium in Insula Luzone_ ... a

Revdo Patre Georgio Camello, S.J. _Syllabus ad_ Joannem Raium

_transmissus_. In Appendix, p. 87, of _Joan. Raii Hist. Plantarum_. Vol.

III. (London 1704).

1712.—"Maxima autem celebritas radiculae enata est, ab eximia illa

virtute, quam adversus toxicum Macassariense praestat, exitiale illud, et

vix alio remedio vincibile. Est venenum hoc succus lacteus et pinguis,

qui collegitur ex recens sauciata arbore quadam, indigenes IPU, Malajis

Javanisque UPÀ dictâ, in abditis locis sylvarum Insulae Celebes ...

crescente ... cujus genuinum et in solâ Macassariâ germinantis succum,

qui colligere suscipiunt, praesentissimis vitae periculis se exponant

necesse est. Nam ad quaerendam arborem loca dumis beluisque infesta

penetranda sunt, inventa vero, nisi eminus vulneretur, et ab eâ parte, a

qua ventus adspirat, vel aura incumbit, aggressores erumpento halitu

subito suffocabit. Quam sortem etiam experiri dicuntur volucres, arborem

recens vulneratam transvolantes. Collectio exitiosi liquoris, morti ob

patrata maleficia damnatis committitur, eo pacto, ut poena remittatur, si

liquorem reportaverint ... Sylvam ingrediuntur longâ instructi arundine

... quam altera extremitate ... ex asse acuunt, ut ad pertundendam

arboris corticem valeat.... Quam longe possunt, ab arbore constituti,

arundinis aciem arbori valide intrudunt, et liquoris, ex vulnere

effluentis, tantum excipiunt, quantum arundinis cavo ad proximum usque

internodium capi potest.... Reduces, supplicio et omni discrimine

defuncti, hoc vitae suae λυτρον Regi offerunt. Ita narrarunt mihi

populares Celebani, hodie Macassari dicti. Quis autem veri quicquam ex

Asiaticorum ore referat, quod figmentis non implicatur...?"—_Kaempfer,

Amoen. Exot._, 575-576.

1726.—"But among all sorts of trees, that occur here, or hereabouts, I

know of none more pernicious than the sap of the Macassar Poison tree * *

* They say that there are only a few trees of this kind, occuring in the

district of _Turatte_ on Celebes, and that none are employed except, at a

certain time of the year when it is procurable, those who are condemned

to death, to approach the trees and bring away the poison.... The poison

must be taken with the greatest care in Bamboos, into which it drips

slowly from the bark of the trees, and the persons collected for this

purpose must first have their hands, heads, and all exposed parts, well

wound round with cloths...."—_Valentijn_, iii. 218.

1783.—"The following description of the BOHON UPAS, or POISON TREE, which

grows in the Island of Java, and renders it unwholesome by its noxious

vapours, has been procured for the _London Magazine_, from Mr. Heydinger,

who was employed to translate it from the original Dutch, by the author,

Mr. Foersch, who, we are informed, is at present abroad, in the capacity

of surgeon on board an English vessel....

* * * * *

"'In the year 1774, I was stationed at Batavia, as a surgeon, in the

service of the Dutch East India Company. During my residence there I

received several different accounts of the _Bohon_-UPAS, and the violent

effects of its poison. They all then seemed incredible to me, but raised

my curiosity in so high a degree, that I resolved to investigate this

subject thoroughly.... I had procured a recommendation from an old

Malayan priest to another priest, who lives on the nearest habitable spot

to the tree, which is about fifteen or sixteen miles distant. The letter

proved of great service to me on my undertaking, as that priest is

employed by the Emperor to reside there, in order to prepare for eternity

the souls of those who, for different crimes, are sentenced to approach

the tree, and to procure the poison.... Malefactors, who, for their

crimes, are sentenced to die, are the only persons to fetch the poison;

and this is the only chance they have of saving their lives.... They are

then provided with a silver or tortoise-shell box, in which they are to

put the poisonous gum, and are properly instructed how to proceed, while

they are upon their dangerous expedition. Among other particulars, they

are always told to attend to the direction of the winds; as they are to

go towards the tree before the wind, so that the effluvia from the tree

are always blown from them.... They are afterwards sent to the house of

the old priest, to which place they are commonly attended by their

friends and relations. Here they generally remain some days, in

expectation of a favourable breeze. During that time the ecclesiastic

prepares them for their future fate by prayers and admonitions. When the

hour of their departure arrives the priest puts them on a long leather

cap with two glasses before their eyes, which comes down as far as their

breast, and also provides them with a pair of leather gloves....

"The worthy old ecclesiastic has assured me, that during his residence

there, for upwards of thirty years, he had dismissed above seven hundred

criminals in the manner which I have described; and that scarcely two out

of twenty returned," ... &c. &c.—_London Magazine_, Dec. 1783, pp.

512-517.

The paper concludes:

"[We shall be happy to communicate any authentic papers of Mr. Foersch to

the public through the London Magazine.]"

1789.—

"No spicy nutmeg scents the vernal gales,

Nor towering plantain shades the midday vales,

* * * * *

No step retreating, on the sand impress'd,

Invites the visit of a second guest;

* * * * *

Fierce in dread silence on the blasted heath

Fell UPAS sits, the Hydra Tree of death;

Lo! from one root, the envenom'd soil below,

A thousand vegetative serpents grow ..." etc.

_Darwin, Loves of the Plants_;

in _The Botanic Garden_, Pt. II.

1808.—"_Notice sur le_ Pohon UPAS _ou Arbre à_ Poison; _Extrait d'un

Voyage inédit dans l'Intérieur de l'Ile de Java, par_ L. A. Deschamps,

D.M.P., _l'un des compagnons du Voyage du Général d'Entrecasteaux_.

"C'est au fond des sombre forêts de l'ile de Java que la nature a caché

le _pohun_ UPAS, l'arbre le plus dangereux du règne végétal, pour le

poison mortel qu'il renferme, et plus celèbre encore par les fables dont

on l'a rendu le sujet...."—_Annales des Voyages_, i. 69.

1810.—"Le poison fameux dont se servent les Indiens de l'Archipel des

_Moluques_, et des iles de la _Sonde_, connu sous le nom d'IPO et UPAS, a

interessé plus que tous les autres la curiosité des Européens, parce que

les relations qu'on en a donné ont été exagérées et accompagnées de ce

merveilleux dont les peuples de l'Inde aiment à orner leurs

narrations...."—_Leschenault de la Tour_, in Mémoire sur le Strychnos

Tieute _et l_'Antiaris toxicaria, _plantes venimeuses de l'Ile de_

Java.... In _Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle_, Tom. XVIième, p.

459.

1813.—"The literary and scientific world has in few instances been more

grossly imposed upon than in the account of the _Pohon_ UPAS, published

in Holland about the year 1780. The history and origin of this forgery

still remains a mystery. Foersch, who put his name to the publication,

certainly was ... a surgeon in the Dutch East India Company's service

about the time.... I have been led to suppose that his literary abilities

were as mean as his contempt for truth was consummate. Having hastily

picked up some vague information regarding the OOPAS, he carried it to

Europe, where his notes were arranged, doubtless by a different hand, in

such a form as by their plausibility and appearance of truth, to be

generally credited.... But though the account just mentioned ... has been

demonstrated to be an extravagant forgery, the existence of a tree in

Java, from whose sap a poison is prepared, equal in fatality, when thrown

into the circulation, to the strongest animal poisons hitherto known, is

a fact."—_Horsfield_, in _Batavian Trans._ vol. vii. art. x. pp. 2-4.

1822.—"The Law of Java," a Play ... _Scene._ Kérta-Sûra, and a desolate

Tract in the Island of Java.

* * * * *

"Act I. Sc. 2.

_Emperor._ The haram's laws, which cannot be repealed,

Had not enforced me to pronounce your death,

* * * * *

One chance, indeed, a slender one, for life,

All criminals may claim.

_Parbaya._ Aye, I have heard

Of this your cruel mercy;—'tis to seek

That tree of Java, which, for many a mile,

Sheds pestilence;—for where the UPAS grows

It blasts all vegetation with its own;

And, from its desert confines, e'en those brutes

That haunt the desert most shrink off, and tremble.

Thence if, by miracle, a man condemned

Bring you the poison that the tree exudes,

In which you dip your arrows for the war,

He gains a pardon,—and the palsied wretch

Who scaped the UPAS, has escaped the tyrant."

* * * * *

"Act II. Sc. 4.

_Pengoose._ Finely dismal and romantic, they say, for many miles round

the UPAS; nothing but poisoned air, mountains, and melancholy. A charming

country for making _Mems_ and _Nota benes_!"

* * * * *

"Act III. Sc. 1.

_Pengoose._... That's the Divine, I suppose, who starts the poor

prisoners, for the last stage to the UPAS TREE; an Indian Ordinary of

Newgate.

Servant, your brown Reverence! There's no people in the parish, but, I

believe, you are the rector?

(_Writing_). "The reverend Mister Orzinga U.C.J.—The UPAS Clergyman of

Java."

_George Colman the Younger._

[1844.—"We landed in the Rajah's boat at the watering place, near the

UPAS tree...."—Here follows an interesting account by Mr Adams, in which

he describes how "the mate, a powerful person and of strong constitution,

felt so much stupified as to be compelled to withdraw from his position

on the tree."—_Capt. Sir E. Belcher, Narr. of the Voyage of H.M.S.

Samarang_, i. 180 _seqq._]

1868.—"The Church of Ireland offers to us, indeed, a great question, but

even that question is but one of a group of questions. There is the

Church of Ireland, there is the land of Ireland, there is the education

of Ireland ... they are all so many branches from one trunk, and that

trunk is the Tree of what is called Protestant ascendancy.... We

therefore aim at the destruction of that system of ascendancy, which,

though it has been crippled and curtailed by former measures, yet still

must be allowed to exist; it is still there like a tall tree of noxious

growth, lifting its head to heaven, and darkening and poisoning the land

as far as its shadow can extend; it is still there, gentlemen, and now at

length the day has come when, as we hope, the axe has been laid to the

root of that tree, and it nods and quivers from its top to its

base...."—Mr. GLADSTONE'S _Speech at Wigan_, Oct. 23. In this quotation

the orator indicates the UPAS TREE without naming it. The name was

supplied by some commentators referring to this indication at a later

date:

1873.—"It was perfectly certain that a man who possessed a great deal of

imagination might, if he stayed out sufficiently long at night, staring

at a small star, persuade himself next morning that he had seen a great

comet; and it was equally certain that such a man, if he stared long

enough at a bush, might persuade himself that he had seen a branch of the

UPAS TREE."—Speech of Lord EDMOND FITZMAURICE on the 2nd reading of the

University Education (Ireland) Bill, March 3.

" "It was to regain office, to satisfy the Irish irreconcilables,

to secure the Pope's brass band, and not to pursue 'the glorious

traditions of English Liberalism,' that Mr. Gladstone struck his two

blows at the UPAS TREE."—Mr. JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN, in _Fort. Rev._ Sept.

pp. 289-90.

1876.—"... the UPAS-TREE superstition."—_Contemp. Rev._ May.

1880.—"Lord Crichton, M.P. ... last night said ... there was one topic

which was holding all their minds at present ... what was this conspiracy

which, like the UPAS-TREE of fable, was spreading over the land, and

poisoning it?..."—In _St. James's Gazette_, Nov. 11, p. 7.

1885.—"The dread UPAS dropped its fruits.

"Beneath the shady canopy of this tall fig no native will, if he knows

it, dare to rest, nor will he pass between its stem and the wind, so

strong is his belief in its evil influence.

"In the centre of a tea estate, not far off from my encampment, stood,

because no one could be found daring enough to cut it down, an immense

specimen, which had long been a nuisance to the proprietor on account of

the lightning every now and then striking off, to the damage of the

shrubs below, large branches, which none of his servants could be induced

to remove. One day, having been pitchforked together and burned, they

were considered disposed of: but next morning the whole of his labourers

awoke, to their intense alarm, afflicted with a painful eruption.... It

was then remembered that the smoke of the burning branches had been blown

by the wind through the village...." (Two Chinamen were engaged to cut

down and remove the tree, and did not suffer; it was ascertained that

they had smeared their bodies with coco-nut oil.)—_H. O. Forbes, A

Naturalist's Wanderings_, 112-113.

[Mr. Bent (_Southern Arabia_, 72, 89) tells a similar story about the

collection of frankincense, and suggests that it was based on the custom

of employing slaves in this work, and on an interpretation of the name

Hadrimaut, said to mean 'valley of death.']

UPPER ROGER, s. This happy example of the Hobson-Jobson dialect occurs in a

letter dated 1755, from Capt. Jackson at Syrian in Burma, which is given in

Dalrymple's _Oriental Repertory_, i. 192. It is a corruption of the Skt.

_yuva-rāja_, 'young King,' the Caesar or Heir-Apparent, a title borrowed

from ancient India by most of the Indo-Chinese monarchies, and which we

generally render in Siam as the 'Second King.'

URZ, URZEE, and vulgarly URJEE, s. P.—H. _'arẓ_ and _'arẓī_, from Ar.

_'arẓ_, the latter a word having an extraordinary variety of uses even for

Arabic. A petition or humble representation either oral or in writing; the

technical term for a request from an inferior to a superior; 'a

sifflication' as one of Sir Walter Scott's characters calls it. A more

elaborate form is _'arẓ-dāsht_, 'memorializing.' This is used in a very

barbarous form of Hobson-Jobson below.

1606.—"Every day I went to the Court, and in every eighteen or twentie

dayes I put up ARS or Petitions, and still he put mee off with good

words...."—_John Mildenhall_, in _Purchas_, i. (Bk. iii.) 115.

[1614.—"Until Mocrob Chan's ERZEDACH or letter came to that purpose it

would not be granted."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 178. In p. 179 "By whom I

ERZED unto the King again."

[1687.—"The ARZDEST with the Estimauze (_Iltimās_, 'humble

representation') concerning your twelve articles...."—In _Yule, Hedges'

Diary_, Hak. Soc. II. lxx.

[1688.—"Capt. Haddock desiered the Agent would write his ARZDOST in

answer to the Nabob's Perwanna (PURWANNA)."—_Ibid._ II. lxxxiii.]

1690.—"We think you should URZDAAST the Nabob to writt purposely for y^e

releasm^t of Charles King, it may Induce him to put a great Value on

him."—Letter from Factory at Chuttanutte to _Mr. Charles Eyre_ at

Ballasore, d. November 5 (MS. in India Office).

1782.—"Monsr. de Chemant refuses to write to Hyder by _arzoasht_ (read

ARZDASHT), and wants to correspond with him in the same manner as Mons.

Duplex did with Chanda Sahib; but the Nabob refuses to receive any letter

that is not in the stile of an ARZEE or petition."—_India Gazette_, June

22.

c. 1785.—"... they (the troops) constantly applied to our colonel, who

for presenting an ARZEE to the King, and getting him to sign it for the

passing of an account of 50 lacks, is said to have received six lacks as

a reward...."—_Carraccioli, Life of Clive_, iii. 155.

1809.—"In the morning ... I was met by a minister of the Rajah of

Benares, bearing an ARJEE from his master to me...."—_Ld. Valentia_, i.

104.

1817.—"The Governor said the Nabob's Vakeel in the ARZEE already quoted,

directed me to forward to the presence that it was his wish, that your

Highness would write a letter to him."—_Mill's Hist._ iv. 436.

USHRUFEE. See ASHRAFEE.

USPUK, s. Hind. _aspak_. 'A handspike,' corr. of the English. This was the

form in use in the Canal Department, N.W.P. Roebuck gives the Sea form as

HANSPEEK.

[UZBEG, n.p. One of the modern tribes of the Turkish race. "Uzbeg is a

political not an ethnological denomination, originating from Uzbeg Khān of

the Golden Horde (1312-1340). It was used to distinguish the followers of

Shaibāni Khān (16th century) from his antagonists, and became finally the

name of the ruling Turks in the khanates as opposed to the Sarts, Tajiks,

and such Turks as entered those regions at a later date...." (_Encycl.

Brit._ 9th ed. xxiii. 661). Others give the derivation from _uz_, 'self,'

_bek_, 'a ruler,' in the sense of independent. (_Schuyler, Turkistan_, i.

106, _Vambéry, Sketches of C. Asia_, 301).

[c. 1330.—"But other two empires of the Tartars ... that which was

formerly of Cathay, but now is OSBET, which is called

Gatzaria...."—_Friar Jordanus_, 54.

[1616.—"He ... intendeth the conquest of the VZBIQUES, a nation between

Samarchand and here."—_Sir T. Roe_, i. 113, Hak. Soc.

[c. 1660.—"There are probably no people more narrow-minded, sordid or

uncleanly, than the USBEC Tartars."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 120.

[1727.—"The USPECKS entred the Provinces _Muschet_ and _Yesd_...."—_A.

Hamilton_, ed. 1744, i. 108.

[1900.—"UZ-BEG cavalry ('them HOUSE-BUGS,' as the British soldiers at

Rawal Pindi called them)."—_Sir R. Warburton, Eighteen Years in the

Khyber_, 135.]

V

[VACCA, VAKEA-NEVIS, s. Ar. _wāḳia'h_, 'an event, news': _wāḳi'ah-navīs_,

'a news-writer.' These among the Moghuls were a sort of registrars or

remembrancers. Later they became spies who were sent into the provinces to

supply information to the central Government.

[c. 1590.—"_Regulations regarding the_ WAQI'AHNAWÍS. Keeping records is

an excellent thing for a government.... His Majesty has appointed

fourteen zealous, experienced, and impartial clerks...."—_Āīn_, i. 258.

[c. 1662.—"It is true that the Great Mogul sends a VAKEA-NEVIS to the

various provinces; that is persons whose business it is to communicate

every event that takes place."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 231.

[1673.—"... Peta Gi Pundit VOCANOVICE, or Publick

Intelligencer...."—_Fryer_, 80.

[1687.—"Nothing appearing in the VACCA or any other Letters untill of

late concerning these broils."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, II. lxiii.]

VACCINATION. Vaccine was first imported into Bombay viâ Bussora in 1802.

"Since then," says R. Drummond, "the British Governments in Asia have taken

great pains to preserve and diffuse this mild instrument of salvation."

[Also see _Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 374.]

VAISHNAVA, adj. Relating to Vishnu; applied to the sectaries who especially

worship him. In Bengālī the term is converted into _Boishnab_.

1672.—"... also some hold _Wistnou_ for the supreme god, and therefore

are termed WISTNOUWAES."—_Baldaeus._

[1815.—"Many choose Vishnoo for their guardian deity. These persons are

called VOISHNUVUS."—_Ward, Hindoos_, 2nd ed. ii. 13.

VAKEEL, s. An attorney; an authorised representative. Arab. _wakīl_.

[c. 1630.—"A Scribe, VIKEEL."—_Persian Gloss._ in _Sir T. Herbert_, ed.

1677, p. 316.]

1682.—"If Mr. Charnock had taken the paines to present these 2 Perwannas

(PURWANNA) himself, 'tis probable, with a small present, he might have

prevailed with Bulchund to have our goods freed. However, at this rate

any pitifull VEKEEL is as good to act y^e Company's Service as

himself."—_Hedges, Diary_, Dec. 7; [Hak. Soc. i. 54].

[1683.—"... a copy whereof your VACKEL James Price brought you from

Dacca."—In _Yule_, _ibid._ II. xxiii.]

1691.—"_November_ the 1st, arriv'd a PATTAMAR or _Courrier_, from our

FAKEEL, or Sollicitor at Court...."—_Ovington_, 415.

1811.—"The Raja has sent two VAKEELS or ambassadors to meet me

here...."—_Ld. Minto in India_, 268.

c. 1847.—"If we go into Court I suppose I must employ a VEHICLE."—Letter

from an European subordinate to one of the present writers.

VARELLA, s. This is a term constantly applied by the old Portuguese writers

to the pagodas of Indo-China and China. Of its origin we have no positive

evidence. The most probable etymology is that it is the Malay _barāhlā_ or

_brāhlā_, [in Wilkinson's Dict. _bĕrhala_], 'an idol.' An idol temple is

_rūmah-barāhlā_, 'a house of idols,' but _barāhlā_ alone may have been used

elliptically by the Malays or misunderstood by the Portuguese. We have an

analogy in the double use of _pagoda_ for temple and idol.

1555.—"Their temples are very large edifices, richly wrought, which they

call VALERAS, and which cost a great deal...."—_Account of China_ in a

Jesuit's Letter appended to _Fr. Alvarez H. of Ethiopia_, translated by

Mr. Major in his _Introd. to Mendoza_, Hak. Soc. I. xlviii.

1569.—"Gran quantità se ne consuma ancora in quel Regno nelle lor

VARELLE, che sono gli suo' pagodi, de' quali ve n'è gran quantità di

grandi e di picciole, e sono alcune montagnuole fatte a mano, a giusa

d'vn pan di zuccaro, e alcune d'esse alte quanti il campanile di S. Marco

di Venetia ... si consuma in queste istesse VARELLE anco gran quantità di

oro di foglia...."—_Ces. Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 395; [in _Hakl._

ii. 368.]

1583.—"... nauigammo fin la mattina, che ci trouammo alla Bara giusto di

Negrais, che cosi si chiama in lor linguaggio il porto, che va in Pegu,

oue discoprimmo a banda sinistra del riuo vn pagodo, ouer VARELLA tutta

dorata, la quale si scopre di lontano da' vascelli, che vengono d'alto

mare, et massime quando il Sol percote in quell'oro, che la fà

risplendere all'intorno...."—_Gasparo Balbi_, f. 92.[279]

1587.—"They consume in these VARELLAES great quantitie of Golde; for that

they be all gilded aloft."—_Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 393; [and see

quotation from same under DAGON].

1614.—"So also they have many VARELAS, which are monasteries in which

dwell their _religiosos_, and some of these are very sumptuous, with

their roofs and pinnacles all gilded."—_Couto_, VI. vii. 9.

More than one prominent geographical feature on the coast-navigation to

China was known by this name. Thus in Linschoten's description of the

route from Malacca to Macao, he mentions at the entrance to the 'Straits

of Sincapura,' a rock having the appearance of an obelisk, called the

VARELLA _del China_; and again, on the eastern coast of Champa, or Cochin

China, we have frequent notice of a point (with a river also) called that

of the VARELLA. Thus in Pinto:

1540.—"The Friday following we found ourselves just against a River

called by the inhabitants of the Country _Tinacoreu_, and by us (the)

VARELLA."—_Pinto_ (in _Cogan_), p. 48.

This Varella of Champa is also mentioned by Linschoten:

1598.—"... from this thirde point to the VARELLA the coast turneth

North.... This VARELLA is a high hill reaching into the Sea, and above on

the toppe it hath a verie high stonie rock, like a tower or piller, which

may be seen far off, therefore it is by the _Portingalles_ called

VARELLA."—p. 342.

VEDAS. The Sacred Books of the Brahmans, _Veda_ being 'knowledge.' Of these

books there are nominally four, viz. the _Rig_, _Yajur_, _Sāma_ and

_Atharva_ Vedas.

The earliest direct intimation of knowledge of the existence of the Vedas

appears to be in the book called _De Tribus Impostoribus_, said to have

been printed in 1598, in which they are mentioned.[280] Possibly this

knowledge came through the Arabs. Though thus we do not trace back any

direct allusion to the Vedas in European books, beyond the year 1600 or

thereabouts, there seems good reason to believe that the Jesuit

missionaries had information on the subject at a much earlier date. St.

Francis Xavier had frequent discussions with Brahmans, and one went so far

as to communicate to him the _mantra_ "_Om śrīnārāyaṇanāmah_." In 1559 a

learned Brahman at Goa was converted by Father Belchior Carneyro, and

baptized by the name of Manuel. He afterwards (with the Viceroy's

sanction!) went by night and robbed a Brahman on the mainland who had

collected many MSS., and presented the spoil to the Fathers, with great

satisfaction to himself and them (_Sousa, Orient. Conquist._ i. 151-2).

It is probable that the information concerning the Hindu religion and

sacred books which was attained even in Europe by the end of the 16th

century was greater than is commonly supposed, and greater than what we

find in print would warrant us to assume. A quotation from San Roman below

illustrates this in a general way. And in a constitution of Gregory XV.

dated January 31, 1623, there is mention of rites called _Haiteres_ and

_Tandié_, which doubtless represent the Vedic names _Aitareya_ and _Tāṇḍya_

(see _Norbert_, i. 39). Lucena's allusion below to the "four parts" of

Hindu doctrine must have reference to the Vedas, and his information must

have come from reports and letters, as he never was in India. In course of

time, however, what had been known seems to have been forgotten, and even

Halhed (1776) could write about 'Beids of the Shaster!' (see _Code_, p.

xiii.). This shows that though he speaks also of the 'Four Beids' (p.

xxxi.) he had no precise knowledge.

In several of the earlier quotations of the word it will be seen that the

form used is _Vedam_ or _Veidam_. This is the Tamil form. And it became

prevalent during the 18th century in France from Voltaire's having

constituted himself the advocate of a Sanskrit Poem, called by him _l'Ezour

Vedam_, and which had its origin in S. India. This was in reality an

imitation of an Indian _Purāna_, composed by some missionary in the 17th

century (probably by R. de' Nobili), to introduce Christian doctrines; but

Voltaire supposed it to be really an ancient Indian book. Its real

character was first explained by Sonnerat (see the Essay by F. W. Ellis, in

_As. Res._ xi.). The first information regarding the real Vedas was given

by Colebrooke in 1805 (_As. Res._ viii.). Orme and some authors of the 18th

and early part of the 19th century write _Bede_, which represents the N.

Indian vernacular form _Bed_. Both forms, _Bed_ and _Vedam_, are known to

Fleury, as we see below.

On the subject of the Vedas, see _Weber's Hist. of Indian Lit._, _Max

Müller's Ancient Sanskrit Lit._, _Whitney's Oriental and Linguistic

Studies_, vol. i. [and _Macdonell's Hist. of Sanskrit Lit._, pp. 29

_seqq._].

c. 1590.—"_The Brahmins._ These have properly six duties. 1. The study of

the BEDES."—_Ayeen_, by _Gladwin_, ii. 393; [ed. _Jarrett_, iii. 115].

" "Philologists are constantly engaged in translating Hindí, Greek,

Arabic, and Persian books ... Hájí Ibrahím of Sarhind translated into

Persian the _At'harban_ (_i.e._ _Atharva_ VEDA) which, according to the

Hindús is one of the four divine books."—_Ibid._ by _Blochmann_, i.

104-105.

1600.—"... Consta esta doutrina de quatro partes...."—_Lucena V. de P.

Franc. Xavier_, 95.

1602.—"These books are divided into bodies, limbs, and joints; and their

foundations are certain books which they call VEDÁOS, which are divided

into four parts."—_Couto_, V. vi. 3.

1603.—"Tienen muchos libros, de mucha costa y escriptura, todos llenos de

agueros y supersticiones, y de mil fabulas ridiculas que son sus

evangelios.... Todo esto es tan sin fundamento, que algunos libros han

llegado a Portugal, que se han traydo de la India, y han venido algunos

Iogues que se convertieron à la Fè."—_San Roman, Hist. de la India

Oriental_, 47.

1651.—"The VEDAM, or the Heathen's book of the Law, hath brought great

Esteem unto this Tribe (the Bramines)."—_Rogerius_, 3.

c. 1667.—"They say then that God, whom they call _Achar_, that is to say,

Immoveable or Immutable, hath sent them four Books which they call BETHS,

a word signifying _Science_, because they pretend that in these Books all

Sciences are comprehended. The first of these Books is called

_Athenba_-(_Atherba_-)BED, the second _Zagur_-BED, the third _Rek_-BED,

the fourth _Sama_-BED."—_Bernier_, E.T. 104; [ed. _Constable_, 325].

1672.—"Commanda primieramente il VEDA (che è tutto il fondamento della

loro fede) l'adoratione degli Idoli."—_P. Vincenzo_, 313.

" "Diese vier Theile ihres VEDAM oder Gesetzbuchs werden genant

_Roggo_ VEDAM, _Jadura_ VEDAM, _Sama_ VEDAM, und _Tarawana_

VEDAM...."—_Baldaeus_, 556.

1689.—"Il reste maintenant à examiner sur quelles preuves les Siamois

ajoutent foi à leur Bali, les Indiens à leur BETH ou VEDAM, les Musulmans

à leur Alcoran."—Fleury, in _Lett. Edif._ xxv. 65.

1726.—"Above all it would be a matter of general utility to the Coast

that some more chaplains should be maintained there for the sole purpose

of studying the Sanskrits tongue (_de Sanskritse taal_), the head and

mother tongue of most eastern languages, and once for all to make a

translation of the VEDAM, or Lawbook of the Heathen (which is followed

not only by the Heathen on this Coast, but also, in whole or in part, in

Ceylon, Malabar, Bengal, Surat, and other neighbouring Kingdoms), and

thereby to give such preachers further facilities for the more powerful

conviction of the Heathen here and elsewhere, on their own ground, and

for the disclosure of many mysteries and other matters, with which we are

now unacquainted.... This Lawbook of the Heathen, called the VEDAM, had

in the very old times 4 parts, though one of these is now lost.... These

parts were named _Roggo_ VEDAM, _Sadura_ or _Issoure_ VEDAM, _Sama_

VEDAM, and _Tarawana_ or _Adderawana_ VEDAM."—_Valentijn, Keurlijke

Beschryving van Choromandel_, in his _East Indies_, v. pp. 72-73.

1745.—"Je commençais à douter si nous n'avions point été trompés par ceux

qui nous avoient donné l'explication de ces cérémonies qu'ils nous

avoient assurés être très-conformes à leur VEDAM, c'est à dire au Livre

de leur loi."—_Norbert_, iii. 132.

c. 1760.—"VEDAM—s.m. _Hist. Superst._ C'est un livre pour qui les Brames

ou Nations idolâtres de l'Indostan ont la plus grande vénération ... en

effet, on assure que le VEDAM est écrit dans une langue beaucoup plus

ancienne que le _Sanskrit_, qui est la langue savante, connue des

bramines. Le mot VEDAM signifie science."—_Encylopédie_, xxx. 32. This

information was taken from a letter by Père Calmette, S.J. (see _Lett.

Edif._), who anticipated Max Müller's chronological system of Vedic

literature, in his statement that some parts of the _Veda_ are at least

500 years later than others.

1765.—"If we compare the great purity and chaste manners of the Shastah

(SHASTER), with the great absurdities and impurities of the VIEDAM, we

need not hesitate to pronounce the latter a corruption of the

former."—_J. Z. Holwell, Interesting Hist. Events_, &c., 2nd ed. i. 12.

This gentleman also talks of the BHADES and the VIEDAM in the same line

without a notion that the word was the same (see _ibid._ Pt. ii. 15,

1767).

c. 1770.—"The Bramin, bursting into tears, promised to pardon him on

condition that he should swear never to translate the BEDAS or sacred

volumes.... From the Ganges to the Indus the VEDAM is universally

received as the book that contains the principles of religion."—_Raynal_,

tr. 1777, i. 41-42.

c. 1774.—"Si crede poi como infallibile che dai quattro suddette BED, che

in Malabar chiamano VEDAM, Bramah medesimo ne retirasse sei _Sastrah_,

cioè scienze."—_Della Tomba_, 102.

1777.—"The word VĒD, or VĒDĂ, signifies Knowledge or Science. The sacred

writings of the Hindoos are so distinguished, of which there are four

books."—_C. Wilkins_, in his _Hĕĕtopădēs_, 298.

1778.—"The natives of Bengal derive their religion from a Code called the

SHASTER, which they assert to be the genuine scripture of Bramah, in

preference to the VEDAM."—_Orme_, ed. 1803, ii. 5.

1778.—

"Ein indischer Brahman, geboren auf der Flur,

Der nichts gelesen als den WEDA der Natur."

_Rückert, Weisheit der Bramanen_, i. 1.

1782.—"... pour les rendre (les _Pouranons_) plus authentiques, ils

ajoutèrent qu'ils étoient tirés du VÉDAM; ce que n'étoit pas facile à

vérifier, puisque depuis très longtems les Védams ne sont plus

connus."—_Sonnerat_, ii. 21.

1789.—

"Then Edmund begg'd his Rev'rend Master

T'instruct him in the _Holy_ SHASTER.

No sooner does the Scholar ask,

Than _Goonisham_ begins the task,

Without a book he glibly reads

Four of his own invented BEDES."

_Simpkin the Second_, 145.

1791.—"Toute verité ... est renfermée dans les quatre BETHS."—_St.

Pierre, Chaumière Indienne._

1794-97.—"... or Hindoo VEDAS taught."

_Pursuits of Literature_, 6th ed. 359.

VEDDAS, n.p. An aboriginal—or at least a forest—people of Ceylon. The word

is said to mean 'hunters,' [Tam. _vedu_, 'hunting'].

1675.—"The WEDDAS (who call themselves BEDDAS) are all original

inhabitants from old time, whose descent no one is able to tell."—_Ryklof

van Goens_, in _Valentijn, Ceylon_, 208.

1681.—"In this Land are many of these wild men they call VADDAHS,

dwelling near no other Inhabitants. They speak the _Chingalayes_

Language. They kill Deer, and dry the Flesh over the Fire ... their Food

being only Flesh. They are very expert with their Bows.... They have no

Towns nor Houses, only live by the waters under a Tree."—_Knox_, 61-62.

1770.—"The BEDAS who were settled in the northern part of the island

(Ceylon) ... go almost naked, and, upon the whole, their manners and

government are the same with that of the Highlanders of Scotland."

(!)—_Raynal_ (tr. 1777), i. 90.

VELLARD, s. This is a word apparently peculiar to the Island of Bombay,

used in the sense which the quotation shows. We have failed to get any

elucidation of it from local experience; but there can be little doubt that

it is a corruption of the Port. _vallado_, 'a mound or embankment.' [It is

generally known as 'Hornby's Vellard,' after the Governor of that name; but

it seems to have been built about 1752, some 20 years before Hornby's time

(see _Douglas, Bombay and W. India_, i. 140).]

1809.—"At the foot of the little hill of Sion is a causeway or VELLARD,

which was built by Mr. Duncan, the present Governor, across a small arm

of the sea, which separates Bombay from Salsette.... The VELLARD was

begun A.D. 1797, and finished in 1805, at an expense of 50,575

rupees."—_Maria Graham_, 8.

VELLORE, n.p. A town, and formerly a famous fortress in the district of N.

Arcot, 80 m. W. of Madras. It often figures in the wars of the 18th

century, but is best known in Europe for the mutiny of the Sepoys there in

1806. The etym. of the name _Vellūr_ is unknown to us. Fra Paolino gives it

as _Velur_, 'the Town of the Lance'; and Col. Branfill as '_Vēḷūr_, from

_Vēl_, a benefit, benefaction.' [Cox-Stuart (_Man. N. Arcot_, ii. 417) and

the writer of the _Madras Gloss._ agree in deriving it from Tam. _vel_,

'the BABOOL tree, _Acacia arabica_,' and _ūr_, 'village.']

VENDU-MASTER, s. We know this word only from the notifications which we

quote. It was probably taken from the name of some Portuguese office of the

same kind. [In the quotation given below from Owen it seems that the word

was in familiar use at Johanna, and the context shows that his duty was

somewhat like that of the CHOWDRY, as he provided fowls, cattle, fruit,

&c., for the expedition.]

1781.—From an advertisement in the _India Gazette_ of May 17th it appears

to have been an euphemism for _Auctioneer_; [also see _Busteed, Echoes of

Old Calcutta_, 3rd ed. p. 109].

" "Mr. Donald ... begs leave to acquaint them that the VENDU

business will in future be carried on by Robert Donald, and W.

Williams."—_India Gazette_, July 28.

1793.—"The Governor-General is pleased to notify that Mr. Williamson as

the Company's VENDU MASTER is to have the superintendence and management

of all Sales at the Presidency."—In _Seton-Karr_, ii. 99. At pp. 107,

114, also are notifications of sales by "G. Williamson, VENDU MASTER."

[1823.—"One of the chiefs, a crafty old rogue, commonly known by the name

of 'Lord Rodney' ... acted as captain of the port, interpreter,

VENDUE-MASTER and master of the ceremonies...."—_Owen, Narrative of

Voyages to explore the shores of Africa_, &c., i. 179.]

VENETIAN, s. This is sometimes in books of the 18th and preceding century

used for _Sequins_. See under CHICK.

1542.—"At the bottom of the cargo (? _cifa_), among the ballast, she

carried 4 big guns (_tiros_), and others of smaller size, and 60,000

VENETIANS in gold, which were destined for Coje Çafar, in order that with

this money he should in all speed provide necessaries for the fleet which

was coming."—_Correa_, iv. 250.

1675.—Fryer gives among coins and weights at Goa:

"The VENETIAN ... 18 Tangoes, 30 Rees."—p. 206.

1752.—"At this juncture a gold mohur is found to be worth 14 Arcot

Rupees, and a VENETIAN 4½ Arcot Rupees."—In _Long_, p. 32.

VERANDA, s. An open pillared gallery round a house. This is one of the very

perplexing words for which at least two origins may be maintained, on

grounds equally plausible. Besides these two, which we shall immediately

mention, a third has sometimes been alleged, which is thus put forward by a

well-known French scholar:

"Ce mot (VÉRANDA) n'est lui-même qu'une transcription inexacte du Persan

_beramada_, perche, terrasse, balcon."—_C. Defréméry_, in _Revue

Critique_, 1869, 1st Sem. p. 64.

Plausible as this is, it may be rejected. Is it not, however, possible that

_barāmada_, the literal meaning of which is 'coming forward, projecting,'

may be a Persian 'striving after meaning,' in explanation of the foreign

word which they may have borrowed?

Williams, again, in his Skt. Dict. (1872) gives '_varaṇḍa_ ... a veranda, a

portico....' Moreover Beames in his _Comparative Grammar of Modern Aryan

Languages_, gives Sansk. _baraṇḍa_, 'portico,' Bengali _bārāṇḍā_, Hind.

_varaṇḍā_, adding: "Most of our wise-acre _literateurs_ (qu.

_littérateurs_?) in Hindustan now-a-days consider this word to be derived

from Pers. _barāmadah_, and write it accordingly. It is, however, good

Sanskrit" (i. 153). Fortunately we have in Bishop Caldwell a proof that

comparative grammar does not preclude good manners. Mr. Beames was

evidently in entire ignorance of the facts which render the origin of the

Anglo-Indian word so curiously ambiguous; but we shall _not_ call him the

"wise-acre grammarian." _Varaṇḍa_, with the meaning in question, does not,

it may be observed, belong to the older Sanskrit, but is only found in

comparatively modern works.[281]

Littré also gives as follows (1874): "ETYM. _Verandah_, mot rapporté de

l'Inde par les Anglais, est la simple dégénérescence, dans les langues

modernes de l'Inde, du Sansc. _veranda_, colonnade, de _var_, couvrir."

That the word as used in England and in France was brought by the English

from India need not be doubted. But either in the same sense, or in one

closely analogous, it appears to have existed, quite independently, in

Portuguese and Spanish; and the manner in which it occurs without

explanation in the very earliest narrative of the adventure of the

Portuguese in India, as quoted below, seems almost to preclude the

possibility of their having learned it in that country for the first time;

whilst its occurrence in P. de Alcala can leave no doubt on the subject.

[Prof. Skeat says: "If of native Span. origin, it may be Span. _vara_ a

rod, rail. Cf. L. _uarus_, crooked" (_Concise Dict._ s.v.).]

1498.—"E vêo ter comnosco onde estavamos lançados, em huma VARANDA onde

estava hum grande castiçall d'arame que nos alumeava."—_Roteiro da Viagem

de Vasco da Gama_, 2nd ed., 1861, p. 62, _i.e._ "... and came to join us

where we had been put in a VARANDA, where there was a great candlestick

of brass that gave us light...." And Correa, speaking of the same

historical passage, though writing at a later date, says: "When the

Captain-Major arrived, he was conducted through many courts and VERANDAS

(_muitos pateos e_ VARANDAS) to a dwelling opposite that in which the

king was...."—_Correa_, by _Stanley_, 193, compared with original

_Lendas_, I. i. 98.

1505.—In Pedro de Alcala's Spanish-Arabic Vocabulary we have:

"VARANDAS—_Târbuç._

VARANDAS assi _çârgaba_, _çârgab_."

Interpreting these Arabic words, with the assistance of Prof. Robertson

Smith, we find that _târbuç_ is, according to Dozy (_Suppt._ I. 430),

_darbūz_, itself taken from _darābazīn_ (τραπέζιον), 'a stair-railing,

fireguard, balcony, &c.'; whilst _çârgab_ stands for _sarjab_, a variant

(_Abul W._, p. 735, i.) of the commoner _sharjab_, 'a lattice, or

anything latticed,' such as a window,—'a balcony, a balustrade.'

1540.—"This said, we entred with her into an outward court, all about

invironed with Galleries (_cercado a roda de duas ordens de_ VARANDAS) as

if it had been a Cloister of Religious persons...."—_Pinto_ (orig. cap.

lxxxiii.), in _Cogan_, 102.

1553 (but relating events of 1511).

"... assentou Affonso d'Alboquerque com elles, que primeiro que sahissem

em terra, irem ao seguinte dia, quando agua estivesse estofa, dez bateis

a queimar alguns baileus, que são como VARANDAS sobre o mar."—_Barros_,

II. vi. 3.

1563.—"_R._ ... nevertheless tell me what the tree is like. _O._ From

this VARANDA you can see the trees in my garden: those little ones have

been planted two years, and in four they give excellent

fruit...."—_Garcia_, f. 112.

1602.—"De maneira, que quando ja El Rey (de Pegu) chegava, tinha huns

formosos Paços de muitas camaras, VARANDAS, retretes, cozinhas, em que se

recolhia com suas mulheres...."—_Couto_, Dec. vi. Liv. vii., cap. viii.

1611.—"VARANDA. Lo entreado de los corridores, por ser como varas, per

otro nombre vareastes quasi varafustes."—_Cobarruvias._

1631.—In Haex, Malay-Latin Vocabulary, we have as a _Malay_ word,

"BARANDA, Contignatio vel Solarium."

1644.—"The fort (at Cochin) has not now the form of a fortress,

consisting all of houses; that in which the captain lives has a VARANDA

fronting the river, 15 paces long and 7 wide...."—_Bocarro_, MS. f. 313.

1710.—"There are not wanting in Cambaya great buildings with their

courts, VARANDAS, and chambers."—_De Sousa, Oriente Conquist._ ii. 152.

1711.—"The Building is very ancient ... and has a paved Court, two large

VERANDAS or Piazzas."—_Lockyer_, 20.

c. 1714.—"VARANDA. Obra sacada do corpo do edificio, cuberta o

descuberta, na qual se costuma passear, tomar o sol, o fresco, &c.

_Pergula._"—_Bluteau_, s.v.

1729.—"BARANDA. Especie de corredor o balaustrada que ordinariamente se

colocà debante de los altares o escaléras, compuesta de balaustres de

hierro, bronce, madera, o otra materia, de la altura de un medio cuerpo,

y su uso es para adorno y reparo. Algunos escriven esta voce con _b_.

Lat. Peribolus, Lorica clathrata."—_Golis, Hist. de Nueva España_, lib.

3, cap. 15. "Alajábase la pieza por la mitad con un BARANDA o biombo que

sin impedir la vista señalava termino al concorso."—_Dicc. de la Ling.

Cast. por la R. Acad._

1754.—Ives, in describing the Cave of Elephanta, speaks twice of "the

VORANDA or open gallery."—p. 45.

1756.—"... as soon as it was dark, we were all, without distinction,

directed by the guard set over us to collect ourselves into one body, and

sit down quietly under the arched VERANDA, or Piazza, to the west of the

Black-hole prison...."—_Holwell's Narr. of the Black Hole_ [p. 3]; [in

_Wheeler, Early Records_, 229].

c. 1760.—"... Small ranges of pillars that support a pent-house or shed,

forming what is called, in the Portuguese lingua-franca,

VERANDAS."—_Grose_, i. 53.

1781.—"On met sur le devant une petite galerie appellée VARANGUE, et

formée par le toit."—_Sonnerat_, i. 54. There is a French nautical term,

_varangue_, 'the ribs or floor-timbers of a ship,' which seems to have

led this writer astray here.

1783.—"You are conducted by a pretty steep ascent up the side of a rock,

to the door of the cave, which enters from the North. By it you are led

first of all into a FEERANDAH (!) or piazza which extends from East to

West 60 feet."—_Acct. of some Artificial Caves in the Neighbourhood of

Bombay_ (Elephanta), by _Mr. W. Hunter_, Surgeon in the E. Indies. In

_Archaeologia_, vii. 287.

" "The other gate leads to what in this country is called a VERANDA

or FERANDA (printed _seranda_), which is a kind of piazza or

landing-place before you enter the hall."—_Letter_ (on Caves of

Elephanta, &c.), from _Hector Macneil_, Esq., _ibid._ viii. 254.

1796.—"... Before the lowest (storey) there is generally a small hall

supported by pillars of teka (TEAK) wood, which is of a yellow colour and

exceedingly hard. This hall is called VARANDA, and supplies the place of

a parlour."—_Fra Paolino_, E.T.

1809.—"In the same VERANDAH are figures of natives of every cast and

profession."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 424.

1810.—"The VIRANDA keeps off the too great glare of the sun, and affords

a dry walk during the rainy season."—_Maria Graham_, 21.

c. 1816.—"... and when Sergeant Browne bethought himself of Mary, and

looked to see where she was, she was conversing up and down the VERANDAH,

though it was Sunday, with most of the rude boys and girls of the

barracks."—_Mrs. Sherwood's Stories_, p. 47, ed. 1873.

VERDURE, s. This word appears to have been used in the 18th century for

vegetables, adapted from the Port. _verduras_.

1752.—Among minor items of revenue from duties in Calcutta we find:

RS. A. P.

VERDURE, fish pots, firewood 216 10 6."—In _Long_, 35.

[VERGE, s. A term used in S. India for rice lands. It is the Port.

_Vársea_, _Varzia_, _Vargem_, which Vieyra defines as 'a plain field, or a

piece of level ground, that is sowed and cultivated.'

[1749.—"... as well as VARGEMS lands as hortas" (see OART).—_Treaty_, in

_Logan, Malabar_, iii. 48.

[1772.—"The estates and VERGES not yet assessed must be taxed at 10 per

cent."—_Govt. Order_, _ibid._ i. 421.]

VETTYVER, s. This is the name generally used by the French for the fragrant

grass which we call CUSCUS (q.v.). The word is Tamil _vettiver_, [from

_vettu_, 'digging,' _ver_, 'root'].

1800.—"Europeans cool their apartments by means of wetted tats (see

TATTY) made of straw or grass, and sometimes of the roots of the WATTIE

WAEROO, which, when wetted, exhales a pleasant but faint smell."—_Heyne's

Tracts_, p. 11.

VIDANA, s. In Ceylon, the title of a village head man. "The person who

conveys the orders of Government to the people" (_Clough_, s.v. _vidán_).

It is apparently from the Skt. _vadana_, "... the act of speaking ... the

mouth, face, countenance ... the front, point," &c. In Javanese _wadana_

(or _wadono_, in Jav. pronunciation) is "the face, front, van; a chief of

high rank: a Javanese title" (_Crawfurd_, s.v.). The Javanese title is, we

imagine, now only traditional; the Ceylonese one has followed the usual

downward track of high titles; we can hardly doubt the common Sanskrit

origin of both (see _Athenaeum_, April 1, 1882, p. 413, and May 13, _ibid._

p. 602). The derivation given by Alwis is probably not inconsistent with

this.

1681.—"The Dissauvas (see DISSAVE) by these _Courli_ VIDANI their

officers do oppress and squeez the people, by laying Mulcts upon them....

In _Fine_ this officer is the DISSAUVA'S chief Substitute, who orders and

manages all affairs incumbent upon his master."—_Knox_, 51.

1726.—"VIDANES, the overseers of villages, who are charged to see that no

inhabitant suffers any injury, and that the Land is sown

betimes...."—_Valentijn_ (_Ceylon_), _Names of Officers_, &c., 11.

1756.—"Under each (chief) were placed different subordinate headmen,

called VIDÁNA-_Aratchies_ and VIDÁNS. The last is derived from the word

(_vidāna_), 'commanding,' or 'ordering,' and means, as Clough (p. 647)

defines it, the person who conveys the orders of the Government to the

People."—_J. de Alwis_, in _Ceylon Journal_, 8, p. 237.

VIHARA, WIHARE, &c., s. In Ceylon a Buddhist temple. Skt. _vihārā_, a

Buddhist convent, originally the hall where the monks met, and thence

extended to the buildings generally of such an institution, and to the

shrine which was attached to them, much as _minster_ has come from

_monasterium_. Though there are now no Buddhist _vihāras_ in India Proper,

the former wide diffusion of such establishments has left its trace in the

names of many noted places: _e.g._ _Bihār_, and the great province which

takes its name; _Kuch Behār_; the _Vihār_ water-works at Bombay; and most

probably the City of _Bokhārā_ itself. [Numerous ruins of such buildings

have been unearthed in N. India, as, for instance, that at Sarnāth near

Benares, of which an account is given by Gen. Cunningham (_Arch. Rep._ i.

121). An early use of the word (probably in the sense of a monastery) is

found in the Mathura Jain inscription of the 2nd century, A.D. in the reign

of Huvishka (_ibid._ iii. 33).]

1681.—"The first and highest order of priests are the _Tirinanxes_,[282]

who are the priests of the _Buddou_ God. Their temples are styled

VEHARS.... These ... only live in the VIHAR, and enjoy great

Revenues."—_Knox, Ceylon_, 74.

[1821.—"The Malwatte and Asgirie WIHARES ... are the two heads of the

Boodhaical establishment in Ceylon."—_Davy, An Account of the Interior of

Ceylon_, 369.]

1877.—"Twice a month, when the rules of the order are read, a monk who

had broken them is to confess his crime; if it be slight, some slight

penance is laid upon him, to sweep the court-yard of the WIHĀRA, sprinkle

the dust round the sacred bo-tree."—_Rhys Davids, Buddhism_, 169.

VISS, s. A weight used in S. India and in Burma; Tam. _vīsai_, 'division,'

Skt. _vihita_, 'distributed.' In Madras it was ⅛ of a Madras maund, and =

3lb. 2oz. avoirdupois. The old scale ran, 10 pagoda weights = 1 _pollam_,

40 _pollams_ = 1 VISS, 8 VISS = 1 MAUND (of 25lbs.), 20 _maunds_ = 1

_candy_. In Burma the _viss_ = 100 _tikals_ = 3lbs. 5 5⅓. VISS is used in

Burma by foreigners, but the Burmese call the weight _peiktha_, probably a

corruption of _vīsai_.

1554.—"The baar (see BAHAR) of Peguu contains 120 BIÇAS; each BIÇA weighs

40 ounces; the BIÇA contains 100 TICALS; the TICAL weighs 3-1/5

_oitavas_."—_A. Nunes_, 38.

1568.—"This GANZA goeth by weight of BYZE ... and commonly a BYZA of

Ganza is worth (after our accompt) halfe a ducat."—_Caesar Frederike_, in

_Hakl._ ii. 367.

1626.—"In anno 1622 the Myne was shut up ... the comming of the Mogull's

Embassadour to this King's Court, with his peremptory demand of a VYSE of

the fairest diamonds, caused the cessation."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 1003.

[1727.—"VIECE." See under TICAL.

[1807.—"VISAY." See under GARCE.]

1855.—"The King last year purchased 800,000 VISS of lead, at 5 tikals

(see TICAL) for 100 viss, and sold it at twenty tikals."—_Yule, Mission

to Ava_, 256.

VIZIER, WUZEER, s. Ar.—H. _wazīr_, 'a minister,' and usually the principal

minister, under a (Mahommedan) prince. [In the Koran (cap. xx. 30) Moses

says: "Give a WAZIR of my family, Harūn (Aaron) my brother." In the _Āin_

we have a distinction drawn between the _Vakīl_, or prime minister, and the

_Vazīr_, or minister of finance (ed. _Blochmann_, i. 527).] In India the

Nawāb of Oudh was long known as the Nawāb Wazīr, the founder of the

quasi-independent dynasty having been Sa'ādat 'Alī Khān, who became Sūbadār

of Oudh, c. 1732, and was also Wazīr of the Empire, a title which became

hereditary in his family. The title of Nawāb Wazīr merged in that of

_pādshāh_, or King, assumed by Ghāzī-ud-dīn Haidar in 1820, and up to his

death still borne or claimed by the ex-King Wājid 'Alī Shāh, under

surveillance in Calcutta. As most titles degenerate, _Wazīr_ has in Spain

become _alguazil_, 'a constable,' in Port. _alvasil_, 'an alderman.'

[1612.—"Jeffer Basha VIZIER and Viceroy of the Province."—_Danvers,

Letters_, i. 173.]

1614.—"Il primo VISIR, sopra ogni altro, che era allora Nasuh bascià,

genero del Gran Signore, venne ultimo di tutti, con grandissima e ben

adorna cavalcata, enfin della quale andava egli solo con molta

gravita."—_P. della Valle_ (from Constantinople), i. 43.

W

[WACADASH, s. Japanese _waki-zashi_, 'a short sword.'

[1613.—"The Captain Chinesa is fallen at square with his new wife and

hath given her his WACADASH bidding her cut off her little

finger."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 18.

[ " "His WACADASH or little cattan."—_Ibid._ ii. 20.

[1898.—"There is also the WAKIZASHI, or dirk of about nine and a half

inches, with which harikari was committed."—_Chamberlain, Things

Japanese_, 3rd ed. 377.]

WALER, s. A horse imported from N. South Wales, or Australia in general.

1866.—"Well, young shaver, have you seen the horses? How is the WALER'S

off foreleg?"—_Trevelyan, Dawk Bungalow_, 223.

1873.—"For sale, a brown WALER gelding," &c.—_Madras Mail_, June 25.

WALI, s. Two distinct words are occasionally written in the same way.

(A). Ar. WĀLI. A Mahommedan title corresponding to Governor; ["the term

still in use for the Governor-General of a Province as opposed to the

Muḥāfiz̤, or district-governor. In E. Arabia the Wali is the Civil Governor

as opposed to the Amīr or Military Commandant. Under the Caliphate the Wali

acted also as Prefect of Police (the Indian _Faujdār_—see FOUJDAR), who is

now called Z̤ābit̤" (_Burton, Ar. Nights_, i. 238)]. It became familiar

some years ago in connection with Kandahar. It stands properly for a

governor of the highest class, in the Turkish system superior to a Pasha.

Thus, to the common people in Egypt, the Khedive is still the _Wāli_.

1298.—"Whenever he knew of anyone who had a pretty daughter, certain

ruffians of his would go to the father and say: 'What say you? Here is

this pretty daughter of yours; give her in marriage to the BAILO Achmath'

(for they call him the _Bailo_, or, as we should say, 'the

Viceregent')."—_Marco Polo_, i. 402.

1498.—"... e mandou hum homem que se chama BALE, o qual he como

alquaide."—_Roteiro de V. da Gama_, 54.

1727.—"As I was one morning walking in the Streets, I met accidentally

the Governor of the City (Muscat), by them called the WAALY."—_A.

Hamilton_, i. 70; [ed. 1744, i. 71.]

[1753.—In Georgia. "VALI, a viceroy descended immediately from the

sovereigns of the country over which he presides."—_Hanway_, iii. 28.]

B. Ar. _walī_. This is much used in some Mahommedan countries (_e.g._ Egypt

and Syria) for a saint, and by a transfer for the shrine of such a saint.

["This would be a separate building like our family tomb and probably

domed.... Europeans usually call it 'a little _Wali_'; or, as they write

it, '_Wely_'; the contained for the container; the 'Santon' for the

'Santon's tomb'" (_Burton, Ar. Nights_, i. 97).] See under PEER.

[c. 1590.—"The ascetics who are their repositaries of learning, they

style WALI, whose teaching they implicitly follow."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_,

ii. 119.]

1869.—"Quant au titre de pir (see PEER) ... il signifie proprement

_vieillard_, mais il est pris dans cette circonstance pour désigner une

dignité spirituelle equivalente à celle des _Gurû_ Hindous.... Beaucoup

de ces pirs sont à leur mort vénérés comme saints; de là le mot pir est

synonyme de WALI, et signifie Saint aussi bien que ce dernier

mot."—_Garcin de Tassy, Rel. Mus. dans l'Inde_, 23.

WALLA, s. This is a popular abridgment of _Competition-walla_, under which

will be found remarks on the termination _wālā_, and illustrations of its

use.

WANDEROO, s. In Ceylon a large kind of monkey, originally described under

this name by Knox (_Presbytes ursinus_). The name is, however, the generic

Singhalese word for 'a monkey' (_wanderu_, _vandura_), and the same with

the Hind. _bandar_, Skt. _vānara_. Remarks on the disputed identity of

Knox's _wanderoo_, and the different species to which the name has been

applied, popularly, or by naturalists, will be found in Emerson Tennent, i.

129-130.

1681.—"_Monkeys_.... Some so large as our _English Spaniel Dogs_, of a

darkish gray colour, and black faces, with great white beards round from

ear to ear, which makes them show just like old men. There is another

sort just of the same bigness, but differ in colour, being milk white

both in body and face, having great beards like the others ... both these

sorts do but little mischief.... This sort they call in their language

WANDEROW."—_Knox, Hist. Rel. of the I. of Ceylon_, 26.

[1803.—"The WANDEROW is remarkable for its great white beard, which

stretches quite from ear to ear across its black face, while the body is

of a dark grey."—_Percival, Acc. of the I. of Ceylon_, 290.]

1810.—"I saw one of the large baboons, called here WANDEROWS, on the top

of a coco-nut tree, where he was gathering nuts...."—_Maria Graham_, 97.

1874.—"There are just now some very remarkable monkeys. One is a

Macaque.... Another is the WANDEROO, a fellow with a great mass of hair

round his face, and the most awful teeth ever seen in a monkey's mouth.

This monkey has been credited with having killed two niggers before he

was caught; he comes from Malabar."—_F. Buckland_, in _Life_, 289.

WANGHEE, WHANGEE, s. The trade name for a slender yellow bamboo with

beautifully regular and short joints, imported from Japan. We cannot give

the origin of the term with any conviction. The two following suggestions

may embrace or indicate the origin. (1). Rumphius mentions a kind of bamboo

called by him _Arundinarbor fera_, the native name of which is Bulu SWANGY

(see in vol. iv. cap. vii. _et seqq._). As _buluh_ is Malay for bamboo, we

presume that _swangi_ is also Malay, but we do not know its meaning. (2).

Our friend Professor Terrien de la Couperie notes: "In the _K'ang-hi

tze-tien_, 118, 119, the HUANG-_tchu_ is described as follows: 'A species

of bamboo, very hard, with the joints close together; the skin is as white

as snow; the larger kind can be used for boats, and the smaller used for

pipes, &c.' See also _Wells Williams, Syllabic Dict. of the Chinese Lang._

p. 251.

[On this Professor Giles writes: "'_Whang_' clearly stands for 'yellow,' as

in _Whang_poo and like combinations. The difficulty is with _ee_, which

should stand for some word of that sound in the Cantonese dialect. There is

such a word in 'clothes, skin, sheath'; and 'yellow skin (or sheath)' would

form just such a combination as the Chinese would be likely to employ. The

suggestion of Terrien de la Couperie is not to the purpose." So Mr. C. M.

Gardner writes: "The word _hwang_ has many meanings in Chinese according to

the tone in which it is said. _Hwang-chi têng_ or _hwangee-têng_ might be

'yellow-corticled cane.' The word _chuh_ means 'bamboo,' and _hwang-chuh_

might be 'yellow or Imperial bamboo.' _Wan_ means a 'myriad,' _ch'i_

'utensil'; _wan-chi têng_ might mean a kind of cane 'good for all kinds of

uses.' _Wan-chuh_ is a particular kind of bamboo from which paper is made

in W. Hapei."

Mr. Skeat writes: "'_Buluh swangi_' is correct Malay. Favre in his

_Malay-Fr. Dict._ has '_suwāngi_, esprit, spectre, esprit mauvais.' '_Buluh

swangi_' does not appear in Ridley's list as the name of a bamboo, but he

does not profess to give all the Malay plant names."]

WATER-CHESTNUT. The _trapa bispinosa_ of Roxb.; Hind. _singhāṛā_, 'the

horned fruit.' See SINGARA.

WEAVER-BIRD, s. See BAYA.

WEST-COAST, n.p. This expression in Dutch India means the west coast of

Sumatra. This seems also to have been the recognised meaning of the term at

Madras in former days. See SLAVE.

[1685.—"Order'd that the following goods be laden aboard the Syam

Merchant for the WEST COAST of Sumatra...."—_Pringle, Diary Ft. St. Geo._

1st ser. IV. 136; also see 136, 138, 163, &c.]

1747.—"The Revd. Mr. Francis Fordyce being entered on the Establishment

... and having several months' allowance due to him for the WEST COAST,

amounting to Pags. 371. 9...."—_Ft. St. David's Consn._, April 30, MS. in

India Office. The letter appended shows that the chaplain had been

attached to Bencoolen. See also _Wheeler_, i. 148.

WHAMPOA, n.p. In former days the anchorage of European ships in the river

of Canton, some distance below that city. [The name is pronounced _Wongpo_

(_Ball, Things Chinese_, 3rd ed. 631).]

1770.—"Now all European ships are obliged to anchor at HOUANG-POA, three

leagues from the city" (Canton).—_Raynal_, tr. 1777, ii. 258.

WHISTLING TEAL, s. This in Jerdon is given as _Dendrocygna Awsuree_ of

Sykes. Latin names given to birds and beasts might at least fulfil one

object of Latin names, in being intelligible and pronounceable by foreign

nations. We have seldom met with a more barbarous combination of impossible

words than this. A numerous flock of these whistlers is sometimes seen in

Bengal sitting in a tree, a curious habit for ducks.

WHITE ANTS. See ANTS, WHITE.

WHITE JACKET, s. The old custom in the hot weather, in the family or at

bachelor parties, was to wear this at dinner; and one or more dozens of

white jackets were a regular item in an Indian outfit. They are now, we

believe, altogether, and for many years obsolete. [They certainly came

again into common use some 20 years ago.] But though one reads under every

generation of British India that they had gone out of use, they did

actually survive to the middle of the last century, for I can remember a

white-jacket dinner in Fort William in 1849. [The late Mr. Bridgman of

Gorakhpur, whose recollection of India dated from the earlier part of the

last century told me that in his younger days the rule at Calcutta was that

the guest always arrived at his host's house in the full evening-dress of

the time, on which his host meeting him at the door expressed his regret

that he had not chosen a cooler dress; on which the guest's Bearer always,

as if by accident, appeared from round the corner with a nankeen jacket,

which was then and there put on. But it would have been opposed to

etiquette for the guest to appear in such a dress without express

invitation.]

1803.—"It was formerly the fashion for gentlemen to dress in WHITE

JACKETS on all occasions, which were well suited to the country, but

being thought too much an undress for public occasions, they are now laid

aside for English cloth."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 240.

[c. 1848.—"... a WHITE JACKET being evening dress for a

dinner-party...."—_Berncastle, Voyage to China, including a Visit to the

Bombay Pres._ i. 93.]

WINTER, s. This term is constantly applied by the old writers to the _rainy

season_, a usage now quite unknown to Anglo-Indians. It may have originated

in the fact that winter is in many parts of the Mediterranean coast so

frequently a season of rain, whilst rain is rare in summer. Compare the

fact that _shitā_ in Arabic is indifferently 'winter,' or 'rain'; the

winter season being the rainy season. _Shitā_ is the same word that appears

in _Canticles_ ii. 11: "The winter (_sethāv_) is past, the rain is over and

gone."

1513.—"And so they set out, and they arrived at Surat (_Çurrate_) in May,

when the WINTER had already begun, so they went into WINTER-quarters

(_polo que envernarão_), and in September, when the WINTER was over, they

went to Goa in two foists and other vessels, and in one of these was the

GANDA (rhinoceros), the sight of which made a great commotion when landed

at Goa...."—_Correa_, ii. 373.

1563.—"_R._ ... In what time of the year does this disease (_morxi_,

MORT-DE-CHIEN) mostly occur?

"_O._ ... It occurs mostly in June and July (which is the WINTER-time in

this country)...."—_Garcia_, f. 76_y_.

c. 1567.—"Da Bezeneger a Goa sono d'estate otto giornate di viaggio: ma

noi lo facessimo di mezo L'INVERNO, il mese de Luglio."—_Cesare

Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 389.

1583.—"Il UERNO in questo paese è il Maggio, Giugno, Luglio e Agosto, e

il resto dell'anno è state. Ma bene è da notare che qui la stagione nõ si

può chiamar UERNO rispetto al freddo, che nõ vi regna mai, mà solo per

cagione de' venti, e delle gran pioggie...."—_Gasparo Balbi_, f. 67_v_.

1584.—"Note that the Citie of Goa is the principall place of all the

Oriental India, and the WINTER thus beginneth the 15 of May, with very

great raine."—_Barret_, in _Hakl._ ii. 413.

[1592.—See under PENANG.]

1610.—"The WINTER heere beginneth about the first of Iune and dureth till

the twentieth of September, but not with continuall raines as at Goa, but

for some sixe or seuen dayes every change and full, with much wind,

thunder and raine."—_Finch_, in _Purchas_, i. 423.

c. 1610.—"L'HYVER commence au mois d'Avril, et dure six mois."—_Pyrard de

Laval_, i. 78: [Hak. Soc. i. 104, and see i. 64, ii. 34].

1643.—"... des Galiottes (qui sortent tous les ans pour faire la guerre

aux Malabares ... et cela est enuiron la May-Septembre, lors que leur

HYUER est passé...."—_Mocquet_, 347.

1653.—"Dans les Indes il y a deux Estez et deux HYUERS, ou pour mieux

dire vn Printemps perpetuel, parce que les arbres y sont tousiours verds:

Le premier Esté commance au mois de Mars, et finit au mois de May, que

est la commancement de l'HYUER de pluye, qui continue iusques en

Septembre pleuuant incessament ces quatre mois, en sorte que les

Karauanes, ny les Patmars (see PATTAMAR, A) ne vont ne viennent: i'ay

esté quarante iours sans pouuoir sortir de la maison.... Le second Esté

est depuis Octobre iusques en Decembre, au quel mois il commance à faire

froid ... ce froid est le second HYUER qui finit au mois de Mars."—_De la

Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 244-245.

1665.—"L'HYVER se sait sentir. El commença en Juin per quantité de pluies

et de tonneres."—_Thevenot_, v. 311.

1678.—"... In WINTER (when they rarely stir) they have a _Mumjama_, or

Wax Cloth to throw over it...."—_Fryer_, 410.

1691.—"In orâ Occidentali, quae _Malabarorum_ est, HYEMS â mense Aprili

in Septembrem usque dominatur: in littore verò Orientali, quod Hollandi

DE KUST VAN CHOROMANDEL, _Oram Coromandellae_ vocant trans illos montes,

in iisdem latitudinis gradibus, contrariô planè modô â Septembri usque ad

Aprilem HYEMEM habent."—_Iobi Lusdofi_, ad suam Historiam _Commentarius_,

101.

1770.—"The mere breadth of these mountains divides summer from winter,

that is to say, the season of fine weather from the rainy ... all that is

meant by WINTER in India is the time of the year when the clouds ... are

driven violently by the winds against the mountains," &c.—_Raynal_, tr.

1777, i. 34.

WOOD-APPLE, s. [According to the _Madras Gloss._ also known as _Curd

Fruit_, _Monkey Fruit_, and _Elephant Apple_, because it is like an

elephant's skin.] A wild fruit of the N.O. _Aurantiaceae_ growing in all

the drier parts of India (_Feronia elephantum_, Correa). It is somewhat

like the _bel_ (see BAEL) but with a still harder shell, and possesses some

of its medicinal virtue. In the native pharmacopœia it is sometimes

substituted (_Moodeen Sherif_, [Watt, _Econ. Dict._ iii. 324 _seqq._]).

Buchanan-Hamilton calls it the _Kot-bel_ (_Kaṭhbel_), (_Eastern India_, ii.

787)].

1875.—"Once upon a time it was announced that the Pádsháh was about to

pass through a certain remote village of Upper India. And the village

heads gathered in pancháyat to consider what offering they could present

on such an unexampled occasion. Two products only of the village lands

were deemed fit to serve as nazrána. One was the CUSTARD-APPLE, the other

was the WOOD-APPLE ... a wild fruit with a very hard shelly rind,

something like a large lemon or small citron converted into wood. After

many _pros_ and _cons_, the custard-apple carried the day, and the

village elders accordingly, when the king appeared, made salám, and

presented a large basket of custard-apples. His Majesty did not accept

the offering graciously, but with much abusive language at being stopped

to receive such trash, pelted the simpletons with their offering, till

the whole basketful had been squashed upon their venerable heads. They

retired, abashed indeed, but devoutly thanking heaven that the offering

had not been of WOOD-APPLES!"—_Some Unscientific Notes on the History of

Plants_ (by H. Y.) in _Geog. Mag._, 1875, pp. 49-50. The story was heard

many years ago from Major William Yule, for whom see under TOBACCO.

WOOD-OIL, or GURJUN OIL, s. Beng.—H. _garjan_. A thin balsam oil drawn from

a great forest tree (N.O. _Dipterocarpeae_) _Dipterocarpus turbinatus_,

Gaertn., and from several other species of _Dipt._, which are among the

finest trees of Transgangetic India. Trees of this N.O. abound also in the

Malay Archipelago, whilst almost unknown in other parts of the world. The

celebrated Borneo camphor is the product of one such tree, and the

SAUL-WOOD of India of another. Much wood-oil is exported from the Burmese

provinces, the Malay Peninsula, and Siam. It is much used in the East as a

natural varnish and preservative of timber; and in Indian hospitals it is

employed as a substitute for copaiva, and as a remedy for leprosy (_Hanbury

& Flückiger_, Watt, _Econ. Dict._ iii. 167 _seqq._). The first mention we

know of is c. 1759 in Dalrymple's _Or. Repertory_ in a list of Burma

products (i. 109).

WOOLOCK, OOLOCK, s. [Platts in his _Hind. Dict._ gives _ulāq_, _ulāk_, as

Turkish, meaning 'a kind of small boat.' Mr. Grierson (_Bihar Peasant

Life_, 42), among the larger kinds of boats, gives _ulānk_, "which has a

long narrow bow overhanging the water in front." Both he and Mr. Grant

(_Rural Life in Bengal_, 25) give drawings of this boat, and the latter

writes: "First we have the bulky _Oolák_, or baggage boat of Bengal,

sometimes as gigantic as the _Putelee_ (see PATTELLO), and used for much

the same purposes. This last-named vessel is a clinker-built boat—that is

having the planks overlapping each other, like those in a London wherry;

whereas in the round smooth-sided _oolak_ and most country boats, they are

laid edge to edge, and fastened with iron clamps, having the appearance of

being stitched."]

1679.—"Messrs. Vincent" (&c.) ... "met the Agent (on the Hoogly R.) in

Budgeroes and OOLANKES."—_Fort St. Geo. Consns._, Sept. 14. In _Notes and

Exts._, Madras, 1871.

[1683.—"... 10 ULOCKS for Souldiers, etc."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i.

76.

[1760.—"20 HOOLUCKS 6 Oars at 28 Rs. per month."—In _Long_, 227.]

1764.—"Then the Manjees went after him in a WOLLOCK to look after

him."—_Ibid._ 383.

1781.—"The same day will be sold a twenty-oar'd WOLLOCK-built

Budgerow...."—_India Gazette_, April 14.

1799.—"We saw not less than 200 large boats at the different quays, which

on an average might be reckoned each at 60 tons burthen, all provided

with good roofs, and masted after the country manner. They seemed much

better constructed than the unwieldy WULLOCKS of Bengal."—_Symes, Ava_,

233.

WOON, s. Burm. _wun_, 'a governor or officer of administration'; literally

'a burden,' hence presumably the 'Bearer of the Burden.' Of this there are

various well-known compounds, _e.g._:

WOON-GYEE, _i.e._ '_Wun-gyī_' or Great Minister, a member of the High

Council of State or Cabinet, called the Hlot-dau (see LOTOO).

WOON-DOUK, _i.e._ _Wun-dauk_, lit. 'the prop of the _Wun_'; a sort of

Adlatus, or Minister of an inferior class. We have recently seen a

Burmese envoy to the French Government designated as "M. Woondouk."

ATWEN-WUN, Minister of the Interior (of the Court) or Household.

MYO-WUN, Provincial Governor (_May-woon_ of Symes).

YE-WUN, 'Water-Governor,' formerly Deputy of the Myo-wun of the Pr. of

Pegu (_Ray-woon_ of Symes).

AKAOK-WUN, Collector of Customs (_Akawoon_ of Symes).

WOORDY-MAJOR, s. The title of a native adjutant in regiments of Indian

Irregular Cavalry. Both the rationale of the compound title, and the

etymology of _wardī_, are obscure. Platts gives Hind. _wardī_ or _urdī_,

'uniform of a soldier, badge or dress of office,' as the first part of the

compound, with a questionable Skt. etymology, _viruda_, 'crying,

proclaiming, a panegyric.' But there is also Ar. _wird_, 'a flight of

birds,' and then also 'a troop or squadron,' which is perhaps as probable.

[Others, again, as many military titles have come from S. India, connect it

with Can. _varadi_, 'news, an order.']

[1784.—"... We made the WURDEE WOLLAH acquainted with the

circumstance...."—_Forrest, Bombay Letters_, ii. 323.

[1861.—"The senior RESSALDAR (native captain) and the WOORDIE MAJOR

(native adjutant) ... reported that the sepoys were trying to tamper with

his men."—_Cave-Browne, Punjab and Delhi_, i. 120.]

WOOTZ, s. This is an odd name which has attached itself in books to the

so-called 'natural steel' of S. India, made especially in Salem, and in

some parts of Mysore. It is prepared from small bits of malleable iron

(made from magnetic ore) which are packed in crucibles with pieces of a

particular wood (_Cassia auriculata_), and covered with leaves and clay.

The word first appears in a paper read before the Royal Society, June 11,

1795, called: "Experiments and observations to investigate the nature of a

kind of Steel, manufactured at Bombay, and there called WOOTZ ... by George

Pearson, M.D." This paper is quoted below.

The word has never since been recognised as the name of steel in any

language, and it would seem to have originated in some clerical error, or

misreading, very possibly for _wook_, representing the Canarese _ukku_

(pron. _wukku_) 'steel.' Another suggestion has been made by Dr. Edward

Balfour. He states that _uchcha_ and _nicha_ (Hind. _uṅcha-nīcha_, in

reality for 'high' and 'low') are used in Canarese speaking districts to

denote _superior_ and _inferior_ descriptions of an article, and supposes

that WOOTZ may have been a misunderstanding of _uchcha_, 'of superior

quality.' The former suggestion seems to us preferable. [The _Madras

Gloss._ gives as local names of steel, Can. _ukku_, Tel. _ukku_, Tam. and

Malayāl. _urukku_, and derives WOOTZ from Skt. _ućća_, whence comes H.

_uṅchā_.]

The article was no doubt the famous 'Indian Steel,' the σίδηρος Ἰνδικὸς καὶ

στόμωμα of the _Periplus_, the material of the Indian swords celebrated in

many an Arabic poem, the _alhinde_ of old Spanish, the _hundwānī_ of the

Persian traders, _ondanique_ of Marco Polo, the _iron_ exported by the

Portuguese in the 16th century from Baticalà (see BATCUL) in Canara and

other parts (see Correa _passim_). In a letter of the King to the Goa

Government in 1591 he animadverts on the great amount of iron and steel

permitted to be exported from Chaul, for sale on the African coast and to

the Turks in the Red Sea (_Archiv. Port. Orient._, Fasc. 3, 318).

1795.—"Dr. Scott, of Bombay, in a letter to the President, acquainted him

that he had sent over specimens of a substance known by the name of

WOOTZ; which is considered to be a kind of steel, and is in high esteem

among the Indians."—_Phil. Trans._ for 1795, Pt. ii. p. 322.

[1814.—See an account of WOOTZ, in _Heyne's Tracts_, 362 _seqq._]

1841.—"The cakes of steel are called WOOTZ; they differ materially in

quality, according to the nature of the ore, but are generally very good

steel, and are sent into Persia and Turkey.... It may be rendered

self-evident that the figure or pattern (of Damascus steel) so long

sought after exists in the cakes of WOOTZ, and only requires to be

produced by the action of diluted acids ... it is therefore highly

probable that the ancient blades (of Damascus) were made of this

steel."—_Wilkinson, Engines of War_, pp. 203-206.

1864.—"Damascus was long celebrated for the manufacture of its sword

blades, which it has been conjectured were made from the WOOTZ of

India."—_Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel_, 860.

WRITER, s.

(A). The rank and style of the junior grade of covenanted civil servants of

the E.I. Company. Technically it has been obsolete since the abolition of

the old grades in 1833. The term no doubt originally described the duty of

these young men; they were the clerks of the factories.

(B). A copying clerk in an office, native or European.

A.—

1673.—"The whole Mass of the Company's Servants may be comprehended in

those Classes, viz., Merchants, Factors, and WRITERS."—_Fryer_, 84.

[1675-6.—See under FACTOR.]

1676.—"There are some of the WRITERS who by their lives are not a little

scandalous."—_Letter from a Chaplain_, in _Wheeler_, i. 64.

1683.—"Mr. Richard More, one that came out a WRITER on y^e _Herbert_,

left this World for a better. Y^e Lord prepare us all to follow

him!"—_Hedges, Diary_, Aug. 22; [Hak. Soc. i. 105].

1747.—"82. Mr. ROBERT CLIVE, Writer in the Service, being of a Martial

Disposition, and having acted as a Volunteer in our late Engagements, We

have granted him an Ensign's Commission, upon his Application for the

same."—Letter from the _Council at Ft. St. David_ to the _Honble. Court

of Directors_, dd. 2d. May, 1747 (MS. in India Office).

1758.—"As we are sensible that our junior servants of the rank of WRITERS

at Bengal are not upon the whole on so good a footing as elsewhere, we do

hereby direct that the future appointments to a WRITER for salary, diet

money, and all allowances whatever, be 400 Rupees per annum, which mark

of our favour and attention, properly attended to, must prevent their

reflections on what we shall further order in regard to them as having

any other object or foundation than their particular interest and

happiness."—_Court's Letter_, March 3, in _Long_, 129. (The 'further

order' is the prohibition of _palankins_, &c.—see PALANKEEN.)

c. 1760.—"It was in the station of a covenant servant and WRITER, to the

East India Company, that in the month of March, 1750, I

embarked."—_Grose_, i. 1.

1762.—"We are well assured that one great reason of the WRITERS

neglecting the Company's business is engaging too soon in trade.... We

therefore positively order that none of the WRITERS on your establishment

have the benefit or liberty of Dusticks (see DUSTUCK) until the times of

their respective writerships are expired, and they commence FACTORS, with

this exception...."—_Court's Letter_, Dec. 17, in _Long_, 287.

1765.—"Having obtained the appointment of a WRITER in the East India

Company's service at Bombay, I embarked with 14 other passengers ...

before I had attained my sixteenth year."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 5; [2nd

ed. i. 1].

1769.—"The WRITERS of Madras are exceedingly proud, and have the knack of

forgetting their old acquaintances."—_Ld. Teignmouth, Mem._ i. 20.

1788.—"In the first place all the persons who go abroad in the Company's

civil service, enter as clerks in the counting-house, and are called by a

name to correspond with it, WRITERS. In that condition they are obliged

to serve five years."—_Burke, Speech on Hastings' Impeachment_, Feb.

1788. In _Works_, vii. 292.

B.—

1764.—"_Resolutions and orders._—That no MOONSHEE, LINGUIST, Banian (see

BANYAN), or WRITER be allowed to any officer except the

Commander-in-Chief and the commanders of detachments...."—_Ft. William

Consns._ In _Long_, 382.

[1860.—"Following him are the krānees (see CRANNY), or WRITERS, on

salaries varying, according to their duties and abilities, from five to

thirty roopees."—_Grant, Rural L. in Bengal_, 138-9.]

WUG, s. We give this Belūch word for LOOT on the high authority quoted. [On

this Mr. M. L. Dames writes: "This is not, strictly speaking, a Balochī

word, but Sindhī, in the form _wag_ or _wagu_. The Balochī word is _bag_,

but I cannot say for certain whether it is borrowed from Sindhī by Balochi,

or _vice versâ_. The meaning, however, is not LOOT, but 'a herd of camels.'

It is probable that on the occasion referred to the _loot_ consisted of a

herd of camels, and this would easily give rise to the idea that the word

meant _loot_. It is one of the commonest forms of plunder in those regions,

and I have often heard Balochis, when narrating their raids, describe how

they had carried off a '_bag_.'"]

1845.—"In one hunt after WUG, as the Beloochees call plunder, 200 of that

beautiful regiment, the 2nd Europeans, marched incessantly for 15 hours

over such ground as I suppose the world cannot match for ravines, except

in places where it is impossible to march at all."—_Letter of Sir C.

Napier_, in _Life_, iii. 298.

X

XERAFINE, XERAFIM, &c., s. The word in this form represents a silver coin

formerly current at Goa and several other Eastern ports, in value somewhat

less than 1_s._ 6_d._ It varied in Portuguese currency from 300 to 360

_reis_. But in this case as in so many others the term is a corruption

applied to a degenerated value. The original is the Arabic _ashrafī_ (see

ASHRAFEE) (or _sharīfī_, 'noble'—compare the medieval coin so called),

which was applied properly to the gold _dīnār_, but was also in India, and

still is occasionally by natives, applied to the gold MOHUR. _Ashrafī_ for

a gold _dīnār_ (value in gold about 11_s._ 6_d._) occurs frequently in the

'1001 Nights,' as Dozy states, and he gives various other quotations of the

word in different forms (pp. 353-354; [_Burton, Ar. Nights_, x. 160, 376]).

_Aigrefin_, the name of a coin once known in France, is according to Littré

also a corruption of _ashrafī_.

1498.—"And (the King of Calicut) said that they should tell the Captain

that if he wished to go he must give him 600 XARIFES, and that soon, and

that this was the custom of that country, and of those who came

thither."—_Roteiro de V. da G._ 79.

1510.—"When a new Sultan succeeds to the throne, one of his lords, who

are called Amirra (AMEER), says to him: 'Lord, I have been for so long a

time your slave, give me Damascus, and I will give you 100,000 or 200,000

TERAPHIM of gold.'"—_Varthema_, 10.

" "Every Mameluke, great or little, has for his pay six SARÁPHI per

month."—_Ibid._ 13.

" "Our captain sent for the superior of the said mosque, to whom he

said: that he should show him the body of _Nabi_—this Nabi means the

Prophet Mahomet—that he would give him 3000 SERAPHIM of gold."—_Ibid._

29. This one eccentric traveller gives thus three different forms.

1513.—"... hunc regem Affonsus idem, urbe opulẽtissima et praecipuo

emporio Armusio vi capto, quindecim milliũ SERAPHINORŨ, ea est aurea

moneta ducatis equivalẽs annuũ nobis tributariũ effecerat."—_Epistola

Emmanuelis Regis_, 2_b_. In the preceding the word seems to apply to the

gold dīnār.

1523.—"And by certain information of persons who knew the facts ...

Antonio de Saldanha ... agreed with the said King Turuxa (Tūrūn Shāh),

... that the said King ... should pay to the King Our lord 10,000

XARAFINS more yearly ... in all 25,000 XARAFINS."—_Tombo da India,

Subsidios_, 79. This is the gold MOHUR.

1540.—"This year there was such a famine in Choromandel, that it left

nearly the whole land depopulated with the mortality, and people ate

their fellow men. Such a thing never was heard of on that Coast, where

formerly there was such an abundance of rice, that in the port of

Negapatam I have often seen more than 700 sail take cargoes amounting to

more than 20,000 _moios_ (the _moyo_ = 29.39 bushels) of rice.... This

year of famine the Portuguese of the town of St. Thomé did much good to

the people, helping them with quantities of rice and millet, and

coco-nuts and jagra (see JAGGERY), which they imported in their vessels

from other parts, and sold in retail to the people at far lower prices

than they could have got if they wished it; and some rich people caused

quantities of rice to be boiled in their houses, and gave it boiled down

in the water to the people to drink, all for the love of God.... This

famine lasted a whole year, and it spread to other parts, but was not so

bad as in Choromandel. The King of Bisnagar, who was sovereign of that

territory, heard of the humanity and beneficence of the Portuguese to the

people of the country, and he was greatly pleased thereat, and sent an

_ola_ (see OLLAH) of thanks to the residents of S. Thomé. And this same

year there was such a scarcity of provisions in the harbours of the

Straits, that in Aden a load (_fardo_) of rice fetched forty XARAFIS,

each worth a _cruzado_...."—_Correa_, iv. 131-132.

1598.—"The chief and most common money (at Goa) is called Pardauue

(PARDAO) XERAPHIN. It is of silver, but of small value. They strike it at

Goa, and it is marked on one side with the image of St. Sebastian, on the

other with 3 or 4 arrows in a sheaf. It is worth 3 testoons or 300 Reys

(REAS) of Portugal, more or less."—_Linschoten_ (from French ed. 71);

[Hak. Soc. i. 241, and compare i. 190; and see another version of the

same passage under PARDAO].

1610.—"Inprimis of SERAFFINS _Ecberi_, which be ten Rupias (RUPEE) a

piece, there are sixtie Leckes (LACK)."—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i. 217.

Here the gold MOHUR is meant.

c. 1610.—"Les pièces d'or sont CHERAFINS à vingt-cinq sols

pièce."—_Pyrard da Laval_, ii. 40; [Hak. Soc. ii. 69, reading CHERUFINS].

1653.—"_Monnoyes courantes à Goa._

"Sequin de Venise 24 tangues (TANGA)

* * * * *

Reale d'Espagne 12 tangues.

Abassis de Perse 3 tangues.

Pardaux (PARDAO) 5 tangues.

Scherephi 6 tangues.

Roupies (RUPEE) du Mogol 6 tangues.

Tangue 20 bousserouque (BUDGROOK)."

_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, 1657, 530.

c. 1675.—"Coins ... of Rajapore. Imaginary Coins. The Pagod (PAGODA) is

3½ Rupees. 48 Juttals (see JEETUL) is one Pagod. 10 and ½ Larees (LARIN)

is 1 Pagod. ZERAPHINS 2½, 1 Old Dollar.

"Coins and weights of Bombaim. 3 LAREES is 1 ZERAPHIN. 80 Raies (REAS) 1

Laree. 1 PICE is 10 Raies. The Raies are imaginary.

"Coins and weights in Goa.... The _Cruzado_ of gold, 12 ZERAPHINS. The

_Zeraphin_, 5 _Tangoes_. The _Tango_ (TANGA), 5 _Vinteens_. The

_Vinteen_, 15 _Basrooks_ (BUDGROOK), whereof 75 make a _Tango_. And 60

_Rees_ make a _Tango_."—_Fryer_, 206.

1690.—

dw. gr.

"The Gold St. Thoma 2 5½

The Silv. SHEREPHENE 7 4."

_Table of Coins_, in _Ovington_.

1727.—"Their Soldiers Pay (at Goa) is very small and ill paid. They have

but six XERAPHEENS per Month, and two Suits of Calico, stript or

checquered, in a Year ... and a XERAPHEEN is worth about sixteen Pence

half Peny _Ster._"—_A. Hamilton_, i. 249; [ed. 1744, i. 252].

1760.—"You shall coin Gold and silver of equal weight and fineness with

the Ashrefees (ASHRAFEE) and Rupees of Moorshedabad, in the name of

Calcutta."—_Nawab's Perwannah for Estabt. of a Mint in Calcutta_, in

_Long_, 227.

c. 1844.—"Sahibs now are very different from what they once were. When I

was a young man with an officer in the camp of Lāt Līk Sāhib (Lord Lake)

the sahibs would give an _ashrafi_ (ASHRAFEE), when now they think twice

before taking out a rupee."—_Personal Reminiscences of an old Khansama's

Conversation._ Here the gold MOHUR is meant.

XERCANSOR, n.p. This is a curious example of the manner in which the

Portuguese historians represent Mahommedan names. Xercansor does really

very fairly represent phonetically the name of _Sher Khān Sūr_, the famous

rival and displacer of Humāyūn, under the title of Sher Shāh.

c. 1538.—"But the King of Bengal, seeing himself very powerful in the

kingdom of the Patans, seized the king and took his kingdom from him ...

and made Governor of the kingdom a great lord, a vassal of his, called

Cotoxa, and then leaving everything in good order, returned to Bengal.

The administrator Cotoxa took the field with a great array, having with

him a Patan Captain called XERCANSOR, a valiant cavalier, much esteemed

by all."—_Correa_, ii. 719.

The kingdom of the Patans appears to be Behar, where various Afghan

chiefs tried to establish themselves after the conquest of Delhi by

Baber. It would take more search than it is worth to elucidate the story

as told by Correa, but see _Elliot_, iv. 333. Cotoxa (Koto sha) appears

to be _Ḳutb Khān_ of the Mahommedan historian there.

Another curious example of Portuguese nomenclature is that given to the

first Mahommedan king of Malacca by Barros, _Xaquem Darxá_ (II. vi. 1),

by Alboquerque _Xaquendarxa_ (_Comm._ Pt. III. ch. 17). This name is

rendered by Lassen's ponderous lore into Skt. _Sakanadhara_, "d. h.

Besitzer kräftiger Besinnungen" (or "Possessor, of strong

recollections."—_Ind. Alt._ iv. 546), whereas it is simply the Portuguese

way of writing _Sikandar Shāh_! [So Linschoten (Hak. Soc. ii. 183) writes

Xatamas for _Shāh Tamasp._]. For other examples, see CODOVASCAM, IDALCAN.

Y

YABOO, s. Pers. _yābū_, which is perhaps a corruption of Ar. _ya'būb_,

defined by Johnson as 'a swift and long horse.' A nag such as we call 'a

galloway,' a large pony or small hardy horse; the term in India is

generally applied to a very useful class of animals brought from

Afghanistan.

[c. 1590.—"The fifth class (YÁBÚ horses) are bred in this country, but

fall short in strength and size. Their performances also are mostly bad.

They are the offspring of Turki horses with an inferior breed."—_Āīn_,

ed. _Blochmann_, i. 234.]

1754.—"There are in the highland country of KANDAHAR and CABUL a small

kind of horses called YABOUS, which are very serviceable."—_Hanway,

Travels_, ii. 367.

[1839.—"A very strong and useful breed of ponies, called YAUBOOS, is

however reared, especially about Baumiaun. They are used to carry

baggage, and can bear a great load, but do not stand a long continuance

of hard work so well as mules."—_Elphinstone, Caubul_, ed. 1842, i. 189.]

YAK, s. The Tibetan ox (_Bos grunniens_, L., _Poëphagus_ of Gray),

belonging to the Bisontine group of _Bovinae_. It is spoken of in Bogle's

Journal under the odd name of the "cow-tailed cow," which is a literal sort

of translation of the Hind. name _chāorī gāo_, _chāorīs_ (see CHOWRY),

having been usually called "COW-TAILS" in the 18th century. [The usual

native name for the beast in N. India is _suragā'o_, which comes from Skt.

_surabhi_, 'pleasing.'] The name YAK does not appear in Buffon, who calls

it the 'Tartarian cow,' nor is it found in the 3rd ed. of Pennant's _H. of

Quadrupeds_ (1793), though there is a fair account of the animal as _Bos

grunniens_ of Lin., and a poor engraving. Although the word occurs in Della

Penna's account of Tibet, written in 1730, as quoted below, its first

appearance in print was, as far as we can ascertain, in Turner's _Mission

to Tibet_. It is the Tib. _gYak_, Jäsche's Dict. _gyag_. The animal is

mentioned twice, though in a confused and inaccurate manner, by Aelian; and

somewhat more correctly by Cosmas. Both have got the same fable about it.

It is in medieval times described by Rubruk. The domestic yak is in Tibet

the ordinary beast of burden, and is much ridden. Its hair is woven into

tents, and spun into ropes; its milk a staple of diet, and its dung of

fuel. The wild yak is a magnificent animal, standing sometimes 18 hands

high, and weighing 1600 to 1800 lbs., and multiplies to an astonishing

extent on the high plateaux of Tibet. The use of the tame yak extends from

the highlands of Khokand to Kuku-khotan or Kwei-hwaching, near the great

northern bend of the Yellow River.

c. A.D. 250.—"The Indians (at times) carry as presents to their King tame

tigers, trained panthers, four-horned oryxes, and cattle of two different

races, one kind of great swiftness, and another kind that are terribly

wild, that kind of cattle from (the tails of) which they make

fly-flaps...."—_Aelian, de Animalibus_, xv. cap. 14.

Again:

"There is in India a grass-eating[283] animal, which is double the size

of the horse, and which has a very bushy tail very black in colour.[284]

The hairs of the tail are finer than human hair, and the Indian women set

great store by its possession.... When it perceives that it is on the

point of being caught, it hides its tail in some thicket ... and thinks

that since its tail is not seen, it will not be regarded as of any value,

for it knows that the tail is the great object of fancy."—_Ibid._ xvi.

11.

c. 545.—"This Wild Ox is a great beast of India, and from it is got the

thing called _Tupha_, with which officers in the field adorn their horses

and pennons. They tell of this beast that if its tail catches in a tree

he will not budge but stands stock-still, being horribly vexed at losing

a single hair of its tail; so the natives come and cut his tail off, and

then when he has lost it altogether, he makes his escape."—_Cosmas

Indicopleustes_, Bk. xi. Transl. in _Cathay_, &c., p. clxxiv.

[c. 1590.—In a list of things imported from the "northern mountains" into

Oudh, we have "tails of the _Ḳutās_ cow."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 172;

and see 280.]

1730.—"Dopo di che per circa 40 giorni di camino non si trova più

abitazioni di case, ma solo alcune tende con quantità di mandre di IAK,

ossiano bovi pelosi, pecore, cavalli...."—_Fra Orazio della Penna di

Billi, Breve Notizia del Thibet_ (published by Klaproth in _Journ. As._

2d. ser.) p. 17.

1783.—"... on the opposite side saw several of the black chowry-tailed

cattle.... This very singular and curious animal deserves a particular

description.... The YAK of Tartary, called _Soora Goy_ in

Hindostan...."—_Turner's Embassy_ (pubd. 1800), 185-6. [Sir H. Yule

identifies _Soora Goy_ with _Ch'āorī Gāī_; but, as will be seen above,

the H. name is _surāgāo_.]

In the publication at the latter date appears the excellent plate after

Stubbs, called "the YAK _of Tartary_," still the standard representation

of the animal. [Also see Turner's paper (1794) in the _As. Res._, London

reprint of 1798, iv. 365 _seqq._]

Though the two following quotations from Abbé Huc do not contain the word

_yak_, they are pictures by that clever artist which we can hardly omit to

reproduce:

1851.—"Les bœufs à long poils étaient de véritables caricatures;

impossible de figurer rien de plus drôle; ils marchaient les jambes

écartées, et portaient péniblement un énorme système de stalactites, qui

leur pendaient sous le ventre jusqu'à terre. Ces pauvres bêtes étaient si

informes et tellement recouvertes de glaçons qu'il semblait qu'on les eût

mis confire dans du sucre candi."—_Huc et Gabet, Souvenirs d'un Voyage_,

&c. ii. 201; [E.T. ii. 108].

" "Au moment où nous passâmes le Mouroui Oussou sur la glace, un

spectacle assez bizarre s'offrit à nos yeux. Déjà nous avions remarqué de

loin ... des objets informes et noirâtres rangés en file en travers de ce

grand fleuve.... Ce fut seulement quand nous fûmes tout près, que nous

pûmes reconnaître plus de 50 bœufs sauvages incrustés dans la glace. Ils

avaient voulu, sans doute, traverser le fleuve à la nage, au moment de la

concrétion des eaux, et ils s'étaient trouvés pris par les glaçons sans

avoir la force de s'en débarrasser et de continuer leur route. Leur belle

tête, surmontée de grandes cornes, était encore à découvert; mais la

reste du corps était pris dans la glace, qui était si transparente qu'on

pouvait distinguer facilement la position de ces imprudentes bêtes; on

eût dit qu'elles étaient encore à nager. Les aigles et les corbeaux leur

avaient arraché les yeux."—_Ibid._ ii. 219; [E.T. ii. 119 _seq._ and for

a further account of the animal see ii. 81].

YAM, s. This general name in English of the large edible tuber _Dioscorea_

seems to be a corruption of the name used in the W. Indies at the time of

the discovery. [Mr. Platt (9 ser. _N. & Q._ v. 226 _seq._) suggests that

the original form was _nyam_ or _nyami_, in the sense of 'food,' _nyami_

meaning 'to eat' in the Fulah language of Senegal. The cannibal

_Nyam-Nyams_, of whom Miss Kingsley gives an account (_Travels in W.

Africa_, 330 _seq._) appear to take their name from the same word.]

1600.—"There are great store of INIAMAS growing in Guinea, in great

fields."—_Purchas_, ii. 957.

1613.—"... Moreover it produces great abundance of INHAMES, or large

subterranean tubers, of which there are many kinds, like the _camottes_

of America, and these _inhames_ boiled or roasted serve in place of

bread."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 19.

1764.—

"In meagre lands

'Tis known the YAM will ne'er to bigness swell."

_Grainger_, Bk. i.

Z

ZABITA, s. Hind. from Ar. _ẓābitā_. An exact rule, a canon, but in the

following it seems to be used for a tariff of assessment:

1799.—"I have established the ZABETA for the shops in the Fort as fixed

by Macleod. It is to be paid annually."—_Wellington_, i. 49.

ZAMORIN, s. The title for many centuries of the Hindu sovereign of Calicut

and the country round. The word is Malayāl. _Sāmūtiri_, _Sāmūri_,

_Tāmātiri_, _Tāmūri_, a _tadbhava_ (or vernacular modification) of Skt.

_Sāmundri_, 'the Sea-King.' (See also _Wilson, Mackenzie MSS._ i. xcvii.)

[Mr. Logan (_Malabar_, iii. Gloss. s.v.) suggests that the title SAMUDRI is

a translation of the Rāja's ancient Malayāl. title of _Kunnalakkon_, _i.e._

'King (_kon_) of the hills (_kunnu_) and waves (_ala_).' The name has

recently become familiar in reference to the curious custom by which the

Zamorin was attacked by one of the candidates for his throne (see the

account by A. Hamilton (ed. 1744, i. 309 _seq._ _Pinkerton_, viii. 374)

quoted by Mr. Frazer (_Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. ii. 14 _seq._).]

c. 1343.—"The sultan is a Kāfir called the SĀMARĪ.... When the time of

our departure for China came, the sultan, the SĀMARĪ equipped for us one

of the 13 junks which were lying in the port of Calicut."—_Ibn Batuta_,

iv. 89-94.

1442.—"I saw a man with his body naked like the rest of the Hindus. The

sovereign of this city (Calicut) bears the title of SĀMARI. When he dies

it is his sister's son who succeeds him."—_Abdurrazzāk_?, in _India in

the XVth. Cent._ 17.

1498.—"First Calicut whither we went.... The King whom they call CAMOLIM

(for ÇAMORIM) can muster 100,000 men for war, with the contingents that

he receives, his own authority extending to very few."—_Roteiro de Vasco

da Gama._

1510.—"Now I will speak of the King here in Calicut, because he is the

most important King of all those before mentioned, and is called SAMORY,

which in the Pagan language means God on earth."—_Varthema_, 134. The

traveller confounds the word with _tamburān_, which does mean 'Lord.'

[Forbes (see below) makes the same mistake.]

1516.—"This city of Calicut is very large.... This King became greater

and more powerful than all the others: he took the name of ZOMODRI, which

is a point of honour above all other Kings."—_Barbosa_, 103.

[1552.—"SAMARAO." See under CELEBES.]

1553.—"The most powerful Prince of this Malebar was the King of Calecut,

who _par excellence_ was called CAMARIJ, which among them is as among us

the title Emperor."—_Barros_, I. iv. 7.

[1554.—Speaking of the Moluccas, "CAMARAO, which in their language means

Admiral."—_Castanheda_, Bk. vi. ch. 66.]

" "I wrote him a letter to tell him ... that, please God, in a

short time the imperial fleet would come from Egypt to the SĀMARI, and

deliver the country from the hands of the infidels."—_Sidi 'Ali_, p. 83.

[Vambéry, who in his translation betrays a remarkable ignorance of Indian

geography, speaks (p. 24) of "Samiri, the ruler of _Calcutta_," by which

he means _Calicut_.]

1563.—"And when the King of Calecut (who has for title SAMORIM or

Emperor) besieged Cochin...."—_Garcia_, f. 58_b_.

1572.—

"Sentado o Gama junto ao rico leito

Os seus mais affastados, prompto em vista

Estava o SAMORI no trajo, e geyto

Da gente, nunca dantes delle vista."

_Camões_, vii. 59.

By Burton:

"When near that splendid couch took place the guest

and others further off, prompt glance and keen

the SAMORIN cast on folk whose garb and gest

were like to nothing he had ever seen."

1616.—Under this year there is a note of a Letter from Underecoon-Cheete

the Great SAMORIN or K. of Calicut to K. James.—_Sainsbury_, i. 462.

1673.—"Indeed it is pleasantly situated under trees, and it is the Holy

See of their ZAMERHIN or Pope."—_Fryer_, 52.

1781.—"Their (the Christians') hereditary privileges were respected by

the ZAMORIN himself."—_Gibbon_, ch. xlvii.

1785.—A letter of Tippoo's applies the term to a tribe or class, speaking

of '2000 SAMORIES'; who are these?—_Select Letters_, 274.

1787.—"The ZAMORIN is the only ancient sovereign in the South of

India."—_T. Munro_, in _Life_, i. 59.

1810.—"On our way we saw one of the ZAMORIM'S houses, but he was absent

at a more favoured residence of Paniany."—_Maria Graham_, 110.

[1814.—"The King of Calicut was, in the Malabar language, called SAMORY,

or ZAMORINE, that is to say, God on the earth."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd

ed. i. 263. See quotation above from Varthema.]

" "... nor did the conqueror (Hyder Ali) take any notice of the

ZAMORINE'S complaints and supplications. The unfortunate prince, after

fasting three days, and finding all remonstrance vain, set fire to his

palace, and was burned, with some of his women and their

brahmins."—_Ibid._ iv. 207-8; [2nd ed. ii. 477]. This was a case of

TRAGA.

[1900.—"The ZAMORIN of Calicut who succeeded to the gadi (GUDDY) three

months ago, has died."—_Pioneer Mail_, April 13.]

ZANZIBAR, n.p. This name was originally general, and applied widely to the

East African coast, at least south of the River Jubb, and as far as the

Arab traffic extended. But it was also specifically applied to the island

on which the Sultan of Zanzibar now lives (and to which we now generally

restrict the name); and this was the case at least since the 15th century,

as we see from the _Roteiro_. The Pers. _Zangī-bār_, 'Region of the

Blacks,' was known to the ancients in the form _Zingis_ (_Ptolemy_, i. 17,

9; iv. 7, 11) and _Zingium_. The Arab softening of the _g_ made the name

into _Zanjībār_, and this the Portuguese made into _Zanzibar_.

c. 545.—"And those who navigate the Indian Sea are aware that ZINGIUM, as

it is called, lies beyond the country where the incense grows, which is

called Barbary."—_Cosmas_, in _Cathay_, &c., clxvii.

c. 940.—"The land of the ZANJ begins at the channel issuing from the

Upper Nile" (by this the Jubb seems meant) "and extends to the country of

SOFĀLA and of the Wakwak."—_Maṣ'ūdī, Prairies d'Or_, iii. 7.

c. 1190.—Alexander having eaten what was pretended to be the head of a

black captive says:

"... I have never eaten better food than this!

Since a man of ZANG is in eating so heart-attracting,

To eat any other roast meat to me is not agreeable!"

_Sikandar-Nāmah of Nizāmī_, by

_Wilberforce Clarke_, p. 104.

1298.—"ZANGHIBAR is a great and noble Island, with a compass of some 2000

miles. The people ... are all black, and go stark naked, with only a

little covering for decency. Their hair is as black as pepper, and so

frizzly that even with water you can scarcely straighten it," &c.,

&c.—_Marco Polo_, ii. 215. Marco Polo regards the coast of Zanzibar as

belonging to a great island like Madagascar.

1440.—"Kalikut is a very safe haven ... where one finds in abundance the

precious objects brought from maritime countries, especially from Habshah

(see HUBSHEE, ABYSSINIA, ZIRBAD, and ZANZIBAR." _Abdurrazzāk_, in _Not.

et Exts._, xiv. 436.

1498.—"And when the morning came, we found we had arrived at a very great

island called JAMGIBER, peopled with many Moors, and standing good ten

leagues from the coast."—_Roteiro_, 105.

1516.—"Between this island of San Lorenzo (_i.e._ Madagascar) and the

continent, not very far from it are three islands, which are called one

Manfia, another ZANZIBAR, and the other Penda; these are inhabited by

Moors; they are very fertile islands."—_Barbosa_, 14.

1553.—"And from the streams of this river Quilimance towards the west, as

far as the Cape of Currents, up to which the Moors of that coast do

navigate, all that region, and that still further west towards the Cape

of Good Hope (as we call it), the Arabians and Persians of those parts

call ZANGUEBAR, and the inhabitants they call ZANGUY."—_Barros_, I. viii.

4.

" A few pages later we have "Isles of Pemba, _Zanzibar_, Monfia,

Comoro," showing apparently that a difference had grown up, at least

among the Portuguese, distinguishing ZANGUEBAR the continental region

from ZANZIBAR the Island.

c. 1586.

"And with my power did march to ZANZIBAR

The western (_sic_) part of Afric, where I view'd

The Ethiopian Sea, rivers, and lakes...."

_Marlowe's Tamburlane the Great_, 2d. part, i. 3.

1592.—"From hence we went for the Isle of ZANZIBAR on the coast of

MELINDE, where at wee stayed and wintered untill the beginning of

February following."—_Henry May_, in _Hakl._ iv. 53.

ZEBU, s. This whimsical name, applied in zoological books, English as well

as French, to the humped domestic ox (or BRAHMINY BULL) of India, was taken

by Buffon from the exhibitors of such a beast at a French fair, who perhaps

invented the word, but who told him the beast had been brought from Africa,

where it was called by that name. We have been able to discover no

justification for this in African dialects, though our friend Mr. R. Cust

has kindly made search, and sought information from other philologists on

our account. _Zebu_ passes, however, with most people as an Indian word;

thus _Webster's Dictionary_ says, "ZEBU, the native Indian name." The only

word at all like it that we can discover is ZOBO (q.v.) or _zhobo_, applied

in the semi-Tibetan regions of the Himālaya to a useful hybrid, called in

Ladak by the slightly modified form _dsomo_. In Jäschke's _Tibetan Dict._

we find "_Ze'-ba_ ... 1. hump of a camel, zebu, etc." This is curious, but,

we should think, only one of those coincidences which we have had so often

to notice.

Isidore Geoffroy de St. Hilaire, in his work _Acclimatation et

Domestication des Animaux Utiles_, considers the ox and the _zebu_ to be

two distinct species. Both are figured on the Assyrian monuments, and both

on those of ancient Egypt. The humped ox also exists in Southern Persia, as

Marco Polo mentions. Still, the great naturalist to whose work we have

referred is hardly justified in the statement quoted below, that the "zebu"

is common to "almost the whole of Asia" with a great part of Africa. [Mr.

Blanford writes: "The origin of _Bos indicus_ (sometimes called ZEBU by

European naturalists) is unknown, but it was in all probability tropical or

sub-tropical, and was regarded by Blyth as probably African. No ancestral

form has been discovered among Indian fossil bovines, which ... comprise

species allied to the gaur and buffalo" (_Mammalia_, 483 _seq._).]

c. 1772.—"We have seen this small hunched ox alive.... It was shown at

the fair in Paris in 1752 (_sic_, but a transcript from the French

edition of 1837 gives 1772) under the name of ZEBU; which we have adopted

to describe the animal by, for it is a particular breed of the ox, and

not a species of the buffalo."—_Buffon's Nat. Hist._, E.T. 1807, viii.

19, 20; see also p. 33.

1861.—"Nous savons donc positivement qu'à une époque où l'occident était

encore couvert de forêts, l'orient, déjà civilisé, possédait dejà le

boeuf et le ZEBU; et par consequent c'est de l'orient que ces animaux

sont sortis, pour devenir, l'un (le boeuf) cosmopolite, l'autre commun à

presque toute l'Asie et à une grande partie de l'Afrique."—_Geoffroy St.

Hilaire_ (work above referred to, 4th ed. 1861).

[1898.—"I have seen a herd of ZEBRAS (_sic_) or Indian humped cattle, but

cannot say where they are kept."—In 9 ser. _N. & Q._ i. 468.]

ZEDOARY, and ZERUMBET, ss. These are two aromatic roots, once famous in

pharmacy and often coupled together. The former is often mentioned in

medieval literature. The former is Arabic _jadwār_, the latter Pers.

_zarambād_. There seems some doubt about the scientific discrimination of

the two. Moodeen Sheriff says that Zedoary (_Curcuma zedoaria_) is sold in

most bazars under the name of _anbehaldī_, whilst _jadvār_, or _zhadvār_,

is the bazar name of roots of varieties of non-poisonous aconites. There

has been considerable confusion in the nomenclature of these drugs [see

_Watt, Econ. Dict._ ii. 655, 670]. Dr. Royle, in his most interesting

discourse on the _Antiquity of Hindoo Medicine_ (p. 77), transcribes the

following prescription of the physician Aetius, in which the name of

Zedoary first occurs, along with many other Indian drugs:

c. A.D. 540.—"ZADOR (_i.e._ _zedoariae_), galangae, ligustici, seselis,

cardamomi, piperis longi, piperis albi, cinnamomi, zingiberis, seminis

Smyrnii, caryophylli, phylli, stachyos, MYROBALANI, phu, costi, scordii,

silphii vel laserpitii, rhei barbarici, poeoniae; alii etiam arboris

nucis viscum et paliuri semen, itemque saxifragum ac casiam addunt; ex

his singulis stateres duos commisceto...."

c. 1400.—"Canell and SETEWALE of price."—_R. of the Rose._

1516.—"In the Kingdom of Calicut there grows much pepper ... and very

much good ginger of the country, cardamoms, myrobolans of all kinds,

bamboo canes, ZERUMBA, ZEDOARY, wild cinnamon."—_Barbosa_, 154.

1563.—"... da ZEDOARIA faz capitulo Avicena e de ZERUMBET; e isto que

chamamos ZEDOARIA, chama Avicena _geiduar_, e o outro nome não lhe sei,

porque o não ha senão nas terras confins á China e este _geiduar_ e uma

mézinha de muito preço, e não achada senão nas mãos dos que os Gentios

chamam _jogues_, ou outros a quem os Mouros chamam calandares."—_Garcia_,

f. 216_v_-217.

[1605.—"SETWETH," a copyist's error for _Setwall_.—_Birdwood, First

Letter Book_, 200.]

ZEMINDAR, s. Pers. _zamīn-dār_, 'landholder.' One holding land on which he

pays revenue to the Government direct, and not to any intermediate

superior. In Bengal Proper the zemindars hold generally considerable

tracts, on a permanent settlement of the amount to be paid to Government.

In the N.W. Provinces there are often a great many zemindars in a village,

holding by a common settlement, periodically renewable. In the N.W.

Provinces the rustic pronunciation of the word _zamīndār_ is hardly

distinguishable from the ordinary Anglo-Indian pronunciation of _jama'dār_

(see JEMADAR), and the form given to _zamīndār_ in early English records

shows that this pronunciation prevailed in Bengal more than two centuries

ago.

1683.—"We lay at Bogatchera, a very pleasant and delightfull Country, y^e

GEMIDAR invited us ashore, and showed us Store of Deer, Peacocks, &c.,

but it was not our good fortune to get any of them."—_Hedges, Diary_,

April 11; [Hak. Soc. i. 77, also i. 89].

[1686.—"He has ordered downe 300 horse under the conduct of three

JEMIDARS."—In ditto, II. lvi.]

1697.—"Having tried all means with the JEMIDAR of the Country adjacent to

us to let us have the town of _De Calcutta_ at the usual Hire or Rent,

rather than fail, having promised him ¼ Part more than the Place at

present brings him in, and all to no Purpose, he making frivolous and

idle Objections, that he will not let us have any Part of the Country in

the Right Honourable Company's name, but that we might have it to our use

in any of the Natives Names; the Reason he gives for it is, that the

Place will be wholly lost to him—that we are a Powerful People—and that

he cannot be possessed of his Country again when he sees Occasion—whereas

he can take it from any of the Natives that rent any Part of his Country

at his Pleasure.

* * * * *

October 31st, 1698. "The Prince having given us the three towns adjacent

to our Settlement, viz. _De Calcutta_, _Chutanutte_, and _Gobinpore_, or

more properly may be said the JEMMIDARSHIP of the said towns, paying the

said Rent to the King as the JEMIDARS have successively done, and at the

same time ordering the JEMMIDAR of the said towns to make over their

Right and Title to the English upon their paying to the JEMIDAR(S) One

thousand Rupees for the same, it was agreed that the Money should be

paid, being the best Money that ever was spent for so great a Privilege;

but the JEMMIDAR(S) making a great Noise, being unwilling to part with

their Countrey ... and finding them to continue in their averseness,

notwithstanding the Prince had an officer upon them to bring them to a

Compliance, it is agreed that 1,500 Rupees be paid them, provided they

will relinquish their title to the said towns, and give it under their

Hands in Writing, that they have made over the same to the Right

Honourable Company."—_Ext. of Consns. at Chuttanutte_, the 29th December

(Printed for Parliament in 1788).

In the preceding extracts the _De_ prefixed to Calcutta is Pers. _deh_,

'village,' or 'township,' a common term in the language of Indian Revenue

administration. An 'Explanation of Terms' furnished by W. Hastings to the

Fort William Council in 1759 thus explains the word:

"DEEH—the ancient limits of any village or parish. Thus, 'DEEH Calcutta'

means only that part which was originally inhabited."—(In _Long_, p.

176.)

1707-8.—In a "List of Men's Names, &c., immediately in the Service of the

Hon^{ble} Vnited Compy. in their Factory of Fort William, Bengal

* * * * *

New Co. 170⅞

* * * * *

Mr. William Bugden ... JEMIDAR or rent gatherer.

* * * * *

1713.

Mr. Edward Page ... JEMENDAR."

_MS. Records_ in India Office.

1762.—"One of the articles of the Treaty with Meer Jaffier says the

Company shall enjoy the ZEMIDARY of the Lands from Calcutta down to

Culpee, they paying what is paid in the King's Books."—_Holograph_

(unpublished) _Letter of Ld. Clive_, in India Office Records, _dated_

Berkeley Square, Jan. 21.

1776.—"The Countrey JEMITDARS remote from Calcutta, treat us frequently

with great Insolence; and I was obliged to retreat with only an officer

and 17 Sepoys near 6 Miles in the face of 3 or 400 Burgundasses (see

BURKUNDAUZE), who lined the Woods and Kept a straggling Fire all y^e

Way."—_MS. Letter of Major James Rennell_, dd. August 5.

1778.—"This avaricious disposition the English plied with presents, which

in 1698 obtained his permission to purchase from the ZEMINDAR, or Indian

proprietor, the town of Sootanutty, Calcutta and Govindpore."—_Orme_, ii.

17.

1809.—"It is impossible for a province to be in a more flourishing state:

and I must, in a great degree, attribute this to the total absence of

ZEMINDARS."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 456. He means _zemindars_ of the Bengal

description.

1812.—"... the ZEMINDARS, or hereditary Superintendents of Land."—_Fifth

Report_, 13.

[1818.—"The Bengal farmers, according to some, are the tenants of the

Honourable Company; according to others, of the JUMIDARUS, or

land-holders."—_Ward, Hindoos_, i. 74.]

1822.—"Lord Cornwallis's system was commended in Lord Wellesley's time

for some of its parts, which we now acknowledge to be the most defective.

Surely you will not say it has no defects. The one I chiefly alluded to

was its leaving the ryots at the mercy of the ZEMINDARS."—_Elphinstone_,

in _Life_, ii. 182.

1843.—"Our plain clothing commands far more reverence than all the jewels

which the most tawdry ZEMINDAR wears."—_Macaulay, Speech on Gates of

Somnauth._

1871.—"The ZEMINDARS of Lower Bengal, the landed proprietary established

by Lord Cornwallis, have the worst reputation as landlords, and appear to

have frequently deserved it."—_Maine, Village Communities_, 163.

ZENANA, s. Pers. _zanāna_, from _zan_, 'woman'; the apartments of a house

in which the women of the family are secluded. This Mahommedan custom has

been largely adopted by the Hindus of Bengal and the Mahrattas. ZANĀNA is

also used for the women of the family themselves. The growth of the

admirable Zenana Missions has of late years made this word more familiar in

England. But we have heard of more than one instance in which the objects

of this Christian enterprise have been taken to be an amiable aboriginal

tribe—"the ZENANAS."

[1760.—"I am informed the Dutch chief at Bimlipatam has ... embarked his

JENNINORA on board a sloop bound to Chinsurah...."—In _Long_, 236.]

1761.—"... I asked him where the Nabob was? Who replied, he was asleep in

his ZUNANA."—_Col. Coote_, in _Van Sittart_, i. 111.

1780.—"It was an object with the Omrahs or great Lords of the Court, to

hold captive in their ZENANAHS, even hundreds of females."—_Hodges,

Travels_, 22.

1782.—"Notice is hereby given that one _Zoraveer_, CONSUMAH to Hadjee

Mustapha of Moorshedabad these 13 years, has absconded, after

stealing.... He has also carried away with him two Women, heretofore of

Sujah Dowlah's ZENANA; purchased by Hadjee Mustapha when last at Lucknow,

one for 300 and the other for 1200 Rupees."—_India Gazette_, March 9.

1786.—

"Within the Zenana, no longer would they

In a starving condition impatiently stay,

But break out of prison, and all run away."

_Simpkin the Second_, 42.

" "Their behaviour last night was so furious, that there seemed the

greatest probability of their proceeding to the uttermost extremities,

and that they would either throw themselves from the walls, or force open

the doors of the ZENANAHS."—_Capt. Jaques_, quoted in _Articles of Charge

against Hastings_, in _Burke_, vii. 27.

1789.—"I have not a doubt but it is much easier for a gentleman to

support a whole ZENANA of Indians than the extravagance of one English

lady."—_Munro's Narr._ 50.

1790.—"In a Mussleman Town many complaints arise of the _Passys_ or Toddy

Collectors climbing the Trees and overlooking the JENANAS or Women's

apartments of principal Natives."—_Minute_ in a letter from _Bd. of

Revenue_ to Govt. of Bengal, July 12.—MS. in India Office.

1809.—"Musulmauns ... even carried their depravity so far as to make

secret enquiries respecting the females in their districts, and if they

heard of any remarkable for beauty, to have them forcibly removed to

their ZENANAS."—_Lord Valentia_, i. 415.

1817.—"It was represented by the Rajah that they (the bailiffs) entered

the house, and endeavoured to pass into the ZENANA, or women's

apartments."—_J. Mill, Hist._ iv. 294.

1826.—"The women in the ZANANAH, in their impotent rage, flew at Captain

Brown, who came off minus a considerable quantity of skin from his

face."—_John Shipp_, iii. 49.

1828.—"'Thou sayest Tippoo's treasures are in the fort?' 'His treasures

and his ZENANA; I may even be able to secure his person.'"—_Sir W. Scott,

The Surgeon's Daughter_, ch. xii.

ZEND, ZENDAVESTA, s. Zend is the name which has been commonly applied, for

more than a hundred years to that dialect of the ancient Iranian (or

Persian) language in which the Avesta or Sacred Books of Zorastrianism or

the old Persian religion are written. The application of the name in this

way was quite erroneous, as the word _Zand_ when used alone in the Parsi

books indicates a 'commentary or explanation,' and is in fact applied only

to some PAHLAVI translation, commentary, or gloss. If the name Zend were

now to be used as the designation of any language it would more justly

apply to the Pahlavi itself. At the same time Haug thinks it probable that

the term Zand was originally applied to a commentary written in the same

language as the Avesta itself, for in the Pahlavi translations of the

Yasna, a part of the Avesta, where the scriptures are mentioned, Avesta and

Zend are coupled together, as of equal authority, which could hardly have

been the case if by Zend the translator meant his own work. No name for the

language of the ancient scriptures has been found in the Parsi books; and

_Avesta_ itself has been adopted by scholars in speaking of the language.

The fragments of these scriptures are written in two dialects of the

Eastern Iranian, one, the more ancient, in which the _Gāthas_ or hymns are

written; and a later one which was for many centuries the spoken and

written language of Bactria.

The word _Zand_, in Haug's view, may be referred to the root _zan_, 'to

know'; Skt. _jnā_, Gr. γνω, Lat. _gno_ (as in _a_gno_sco_, _co_gno_sco_),

so that its meaning is 'knowledge.' Prof. J. Oppert, on the other hand,

identifies it with old Pers. _zannda_, 'prayer.'

ZENDAVESTA is the name which has been by Europeans popularly applied to the

books just spoken of as the Avesta. The term is undoubtedly an inversion,

as, according to Haug, "the Pahlavi books always style them _Avistâk va

Zand_ (Avesta and Zend)" _i.e._ the Law with its traditional and

authoritative explanation. _Abastâ_, in the sense of law, occurs in the

funeral inscription of Darius at Behistūn; and this seems now the most

generally accepted origin of the term in its application to the Parsi

sacred books. (This is not, however, the explanation given by Haug.) Thus,

'_Avesta_ and Zend' signify together 'The Law and the Commentary.'

The Avesta was originally much more extensive than the texts which now

exist, which are only fragments. The Parsi tradition is that there were

twenty-one books called _Nasks_, the greater part of which were burnt by

Alexander in his conquest of Persia; possibly true, as we know that

Alexander did burn the palace at Persepolis. The collection of fragments

which remains, and is known as the Zend-avesta, is divided, in its usual

form, into two parts. I. The Avesta properly so called, containing (_a_)

the _Vendîdâd_, a compilation of religious laws and of mythical tales;

(_b_) the _Vispêrad_, a collection of litanies for the sacrifice; and (_c_)

the _Yasna_, composed of similar litanies and of 5 hymns or _Gâthas_ in an

old dialect. II. The _Khorda_, or small, _Avesta_, composed of short

prayers for recitation by the faithful at certain moments of the day,

month, or year, and in presence of the different elements, with which

certain other hymns and fragments are usually included.

The term Zendavesta, though used, as we see below, by Lord in 1630, first

became familiar in Europe through the labours of Anquetil du Perron, and

his publication of 1771. [The Zend-Avesta has now been translated in

_Sacred Books of the East_, by J. Darmesteter, L. H. Mills; _Pahlavi

Texts_, by E. W. West.]

c. 930.—"Zarādasht, the son of Asbimām, ... had brought to the Persians

the book AL-BASTĀH in the old Fārsī tongue. He gave a commentary on this,

which is the ZAND, and to this commentary yet another explanation which

was called BAZAND...."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, ii. 167. [See _Haug, Essays_, p. 11.]

c. 1030.—"The chronology of this same past, but in a different shape, I

have also found in the book of Hamza ben Alhusain Alisfahâni, which he

calls '_Chronology of great nations of the past and present_.' He says

that he has endeavoured to correct his account by means of the ABASTÂ,

which is the religious code (of the Zoroastrians). Therefore I have

transferred it into this place of my book."—_Al-Birûnî, Chronology of

Ancient Nations_, by _Sachau_, p. 112.

" "Afterwards the wife gave birth to six other children, the names

of whom are known in the AVASTÂ."—_Ibid._ p. 108.

1630.—"Desirous to add anything to the ingenious that the opportunities

of my Travayle might conferre vpon mee, I ioyned myselfe with one of

their Church men called their _Daroo_, and by the interpretation of a

_Parsee_, whose long imployment in the Companies Service, had brought him

to mediocrity in the _English_ tongue, and whose familiarity with me,

inclined him to further my inquiries: I gained the knowledge of what

hereafter I shall deliver as it was compiled in a booke writ in the

Persian Characters containing their Scriptures, and in their own language

called their ZVNDAVASTAVV."—_Lord, The Religion of the Persees, The

Proeme._

[c. 1630.—"Being past the Element of Fire and the highest Orbs (as saith

their ZUNDAVASTAIO)...."—_Sir T. Herbert_, 2nd ed. 1677, p. 54.]

1653.—"Les ottomans appellent _gueuures_ vne secte de Payens que nous

connoissons sous le nom d'adorateurs du feu, les Persans sous celuy

d'_Atechperes_, et les Indou sous celuy de Parsi, terme dont ils se

nommẽt eux-mesmes.... Ils ont leur Saincte Escriture ou ZUNDEUASTAVV, en

deux volumes composée par vn nommé Zertost, conduit par vn Ange nommé

Abraham ou plus-tost Bahaman Vmshauspan...."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_,

ed. 1657, pp. 200-201.

1700.—"Suo itaque Libro (Zerdusht) ... alium affixit specialem Titulum

ZEND, seu alias ZENDAVESTÂ; vulgus sonat _Zund_ et _Zundavastaw_. Ita ut

quamvis illud ejus Opus variis Tomis, sub distinctis etiam nominibus,

constet, tamen quidvis ex dictorum Tomorum quovis, satis propriè et

legitimè citari possit, sub dicto generali nomine, utpote quod, hac

ratione, in operum ejus complexu seu Syntagmate contineri

intelligatur.... Est autem ZEND nomen Arabicum: et ZENDAVESTÂ conflatum

est ex superaddito nomine _Hebraeo-Chaldaico, Eshta_, _i.e._ ignis, unde

Εστία ... supra dicto nomine _Zend_ apud Arabes, significatur _Igniarium_

seu _Focile_.... Cum itaque nomine ZEND significetur _Igniarium_, et

ZENDAVESTÂ _Igniarium et Ignis_," &c.—_T. Hyde, Hist. Rel. Vet. Persarum

eorumque Magorum_, cap. xxv., ed. Oxon. 1760, pp. 335-336.

1771.—"Persuadé que les usages modernes de l'Asie doivent leur origine

aux Peuples et aux Religions qui l'ont subjuguée, je me suis proposé

d'étudier dans les sources l'ancienne Théologie des Nations habituées

dans les Contrées immenses qui sont à l'Est de l'Euphrate, et de

consulter sur leur Histoire, les livres originaux. Ce plan m'a engagé à

remonter aux Monumens les plus anciens. Je les ai trouvé de deux espèces:

les prémiers écrits en Samskretan; ce sont les _Vedes_, Livres sacrés des

Pays, qui de l'Indus s'étendent aux frontières de la Chine: les seconds

écrits en ZEND, ancienne Langue du Nord de la Perse; c'est le ZEND

AVESTA, qui passe pour avoir été la Loi des Contrées bornées par

l'Euphrate, le Caucase, l'Oxus, et la mer des Indes."—_Anquetil du

Perron, Zend-Avesta, Ouvrage de Zoroastre—Documens Préliminaires_, p.

iii.

" "Dans deux cens ans, quand les Langues ZEND et Pehlvie (PAHLAVI)

seront devenues en Europe familières aux Sçavans, on pourra, en

rectifiant les endroits où je me serai trompé, donner une Traduction plus

exacte du ZEND-AVESTA, et ci ce que je dis ici excitant l'émulation,

avance le terme que je viens de fixer, mes fautes m'auront conduit au but

que je me suis proposé."—_Ibid._ Preface, xvii.

1884.—"The supposition that some of the books were destroyed by Alexander

the Great is contained in the introductory chapter of the Pehlevi

_Viraf-Nama_, a book written in the Sassanian times, about the 6th or 7th

century, and in which the event is thus chronicled:—'The wicked, accursed

Guna Mino (the evil spirit), in order to make the people sceptical about

their religion, instigated the accursed Alexiedar (Alexander) the Ruman,

the inhabitant of Egypt, to carry war and hardships to the country of

Iran (Persia). He killed the monarch of Iran, and destroyed and made

desolate the royal court. And this religion, that is, all the books of

AVESTA and ZEND, written with gold ink upon prepared cow-skins, was

deposited in the archives of Stakhar (Istakhar or Persepolis) of Papak.

The accursed, wretched, wicked _Ashmogh_ (destroyer of the pious),

Alexiedar the evil-doer, took them (the books) out and burnt

them."—_Dosabhai Framji, H. of the Parsis_, ii. 158-159.

ZERBAFT, s. Gold-brocade, Pers. _zar_, 'gold,' _bāft_, 'woven.'

[1900.—"Kamkwabs, or kimkhwabs (KINCOB), are also known as ZAR-BAFT

(gold-woven), and mushajjar (having patterns)."—_Yusuf Ali, Mon. on Silk

Fabrics_, 86.]

ZILLAH, s. This word is properly Ar. (in Indian pron.) _ẓila_, 'a rib,'

thence 'a side,' a district. It is the technical name for the

administrative districts into which British India is divided, each of which

has in the older provinces a Collector, or Collector and Magistrate

combined, a Sessions Judge, &c., and in the newer provinces, such as the

Punjab and B. Burma, a Deputy Commissioner.

[1772.—"With respect to the TALOOKDARRYS and inconsiderable ZEMINDARRYS,

which formed a part of the Huzzoor (HUZOOR) ZILAHS or Districts which

paid their rents immediately to the General CUTCHERRY at

Moorshedabad...."—_W. Hastings_, in _Hunter, Annals of Bengal_, 4th ed.,

388.]

1817.—"In each district, that is in the language of the country, each

ZILLAH ... a ZILLAH Court was established."—_Mill's Hist._ v. 422.

ZINGARI, n.p. This is of course not Anglo-Indian, but the name applied in

various countries of Europe, and in various modifications, _zincari_,

_zingani_, _zincali_, _chingari_, _zigeuner_, &c., to the gypsies.

Various suggestions as to its derivation have been made on the supposition

that it is of Indian origin. Borrow has explained the word as 'a person of

mixt blood,' deriving it from the Skt. _sankara_, 'made up.' It is true

that _varṅa sankara_ is used for an admixture of castes and races (_e.g._

in _Bhāgavad Gītā_, i. 41, &c.), but it is not the name of any caste, nor

would people to whom such an opprobrious epithet had been applied be likely

to carry it with them to distant lands. A writer in the _Saturday Review_

once suggested the Pers. _zīngar_, 'a saddler.' Not at all probable. In

Sleeman's _Ramaseeana_ or Vocabulary of the peculiar Language used by the

Thugs (Calcutta, 1836), p. 85, we find:

"CHINGAREE, a class of Multani Thugs, sometimes called _Naiks_, of the

Mussulman faith. They proceed on their expeditions in the character of

Brinjaras, with cows and bullocks laden with merchandize, which they

expose for sale at their encampments, and thereby attract their victims.

They use the rope of their bullocks instead of the _roomal_ in

strangling. They are an ancient tribe of Thugs, and take their wives and

children on their expeditions."

[These are the Chāngars of whom Mr. Ibbetson (_Panjab Ethnog._ 308) gives

an account. A full description of them has been given by Dr. G. W. Leitner

(_A Sketch of the Changars and of their Dialect_, Lahore, 1880), in which

he shows reason to doubt any connection between them and the Zingari.] De

Goeje (_Contributions to the Hist. of the Gypsies_) regards that people as

the Indian _Zoṭṭ_ (_i.e._ _Jatt_ of Sind). He suggests as possible origins

of the name first _shikārī_ (see SHIKAREE), and then Pers. _changī_,

'harper,' from which a plural _changān_ actually occurs in Lane's _Arabian

Nights_, iii. 730, note 22. [These are the Al-Jink, male dancers (see

_Burton, Ar. Nights_, viii. 18).]

If the name is to be derived from India, the term in Sleeman's _Vocabulary_

seems a more probable origin than the others mentioned here. But is it not

more likely that _zingari_, like Gipsy and Bohemian, would be a name given

_ab extra_ on their appearing in the West, and not carried with them from

Asia?

ZIRBAD, n.p. Pers. _zīr-bād_, 'below the wind,' _i.e._ leeward. This is a

phrase derived from nautical use, and applied to the countries eastward of

India. It appears to be adopted with reference to the S.W. Monsoon. Thus by

the extracts from the _Mohit_ or 'Ocean' of Sidi 'Ali Kapudān (1554),

translated by Joseph V. Hammer in the _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, we find

that one chapter (unfortunately not given) treats "Of the Indian Islands

above and below the wind." The islands "above the wind" were probably

Ceylon, the Maldives, Socotra, &c., but we find no extract with precise

indication of them. We find however indicated as the "tracts situated below

the wind" Malacca, Sumatra, Tenasserim, Bengal, Martaban, Pegu. The phrase

is one which naturally acquires a specific meaning among sea-faring folk,

of which we have an instance in the Windward and Leeward Islands of the W.

Indies. But probably it was adopted from the Malays, who make use of the

same nomenclature, as the quotations show.

1442.—"The inhabitants of the sea coasts arrive here (at Ormuz) from the

countries of Tchin, Java, Bengal, the cities of ZIRBAD."—_Abdurrazzāk_,

in _India in the XVth Cent._ 6.

1553.—"... Before the foundation of Malaca, in this Cingapura ... met all

the navigators of the seas to the West of India and of those to the East

of it, which last embrace the regions of Siam, China, Choampa, Camboja,

and the many thousand islands that lie in that Orient. And these two

quarters the natives of the land distinguish as Dybananguim

(_di-bāwa-angīn_) and Ataz Anguim (_ātas-angīn_) which are as much as to

say 'BELOW THE WINDS' and '_above the winds_,' below being West and above

East."—_Barros_, Dec. II. Liv. vi. cap. i. In this passage De Barros goes

unusually astray, for the use of the Malay expressions which he quotes,

_bawa-angin_ (or _di-bawah_) 'BELOW THE WIND,' and _ātas_ (or _di-ātas_)

angīn, 'above the wind,' is just the reverse of his explanation, the

former meaning the east, and the latter the west (see below).

c. 1590.—"_Kalanbak_ (see CALAMBAK) is the wood of a tree brought from

ZÍRBÁD (?)"—_Āīn_, i. 81. A mistaken explanation is given in the

foot-note from a native authority, but this is corrected by Prof.

Blochmann at p. 616.

1726.—"The Malayers are also commonly called _Orang di Bawah Angin_, or

'people BENEATH THE WIND,' otherwise _Easterlings_, as those of the West,

and particularly the Arabs, are called _Orang Atas Angin_, or 'people

above the wind,' and known as Westerlings."—_Valentijn_, v. 310.

" "The land of the Peninsula, &c., was called by the geographers

ZIERBAAD, meaning in Persian 'beneath the wind.'"—_Ibid._ 317.

1856.—"There is a peculiar idiom of the Malay language, connected with

the monsoons.... The Malays call all countries west of their own

'countries above the wind,' and their own and all countries east of it

'countries BELOW THE WIND.'... The origin of the phrase admits of no

explanation, unless it have reference to the most important of the two

monsoons, the western, that which brought to the Malayan countries the

traders of India."—_Crawfurd's Desc. Dict._ 288.

ZOBO, ZHOBO, DSOMO, &c., s. Names used in the semi-Tibetan tracts of the

Himālaya for hybrids between the yak bull and the ordinary hill cow, much

used in transport and agriculture. See quotation under ZEBU. The following

are the connected Tibetan terms, according to Jaeschke's Dict. (p. 463):

"_mdzo_, a mongrel bred of Yak bull and common cow; _bri-mdzo_, a mongrel

bred of common bull and yak cow; _m_DZOPO, a male; _m_DZO-MO, a female

animal of the kind, both valued as domestic cattle." [Writing of the Lower

Himālaya, Mr. Atkinson says: "When the sire is a yak and the dam a hill

cow, the hybrid is called JUBU; when the parentage is reversed, the produce

is called _garjo_. The _jubu_ is found more valuable than the other hybrid

or than either of the pure stocks" (_Himalayan Gazetteer_, ii. 38). Also

see _Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 350.]

1298.—"There are wild cattle in that country almost as big as elephants,

splendid creatures, covered everywhere but in the back with shaggy hair a

good four palms long. They are partly black, partly white, and really

wonderfully fine creatures, and the hair or wool is extremely fine and

white, finer and whiter than silk. Messer Marco brought some to Venice as

a great curiosity, and so it was reckoned by those who saw it. There are

also plenty of them tame, which have been caught young. They also cross

these with the common cow, and the cattle from this cross are wonderful

beasts, and better for work than other animals. These the people use

commonly for burden and general work, and in the plough as well; and at

the latter they will do twice as much work as any other cattle, being

such very strong beasts."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. i. ch. 57.

1854.—"The ZOBO, or cross between the yak and the hill-cow (much

resembling the English cow) is but rarely seen in these mountains

(Sikkim), though common in the N.W. Himalaya."—_Hooker's Him. Journals_,

2d ed. i. 203.

[1871.—"The plough in Lahoul ... is worked by a pair of DZOS (hybrids

between the cow and yak)."—_Harcourt, Him. Dists. of Kooloo, Lahoul, and

Spiti_, 180.

[1875.—"Ploughing is done chiefly with the hybrid of the yak bull and the

common cow; this they call ZO if male and ZOMO if female."—_Drew, Jummoo

and Kashmir_, 246.]

ZOUAVE, s. This modern French term is applied to certain regiments of light

infantry in a quasi-Oriental costume, recruited originally in Algeria, and

from various races, but now only consisting of Frenchmen. The name _Zuawa_,

_Zouaoua_ was, according to Littré, that of a Kabyle tribe of the Jurjura

which furnished the first soldiers so called.

[ZUBT, ZUBTEE, adj. and s. of which the corrupted forms are JUBTEE, JUPTEE.

Ar. _ẓabt̤_, lit. 'keeping, guarding,' but more generally in India, in the

sense of 'seizure, confiscation.' In the _Āīn_ it is used in the sense

which is still in use in the N.W.P., 'cash rents on the more valuable

crops, such as sugar-cane, tobacco, etc., in those districts where rents in

kind are generally paid.'

[c. 1590.—"Of these Parganahs, 138 pay revenue in cash from crops charged

at special rates (in orig. _ẓabt̤ī_)."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarret_, ii. 153.

[1813.—"ZEBT ... restraint, confiscation, sequestration. ZEBTY. Relating

to restraint or confiscation; what has been confiscated.... Lands resumed

by _Jaffier Khan_ which had been appropriated in _Jaghire_ (see

JAGHEER)."—Glossary to _Fifth Report_.

[1851.—"You put down one hundred rupees. If the water of your land does

not come ... then my money shall be confiscated to the Sahib. If it does

then your money shall be ZUPT (confiscated)."—_Edwardes, A Year on the

Punjab Frontier_, i. 278.]

ZUMBOORUCK, s. Ar. Turk. Pers. _zambūrak_ (spelt _zanbūrak_), a small gun

or swivel usually carried on a camel, and mounted on a saddle;—a falconet.

[See a drawing in R. Kipling's _Beast and Man in India_, 255.] It was,

however, before the use of gunpowder came in, the name applied sometimes to

a cross-bow, and sometimes to the _quarrel_ or bolt shot from such a

weapon. The word is in form a Turkish diminutive from Ar. _zambūr_, 'a

hornet'; much as 'musket' comes from _mosquetta_. Quatremère thinks the

name was given from the twang of the cross-bow at the moment of discharge

(see _H. des Mongols_, 285-6; see also _Dozy, Suppt._ s.v.). This older

meaning is the subject of our first quotation:

1848.—"Les écrivains arabes qui ont traité des guerres des croisades,

donnent à l'arbalête, telle que l'employait les chrétiens, le nom de

ZENBOUREK. La première fois qu'ils en font mention, c'est en parlant du

siège de Tyr par Saladin en 1187.... Suivant l'historien des patriarches

d'Alexandrie, le ZENBOUREK était une flêche de l'épaisseur du pouce, de

la longueur d'une coudée, qui avait quatre faces ... il traversait

quelque fois au même coup deux hommes placés l'un derrière l'autre....

Les musulmans paraissent n'avoir fait usage qu'assez tard du ZENBOUREK.

Djèmal-Eddin est, à ma connaissance, le premier écrivain arabe qui, sous

la date 643 (1245 de J.C.), cite cette arme comme servant aux guerriers

de l'Islamisme; c'est à propos du siège d'Ascalon par le sultan

d'Egypte.... Mais bientôt l'usage du ZENBOUREK devint commun en Orient,

et dans la suite des Turks ottomans entretinrent dans leurs armées un

corps de soldats appelés ZENBOUREKDJIS. Maintenant ... ce mot a tout à

fait changé d'acception, et l'on donne en Perse le nom de ZENBOUREK à une

petite pièce d'artillerie légère."—_Reinaud, De l'Art Militaire chez les

Arabes au moyen age. Journ. As._, Ser. IV., tom. xii. 211-213.

1707.—"Prince Bedár Bakht ... was killed by a cannon-ball, and many of

his followers also fell.... His younger brother Wálájáh was killed by a

ball from a ZAMBÚRAK."—_Khāfī Khān_, in _Elliot_, vii. 398.

c. 1764.—"Mirza Nedjef Qhan, who was preceded by some ZEMBERECS, ordered

that kind of artillery to stand in the middle of the water and to fire on

the eminence."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 250.

1825.—"The reign of Futeh Allee Shah has been far from remarkable for its

military splendour.... He has rarely been exposed to danger in action,

but, early in his reign ... he appeared in the field, ... till at last

one or two shots from ZUMBOORUCKS dropping among them, he fell from his

horse in a swoon of terror...."—_J. B. Fraser, Journey into Khorasān_ in

1821-22, pp. 197-8.

[1829.—"He had no cannon; but was furnished with a description of

ordnance, or swivels, called ZUMBOORUK, which were mounted on camels; and

which, though useful in action, could make no impression on the slightest

walls...."—_Malcolm, H. of Persia_, i. 419.]

1846.—"So hot was the fire of cannon, musquetry, and ZAMBOORAKS, kept up

by the Khalsa troops, that it seemed for some moments impossible that the

entrenchments could be won under it."—_Sir Hugh Gough's desp. on the

Battle of Sobraon_, dd. Feb 13.

" "The flank in question (at Subrāon) was mainly guarded by a line

of two hundred 'ZUMBOORUKS,' or falconets; but it derived some support

from a salient battery, and from the heavy guns retained on the opposite

bank of the river."—_Cunningham's H. of the Sikhs_, 322.

INDEX.

Abada, 1a

Abadie, 16a

Abado, 2a

Abase, 389b

Abash, 428b

Abassines, 2b

Abastà, 982b

Abath, 1b

Abbasee, Abbesse, 389b

Abcáree, 2a

Abeshi, 428b;

Abexynes, 2b

Abihówa, 2b

Abkáry, Abkarry, 2a

Abrahmanes, 112a;

Abraiaman, Abraiamin, 111b

Abrawan, Abrooan, 706a

Abu-Sarūr, 45a

Abyssinia, 2b

A.C., 2b

Acajou, Acaju, 168b

Acali, 9b

Acaplen, 159a

Acciao, 3b

Acem, 4a

Aceni, 4a

Acha, 439b

Achānak, Achánock, 2b

Achár, 3a

Acheen, 3a;

Achein, 4a;

Achem, 3b, 4a;

Acheyn, 4a;

Achín, 4a

Açuquere, 864b

Adami pomum, 4b;

Adam's Apple, 4a

Adap, 39a;

Adapol, 39b

Adathay, Adati, 4b, 706a

Adawlut, 4b, 6b, 512a

Addati, 4b

Adelham, 432a, 628b, 779a

Adhigári, Adhikāri, Adicario, Adigaar, 7a;

Adigar, Adigares, 6b, 7a, 686a;

Adikar, 7a

Adjutant, 7a, 289b, 694b, 849a

Admiral, 18a

Aduano, 310b

Ady, 176b

Æde, 336b, 630b

Affanan, Affion, 641b

Affiore, 780a

Afghán, 7b;

Afghaun, 8a

Afranjah, 353a

Africo, 8b

A-fu-yung, 641a

Agal-wood, 336a

Agam, 8b

Agar, 336a

Agar-agar, 8b

Ag-bōt, 9a

Agdaun, 8b

Ageagayes, 39a

Agenas, 9a

Āg-gāri, 8b

Agin-boat, 9a

Agla-wood, 335b

Agomia, 468b

Agramuzo, 646b

Aguacat, Aguacata, Aguacate, 15a, b

Aguila, 335b

Agun-boat, 9a

Agwan, 8a

Agy, 409a

Ahadi, 408b

Aḥshām, 136a, 345a

Ahucatl, 15b

Ajnās, 9a

Ak, 9a, 593a

Akalee, Akāli, 9a, b, 216a

Akaok-wun, 972a

Akee, 439b

Akyáb, 9b

Ala-blaze-pan, 10a

Alacatijven, 11b

Alacha, Alachah, 13a, b

Alacre, 500a

Alagarto, 14a

Alaias, Alajah, 13b, a

Albabo, 43a

Albacore, 10a

Albatros, Albatrose, 11a;

Albatross, 10b

Albecato, 15a

Albetrosse, 11a

Albicore, 10b

Albatross, 11a

Albocore, 10a

Alcara, 430a

Alcatief, Alcatif, Alcatifa, Alcatifada, Alcatiffa, 11b

Alcatrarce, Alcatrarsa, Alcatrarzi, Alcatraz, 10b, 11a

Alchah, 13a, b, 57a

Alchore, 409b

Alcorana, 11b

Alcove, 11b

Aldea, Aldée, 12a, 379a

Alefante, 341b

Alegie, 11b

Aleppee, 12a

Alfandega, 367b;

Alfandica, Alfandiga, Alfandigue, 12a, b

Alfange, 410b

Algarve, 595a

Algatrosse, 11a

Alguada, 12b

Alhamel, 429b

Aligarto, Aligata, 14a, b

Alighol, 15b

Aljofar, Aljofre, 12b, 203a

Allachas, 13b

Allahabad, 12b, 729b

Allajar, 13b

Allasakatrina, 16b

Alleegole, 15b

Allegator, 14b

Alleia, 13b;

Allegia, 4b;

Alleja, Allejah, 13a, 706a

Alliballi, 706a

Allibannee, 706a

Alligator, 13b;

-pear, 14b;

Alligatur, 14b

Alliza, 13b

Allowai, 16b

Allygole, Allygool, 15b

Almadia, 15b, 14a, 175b, 323a

Almanack, 16a

Almar, Almarie, 16a

Almazem, 536a

Almer, Almirah, 16a

Almocaden, 569a

Almyra, 16a

Alongshore wind, 519a

Aloes, 16a, 335b;

-wood, 16b

Aloo, -Bokhara, 16b

Alpeen, 17a

Alroch, 706a

Alsukkar, 864a

Altare, 41b

Alva, 429b

Alxofar, 12b, 174a

Amaal, 429b

Amacan, Amacao, Amacau, 527a, 578a, 812b

Amaco, 21a

Amadabat, Amadava, Amadavad, Amadavat, 41b

Amah, 17a

Amakau, 527a

Amal, 429b

Amangue, 554b

Amaree, 17a

Amauco, 20b

Amaury, 17a

Amba, 554a

Ambaree, Ambári, Ambarreh, 17a

Ambarreh, 17b

Amboyna, 17b

Ambun, 17b

Amburan, 554a

Ambweno, 17b

Ameen, 17b

Ameer, 17b

Amfião, Amfion, 284a, 641a, b

Amidavad, 41b

'Amil, 5b;

Amildar, 40b

Amin, 17b

Amīr, Amirau, Amirra, 18a, 974a

Ammaraw, 637b

Ammiraglio, 18b

Amoca, 21a;

Amochhi, 20b;

Amock, 21b, 641b;

Amoco, 21b;

Amok, 22a;

À Moqua, 21b

Amostra, 605a

Amouchi, 19b;

Amouco, 19b, 20b;

Amouki, 21b;

Amouque, 19b

Amoy, 18b

Amoyo, 21a

Amshom, 18b

A Muck, 18b;

Amuco, 19b

Amuldar, 40b

Anacandaia, Anaconda, Anacondo, 23b, a

Anacut, 30b;

Anaikat, 31a

Anana, 27b;

Ananas, 25a;

Ananat, 27a

'Anba, 554a

Anchediva, 28a

Anda, 30a

Andaman, Andeman, Andemania, 29a, b

Andol, Andola, Andor, Andora, 250b, 30a, 313b, 29b, 181a, 740b

Andrum, 30a

Anfiam, Anfion, 641b

Angamanain, 29a

Angediva, 28b, 547b

Angeli, 414a

Angelim, Angelin, Angelina, Angely-wood, 30a, b

Angengo, 30b

Anhay, 18b

Anib, 31a

Aniba, 554a

Anicut, 30b

Anil, Anile, 31a, 516a, 641b

Anjadwa, Anjediva, 29a, 28a, 82a

Anjengo, Anjinga, 30b

Anna, 31b

Annabatchi, 706a

Annicut, 31a

Annippa, 627a

Annoe, 32a

Anseam, 834a;

Ansyane, 544a

Ant, White, 32a

Anvá, 41a

Anyll, 31a

Anzediva, 28b

Ap, Apa, Ape, Apen, 426a

Aphion, 641b

Apīl, 31b

Apollo Bundar, Bunder, 32b, 33b;

-Green, 33a

Aprecock, Apricock, Apricot, 33b

Arab, 33b

Arac, 36b

Arack, 506a

Arack, 36b

Arackan, 34b

Aracke, 36b

Araine, 411b

'Arak, 36a;

Arak Punch, 829b

Arakan, 34a

Arandella, 770b

Arangkaio, 644b

Arbol Triste, 34b

Arbre des Banianes, 65b

Archa, 35b

Archin, 4a, 104b

Arcot, 35a

Areca, Arecca, Arecha, Arequa, Arequies, 35a, b, 689b

Arfiun, 641a

Argali, 7b

Argeelah, 7b, 289b

Argell, 228b, 618b, 874a

Argemone Mexicana, 35b

Argile, 618b

Argill, 7b

Argol, 639b

Argus Pheasant, 36a, 580a

Arian, Ariya, 38a

Arjee, 960a

Arkāti, 613a

Arkhang, Arkung, 34b

Armarium, 16a

Armesie, Armosyn, Armozeen, 645b

Armuza, 646b

Arobel, 770a

Aron Caie, 645a

Arquam, 34a

Arrabi, Arrabin, 33b

Arracan, Arracão, 34a, b

Arrack, 36a

Arrah, 706a

Arrakaon, 34b

Arrankayo, 645a

Arratel, 690b, 808a

Arreca, 35b

Ars, 959b

Arsenal, 37a

Art, European, 37a

Artichoke, 37b

Arundee, 581a

Arundel, Arundela, 770b

Aryan, 37b

Arym, 638b

Arzdest, 344b, 959b;

Arzee, Arzoasht, 960a

Asagaye, 39a

Asham, 38b

Ashrafee, Ashrafi, 38b

Asion, 834a

A-smoke, 823a

Assagayen, 39a

Assam, 38b

Assamani, 376b

Assegai, Assegay, 39a, 38b

Assi, 4a

Asswar, 857b;

Aswary, 858a

Āṭā, 647a

Atambor, 914a

Atap, 39a

Atarin, 647a

Atchaar, Atchar, 3b

Atlas, Atlass, 39b, 797b, 58a

Atoll, Atollon, 40a

Atombor, 89b

'Attābī, 'Attābīya, 861b, 887b

Attap, 39b

Attar, 647a, b

Attelap, 11b

Attjar, 3b

Atwen-wun, 972a

Atzagay, 39a

Aubrah, 706a

Aucheo, 421a

Augan, 8a

Aul, 649b

Aumeen, 17b

Aumil, 40a, 5b, 776b;

Aumildar, 40b

Aunneketchie, 706a

Aurata, 325a

Aurat-dar, 75b

Aurung, 40b, 746a

Autaar, 41b

Ava, 40b

Avadavat, 41a

Avaldar, Avaldare, 413a, 473a

Avastâ, 982b

Avatar, 41b, 71a

Average, 42a

Avildar, 413a

Avocada, Avocado, Avocat, Avocato, Avogato, 15a, b

Awadh, 647b

Awatar, 42a

Ayah, 42a

Ayconda, 617b

Ayodhya, Ayuthia, Ayuttaya, 465b, 466a, 647b

Azagaia, Azagay, Azagaya, 39a, 468b

Azami, 8b

Azar, 501a

Azen, 598a

Azin, 638b

Azo, Azoo, 247b

Baar, 48a

Baba, 42b

Babachy, 100b

Baba Ghor, Bābāghūrī, Babagooree, Babagore, 43a

Babare, 101a

Babb, Babbs, Babe, 43a

Baber, 43b

Babi-roussa, Babirusa, 43b, 522a, 44a

Bable, 44b

Baboo, 44a

Babool, 44b, 108a

Baboon, 45a

Baboul, 44b

Babs, 43b

Bābul, 45a

Baby-Roussa, 44a

Baca, 74a

Bacacé, 61b

Baçaim, 70b

Bacanor, Bacanore, Bacanut, 45b, a

Bacas, 74a

Baccam, 794b

Baccanoar, 45b

Bacherkaunie, 825b

Backar baroche, 116b

Backdore, 45b

Backsee, 45b

Backshee, 135b

Bacsheese, 117b

Bacsi, 135a

Bada, 1a, 504b

Badaga, Badagus, Badega, 46a

Badenjân, 116a

Badgeer, Badgir, 46a, b

Badingân, 116a

Badjoe, Badjoo, 46b

Badur, 49b

Bael, 47a

Baffa, Baffata, Baffatta, Bafta, Baftah, 47a, b, 13b, 255b, 376b, 706a

Bagada, 46a

Bagalate, 51b, 628b

Bagar, 48a

Baggala, 120b, 123b

Baghbúgh, Baghbún, Baghfúr, 347a

Baghlah, 315b

Bagnan, Bagnani, 64a, 63a

Bagoldaf, 91a

Bagou, 693b

Baguettes à tambour, 327b

Bahaar, 918b

Bahadar, 43b

Bahádur, Bahadure, 49b, 50a

Bahar, Bahare, 47b, 48a

Bahar, 248a

Bahaudoor, Bahaudur, Bahawder, 50a, 48b

Bah-Booh, 44a

Bahirwutteea, 50a

Bahman, 132a

Bahrúch, 116b

Baignan, 64a