boundaries of Syria, now called _Theudemor_, or _Tadmor_. It is
famous for being the seat of the celebrated Zenobia and Odenatus,
in the reign of the emperor Aurelian. It is now in ruins, and the
splendour and magnificence of its porticoes, temples, and palaces,
are now frequently examined by the curious and the learned. _Pliny_,
bk. 6, chs. 26 & 30.
=Palphurius=, one of the flatterers of Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4,
li. 53.
=Palumbinum=, a town of Samnium. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 45.
=Pamīsos=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 129.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――Another of Messenia in
Peloponnesus.
=Pammēnes=, an Athenian general, sent to assist Megalopolis against
the Mantineans, &c.――――An astrologer.――――A learned Grecian, who was
preceptor to Brutus. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 97, _Orator_, ch. 9.
=Pammon=, a son of Priam and Hecuba. _Apollodorus._
=Pampa=, a village near Tentyra in Thrace. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 76.
=Pamphĭlus=, a celebrated painter of Macedonia in the age of Philip,
distinguished above his rivals by a superior knowledge of literature,
and the cultivation of those studies which taught him to infuse more
successfully grace and dignity into his pieces. He was founder of the
school for painting at Sicyon, and he made a law which was observed
not only in Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but the children
of noble and dignified persons should be permitted to learn painting.
Apelles was one of his pupils. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A son of
Neoclides, among the pupils of Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius._
=Pamphos=, a Greek poet, supposed to have lived before Hesiod’s age.
=Pamphy̆la=, a Greek woman who wrote a general history in 33 books, in
Nero’s reign. This history, so much commended by the ancients, is
lost.
=Pamphy̆lia=, a province of Asia Minor, anciently called _Mopsopia_,
and bounded on the south by a part of the Mediterranean, called
the _Pamphylian sea_, west by Lycia, north by Pisidia, and east
by Cilicia. It abounded with pastures, vines, and olives, and was
peopled by a Grecian colony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 26.――_Livy_,
bk. 37, chs. 23 & 40.
=Pan= was the god of shepherds, of huntsmen, and of all the inhabitants
of the country. He was the son of Mercury by Dryope, according to
Homer. Some give him Jupiter and Callisto for parents, others Jupiter
and Ybis or Oneis. Lucian, Hyginus, &c., support that he was the son
of Mercury and Penelope the daughter of Icarius, and that the god
gained the affections of the princess under the form of a goat, as
she tended her father’s flocks on mount Taygetus, before her marriage
with the king of Ithaca. Some authors maintain that Penelope became
mother of Pan during the absence of Ulysses in the Trojan war, and
that he was the offspring of all the suitors that frequented the
palace of Penelope, whence he received the name of _Pan_, which
signifies _all_ or _everything_. Pan was a monster in appearance; he
had two small horns on his head, his complexion was ruddy, his nose
flat, and his legs, thighs, tail, and feet were those of a goat. The
education of Pan was entrusted to a nymph of Arcadia, called Sinoe,
but the nurse, according to Homer, terrified at the sight of such
a monster, fled away and left him. He was wrapped up in the skin of
beasts by his father, and carried to heaven, where Jupiter and the
gods long entertained themselves with the oddity of his appearance.
Bacchus was greatly pleased with him, and gave him the name of Pan.
The god of shepherds chiefly resided in Arcadia, where the woods and
the most rugged mountains were his habitation. He invented the flute
with seven reeds, which he called _Syrinx_, in honour of a beautiful
nymph of the same name, to whom he attempted to offer violence, and
who was changed into a reed. He was continually employed in deceiving
the neighbouring nymphs, and often with success. Though deformed
in his shape and features, yet he had the good fortune to captivate
Diana, and of gaining her favour, by transforming himself into
a beautiful white goat. He was also enamoured of a nymph of the
mountains called Echo, by whom he had a son called Lynx. He also paid
his addresses to Omphale queen of Lydia, and it is well known in what
manner he was received. _See:_ Omphale. The worship of Pan was well
established, particularly in Arcadia, where he gave oracles on mount
Lycæus. His festivals, called by the Greeks _Lycæa_, were brought
to Italy by Evander, and they were well known at Rome by the name
of the Lupercalia. _See:_ Lupercalia. The worship, and the different
functions of Pan, are derived from the mythology of the ancient
Egyptians. This god was one of the eight great gods of the Egyptians,
who ranked before the other 12 gods, whom the Romans called
_Consentes_. He was worshipped with the greatest solemnity over all
Egypt. His statues represented him as a goat, not because he was
really such, but this was done for mysterious reasons. He was the
emblem of fecundity, and they looked upon him as the principle of all
things. His horns, as some observe, represented the rays of the sun,
and the brightness of the heavens was expressed by the vivacity and
the ruddiness of his complexion. The star which he wore on his breast
was the symbol of the firmament, and his hairy legs and feet denoted
the inferior parts of the earth, such as the woods and plants. Some
suppose that he appeared as a goat because, when the gods fled into
Egypt, in their war against the giants, Pan transformed himself into
a goat, an example which was immediately followed by all the deities.
Pan, according to some, is the same as Faunus, and he is the chief
of all the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions that, in the reign of Tiberius,
an extraordinary voice was heard near the Echinades, in the Ionian
sea, which exclaimed that the great Pan was dead. This was readily
believed by the emperor, and the astrologers were consulted; but
they were unable to explain the meaning of so supernatural a voice,
which probably proceeded from the imposition of one of the courtiers
who attempted to terrify Tiberius. In Egypt, in the town of Mendes,
which word also signifies a _goat_, there was a sacred goat kept with
the most ceremonious sanctity. The death of this animal was always
attended with the greatest solemnities, and, like that of another
Apis, became the cause of a universal mourning. As Pan usually
terrified the inhabitants of the neighbouring country, that kind of
fear which often seizes men, and which is only ideal and imaginary,
has received from him the name of _panic fear_. This kind of terror
has been exemplified not only in individuals, but in numerous
armies, such as that of Brennus, which was thrown into the greatest
consternation at Rome, without any cause or plausible reason. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 396; bk. 2, li. 277; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
li. 689.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 17; _Æneid_, bk. 8,
li. 343; _Georgics_, ch. 3, li. 392.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 142.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 327.
――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 5.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 46 &
145, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Orpheus_, _Hymns_, poem 10.――_Homer_,
_Hymn to Pan_.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Deorum_, Dialogue of Pan and Hermes
(Mercury).――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.
=Pănăcēa=, a goddess, daughter of Æsculapius, who presided over health.
_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 918.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11, &c.
=Panætius=, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes, 138 B.C. He studied at
Athens for some time, of which he refused to become a citizen,
observing, that a good and modest man ought to be satisfied with one
country. He came to Rome, where he reckoned among his pupils Lælius
and Scipio the second Africanus. To the latter he was attached by
the closest ties of friendship and partiality; he attended him in
his expeditions, and partook of all his pleasures and amusements. To
the interest of their countryman at Rome, the Rhodians were greatly
indebted for their prosperity and the immunities which they for some
time enjoyed. Panætius wrote a treatise on the duties of man, whose
merit can be ascertained from the encomiums which Cicero bestows upon
it. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1; _Academica_, bk.
2, ch. 2; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 46.――――A tyrant of Leontini
in Sicily, B.C. 613. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.
=Panætolium=, a general assembly of the Ætolians. _Livy_, bk. 31,
ch. 29; bk. 35, ch. 32.
=Panares=, a general of Crete, defeated by Metellus, &c.
=Panariste=, one of the waiting-women of Berenice the wife of king
Antiochus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.
=Panathenæa=, festivals in honour of Minerva the patroness of Athens.
They were first instituted by Erechtheus or Orpheus, and called
_Athenæa_, but Theseus afterwards renewed them, and caused them to
be celebrated and observed by all the tribes of Athens, which he had
united into one, and from this reason the festivals received their
name. Some suppose that they are the same as the Roman _Quinquatria_,
as they are often called by that name among the Latins. In the first
years of the institution, they were observed only during one day, but
afterwards the time was prolonged, and the celebration was attended
with greater pomp and solemnity. The festivals were two; the _great
Panathenæa_ (μεγαλα), which were observed every fifth year, beginning
on the 22nd of the month called _Hecatombæon_, or the 7th of July;
and the _lesser Panathenæa_ (μικρα), which were kept every third year,
or rather annually, beginning on the 20th or 21st of the month called
_Thargelion_, corresponding to the 5th or 6th day of the month of
May. In the lesser festivals there were three games conducted by 10
presidents chosen from the 10 tribes of Athens, who continued four
years in office. On the evening of the first day there was a race
with torches, in which men on foot, and afterwards on horseback,
contended. The same was also exhibited in the greater festivals. The
second combat was gymnical, and exhibited a trial of strength and
bodily dexterity. The last was a musical contention, first instituted
by Pericles. In the songs they celebrated the generous undertaking
of Harmodius and Aristogiton, who opposed the Pisistratidæ, and of
Thrasybulus, who delivered Athens from its 30 tyrants. Phrynis of
Mitylene was the first who obtained the victory by playing upon the
harp. There were, besides, other musical instruments, on which they
played in concert, such as flutes, &c. The poets contended in four
plays, called from their number τετραλογια. The last of these was
a satire. There was also at Sunium an imitation of a naval fight.
Whoever obtained the victory in any of these games was rewarded with
a vessel of oil, which he was permitted to dispose of in whatever
manner he pleased, and it was unlawful for any other person to
transport that commodity. The conqueror also received a crown of
the olives which grew in the groves of Academus, and were sacred
to Minerva, and called μορειαι, from μορος, _death_, in remembrance
of the tragical end of Hallirhotius the son of Neptune, who cut his
own legs when he attempted to cut down the olive which had given
the victory to Minerva in preference to his father, when these two
deities contended about giving a name to Athens. Some suppose that
the word is derived from μερος, _a part_, because these olives were
given by contribution by all such as attended at the festivals. There
was also a dance called _Pyrrhichia_, performed by young boys in
armour, in imitation of Minerva, who thus expressed her triumph over
the vanquished Titans. Gladiators were also introduced when Athens
became tributary to the Romans. During the celebration no person was
permitted to appear in dyed garments, and if any one transgressed
he was punished according to the discretion of the president of the
games. After these things, a sumptuous sacrifice was offered, in
which every one of the Athenian boroughs contributed an ox, and the
whole was concluded by an entertainment for all the company with the
flesh that remained from the sacrifice. In the greater festivals,
the same rites and ceremonies were usually observed, but with more
solemnity and magnificence. Others were also added, particularly
the procession, in which Minerva’s sacred πεπλος, or _garment_,
was carried. This garment was woven by a select number of virgins,
called ἐργαστικαι, from ἐργον, _work_. They were superintended by
two of the ἀρρηφοροι, or young virgins, not above 17 years of age
nor under 11, whose garments were white and set off with ornaments of
gold. Minerva’s _peplus_ was of a white colour, without sleeves, and
embroidered with gold. Upon it were described the achievements of the
goddess, particularly her victories over the giants. The exploits of
Jupiter and the other gods were also represented there, and from that
circumstance men of courage and bravery are said to be ἀξιοι πεπλου,
worthy to be portrayed on Minerva’s sacred garment. In the procession
of the _peplus_, the following ceremonies were observed. In the
_ceramicus_, without the city, there was an engine built in the form
of a ship, upon which Minerva’s garment was hung as a sail, and the
whole was conducted, not by beasts, as some have supposed, but by
subterraneous machines, to the temple of Ceres Eleusinia, and from
thence to the citadel, where the _peplus_ was placed upon Minerva’s
statue, which was laid upon a bed woven or strewed with flowers,
which was called πλακις. Persons of all ages, of every sex and
quality, attended the procession, which was led by old men and women
carrying olive branches in their hands, from which reason they were
called θαλλοφοροι, _bearers of green boughs_. Next followed men of
full age with shields and spears. They were attended by the μετοικοι,
or _foreigners_, who carried small boats as a token of their
foreign origin, and from that account they were called σκαφηφοροι,
_boat-bearers_. After them came the women, attended by the
wives of the foreigners, called ὑδριαφοροι, because they carried
_water-pots_. Next to these came young men crowned with millet
and singing hymns to the goddess, and after them followed select
virgins of the noblest families, called κανηφοροι, _basket-bearers_,
because they carried baskets, in which were certain things
necessary for the celebration, with whatever utensils were
also requisite. These several necessaries were generally in
the possession of the chief manager of the festival called
ἀρχιθεωρος, who distributed them when occasion offered. The virgins
were attended by the daughters of the foreigners, who carried
umbrellas and little seats, from which they were named διφρηφοροι,
_seat-carriers_. The boys, called παιδαμικοι, as it may be supposed,
led the rear, clothed in coats generally worn at processions. The
necessaries for this and every other festival were prepared in a
public hall erected for that purpose, between the Piræan gate and
the temple of Ceres. The management and the care of the whole was
entrusted to the ὑομοφυλακες, or people employed in seeing the
rites and ceremonies properly observed. It was also usual to set
all prisoners at liberty, and to present golden crowns to such as
had deserved well of their country. Some persons were also chosen
to sing some of Homer’s poems, a custom which was first introduced
by Hipparchus the son of Pisistratus. It was also customary in this
festival, and every other quinquennial festival, to pray for the
prosperity of the Platæans, whose services had been so conspicuous
at the battle of Marathon. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_,
_Arcadia_, ch. 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.
=Panchæa=, =Panchēa=, or =Panchaia=, an island of Arabia Felix, where
Jupiter Triphylius had a magnificent temple.――――A part of Arabia
Felix, celebrated for the myrrh, frankincense, and perfumes which
it produced. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 139; bk. 4, li. 379;
_The Gnat_, li. 87.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 309, &c.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 417.
=Panda=, two deities at Rome, who presided, one over the openings of
roads, and the other over the openings of towns. _Varro_, _de Re
Rustica_, bk. 1.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 13, ch. 22.
=Pandama=, a girl of India favoured by Hercules, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.
=Pandaria=, or =Pandataria=, a small island of the Tyrrhene sea.
=Pandărus=, a son of Lycaon, who assisted the Trojans in their war
against the Greeks. He went to the war without a chariot, and
therefore he generally fought on foot. He broke the truce which had
been agreed upon between the Greeks and Trojans, and wounded Menelaus
and Diomedes, and showed himself brave and unusually courageous. He
was at last killed by Diomedes; and Æneas, who then carried him in
his chariot, by attempting to revenge his death, nearly perished by
the hands of the furious enemy. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 35.
――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 112.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 495.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Servius_, _Aeneid_,
bk. 5, li. 495 ff.――――A son of Alcanor, killed with his brother Bitias
by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 735.――――A native of Crete,
punished with death for being accessary to the theft of Tantalus.
What this theft was is unknown. Some, however, suppose that Tantalus
stole the ambrosia and the nectar from the tables of the gods to
which he had been admitted, or that he carried away a dog which
watched Jupiter’s temple in Crete, in which crime Pandarus was
concerned, and for which he suffered. Pandarus had two daughters,
Camiro and Clytia, who were also deprived of their mother by a sudden
death, and left without friends or protectors. Venus had compassion
upon them, and she fed them with milk, honey, and wine. The goddesses
were all equally interested in their welfare. Juno gave them wisdom
and beauty, Diana a handsome figure and regular features, and Minerva
instructed them in whatever domestic accomplishment can recommend a
wife. Venus wished to make their happiness still more complete; and
when they were come to nubile years, the goddess prayed Jupiter to
grant them kind and tender husbands. But in her absence the Harpies
carried away the virgins and delivered them to the Eumenides, to
share the punishment which their father suffered. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 30.――_Pindar._
=Pandărus=, or =Pandareus=, a man who had a daughter called Philomela.
She was changed into a nightingale, after she had killed, by mistake,
her son Itylus, whose death she mourned in the greatest melancholy.
Some suppose him to be the same as Pandion king of Athens.
=Pandataria=, an island on the coast of Lucania, now called _Santa
Maria_.
=Pandates=, a friend of Datames at the court of Artaxerxes. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Datames_.
=Pandemia=, a surname of Venus, expressive of her great power over the
affections of mankind.
=Pandēmus=, one of the surnames of the god of love among the Egyptians
and the Greeks, who distinguished two Cupids, one of whom was the
vulgar, called Pandemus, and another of a purer and more celestial
origin. _Plutarch_, _Amatorius_.
=Pandia=, a festival at Athens established by Pandion, from whom it
received its name, or because it was observed in honour of Jupiter,
who can τα παντα διγευειν, _move and turn all things_ as he pleases.
Some suppose that it concerned the moon, because it does παντοτε
ἰεναι, _moves incessantly_, by showing itself day and night, rather
than the sun, which never appears but in the day-time. It was
celebrated after the Dionysia, because Bacchus is sometimes taken for
the Sun or Apollo, and therefore the brother, or, as some will have
it, the son, of the moon.
=Pandīon=, a king of Athens, son of Erichthon and Pasithea, who
succeeded his father, B.C. 1437. He became father of Procne and
Philomela, Erechtheus and Butes. During his reign, there was such
an abundance of corn, wine, and oil, that it was publicly reported
that Bacchus and Minerva had personally visited Attica. He waged a
successful war against Labdacus king of Bœotia, and gave his daughter
Procne in marriage to Tereus king of Thrace, who had assisted him.
The treatment which Philomela received from her brother-in-law Tereus
[_See:_ Philomela] was the source of infinite grief to Pandion, and
he died through excess of sorrow, after a reign of 40 years.――――There
was also another Pandion, son of Cecrops II. by Metiaduca, who
succeeded to his father, B.C. 1307. He was driven from his paternal
dominions, and fled to Pylas king of Megara, who gave him his
daughter Pelia in marriage, and resigned his crown to him. Pandion
became father of four children, called from him _Pandionidæ_, Ægeus,
Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. The eldest of these children recovered
his father’s kingdom. Some authors have confounded the two Pandions
together in such an indiscriminate manner, that they seem to have
been only one and the same person. Many believe that Philomela and
Procne were the daughters, not of Pandion I., but of Pandion II.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 676.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 48.――――A son
of Phineus and Cleopatra, deprived of his eyesight by his father.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A son of Ægyptus and Hephæstina.
――――A king of the Indies in the age of Augustus.
=Pandōra=, a celebrated woman, the first mortal female that ever lived,
according to the opinion of the poet Hesiod. She was made with clay
by Vulcan at the request of Jupiter, who wished to punish the impiety
and artifice of Prometheus, by giving him a wife. When this woman
of clay had been made by the artist, and received life, all the
gods vied in making her presents. Venus gave her beauty and the art
of pleasing, the Graces gave her the power of captivating, Apollo
taught her how to sing, Mercury instructed her in eloquence, and
Minerva gave her the most rich and splendid ornaments. From all these
valuable presents, which she had received from the gods, the woman
was called _Pandora_, which intimates that she had received _every_
necessary _gift_, παν δωρον. Jupiter after this gave her a beautiful
box, which she was ordered to present to the man who married her; and
by the commission of the god, Mercury conducted her to Prometheus.
The artful mortal was sensible of the deceit, and as he had always
distrusted Jupiter, as well as the rest of the gods, since he had
stolen fire away from the sun to animate his man of clay, he sent
away Pandora without suffering himself to be captivated by her charms.
His brother Epimetheus was not possessed of the same prudence and
sagacity. He married Pandora, and when he opened the box which she
presented to him, there issued from it a multitude of evils and
distempers, which dispersed themselves all over the world, and which,
from that fatal moment, have never ceased to afflict the human race.
Hope was the only one who remained at the bottom of the box, and it
is she alone who has the wonderful power of easing the labours of man,
and of rendering his troubles and his sorrows less painful in life.
_Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Works and Days_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A daughter
of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was sister to Protogenia, who
sacrificed herself for her country at the beginning of the Bœotian
war.
=Pandōrus=, a son of Erechtheus king of Athens.
=Pandosia=, a town in the country of the Brutii, situate on a mountain.
Alexander king of the Molossi died there. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A town
of Epirus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.
=Pandrŏsos=, a daughter of Cecrops king of Athens, sister to Aglauros
and Herse. She was the only one of the sisters who had not the fatal
curiosity to open a basket which Minerva had entrusted to their care
[_See:_ Erichthonius], for which sincerity a temple was raised to her
near that of Minerva, and a festival instituted in her honour, called
_Pandrosia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 738.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.