engaged in painting the battle of Marathon. _Pliny_, bk. 35.
=Pangæus=, a mountain of Thrace, anciently called _Mons Caraminus_,
and joined to mount Rhodope near the sources of the river Nestus.
It was inhabited by four different nations. It was on this mountain
that Lycurgus the Thracian king was torn to pieces, and that Orpheus
called the attention of the wild beasts, and of the mountains
and woods, to listen to his song. It abounded in gold and silver
mines. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 16, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 113.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 462.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 739.
――_Thucydides_, bk. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 679; bk. 7, li. 482.
=Paniasis=, a man who wrote a poem upon Hercules, &c. _See:_ Panyasis.
=Panionium=, a place at the foot of mount Mycale, near the town of
Ephesus in Asia Minor, sacred to Neptune of Helice. It was in this
place that all the states of Ionia assembled, either to consult for
their own safety and prosperity, or to celebrate festivals, or to
offer a sacrifice for the good of all the nation, whence the name
πανιωγιον, _all Ionia_. The deputies of the 12 Ionian cities which
assembled there were those of Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Lebedos,
Colophon, Clazomenæ, Phocæa, Teos, Chios, Samos, and Erythræ. If the
bull offered in sacrifice bellowed, it was accounted an omen of the
highest favour, as the sound was particularly acceptable to the god
of the sea, as in some manner it resembled the roaring of the waves
of the ocean. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 148, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.
――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.
=Panius=, a place at Cœlo-Syria, where Antiochus defeated Scopas,
B.C. 198.
=Pannŏnia=, a large country of Europe, bounded on the east by Upper
Mœsia, south by Dalmatia, west by Noricum, and north by the Danube.
It was divided by the ancients into Lower and Upper Pannonia. The
inhabitants were of Celtic origin, and were first invaded by Julius
Cæsar, and conquered in the reign of Tiberius. Philip and his son
Alexander some ages before had successively conquered it. Sirmium
was the ancient capital of all Pannonia, which contains the modern
provinces of Croatia, Carniola, Sclavonia, Bosnia, Windisch, March,
with part of Servia, and of the kingdoms of Hungary and Austria.
_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 95; bk. 6, li. 220.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1,
li. 109.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 49.――_Strabo_, bks.
4 & 7.――_Jornandes._――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Suetonius_,
_Augustus_, ch. 20.
=Panolbius=, a Greek poet, mentioned by Suidas.
=Panomphæus=, a surname of Jupiter, either because he was worshipped
by every nation on earth, or because he heard the prayers and the
supplications which were addressed to him, or because the rest of the
gods derived from him their knowledge of futurity (πας _omnis_, ὀμφη
_vox_). _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 198.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 8.
=Panŏpe=, or =Panŏpēa=, one of the Nereides, whom sailors generally
invoked in storms. Her name signifies, _giving every assistance, or
seeing everything_. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 251.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 5, li. 825.――――One of the daughters of Thespius. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A town of Phocis, called also Panopeus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 19.――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 18.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 344.――_Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 27; _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 580.
=Panŏpes=, a famous huntsman among the attendants of Acestes king of
Sicily, who was one of those that engaged in the games exhibited by
Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 300.
=Panŏpeus=, a son of Phocus and Asterodia, who accompanied Amphitryon
when he made war against the Teleboans. He was father to Epeus, who
made the celebrated wooden horse at the siege of Troy. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A town of Phocis,
between Orchomenos and the Cephisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.
――_Strabo_, bk. 9.
=Panopion=, a Roman saved from death by the uncommon fidelity of his
servant. When the assassins came to murder him as being proscribed,
the servant exchanged clothes with his master, and let him escape by
a back door. He afterwards went into his master’s bed, and suffered
himself to be killed, as if Panopion himself. _Valerius Maximus._
=Panopŏlis=, _the city of Pan_, a town of Egypt, called also _Chemmis_.
Pan had there a temple, where he was worshipped with great solemnity,
and represented in a statue _fascino longissimo et erecto_.
_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.
=Panoptes=, a name of Argus, from the power of his eyes. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2.
=Panormus=, now called _Palermo_, a town of Sicily, built by the
Phœnicians, on the north-west part of the island, with a good and
capacious harbour. It was the strongest hold of the Carthaginians
in Sicily, and it was at last taken with difficulty by the Romans.
_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 262.――――A
town of the Thracian Chersonesus.――――A town of Ionia, near Ephesus,
――――Another in Crete,――――in Macedonia,――――Achaia,――――Samos.――――A
Messenian who insulted the religion of the Lacedæmonians. _See:_
Gonippus.
=Panotii=, a people of Scythia, said to have very large ears. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 13.
=Pansa Cætronianus Vibius=, a Roman consul who, with Aulus Hirtius,
pursued the murderers of Julius Cæsar, and was killed in a battle
near Mutina. On his death-bed he advised young Octavius to unite
his interest with that of Antony, if he wished to revenge the death
of Julius Cæsar, and from his friendly advice soon after rose the
celebrated second triumvirate. Some suppose that Pansa was put
to death by Octavius himself, or, through him, by the physician
Glicon, who poured poison into the wounds of his patient. Pansa and
Hirtius were the two last consuls who enjoyed the dignity of chief
magistrates of Rome with full power. The authority of the consuls
afterwards dwindled into a shadow. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Dio
Cassius_, bk. 46.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_ bk. 3, poem 5.――_Plutarch_ &
_Appian_.
=Pantagnostus=, a brother of Polycrates tyrant of Samos. _Polyænus_,
bk. 1.
=Pantagyas=, a small river on the eastern coast of Sicily, which falls
into the sea, after running a short space in rough cascades over
rugged stones and precipices. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 689.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 232.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,
li. 471.
=Pantaleon=, a king of Pisa, who presided at the Olympic games, B.C. 664,
after excluding the Eleans, who on that account expunged the Olympiad
from the Fasti, and called it the second Anolympiad. They had called
for the same reason the eighth the first Anolympiad, because the
Pisæans presided.――――An Ætolian chief. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 15.
=Pantanus lacus=, the lake of _Lesina_, is situate in Apulia at the
mouth of the Freuto. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.
=Pantauchus=, a man appointed over Ætolia by Demetrius, &c. _Plutarch._
=Panteus=, a friend of Cleomenes king of Sparta, &c. _Plutarch._
=Panthides=, a man who married Italia the daughter of Themistocles.
=Panthea=, the wife of Abradates, celebrated for her beauty and conjugal
affection. She was taken prisoner by Cyrus, who refused to visit her,
not to be ensnared by the power of her personal charms. She killed
herself on the body of her husband, who had been slain in a battle,
&c. _See:_ Abradates. _Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_.――_Suidas._――――The
mother of Eumæus the faithful servant of Ulysses.
=Pantheon=, a celebrated temple at Rome, built by Agrippa, in the reign
of Augustus, and dedicated to all the gods, whence the name πας θεος.
It was struck with lightning some time after, and partly destroyed.
♦Adrian repaired it, and it still remains at Rome, converted into a
christian temple, the admiration of the curious. _Pliny_, bk. 36,
ch. 15.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 16, ch. 10.
♦ ‘Adarin’ replaced with ‘Adrian’
=Pantheus=, or =Panthus=, a Trojan, son of Othryas the priest of Apollo.
When his country was burnt by the Greeks, he followed the fortune of
Æneas, and was killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 429.
=Panthoĭdes=, a patronymic of Euphorbus the son of Panthous. Pythagoras
is sometimes called by that name, as he asserted that he was
Euphorbus during the Trojan war. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28, li. 10.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 161.――――A Spartan general
killed by Pericles at the battle of Tanagra.
=Panticăpæum=, now _Kerche_, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, built by
the Milesians, and governed some time by its own laws, and afterwards
subdued by the kings of Bosphorus. It was, according to Strabo, the
capital of the European Bosphorus. Mithridates the Great died there.
_Pliny._――_Strabo._
=Panticăpes=, a river of European Scythia, which falls into the
Borysthenes, supposed to be the _Samara_ of the moderns. _Herodotus_,
bk. 4, ch. 54.
=Pantilius=, a buffoon, ridiculed by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 78.
=Panyăsis=, an ancient Greek, uncle to the historian Herodotus. He
celebrated Hercules in one of his poems, and the Ionians in another,
and was universally esteemed. _Athenæus_, bk. 2.
=Panyăsus=, a river of Illyricum, falling into the Adriatic, near
Dyrrhachium. _Ptolemy._
=Papæus=, a name of Jupiter among the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4.
=Păphāges=, a king of Ambracia, killed by a lioness deprived of her
whelps. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 502.
=Paphia=, a surname of Venus, because the goddess was worshipped at
Paphos.――――An ancient name of the island of Cyprus.
=Paphlăgŏnia=, now _Penderachia_, a country of Asia Minor, situate
at the west of the river Halys, by which it was separated from
Cappadocia. It was divided on the west from the Bithynians, by
the river Parthenius. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 72.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
――_Mela._――_Pliny._――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _De Lege
Agraria contra Rullum_, bk. 2, chs. 2 & 9.
=Paphos=, now _Bafo_, a famous city of the island of Cyprus, founded,
as some suppose, about 1184 years before Christ, by Agapenor, at the
head of a colony from Arcadia. The goddess of beauty was particularly
worshipped there, and all male animals were offered on her altars,
which, though 100 in number, daily smoked with the profusion of
Arabian frankincense. The inhabitants were very effeminate and
lascivious, and the young virgins were permitted by the laws of the
place to get a dowry by prostitution. _Strabo_, bk. 8, &c.――_Pliny_,
bk. 2, ch. 96.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 419, &c.; bk. 10, li. 51, &c.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 30, li. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 62;
_Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
=Paphus=, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue which had been changed into
a woman by Venus. _See:_ Pygmalion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10,
li. 297.
=Papia lex=, _de peregrinis_, by Papius the tribune, A.U.C. 688, which
required that all strangers should be driven away from Rome. It was
afterwards confirmed and extended by the Junian law.――――Another,
called _Papia Poppæa_, because it was enacted by the tribunes Marcus
Papius Mutilus and Quintus Poppæus Secundus, who had received
consular power from the consuls for six months. It was called the
Julian law, after it had been published by order of Augustus, who
himself was of the Julian family. _See:_ Julia lex, _de Maritandis
ordinibus_.――――Another, to empower the high priest to choose 20
virgins for the service of the goddess Vesta.――――Another, in the age
of Augustus. It gave the patron a certain right to the property of
his client, if he had left a specified sum of money, or if he had not
three children.
=Papiānus=, a man who proclaimed himself emperor some time after the
Gordians. He was put to death.
=Papias=, an early christian writer, who first propagated the doctrine
of the Millennium. There are remaining some historical fragments of
his.
=Papinianus=, a writer, A.D. 212. _See:_ Æmylius Papinianus.
=Papinius=, a tribune who conspired against Caligula.――――A man who
destroyed himself, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 49.
=Pāpĭria=, the wife of Paulus Æmylius. She was divorced. _Plutarch._
=Papiria lex=, by Papirius Carbo, A.U.C. 621. It required that, in
passing or rejecting laws in the _comitia_, the votes should be given
on tablets.――――Another, by the tribune Papirius, which enacted that
no person should consecrate any edifice, place, or thing, without the
consent and permission of the people. _Cicero_, _On his House_, ch.
50.――――Another, A.U.C. 563, to diminish the weight, and increase the
value of the Roman _as_.――――Another, A.U.C. 421, to give the freedom
of the city to the citizens of Acerræ.――――Another, A.U.C. 623. It was
proposed, but not passed. It recommended the right of choosing a man
tribune of the people as often as he wished.
=Pāpĭrius=, a centurion engaged to murder Piso the proconsul of Africa.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 49.――――A patrician, chosen _rex
sacrorum_, after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome.――――A Roman
who wished to gratify his unnatural desires upon the body of one of
his slaves called Publilius. The slave refused, and was inhumanly
treated. This called for the interference of justice, and a decree
was made which forbade any person to be detained in fetters, but
only for a crime that deserved such a treatment, and only till
the criminal had suffered the punishment which the laws directed.
Creditors also had a right to arrest the goods, and not the person,
of their debtors. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 28.――――Carbo, a Roman consul who
undertook the defence of Opimius, who was accused of condemning and
putting to death a number of citizens on mount Aventinus, without the
formalities of a trial. His client was acquitted.――――Cursor, a man
who first erected a sun-dial in the temple of Quirinus at Rome, B.C.
293; from which time the days began to be divided into hours.――――A
dictator who ordered his master of horse to be put to death, because
he had fought and conquered the enemies of the republic without his
consent. The people interfered, and the dictator pardoned him. Cursor
made war against the Sabines and conquered them, and also triumphed
over the Samnites. His great severity displeased the people. He
flourished about 320 years before the christian era. _Livy_, bk. 9,
ch. 14.――――One of his family surnamed _Prætextatus_, from an action
of his whilst he wore the _prætexta_, a certain gown for young men.
His father, of the same name, carried him to the senate-house, where
affairs of the greatest importance were then in debate before the
senators. The mother of young Papirius wished to know what had passed
in the senate; but Papirius, unwilling to betray the secrets of that
august assembly, amused his mother by telling her that it had been
considered whether it would be more advantageous to the republic to
give two wives to one husband, than two husbands to one wife. The
mother of Papirius was alarmed, and she communicated the secret to
the other Roman matrons, and, on the morrow, they assembled in the
senate, petitioning that one woman might have two husbands, rather
than one husband two wives. The senators were astonished at this
petition, but young Papirius unravelled the whole mystery, and from
that time it was made a law among the senators, that no young man
should for the future be introduced into the senate-house, except
Papirius. This law was carefully observed till the age of Augustus,
who permitted children of all ages to hear the debates of the
senators. _Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――Carbo, a friend
of Cinna and Marius. He raised cabals against Sylla and Pompey, and
was at last put to death by order of Pompey, after he had rendered
himself odious by a tyrannical consulship, and after he had been
proscribed by Sylla.――――A consul defeated by the armies of the Cimbri.
――――Crassus, a dictator who triumphed over the Samnites.――――A consul
murdered by the Gauls, &c.――――A son of Papirius Cursor, who defeated
the Samnites, and dedicated a temple to Romulus Quirinus.――――Maso, a
consul who conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and reduced them into the
form of a province. At his return to Rome, he was refused a triumph,
upon which he introduced a triumphal procession, and walked with his
victorious army to the capitol, wearing a crown of myrtle upon his
head. His example was afterwards followed by such generals as were
refused a triumph by the Roman senate. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch.
6.――――The family of the Papirii was patrician, and long distinguished
for its services to the state. It bore the different surnames of
_Crassus_, _Cursor_, _Mugillanus_, _Maso_, _Prætextatus_, and _Pætus_,
of which the three first branches became the most illustrious.
=Pappia lex=, was enacted to settle the rights of husbands and wives,
if they had no children.――――Another, by which a person less than 50
years old could not marry another of 60.
=Pappus=, a philosopher and mathematician of Alexandria, in the reign
of Theodosius the Great.
=Papyrius.= _See:_ Papirius.
=Parabyston=, a tribunal of Athens, where causes of inferior
consequences were tried by 11 judges. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.
=Paradīsus=, a town of Syria or Phœnicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23.
――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――In the plains of Jericho there was a large
palace, with a garden beautifully planted with trees, and called
_Balsami Paradisus_.
=Parætacæ=, or =Taceni=, a people between Media and Persia, where
Antigonus was defeated by Eumenes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_,
ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.
=Parætonium=, a town of Egypt at the west of Alexandria, where Isis
was worshipped. The word _Parætonius_ is used to signify Egyptian,
and is sometimes applied to Alexandria, which was situate in the
neighbourhood. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Lucan_,
bk. 3, li. 295; bk. 10, li. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
li. 712; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 7.
=Parăli=, a division of the inhabitants of Attica. They received this
name from their being near the _sea coast_, παρα and ἁλς.
=Parălus=, a friend of Dion, by whose assistance he expelled Dionysius.
――――A son of Pericles. His premature death was greatly lamented by
his father. _Plutarch._
=Parasia=, a country at the east of Media.
=Parasius=, a son of Philonomia by a shepherd. He was exposed on
Erymanthus by his mother, with his twin brother Lycastus. Their lives
were preserved.
=Parcæ=, powerful goddesses, who presided over the birth and the life
of mankind. They were three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos,
daughters of Nox and Erebus, according to Hesiod, or of Jupiter and
Themis, according to the same poet in another poem. Some make them
daughters of the sea. Clotho, the youngest of the sisters, presided
over the moment in which we are born, and held a distaff in her hand;
Lachesis spun out all the events and actions of our life; and Atropos,
the eldest of the three, cut the thread of human life with a pair
of scissors. Their different functions are well expressed in this
ancient verse:
_Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos occat._
The name of the Parcæ, according to Varro, is derived _a partu_
or _parturiendo_, because they presided over the birth of men; and
by corruption the word _parca_ is formed from _parta_ or _partus_:
but, according to Servius, they are called so by antiphrasis, _quod
nemini parcant_. The power of the Parcæ was great and extensive. Some
suppose that they were subjected to none of the gods but Jupiter,
while others support that even Jupiter himself was obedient to their
commands; and, indeed, we see the father of the gods, in Homer’s
Iliad, unwilling to see Patroclus perish, yet obliged, by the
superior power of the Fates, to abandon him to his destiny. According
to the more received opinion, they were the arbiters of the life
and death of mankind, and whatever good or evil befalls us in the
world, immediately proceeds from the Fates or Parcæ. Some make them
ministers of the king of hell, and represent them as sitting at
the foot of his throne; others represent them as placed on radiant
thrones, amidst the celestial spheres, clothed in robes spangled with
stars, and wearing crowns on their heads. According to Pausanias, the
names of the Parcæ were different from those already mentioned. The
most ancient of all, as the geographer observes, was Venus Urania,
who presided over the birth of men; the second was Fortune; Ilythia
was the third. To these some add a fourth, Proserpina, who often
disputes with Atropos the right of cutting the thread of human
life. The worship of the Parcæ was well established in some cities
of Greece, and though mankind were well convinced that they were
inexorable, and that it was impossible to mitigate them, yet they
were eager to show a proper respect to their divinity, by raising
them temples and statues. They received the same worship as the
Furies, and their votaries yearly sacrificed to them black sheep,
during which solemnity the priests were obliged to wear garlands
of flowers. The Parcæ were generally represented as three old women
with chaplets made with wool, and interwoven with the flowers of the
narcissus. They were covered with a white robe, and fillet of the
same colour, bound with chaplets. One of them held a distaff, another
the spindle, and the third was armed with scissors, with which she
cut the thread which her sisters had spun. Their dress is differently
represented by some authors. Clotho appears in a variegated robe,
and on her head is a crown of seven stars. She holds a distaff in her
hand, reaching from heaven to earth. The robe which Lachesis wore was
variegated with a great number of stars, and near her were placed a
variety of spindles. Atropos was clothed in black; she held scissors
in her hand, with clues of thread of different sizes, according to
the length and shortness of the lives, whose destinies they seemed
to contain. Hyginus attributes to them the invention of these Greek
letters, α, β, η, τ, υ, and others call them the secretaries of
heaven, and the keepers of the archives of eternity. The Greeks call
the Parcæ by the different names of μοιρα, αἰσα, κηρ, εἰμαρμενη,
which are expressive of their power and of their inexorable decrees.
_Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Shield of Heracles_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 40; bk. 3, ch. 11; bk. 5, ch. 15.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20;
_Odyssey_, bk. 7.――_Theocritus._――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_.
――_Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 10.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, poem
10; _Nemean_, poem 7.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Plutarch_, _de
Faciæ Quæ in Orbe Lunæ Apparet_.――_Hyginus_, in preface to fables &
fable 277.――_Varro._――_Orpheus_, hymn 58.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, &c.
――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Lycophron_ & Tzetzes, &c.
――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li.
533.――_Lucan_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4; _Æneid_, bk. 3,
&c.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6.
=Parentalia=, a festival annually observed at Rome in honour of the
dead. The friends and relations of the deceased assembled on the
occasion, when sacrifices were offered, and banquets provided. Æneas
first established it. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 544.
=Parentium=, a port and town of Istria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.