as he ploughed his field, that the senate had chosen him dictator.
Upon this he left his ploughed land with regret, and repaired to
the field of battle, where his countrymen were closely besieged by
the Volsci and Æqui. He conquered the enemy and returned to Rome in
triumph; and 16 days after his appointment he laid down his office,
and retired back to plough his fields. In his 80th year he was
again summoned against Præneste as dictator, and after a successful
campaign, he resigned the absolute power he had enjoyed only 21 days,
nobly disregarding the rewards that were offered him by the senate.
He flourished about 460 years before Christ. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26.
――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et
Malorum_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.
=Lucius Cincius Alimentus=, a pretor of Sicily in the second Punic
war, who wrote annals in Greek. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
――――Marcus a tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549, author of the Cincia
lex.
=Cineas=, a Thessalian, minister and friend to Pyrrhus king of Epirus.
He was sent to Rome by his master to sue for a peace, which he,
however, could not obtain. He told Pyrrhus that the Roman senate
were a venerable assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight with
them was to fight against another Hydra. He was of such a retentive
memory, that the day after his arrival at Rome he could salute every
senator and knight by his name. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.――_Cicero_,
_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 9, ltr. 25.――――A king of Thessaly.
_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 63.――――An Athenian, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 2,
ch. 32.
=Cinesias=, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bœotia, who composed some
dithyrambic verses. _Athenæus._
=Cinethon=, a Spartan, who wrote genealogical poems, in one of which he
asserted that Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and a daughter
called Eriopis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.
=Cinga=, now _Cinea_, a river of Spain, flowing from the Pyrenean
mountains into the Iberus. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 21.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic
War_, bk. 1, ch. 48.
=Cingetŏrix=, a prince of Gaul, in alliance with Rome. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――――A prince of Britain, who attacked
Cæsar’s camp, by order of Cassivelaunus. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 5, ch. 22.
=Cingŭlum=, now _Cingoli_, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants
are called _Cingulani_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Cæsar_, _Civil
War_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 10, li. 34.――_Cicero_,
_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 11.
=Ciniātā=, a place of Galatia.
=Cinithii=, a people of Africa.
=Lucius Cornelius Cinna=, a Roman who oppressed the republic with his
cruelties, and was banished by Octavius, for attempting to make the
fugitive slaves free. He joined himself to Marius; and with him,
at the head of 30 legions, he filled Rome with blood, defeated his
enemies, and made himself consul even to a fourth time. He massacred
so many citizens at Rome, that his name became odious; and one of
his officers assassinated him at Ancona, as he was preparing war
against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia married Julius Cæsar, and
became mother of Julia. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_, _Pompey_, &
_Sulla_.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 822.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk.
1.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c.
――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――One of Cæsar’s murderers.――――Caius Helvius
Cinna, a poet intimate with Cæsar. He went to attend the obsequies
of Cæsar, and being mistaken by the populace for the other Cinna, he
was torn to pieces. He had been eight years in composing an obscure
poem called Smyrna, in which he made mention of the incest of
Cinyras. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A grandson of Pompey. He conspired
against Augustus, who pardoned him, and made him one of his most
intimate friends. He was consul, and made Augustus his heir. _Dio
Cassius._――_Seneca_, _de Clementia_, ch. 9.――――A town of Italy,
taken by the Romans from the Samnites.
=Cinnadon=, a Lacedæmonian youth, who resolved to put to death the
Ephori, and seize upon the sovereign power. His conspiracy was
discovered, and he was put to death. _Aristotle._
=Cinnămus=, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridiculed by _Martial_, bk. 7,
ltr. 63.
=Cinniana=, a town of Lusitania, famous for the valour of its citizens.
_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 4.
=Cinxia=, a surname of Juno, who presided over marriages, and was
supposed to untie the girdles of new brides.
=Cinyps= and =Cinyphus=, a river and country of Africa near the
Garamantes, whence Cinyphius. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 312.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 198.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Martial_,
bk. 7, ltr. 94.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 272; bk. 15,
li. 755.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 787.
=Ciny̆ras=, a king of Cyprus, son of Paphus, who married Cenchreis, by
whom he had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love with her
father; and, in the absence of her mother at the celebration of the
festivals of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed by means
of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a son called Adonis; and when he
knew the incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his
daughter, who escaped his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after
she had brought forth, she was changed into a tree, which still
bears her name. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed himself. He was
so rich, that his opulence, like that of Crœsus, became proverbial.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 9.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela
minora_――_Hyginus_, fables 242, 248, &c.――――A son of Laodice.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A man who brought a colony from
Syria to Cyprus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A Ligurian, who
assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 186.
=Cios=, a river of Thrace. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――A commercial
place of Phrygia.――――The name of three cities in Bithynia.
=Cippus=, a noble Roman, who, as he returned home victorious, was
told that if he entered the city he must reign there. Unwilling to
enslave his country, he assembled the senate without the walls, and
banished himself for ever from the city, and retired to live upon a
single acre of ground. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 565.
=Circæum=, now _Circello_, a promontory of Latium, near a small town
called _Circeii_, at the south of the Pontine marshes. The people
were called _Circeienses_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li.
248.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 799.――_Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 17.
――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.
=Circe=, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge
of magic and venomous herbs. She was sister to Æetes king of Colchis,
and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince of
Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was expelled
by her subjects, and carried by her father upon the coasts of Italy,
in an island called Ææa. Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war,
visited the place of her residence; and all his companions, who ran
headlong into pleasure and voluptuousness, were changed by Circe’s
potions into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all
enchantments by a herb called _moly_, which he had received from
Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the restoration
of his companions to their former state. She complied, and loaded
the hero with pleasures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat,
Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, or two according
to Hesiod, called Agrius and Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses
forgot his glory in Circe’s arms, and at his departure the nymph
advised him to descend into hell, and consult the manes of Tiresias,
concerning the fates that attended him. Circe showed herself cruel
to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. _See:_ Scylla and Picus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fables 1 & 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 2;
bk. 1, ode 17.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 70; _Æneid_, bk. 3,
li. 386; bk. 7, li. 10, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 125.――_Apollonius_,
bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 136, &c.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 956.
――_Strabo_, bk. 5.
=Circenses ludi=, games performed in the circus at Rome. They were
dedicated to the god Consus, and were first established by Romulus
at the rape of the Sabines. They were in imitation of the Olympian
games among the Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often called
the great games. Their original name was Consualia, and they were
first called Circensians by Tarquin the elder after he had built the
Circus. They were not appropriated to one particular exhibition; but
were equally celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit
and javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, and boxing. Like
the Greeks, the Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium
to these five exercises. The celebration continued five days,
beginning on the 15th of September. All games in general that were
exhibited in the Circus, were soon after called Circensian games.
Some sea-fights and skirmishes, called by the Romans Naumachiæ,
were afterwards exhibited in the Circus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
li. 636.
=Circius=, a part of mount Taurus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――A rapid
and tempestuous wind frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown in
any other country. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 408.
=Circum padani agri=, the country around the river Po. _Livy_, bk. 21,
ch. 35.
=Circus=, a large and elegant building at Rome, where plays and shows
were exhibited. There were about eight at Rome; the first, called
Maximus Circus, was the grandest, raised and embellished by Tarquin
Priscus. Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round with
benches, and could contain, as some report, about 300,000 spectators.
It was about 2187 feet long and 960 broad. All the emperors vied in
beautifying it, and Julius Cæsar introduced in it large canals of
water, which, on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite number
of vessels, and represent a sea-fight.
=Ciris=, the name of Scylla daughter of Nisus, who was changed into a
bird of the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 151.
=Cirræatum=, a place near Arpinum, where Caius Marius lived when young.
_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.
=Cirrha= and =Cyrrha=, a town of Phocis, at the foot of Parnassus,
where Apollo was worshipped. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 172.
=Cirtha= and =Cirta=, a town of Numidia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Cisalpīna Gallia=, a part of Gaul, called also Citerior and Togata.
Its furthest boundary was near the Rubicon, and it touched the Alps
on the Italian side.
=Cispadāna Gallia=, part of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.
=Cisrhenāni=, part of the Germans who lived nearest Rome, on the west
of the Rhine. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 2.
=Cissa=, a river of Pontus.――――An island near Istria.
=Cissēis=, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter of Cisseus.
=Cissēus=, a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba, according to some
authors. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 320.――――A son of Melampus,
killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 317.――――A son of
Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Cissia=, a country of Susiana, of which Susa was the capital.
_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 49.
=Cissiæ=, some gates in Babylon. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 155.
=Cissides=, a general of Dionysius, sent with nine galleys to assist
the Spartans, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.
=Cissoessa=, a fountain of Bœotia. _Plutarch._
=Cissus=, a mountain of Macedonia.――――A city of Thrace.――――A man
who acquainted Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. _Plutarch_,
_Alexander_.
=Cissusa=, a fountain where Bacchus was washed when young. _Plutarch_,
_Lysander_.
=Cistenæ=, a town of Æolia.――――A town of Lycia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.
=Cithæron=, a king who gave his name to a mountain of Bœotia, situate
at the south of the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and the
Muses. Actæon was torn to pieces by his own dogs on this mountain,
and Hercules killed there an immense lion. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk.
4, li. 303.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 7.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.
=Citharista=, a promontory of Gaul.
=Citium=, now _Chitti_, a town of Cyprus, where Cimon died in his
expedition against Egypt _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1,
ch. 112.
=Cius=, a town of Mysia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
=Julius Civīlis=, a powerful Batavian, who raised a sedition against
Galba, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 59.
=Cizycum=, a city of Asia in the Propontis, the same as Cyzicus.
_See:_ ♦Cyzicus.
♦ ‘Cizycus’ replaced with ‘Cyzicus’.
=Cladeus=, a river of Elis, passing near Olympia, and honoured next to
the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 7.
=Clanes=, a river falling into the Ister.
=Clanis=, a centaur killed by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 12, li. 379.
=Clanius=, or =Clanis=, a river of Campania. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 2, li. 225.――――Of Etruria, now _Chiana_. _Silius Italicus_,
bk. 8, li. 454.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79.
=Clarus=, or =Claros=, a town of Iona, famous for an oracle of Apollo.
It was built by Manto daughter of Tiresias, who fled from Thebes,
after it had been destroyed by the Epigoni. She was so afflicted
with her misfortunes, that a lake was formed with her tears, where
she first founded the oracle. Apollo was from thence surnamed
_Clarius_. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Mela_,
bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 516.――――An island
of the Ægean, between Tenedos and Scios. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch.
33.――――One of the companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 126.
=Clastidium=, now _Schiatezzo_, a town of Liguria. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.――――A village of Gaul. _Plutarch_,
_Marcellus_.
=Claudia=, a patrician family at Rome, descended from Clausus, a king
of the Sabines. It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the
republic; and it was particularly recorded that there were not less
than 28 of that family who were invested with the consulship, five
with the office of dictator, and seven with that of censor, besides
the honour of six triumphs. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 1.
=Claudia=, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. To show her
innocence, she offered to remove a ship which had brought the image
of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of the shallow places of the
river. This had already baffled the efforts of a number of men; and
Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the goddess, untied her
girdle, and with it easily dragged after her the ship to shore, and
by this action was honourably acquitted. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,
ch. 4.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 12, li. 52.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 17, li. 34.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 315; _ex Ponto_,
bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 144.――――A step-daughter of Marcus Antony, whom
Augustus married. He dismissed her undefiled, immediately after the
contract of marriage, on account of a sudden quarrel with her mother
Fulvia. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 62.――――The wife of the poet
Statius. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5.――――A daughter of Appius
Claudius, betrothed to Tiberias Gracchus.――――The wife of Metellus
Celer, sister to Publius Clodius and to Appius Claudius.――――An
inconsiderable town of Noricum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A Roman
road, which led from the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian way.
_Ovid_, bk. 1, _ex Ponto_, poem 8, li. 44.――――A tribe which received
its name from Appius Claudius, who came to settle at Rome with a
large body of attendants. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.――――Quinta, a daughter of Appius Cæcus, whose
statue in the vestibulum of Cybele’s temple was unhurt when that
edifice was reduced to ashes. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.
――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 64.――――Pulchra, a cousin of
Agrippina, accused of adultery and criminal designs against Tiberius.
She was condemned. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 52.――――Antonia,
a daughter of the emperor Claudius, married Cnaeus Pompey, whom
Messalina caused to be put to death. Her second husband, Sylla
Faustus, by whom she had a son, was called Nero, and she shared his
fate, when she refused to marry his murderer.
=Claudia lex=, _de comitiis_, was enacted by Marcus Claudius Marcellus,
A.U.C. 702. It ordained, that at public elections of magistrates,
no notice should be taken of the votes of such as were absent.
――――Another, _de usurâ_, which forbade people to lend money to
minors on condition of payment after the decease of their parents.
――――Another, _de negotiatione_, by Quintus Claudius the tribune,
A.U.C. 535. It forbade any senator, or father of a senator, to have
any vessel containing above 300 amphoræ, for fear of their engaging
themselves in commercial schemes. The same law also forbade the same
thing to the scribes and the attendants of the questors, as it was
naturally supposed that people who had any commercial connections
could not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the interest of
the state.――――Another, A.U.C. 576, to permit the allies to return
to their respective cities, after their names were enrolled. _Livy_,
bk. 41, ch. 9.――――Another, to take away the freedom of the city of
Rome from the colonists, which Cæsar had carried to Novicomum.
_Suetonius_, _Julius_, ch. 28.
=Claudiæ aquæ=, the first water brought to Rome by means of an aqueduct
of 11 miles, erected by the censor Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 441.
_Eutropius_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 29.
=Claudiānus=, a celebrated poet, born at Alexandria in Egypt, in
the age of Honorius and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the
majesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the corrupt style which
prevailed in his age. Scaliger observes that he has supplied the
poverty of his matter by the purity of his language, the happiness
of his expressions, and the melody of his numbers. As he was the
favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the court when his patron was
disgraced, and passed the rest of his life in retirement and learned
ease. His poems of Rufinus and Eutropius seem to be the best of his
compositions. The best editions of his works are those of Burman,
4to, 2 vols., Amsterdam, 1760, and that of Gesner, 2 vols., 8vo,
Lipscomb, 1758.
=Claudiopŏlis=, a town of Cappadocia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.
=Claudius I.= (Tiberius Drusus Nero), son of Drusus, Livia’s second
son, succeeded as emperor of Rome, after the murder of Caligula,
whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. He made himself popular
for a while, by taking particular care of the city, and by adorning
and beautifying it with buildings. He passed over into Britain, and
obtained a triumph for victories which his generals had won, and
suffered himself to be governed by favourites, whose licentiousness
and avarice plundered the state and distracted the provinces. He
married four wives, one of whom, called Messalina, he put to death
on account of her lust and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by
another called Agrippina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the
throne. The poison was conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did not
operate fast enough, his physician, by order of the empress, made
him swallow a poisoned feather. He died in the 63rd year of his
age, 13 October, A.D. 54, after a reign of 13 years; distinguished
neither by humanity nor courage, but debased by weakness and
irresolution. He was succeeded by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk.
11, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 60.――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 619.
――_Suetonius_, _The Twelve Caesars_.――――The second emperor of that
name was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus. He conquered the
Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in
a battle; and after a reign of about two years, died of the plague
in Pannonia. The excellence of his character, marked with bravery,
and tempered with justice and benevolence, is well known by these
words of the senate, addressed to him: _Claudi Auguste, tu frater,
tu pater, tu amicus, tu bonus senator, tu vere princeps_.――――Nero,
a consul, with Livius Salinator, who defeated and killed Asdrubal,
near the river Metaurum, as he was passing from Spain into Italy,
to go to the assistance of his brother Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 27, &c.
――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_.――――The
father of the emperor Tiberius, questor to Cæsar in the wars of
Alexandria.――――Pollos, an historian. _Pliny the Younger_, bk. 7, ltr.
51.――――Pontius, a general of the Samnites, who conquered the Roman
at Furcæ Caudinæ, and made them pass under the yoke. _Livy_, bk. 9,
ch. 1, &c.――――Petilius, a dictator, A.U.C. 442.――――Appius, an orator.
_Cicero_, _Brutus_. _See:_ Appius.――――Appius Cæcus, a Roman censor,
who built an aqueduct, A.U.C. 441, which brought water to Rome from
Tusculum, at the distance of seven or eight miles. The water was
called _Appia_, and it was the first that was brought to the city
from the country. Before his age the Romans were satisfied with the
waters of the Tiber, or of the fountains and wells in the city. _See:
_ Appius. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 203.
――_Cicero_, _de Senectute_, ch. 6.――――A pretor of Sicily.――――Publius,
a great enemy to Cicero. _See:_ Clodius.――――Marcellus. _See:_
Marcellus.――――Pulcher, a consul, who, when consulting the sacred
chickens, ordered them to be dipped in water because they would not
eat. _Livy_, bk. 19. He was unsuccessful in his expedition against
the Carthaginians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to Rome.
――――Tiberius Nero, was elder brother of Drusus and son of Livia
Drusilla, who married Augustus, after his divorce of Scribonia. He
married Livia, the emperor’s daughter by Scribonia and succeeded
in the empire by the name of Tiberius. _See:_ Tiberius. _Horace_,
bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 2.――――The name of Claudius is common to many
Roman consuls, and other officers of state; but nothing is recorded
of them, and their name is but barely mentioned. _Livy._
=Claviēnus=, an obscure poet in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 1, li. 8.
=Clavĭger=, a surname of Janus, from his being represented with a
_key_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 228.――――Hercules received also
that surname, as he was armed with a _club_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 15, li. 284.
=Clausius=, or =Clusius=, a surname of Janus.
=Clausus=, or =Claudius=, a king of the Sabines, who assisted Turnus
against Æneas. He was the progenitor of that Appius Claudius, who
migrated to Rome, and became the founder of the Claudian family.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 707; bk. 10, li. 345.
=Clazŏmĕnæ= and =Clazŏmĕna=, now _Vourla_, a city of Ionia, on the
coasts of the Ægean sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was founded
A.U.C. 98, by the Ionians, and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other
illustrious men. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.
――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 39.
=Cleadas=, a man of Platæa, who raised tombs over those who had been
killed in the battle against Mardonius. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 85.
=Cleander=, one of Alexander’s officers, who killed Parmenio by the
king’s command. He was punished with death, for offering violence
to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prostitute to his servants.
_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 1.――――The first tyrant of Gela.
_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12.――――A soothsayer of Arcadia.
_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 83.――――A favourite of the emperor Commodus,
who was put to death, A.D. 190, after abusing public justice, and
his master’s confidence.
=Cleandridas=, a Spartan general, &c.――――A man punished with death for
bribing two of the Ephori.
=Cleanthes=, a stoic philosopher of Assos in Troas, successor of Zeno.
He was so poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw out water
for a gardener in the night, and study in the daytime. Cicero calls
him the father of the stoics; and, out of respect for his virtues,
the Roman senate raised a statue to him in Assos. It is said that
he starved himself in his 90th year, B.C. 240. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 69; bk. 4,
ch. 7.