Apollo Smintheus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 37.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 174.――――A daughter of Halmus,
mother of Phlegias by Mars. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.
=Chrysăme=, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana Trivia. She fed a bull
with poison, which she sent to the enemies of her country, who ate the
flesh, and became delirious, and were an easy conquest. _Polyænus._
=Chrysantas=, a man who refrained from killing another, by hearing a
dog bark. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_.
=Chrysanthius=, a philosopher in the age of Julian, known for the
great number of volumes which he wrote.
=Chrysantis=, a nymph who told Ceres, when she was at Argos with
Pelagus, that her daughter had been carried away. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.
=Chrysaor=, a son of Medusa by Neptune. Some report that he sprung from
the blood of Medusa, armed with a _golden sword_, whence his name,
χρυσος ἀορ. He married Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he
had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimæra. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 295.
――――A rich king of Iberia. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Glaucus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.
=Chrysaoreus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple at Stratonice,
where all the Carians assembled upon any public emergency. _Strabo_,
bk. 4.
=Chrysaŏris=, a town of Cilicia. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2.
=Crysas=, a river of Sicily, falling into the Simæthus, and worshipped
as a deity. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, Speech 4, ch. 44.
=Chryseis=, the daughter of Chryses. _See:_ Chryses.
=Chrysermus=, a Corinthian, who wrote a history of Peloponnesus and of
India, besides a treatise on rivers. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.
=Chryses=, the priest of Apollo, father of Astynome, called from him
_Chryseis_. When Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided among
the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the wife of Eetion the sovereign
of the place, fell to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon this,
went to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter’s restoration;
and when his prayers were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo,
who visited the Greeks with a plague, and obliged them to restore
Chryseis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 11, &c.――――A daughter of
Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
=Chrysippe=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Chrysippus=, a natural son of Pelops, highly favoured by his father,
for which Hippodamia, his stepmother, ordered her own sons, Atreus
and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw his body into a well, on
account of which they were banished. Some say that Hippodamia’s
sons refused to murder Chrysippus, and that she did it herself. They
further say, that Chrysippus had been carried away by Laius king
of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was in his
arms when Hippodamia killed him. _Hyginus_, fable 85.――_Plato_, _de
Leges_, bk. 6.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch.
20.――――A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who wrote about 311 treatises.
Among his curious opinions was his approbation of a parent’s
marriage with his child, and his wish that dead bodies should be
eaten rather than buried. He died through excess of wine, or, as
others say, from laughing too much on seeing an ass eating figs on
a silver plate, 207 B.C., in the 80th year of his age. _Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.――_Diodorus._――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3,
li. 40. There were also others of the same name. _Diogenes Laërtius._
――――A freedman of Cicero.
=Chrysis=, a mistress of Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――A
priestess of Juno at Mycenæ. The temple of the goddess was burnt
by the negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the altar of
Minerva. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.
=Chrysoaspĭdes=, soldiers in the armies of Persia, whose arms were all
covered with silver, to display the opulence of the prince whom they
served. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 7.
=Chrysogŏnus=, a freedman of Sylla. _Cicero_, _pro Sexto Roscio
Amerino_.――――A celebrated singer in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_,
satire 6, li. 74.
=Chrysolāus=, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.
=Chrysondium=, a town of Macedonia. _Polybius_, bk. 5.
=Chrysopŏlis=, a promontory and port of Asia, opposite Byzantium, now
_Scutari_.
=Chrysorhoas=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.
=Chrysorrhōæ=, a people in whose country are golden streams.
=Chrysostom=, a bishop of Constantinople, who died A.D. 407, in his
53rd year. He was a great disciplinarian, and by severely lashing
the vices of his age, he procured himself many enemies. He was
banished for opposing the raising of a statue to the empress, after
having displayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, a sound
theologian, and a faithful interpreter of Scripture. Chrysostom’s
works were nobly and correctly edited, without a Latin version,
by Saville, 8 vols., folio, Etonæ, 1613. They have appeared with
a translation, at Paris, editor, Benedictine Montfaucon, 13 vols.,
folio, 1718
=Chrysothĕmis=, a name given by Homer to Iphigenia daughter of
Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.――――A Cretan, who first obtained the
poetical prize at the Pythian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 7.
=Chryxus=, a leader of the Boii, grandson to Brennus, who took Rome.
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 148.
=Chthonia=, a daughter of Erechtheus, who married Butes. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A surname of Ceres, from a temple built to her
by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival there called by the
same name, and celebrated every summer. During the celebration,
the priests of the goddess marched in procession, accompanied by
the magistrates, and a crowd of women and boys in white apparel,
with garlands of flowers on their heads. Behind was dragged an
untamed heifer, just taken from the herd. When they came to the
temple, the victim was let loose, and four old women armed with
scythes sacrificed the heifer, and killed her by cutting her
throat. A second, a third, and a fourth victim were in a like manner
despatched by the old women; and it was observable that they all
fell on the same side. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.
=Chthonius=, a centaur, killed by Nestor in a battle at the nuptials
of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 441.――――One of
the soldiers who sprang from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus.
_Hyginus_, fable 178.――――A son of Ægyptus and Calliadne.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Chitrium=, a name given to part of the town of Clazomenæ.
=Cibalæ=, now _Swilei_, a town of Pannonia, where Licinius was defeated
by Constantine. It was the birthplace of Gratian. _Eutropius_, bk.
10, ch. 4.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 30, ch. 24.
=Cibarītis=, a country of Asia, near the Mæander.
=Cibyra=, now _Burun_, a town of Phrygia, of which the inhabitants
were dexterous hunters. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.――_Cicero_,
_Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5,
ltr. 2.――――Of Caria.
=Caius Cicereius=, a secretary of Scipio Africanus, who obtained a
triumph over the Corsicans. _Livy_, bks. 41 & 42.
=Marcus Tullius Cicero=, born at Arpinum, was son of a Roman knight,
and lineally descended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His
mother’s name was Helvia. After displaying many promising abilities
at school, he was taught philosophy by Philo, and law by Mutius
Scævola. He acquired and perfected a taste for military knowledge
under Sylla, in the Marsian war, and retired from Rome, which was
divided into factions, to indulge his philosophic propensities. He
was naturally of a weak and delicate constitution, and he visited
Greece on account of his health; though, perhaps, the true cause
of his absence from Rome might be attributed to his fear of Sylla.
His friends, who were well acquainted with his superior abilities,
were anxious for his return; and when at last he obeyed their
solicitations, he applied himself with uncommon diligence to oratory,
and was soon distinguished above all the speakers of his age in
the Roman forum. When he went to Sicily as questor, he behaved with
great justice and moderation; and the Sicilians remembered with
gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, who had
delivered them from the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he had
passed through the offices of edile and pretor, he stood a candidate
for the consulship, A.U.C. 691; and the patricians and plebeians
were equally anxious to raise him to that dignity, against the
efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new situation was critical, and
required circumspection. Catiline, with many dissolute and desperate
Romans, had conspired against their country, and combined to murder
Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, accused
Catiline of treason against the state; but as his evidence was not
clear, his efforts were unavailing. He, however, stood upon his
guard, and by the information of his friends and the discovery of
Fulvia, his life was saved from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus,
whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. After this, Cicero
commanded Catiline, in the senate, to leave the city; and this
desperate conspirator marched out in triumph to meet the 20,000 men
who were assembled to support his cause. The lieutenant of Caius
Antony, the other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and Cicero, at
Rome, punished the rest of the conspirators with death. This capital
punishment, though inveighed against by Julius Cæsar as too severe,
was supported by the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, and
confirmed by the whole senate. After this memorable deliverance,
Cicero received the thanks of all the people, and was styled _The
father of his country, and a second founder of Rome_. The vehemence
with which he had attacked Clodius proved injurious to him; and
when his enemy was made tribune, Cicero was banished from Rome,
though 20,000 young men were supporters of his innocence. He was
not, however, deserted in his banishment. Wherever he went, he
was received with the highest marks of approbation and reverence;
and when the faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate and
people were unanimous for his return. After 16 months’ absence, he
entered Rome with universal satisfaction; and when he was sent, with
the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made
him successful against the enemy, and at his return he was honoured
with a triumph which the factious prevented him to enjoy. After much
hesitation during the civil commotions between Cæsar and Pompey,
he joined himself to the latter, and followed him to Greece. When
victory had declared in favour of Cæsar, at the battle of Pharsalia,
Cicero went to Brundusium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who
treated him with great humanity. From this time Cicero retired into
the country, and seldom visited Rome. When Cæsar had been stabbed in
the senate, Cicero recommended a general amnesty, and was the most
earnest to decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But when he
saw the interest of Cæsar’s murderers decrease, and Antony come into
power, he retired to Athens. He soon after returned, but lived in
perpetual fear of assassination. Augustus courted the approbation of
Cicero, and expressed his wish to be his colleague in the consulship.
But his wish was not sincere; he soon forgot his former professions
of friendship; and when the two consuls had been killed at Mutina,
Augustus joined his interest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate
was soon after formed. The great enmity which Cicero bore to Antony
was fatal to him; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the triumvirs,
to destroy all cause of quarrel and each to despatch his enemies,
produced their lists of proscription. About 200 were doomed to death,
and Cicero was among the number upon the list of Antony. Augustus
yielded a man to whom he partly owed his greatness, and Cicero was
pursued by the emissaries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, whom
he had defended upon an accusation of parricide. He had fled in a
litter towards the sea of Caieta; and when the assassins came up
to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it was severed from
the body by Herennius. This memorable event happened in December,
43 B.C., after the enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, and
five days. The head and right hand of the orator were carried to
Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum; and so inveterate was Antony’s
hatred against the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia, the triumvir’s
wife, wreaked her vengeance upon his head, and drew the tongue
out of the mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a gold
bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity what Cicero had once
observed, that _no animal is more revengeful than a woman_. Cicero
has acquired more real fame by his literary compositions than by
his spirited exertions as a Roman senator. The learning and the
abilities which he possessed have been the admiration of every age
and country, and his style has always been accounted as the true
standard of pure latinity. The words _nascitur poeta_ have been
verified in his attempts to write poetry; and the satire of Martial,
_Carmina quod scribit musis et Apolline nullo_, though severe, is
true. He once formed a design to write the history of his country,
but he was disappointed. He translated many of the Greek writers,
poets as well as historians, for his own improvement. When he
travelled into Asia, he was attended by most of the learned men of
his age; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of the famous Molo,
conduced not a little to perfect his judgment. Like his countrymen
he was not destitute of ambition, and the arrogant expectations with
which he returned from his questorship in Sicily are well known. He
was of a timid disposition; and he who shone as the father of Roman
eloquence, never ascended the pulpit to harangue without feeling a
secret emotion of dread. His conduct during the civil wars is far
from that of a patriot; and when we view him, dubious and irresolute,
sorry not to follow Pompey and yet afraid to oppose Cæsar, the
judgment would almost brand him with the name of coward. In his
private character, however, Cicero was of an amiable disposition;
and though he was too elated with prosperity, and debased by
adversity, the affability of the friend conciliated the good graces
of all. He married Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by
whom he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards married a young
woman to whom he was guardian; and because she seemed elated at
the death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. The works of
this celebrated man, of which, according to some, the tenth part
is scarce extant, have been edited by the best scholars in every
country. The most valuable editions of the works complete, are that
of Verburgius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1724; that of Olivet,
9 vols., 4to, Geneva, 1758; the Oxford edition, in 10 vols., 4to,
1782; and that of Lallemand, 12mo, 14 vols., Paris apud Barbou,
1768. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Quintilian._――_Dio Cassius._
――_Appian._――_Florus._――_Cornelius Nepo_, _Atticus_.――_Eutropius._
――_Cicero_, &c.――――Marcus, the son of Cicero, was taken by Augustus
as his colleague in the consulship. He revenged his father’s death,
by throwing public dishonour upon the memory of Antony. He disgraced
his father’s virtues, and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny
observes, he wished to deprive Antony of the honour of being
the greatest drunkard in the Roman empire. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.
――――Quintus, the brother of the orator, was Cæsar’s lieutenant in
Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three years. He was proscribed with
his son at the same time as his brother Tully.――_Plutarch_, _Cicero_.
――_Appian._
=Cicerōnis villa=, a place near Puteoli in Campania. _Pliny_, bk. 31,
ch. 2.
=Cichyris=, a town of Epirus.
=Cicŏnes=, a people of Thrace near the Hebrus. Ulysses, at his return
from Troy, conquered them, and plundered their chief city Ismarus
because they had assisted Priam against the Greeks. They tore to
pieces Orpheus for his obscene indulgencies. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 10, li. 83; bk. 15, li. 313.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li.
520, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
=Cilūta=, an old avaricious usurer. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69.
=Cĭlĭcia=, a country of Asia Minor, on the sea coast, at the north of
Cyprus, the south of mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates.
The inhabitants enriched themselves by piratical excursions, till
they were conquered by Pompey. The country was opulent, and was
governed by kings, under some of the Roman emperors; but reduced
into a province by Vespasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul.
It receives its name from Cilix the son of Agenor. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Varro_, _Re Rustica_, bk. 2, ch. 11.――_Suetonius_,
_Vespasian_, ch. 8.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 17, 34.――_Justin_,
bk. 11, ch. 11.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.
――――Part of the country between Æolia and Troas is also called
Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 13, calls it Trojan, to distinguish it from
the other Cilicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.
=Cilissa=, a town of Phrygia.
=Cilix=, a son of Phœnix, or, according to Herodotus, of Agenor, who,
after seeking in vain his sister Europa, settled in a country to
which he gave the name of Cilicia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 91.
=Cilla=, a town of Africa Propria. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.――――A town of
Æolia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 149.――――Of Troas, which received its
name, according to Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who was one of
Hippodamia’s suitors, and was killed by Œnomaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 1, li. 38.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 174.
=Cilles=, a general of Ptolemy, conquered by Demetrius. _Diodorus_,
bk. 19.
=Cillus=, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose honour a city was built.
_Strabo_, bk. 13.
=Cilnius=, the surname of Mæcenas.
=Cilo, Junius=, an oppressive governor of Bithynia and Pontus. The
provinces carried their complaints against him to Rome; but such was
the noise of the flatterers that attended the emperor Claudius, that
he was unable to hear them; and when he asked what they had said,
he was told by one of Cilo’s friends that they returned thanks for
his good administration; upon which the emperor said, “Let Cilo be
continued two years longer in his province.” _Dio Cassius_, bk. 60.
――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 21.
=Cimber, Tillius=, one of Cæsar’s murderers. He laid hold of the
dictator’s robe, which was a signal for the rest to strike.
_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.
=Cimberius=, a chief of the Suevi.
=Cimbri=, a people of Germany, who invaded the Roman empire with a
large army, and were conquered by Marius. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.
=Cimbrīcum bellum=, was begun by the Cimbri and Teutones, by an
invasion of the Roman territories, B.C. 109. These barbarians
were so courageous, and even desperate, that they fastened their
first ranks each to the other with cords. In the first battle they
destroyed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls Manlius and Servilius
Cæpo. But when Marius, in his second consulship, was chosen to
carry on the war, he met the Teutones at Aquæ Sextiæ, where, after
a bloody engagement, he left dead on the field of battle 20,000, and
took 90,000 prisoners, B.C. 102. The Cimbri, who had formed another
army, had already penetrated into Italy, where they were met, at the
river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Catulus a year after. An
engagement ensued, and 140,000 of them were slain. This last battle
put an end to this dreadful war, and the two consuls entered Rome in
triumph. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 22; bk. 17, ch.
1.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――_Plutarch_,
_Caius Marius_.
=Cimĭnus=, now _Viterbe_, a lake and mountain of Etruria. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 697.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 36.
=Cimmĕrii=, a people near the Palus Mœotis, who invaded Asia Minor,
and seized upon the kingdom of Cyaxeres. After they had been masters
of the country for 28 years, they were driven back by Alyattes
king of Lydia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.
――――Another nation on the western coast of Italy, generally imagined
to have lived in caves near the sea-shore of Campania, and there, in
concealing themselves from the light of the sun, to have made their
retreat the receptacle of their plunder. In consequence of this
manner of living, the country which they inhabited was supposed to
be so gloomy, that, to mention a great obscurity, the expression of
_Cimmerian darkness_ has proverbially been used. Homer, according
to Plutarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from this gloomy and
dismal country, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed the Styx,
the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful abodes of the infernal regions.
_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_ bk. 6.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 592, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.
=Cimmĕris=, a town of Troas, formerly called Edonis. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 30.
=Cimmĕrium=, now _Crim_, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, whose
inhabitants are called Cimmerii. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.
=Cimōlis= and =Cinolis=, a town of Paphlagonia.
=Cimōlus=, now _Argentiera_, an island in the Cretan sea, producing
chalk and fuller’s earth. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463.
――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 16.
=Cimon=, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and Hegisipyle, famous for
his debaucheries in his youth, and his reformation of his morals
when arrived to years of discretion. When his father died, he was
imprisoned, because unable to pay the fine levied upon him by the
Athenians; but he was released from confinement by his sister and
wife Elpinice. _See:_ Elpinice. He behaved with great courage at the
battle of Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his munificence
and valour. He defeated the Persian fleet, and took 200 ships, and
totally routed their land army, the very same day. The money that
he obtained by his victories was not applied to his own private
use; but with it he fortified and embellished the city. He some time
after lost all his popularity, and was banished by the Athenians,
who declared war against the Lacedæmonians. He was recalled from his
exile, and at his return he made a reconciliation between Lacedæmon
and his countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to carry on the war
against Persia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships; and
on the coast of Asia he gave battle to the enemy, and totally ruined
their fleet. He died as he was besieging the town of Citium in
Cyprus, B.C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He may be called the
last of the Greeks, whose spirit and boldness defeated the armies of
the barbarians. He was such an inveterate enemy to the Persian power,
that he formed a plan of totally destroying it; and in his wars he
had so reduced the Persians, that they promised, in a treaty, not to
pass the Chelidonian islands with their fleet, or to approach within
a day’s journey of the Grecian seas. The munificence of Cimon has
been highly extolled by his biographers, and he has been deservedly
praised for leaving his gardens open to the public. _Thucydides_,
bk. 1, chs. 100 & 112.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.
――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――――An Athenian, father
of Miltiades. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34.――――A Roman, supported in
prison by the milk of his daughter.――――An Athenian, who wrote an
account of the war of the Amazons against his country.
=Cinæthon=, an ancient poet of Lacedæmon, &c. _See:_ Cinethon.
=Cinaradas=, one of the descendants of Cinyras, who presided over the
ceremonies of Venus at Paphos. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
=Cincia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Cincius tribune of the people,
A.U.C. 549. By it no man was permitted to take any money as a gift
or a fee in judging a cause. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 4.