=Celtĭci=, a people of Spain. The promontory which bore their name is
now _Cape Finisterre_.
=Celtillus=, the father of Vercingetorix among the Arverni. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4.
=Celtorii=, a people of Gaul, near the Senones. _Plutarch._
=Celtoscy̆thæ=, a northern nation of Scythians. _Strabo_, bk. 10.
=Cemmĕnus=, a lofty mountain of Gaul. _Strabo._
=Cempsi=, a people of Spain at the bottom of the Pyrenean mountains.
_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 358.
=Cenăbum=, or =Genăbum=. _See:_ Genabum.
=Cenæum=, a promontory of Eubœa, where Jupiter _Cæneus_ had an
altar raised by Hercules. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136.
――_Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 93.
=Cenchreæ=, now _Kenkri_, a town of Peloponnesus on the isthmus of
Corinth.――――A harbour of Corinth. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9,
li. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 4.
=Cenchreis=, the wife of Cinyras king of Cyprus, or, as others say, of
Assyria. _Hyginus_, fable 58.
=Cenchreus=, a son of Neptune and Salamis, or, as some say, of Pyrene.
He killed a large serpent at Salamas. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
=Cenchrius=, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, where some suppose that
Latona was washed after she had brought forth. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 3, ch. 61.
=Cenepŏlis=, a town of Spain, the same as Carthago Nova. _Polybius._
=Cenetium=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Strabo._
=Cenneus.= _See:_ Cænis.
=Cenimāgni=, a people on the western parts of Britain.
=Cenīna.= _See:_ Cænina.
=Cenon=, a town of Italy. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 63.
=Censōres=, two magistrates of great authority at Rome, first created
B.C. 443. Their office was to number the people, estimate the
possessions of every citizen, reform and watch over the manners of
the people, and regulate the taxes. Their power was also extended
over private families; they punished irregularity, and inspected
the management and education of the Roman youth. They could inquire
into the expenses of every citizen, and even degrade a senator from
all his privileges and honours, if guilty of any extravagance. This
punishment was generally executed in passing over the offender’s
name in calling the list of the senators. The office of public
censor was originally exercised by the kings. Servius Tullius, the
sixth king of Rome, first established a _census_, by which every
man was obliged to come to be registered, and give in writing the
place of his residence, his name, his quality, the number of his
children, of his tenants, estates, and domestics, &c. The ends of
the census were very salutary to the Roman republic. They knew their
own strength, their ability to support a war, or to make a levy of
troops, or raise a tribute. It was required that every knight should
be possessed of 400,000 sesterces to enjoy the rights and privileges
of his order; and a senator was entitled to sit in the senate,
if he was really worth 800,000 sesterces. This laborious task of
numbering and reviewing the people was, after the expulsion of the
Tarquins, one of the duties and privileges of the consuls. But when
the republic was become more powerful, and when the number of its
citizens was increased, the consuls were found unable to make the
census, on account of the multiplicity of business. After it had
been neglected for 16 years, two new magistrates called censors were
elected. They remained in office for five years, and every fifth
year they made a census of all the citizens in the Campus Martius,
and offered a solemn sacrifice, and made a lustration in the name
of all the Roman people. This space of time was called a _lustrum_,
and 10 or 20 years were commonly expressed by two or four lustra.
After the office of the censors had remained for some time unaltered,
the Romans, jealous of their power, abridged the duration of their
office, and a law was made, A.U.C. 420, by Mamercus Æmilius, to
limit the time of the censorship to 18 months. After the second
Punic war, they were always chosen from such persons as had been
consuls; their office was more honourable, though less powerful,
than that of the consuls; the badges of their office were the same,
but the censors were not allowed to have lictors to walk before them
as the consuls. When one of the censors died, no one was elected
in his room till the five years were expired, and his colleague
immediately resigned. This circumstance originated from the death of
a censor before the sacking of Rome by Brennus, and was ever deemed
an unfortunate event to the republic. The emperors abolished the
censors, and took upon themselves to execute their office.
=Censorīnus, Appius Claudius=, was compelled, after many services to
the state, to assume the imperial purple by the soldiers, by whom
he was murdered some days after, A.D. 270.――――Martius, a consul, to
whom, as a particular friend, _Horace_ addressed his bk. 4, ode 8.
――――A grammarian of the third century, whose book, _De Die Natali_,
is extant, best edited in 8vo, by Havercamp, Leiden, 1767. It treats
of the birth of man, of years, months, and days.
=Census=, the numbering of the people at Rome, performed by the censors;
_à censeo_, to value. _See:_ Censores.――――A god worshipped at Rome,
the same as Consus.
=Centaretus=, a Galatian, who, when Antiochus was killed, mounted
his horse in the greatest exultation. The horse, as if conscious of
disgrace, immediately leaped down a precipice, and killed himself
and his rider. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 42.
=Centaurī=, a people of Thessaly, half men and half horses. They were
the offspring of Centaurus son of Apollo, by Stilbia daughter of the
Peneus. According to some, the Centaurs were the fruit of Ixion’s
adventure with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or, as others assert,
of the union of Centaurus with the mares of Magnesia. This fable of
the existence of the Centaurs, monsters supported upon the four legs
of a horse, arises from the ancient people of Thessaly having tamed
horses, and having appeared to their neighbours mounted on horseback,
a sight very uncommon at that time, and which, when at a distance,
seems only one body, and consequently one creature. Some derive the
name ἀπο του κεντειν ταυρους, _goading bulls_, because they went
on horseback after their bulls which had strayed, or because they
hunted wild bulls with horses. Some of the ancients have maintained
that monsters like the Centaurs can have existed in the natural
course of things. Plutarch, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_ mentions
one seen by Periander tyrant of Corinth; and Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3,
says that he saw one embalmed in honey, which had been brought to
Rome from Egypt in the reign of Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs
with the Lapithæ is famous in history. Ovid has elegantly described
it, and it has also employed the pen of ♦Hesiod, Valerius Flaccus,
&c.; and Pausanias in _Elis_ says it was represented in the temple
of Jupiter at Olympia, and also at Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius,
according to Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5. The origin of the battle was
a quarrel at the marriage of Hippodamia with Pirithous, where the
Centaurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with rudeness, and even
offered violence to the women that were present. Such an insult
irritated Hercules, Theseus, and the rest of the Lapithæ, who
defended the women, wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and obliged
them to leave their country, and retire to Arcadia. Here their
insolence was a second time punished by Hercules, who, when he was
going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was kindly entertained by the
Centaur Pholus, who gave him wine which belonged to the rest of the
Centaurs, but had been given them on condition of their treating
Hercules with it whenever he passed through their territory. They
resented the liberty which Hercules took with their wine, and
attacked him with uncommon fury. The hero defended himself with
his arrows, and defeated his adversaries, who fled for safety to
the Centaur Chiron. Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, and
therefore they hoped that he would desist in his presence. Hercules,
though awed at the sight of Chiron, did not desist, but in the midst
of the engagement, he wounded his preceptor in the knee, who, in
the excessive pain he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. The
death of Chiron irritated Hercules the more, and the Centaurs that
were present were all extirpated by his hand, and indeed few escaped
the common destruction. The most celebrated of the Centaurs were
Chiron, Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Caumas, Lycidas, Arneus, Medon,
Rhœtus, Pisenor, Mermeros, Pholus, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Tzetzes_,
_Historiarum variarum Chiliades_, bk. 9, ch. 237.――_Hesiod_, _Shield
of Heracles_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10, &c.――_Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3;
bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 286.――_Hyginus_, fables 33
& 62.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, li. 2.
♦ ‘Hesoid’ replaced with ‘Hesiod’
=Centaurus=, a ship in the fleet of Æneas, which had the figure of a
Centaur. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 122.
=Centobrica=, a town of Celtiberia. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
=Centŏres=, a people of Scythia. _Flaccus._
=Centoripa=, or =Centuripa=. _See:_ Centuripa.
=Centrites=, a river between Armenia and Media.
=Centrones=, a people of Gaul, severely beaten by Julius Cæsar when
they attempted to obstruct his passage. They inhabited the modern
country of _Tarantaise_ in Savoy. There was a horde of Gauls of the
same name subject to the Nervii, now supposed to be near _Courtray_
in Flanders. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 5, ch. 38.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20.
=Centronius=, a man who squandered his immense riches on useless and
whimsical buildings. _Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 86.
♦=Centum cellum=, a seaport town of Etruria built by Trajan, who had
there a villa. It is now _Civita Vecchia_, and belongs to the pope.
_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6, ltr. 51.
♦ Placed in correct alphabetical order.
=Centumvĭri=, the members of a court of justice at Rome. They were
originally chosen, three from the 35 tribes of the people, and
though 105, they were always called Centumvirs. They were afterwards
increased to the number of 180, and still kept their original name.
The pretor sent to their tribunal causes of the greatest importance,
as their knowledge of the law was extensive. They were generally
summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed to be the chiefest among them;
and they assembled in the Basilica, or public court, and had their
tribunal distinguished by a spear with an iron head, whence a decree
of their court was called _Hastæ judicium_: their sentences were
very impartial, and without appeal. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1,
ch. 38.――_Quintilian_, bks. 4, 5, & 11.――_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6,
ltr. 33.
=Centŭria=, a division of the people among the Romans, consisting of
100. The Roman people were originally divided into three tribes, and
each tribe into 10 curiæ. Servius Tullius made a census; and when he
had enrolled the place of habitation, name, and profession of every
citizen, which amounted to 80,000 men, all able to bear arms, he
divided them into six classes, and each class into several centuries,
or companies of 100 men. The first class consisted of 80 centuries,
40 of which were composed of men from the age of 45 and upwards,
appointed to guard the city. The 40 others were young men, from 17
to 45 years of age, appointed to go to war, and fight the enemies of
Rome. Their arms were all the same; that is, a buckler, a cuirass, a
helmet, cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and a javelin; and
as they were of the most illustrious citizens, they were called, by
way of eminence, _Classici_, and their inferiors _infra classem_.
They were to be worth 1,100,000 _asses_, a sum equivalent to 1800_l._
English money. The second, third, and fourth classes, consisted each
of 20 centuries, 10 of which were composed of the more aged, and the
others of the younger sort of people. Their arms were a large shield,
a spear, and a javelin; they were to be worth in the second class,
75,000 _asses_, or about 121_l._ In the third, 50,000, or about
80_l._; and in the fourth, 25,000, or about 40_l._ The fifth class
consisted of 30 centuries, three of which were carpenters by trade,
and the others of different professions, such as were necessary in
the camp. They were all armed with slings and stones. They were to
be worth 11,000 _asses_, or about 18_l._ The sixth class contained
only one centuria, comprising the whole body of the poorest
citizens, who were called _Proletarii_, as their only service to
the state was procreating children. They were also called _capite
censi_, as the censor took notice of their person, not of their
estate. In the public assemblies in the Campus Martius, at the
election of public magistrates, or at the trial of capital crimes,
the people gave their vote by centuries, whence the assembly was
called _comitia centuriata_. In these public assemblies, which were
never convened but only by the consuls at the permission of the
senate, or by the dictator in the absence of the consuls, some of
the people appeared under arms, for fear of an attack from some
foreign enemy. When a law was proposed in the public assemblies,
its necessity was explained, and the advantages it would produce
to the state were enlarged upon in a harangue; after which it was
exposed in the most conspicuous parts of the city three market-days,
that the people might see and consider. Exposing it to public view,
was called _proponere legem_, and explaining it, _promulgare legem_.
He who merely proposed it, was called _lator legis_; and he who
dwelt upon its importance and utility, and wished it to be enforced,
was called _auctor legis_. When the assembly was to be held, the
auguries were consulted by the consul, who, after haranguing the
people, and reminding them to have in view the good of the republic,
dismissed them to their respective centuries, that their votes
might be gathered. They gave their votes _vivâ voce_, till the year
of Rome A.U.C. 615, when they changed the custom, and gave their
approbation or disapprobation by ballots thrown into an urn. If the
first class was unanimous, the others were not consulted, as the
first was superior to all the others in number; but if they were
not unanimous, they proceeded to consult the rest, and the majority
decided the question. This advantage of the first class gave
offence to the rest; and it was afterwards settled, that one class
of the six should be drawn by lot, to give its votes first, without
regard to rank or priority. After all the votes had been gathered,
the consul declared aloud, that the law which had been proposed
was duly and constitutionally approved. The same ceremonies
were observed in the election of consuls, pretors, &c. The word
_Centuria_ is also applied to a subdivision of one of the Roman
legions which consisted of 100 men, and was the half of a manipulus,
the sixth part of a cohort, and the sixtieth part of a legion.
The commander of a centuria was called _centurion_, and he was
distinguished from the rest by a branch of a vine which he carried
in his hand.
=Centŭrĭpa= (es, or æ, arum), now _Centorlu_, a town of Sicily at
the foot of mount Ætna. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 23.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 205.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.
=Ceos= and =Cea=, an island. _See:_ Co.
=Cephălas=, a lofty promontory of Africa near the Syrtis Major.
_Strabo._
=Cephaledion=, a town of Sicily near the river Himera. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 52.
=Cephallen=, a noble musician, son of Lampus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 7.
=Cephalēna= and =Cephallenia=, an island in the Ionian sea, below
Corcyra, whose inhabitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan war. It
abounds in oil and excellent wines. It was anciently divided into
four different districts, from which circumstance it received the
name of Tetrapolis. It is about 90 miles in circumference, and from
its capital Samo, or Samos, it has frequently been called Same.
――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 6, ch. 15.
=Cephălo=, an officer of Eumenes. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 19.
=Cephaloedis= and =Cephaludium=, now _Cephalu_, a town at the north
of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 253.――_Cicero_, bk. 2,
_Against Verres_, ch. 51.
=Cephălon=, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote a history of Troy, besides
an epitome of universal history from the age of Ninus to Alexander,
which he divided into nine books, inscribed with the name of the
nine muses. He affected not to know the place of his birth, expecting
it would be disputed like Homer’s. He lived in the reign of Adrian.
=Cĕphălus=, son of Deioneus king of Thessaly, by Diomede daughter
of Xuthus, married Procris, daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens.
Aurora fell in love with him, and carried him away; but he refused
to listen to her addresses, and was impatient to return to Procris.
The goddess sent him back; and to try the fidelity of his wife, she
made him put on a different form, and he arrived at the house of
Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris was deaf to every offer;
but she suffered herself to be seduced by the gold of this stranger,
who discovered himself the very moment that Procris had yielded up
her virtue. This circumstance so ashamed Procris, that she fled from
her husband, and devoted herself to hunting in the island of Eubœa,
where she was admitted among the attendants of Diana, who presented
her with a dog always sure of his prey, and a dart which never
missed its aim, and always returned to the hands of its mistress
of its own accord. Some say that the dog was a present from Minos,
because Procris had cured his wounds. After this Procris returned
in disguise to Cephalus, who was willing to disgrace himself by
some unnatural concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of Procris.
Procris discovered herself at the moment that Cephalus showed
himself faithless, and a reconciliation was easily made between
them. They loved one another with more tenderness than before, and
Cephalus received from his wife the presents of Diana. As he was
particularly fond of hunting, he every morning early repaired to
the woods, and after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down in
the cool shade, and earnestly called for _Aura_, or the refreshing
breeze. This ambiguous word was mistaken for the name of a mistress;
and some informer reported to the jealous Procris that Cephalus
daily paid a visit to a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris too
readily believed the information, and secretly followed her husband
into the woods. According to his daily custom, Cephalus retired
to the cool, and called after Aura. At the name of Aura, Procris
eagerly lifted up her head to see her expected rival. Her motion
occasioned rustling among the leaves of a bush that concealed her;
and as Cephalus listened, he thought it to be a wild beast, and
he let fly his unerring dart. ♦Procris was struck to the heart,
and instantly expired in the arms of her husband, confessing that
ill-grounded jealousy was the cause of her death. According to
Apollodorus, there were two persons of the name of Cephalus; one,
son of Mercury and Herse, carried away by Aurora, with whom he
dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had a son called Tithonus. The other
married Procris, and was the cause of the tragical event mentioned
above. Cephalus was father of Arcefius by Procris, and of Phaeton,
according to Hesiod, by Aurora. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,
fable 26.――_Hyginus_, fable 189.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A
Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timoleon in regulating the republic
of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.――――A king
of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 18.――――An orator frequently mentioned
by Demosthenes.
♦ ‘Procus’ replaced with ‘Procris’
=Cephēis=, a name given to Andromeda as daughter of Cepheus. _Ovid_,
_Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 193.
=Cephēnes=, an ancient name of the Persians. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
ch. 61.――――A name of the Æthiopians, from Cepheus, one of their
kings. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 1.
=Cēpheus=, a king of Æthiopia, father of Andromeda by Cassiope. He
was one of the Argonauts, and was changed into a constellation after
his death. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 669; bk. 5, li. 12.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35; bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 9; bk. 2, chs. 1, 4, & 7; bk. 3, ch. 9, mentions one, son of
Aleus, and another, son of Belus. The former he makes king of Tegea
and father of Sterope; and says that he, with his 12 sons, assisted
Hercules in a war against Hippocoon, where they were killed. The
latter he calls king of Æthiopia and father of Andromeda.――――A
son of Lycurgus, present at the chase of the Calydonian boar.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.
=Cephīsia=, a part of Attica, through which the Cephisus flows.
_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.
=Cephīsiădes=, a patronymic of Eteocles son of Andreus and Evippe, from
the supposition of his being the son of the Cephisus. _Pausanias_,
bk. 9, ch. 34.
=Cephisidōrus=, a tragic poet of Athens in the age of Æschylus.――――An
historian who wrote an account of the Phocian war.
=Cephīsion=, the commander of some troops sent by the Thebans to assist
Megalopolis, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.
=Cephisodŏtus=, a disciple of Isocrates, a great reviler of Aristotle,
who wrote a book of proverbs. _Athenæus_, bk. 2.
=Cephīsus= and =Cephissus=, a celebrated river of Greece, that rises
at Lilæa in Phocis, and after passing at the north of Delphi and
mount Parnassus, enters Bœotia, where it flows into the lake Copais.
The Graces were particularly fond of this river, whence they are
called the goddesses of the Cephisus. There was a river of the same
name in Attica, and another in Argolis. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 2, li. 29.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 175.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 1, li. 369; bk. 3, li. 19.――――A man changed into a sea monster
by Apollo, when lamenting the death of his grandson. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 388.
=Cephren=, a king of Egypt, who built one of the pyramids. _Diodorus_,
bk. 1.
=Cepio=, or =Cæpio=, a man who, by a quarrel with Drusus, caused
a civil war at Rome, &c.――――Servilius, a Roman consul, who put
an end to the war in Spain. He took gold from a temple, and for
that sacrilege the rest of his life was always unfortunate. He was
conquered by the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly confiscated, and
he died at last in prison.
=Cepion=, a musician. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.
=Ceraca=, a town of Macedonia. _Polybius_, bk. 5.
=Ceracates=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70.
=Cerambus=, a man changed into a beetle, or, according to others, into
a bird, on mount Parnassus, by the nymphs, before the deluge. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9.
=Ceramīcus=, now _Keramo_, a bay of Caria, near Halicarnassus,
opposite Cos, receiving its name from Ceramus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 29.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――A public walk, and a place to
bury those that were killed in defence of their country, at Athens.
_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 10.
=Cerămium=, a place of Rome, where Cicero’s house was built. _Cicero_,
_Letters to Atticus_.
=Cerămus=, a town at the west of Asia Minor.
=Ceras=, a people of Cyprus metamorphosed into bulls.
=Cerăsus= (untis), now _Keresoun_, a maritime city of Cappadocia, from
which cherries were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. _Marcellinus_,
bk. 22, ch. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 15, ch. 25; bk. 16, ch. 18; bk. 17,
ch. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――――Another, built by a Greek colony
from Sinope. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.
=Cerata=, a place near Megara.
=Cerātus=, a river of Crete.
=Ceraunia=, a town of Achaia.