into the sea, and forming a promontory which divides the Ionian
and Adriatic seas. They are the same as the Acroceraunia. _See:_
Acroceraunium.――――Mount Taurus is also called Ceraunius. _Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 27.
=Ceraunii=, mountains of Asia, opposite the Caspian sea. _Mela_, bk. 1,
ch. 19.
=Ceraunus=, a river of Cappadocia.――――A surname of Ptolemy II., from
his boldness. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_, ch. 3.
=Cerausius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.
=Cerbalus=, a river of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
=Cerberion=, a town of the Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 6.
=Cerbĕrus=, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of Echidna’s union with Typhon.
He had 50 heads according to Hesiod, and three according to other
mythologists. He was stationed at the entrance into hell, as a
watchful keeper, to prevent the living from entering the infernal
regions, and the dead from escaping from their confinement. It
was usual for those heroes, who in their lifetime visited Pluto’s
kingdom, to appease the barking mouths of Cerberus with a cake.
Orpheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules dragged
him from hell when he went to redeem Alceste. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 5, li. 134; bk. 6, li. 417.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11,
li. 622.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 312.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 35.
=Cercăphus=, a son of Æolus.――――A son of Sol, of great power at Rhodes.
_Diodorus_, bk. 5.
=Cercasōrum=, a town of Egypt, where the Nile divides itself into the
Pelusian and Canopic mouths. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.
=Cercēis=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 355.
=Cercēne=, a country of Africa. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.
=Cercestes=, a son of Ægyptus and Phœnissa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 1.
=Cercides=, a native of Megalopolis, who wrote iambics. _Athenæus_,
bk. 10.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.
=Cercii=, a people of Italy.
=Cercina= and =Cercinna=, a small island of the Mediterranean, near
the smaller Syrtis, on the coast of Africa. _Tacitus_, bk. 1,
_Annals_, ch. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 48.
――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――――A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia.
_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 98.
=Cercinium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 41.
=Cercius= and =Rhetius=, charioteers of Castor and Pollux.
=Cercōpes=, a people of Ephesus, made prisoners by Hercules.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――The inhabitants of the island
Pithecusa, changed into monkeys on account of their dishonesty.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 91.
=Cercops=, a Milesian, author of a fabulous history mentioned by
Athenæus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.
=Cercyon= and =Cercyŏnes=, a king of Eleusis, son of Neptune, or,
according to others, of Vulcan. He obliged all strangers to wrestle
with him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler, they were easily
conquered and put to death. After many cruelties, he challenged
Theseus in wrestling, and he was conquered and put to death by his
antagonist. His daughter Alope was loved by Neptune, by whom she had
a child. Cercyon exposed the child, called Hippothoon; but he was
preserved by a mare, and afterwards placed upon his grandfather’s
throne by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 439.
――_Hyginus_, fable 187.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
chs. 5 & 39.
=Cercȳra= and =Corcȳra=, an island in the Ionian sea, which receives
its name from Cercyra daughter of Asopus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.
=Cerdylium=, a place near Amphipolis. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 6.
=Cereālia=, festivals in honour of Ceres; first instituted at Rome by
Memmius the edile, and celebrated on the 19th of April. Persons in
mourning were not permitted to appear at the celebration; therefore
they were not observed after the battle of Cannæ. They are the same
as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. _See:_ Thesmophoria.
=Ceres=, the goddess of corn and of harvests, was daughter of Saturn
and Vesta. She had a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called Pherephata,
_fruit-bearing_, and afterwards Proserpine. This daughter was
carried away by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers in the plains
near Enna. The rape of Proserpine was grievous to Ceres, who sought
her all over Sicily; and when night came, she lighted two torches in
the flames of mount Ætna, to continue her search by night all over
the world. She at last found her veil near the fountain Cyane; but
no intelligence could be received of the place of her concealment,
till at last the nymph Arethusa informed her that her daughter
had been carried away by Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this,
than she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by two dragons, and
demanded of Jupiter the restoration of her daughter. The endeavours
of Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto as a powerful god,
to become her son-in-law, proved fruitless, and the restoration was
granted, provided Proserpine had not eaten anything in the kingdom
of Pluto. Ceres upon this repaired to Pluto, but Proserpine had
eaten the grains of a pomegranate which she had gathered as she
walked over the Elysian fields, and Ascalaphus, the only one who had
seen her, discovered it to make his court to Pluto. The return of
Proserpine upon earth was therefore impracticable; but Ascalaphus,
for his unsolicited information, was changed into an owl. _See:_
Ascalaphus. The grief of Ceres for the loss of her daughter was so
great, that Jupiter granted Proserpine to pass six months with her
mother, and the rest of the year with Pluto. During the inquiries of
Ceres for her daughter, the cultivation of the earth was neglected,
and the ground became barren; therefore, to repair the loss which
mankind had suffered by her absence, the goddess went to Attica,
which was become the most desolate country in the world, and
instructed Triptolemus of Eleusis in everything which concerned
agriculture. She taught him how to plough the ground, to sow and
reap the corn, to make bread, and to take particular care of the
fruit trees. After these instructions, she gave him her chariot
and commanded him to travel all over the world, and communicate his
knowledge of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, who hitherto lived
upon acorns and the roots of the earth. _See:_ Triptolemus. Her
beneficence to mankind made Ceres respected. Sicily was supposed to
be the favourite retreat of the goddess, and Diodorus says that
she and her daughter made their first appearance to mankind in
Sicily, which Pluto received as a nuptial dowry from Jupiter when he
married Proserpine. The Sicilians made a yearly sacrifice to Ceres,
every man according to his abilities; and the fountain of Cyane,
through which Pluto opened himself a passage with his trident when
carrying away Proserpine, was publicly honoured with an offering of
bulls, and the blood of the victims was shed in the waters of the
fountain. Besides these, other ceremonies were observed in honour
of the goddesses who had so peculiarly favoured the island. The
commemoration of the rape was celebrated about the beginning of
the harvest, and the search of Ceres at the time that corn is sown
in the earth. The latter festival continued six successive days;
and during the celebration, the votaries of Ceres made use of some
free and wanton expressions, as that language had made the goddess
smile while melancholy for the loss of her daughter. Attica, which
had been so eminently distinguished by the goddess, gratefully
remembered her favours in the celebration of the Eleusinian
mysteries. _See:_ Eleusinia. Ceres also performed the duties of a
legislator, and the Sicilians found the advantages of her salutary
laws; hence her surname of Thesmophora. She is the same as the Isis
of the Egyptians, and her worship, it is said, was first brought
into Greece by Erechtheus. She met with different adventures when
she travelled over the earth, and the impudence of Stellio was
severely punished. To avoid the importunities of Neptune, she changed
herself into a mare; but the god took advantage of the metamorphosis,
and from their union arose the horse Arion. _See:_ Arion. The birth
of this monster so offended Ceres, that she withdrew herself from
the sight of mankind; and the earth would have perished for want
of her assistance, had not Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and given
information of it to Jupiter. The Parcæ were sent by the god to
comfort her, and at their persuasion she returned to Sicily, where
her statues represented her veiled in black, with the head of a
horse, and holding a dove in one hand, and in the other a dolphin.
In their sacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant sow, as
that animal often injures and destroys the productions of the earth.
While the corn was yet in the grass, they offered her a ram, after
the victim had been led three times round the field. Ceres was
represented with a garland of ears of corn on her head, holding
in one hand a lighted torch, and in the other a poppy, which was
sacred to her. She appears as a countrywoman mounted on the back
of an ox, and carrying a basket on her left arm, and holding a
hoe; and sometimes she rides in a chariot drawn by winged dragons.
She was supposed to be the same as Rhea, Tellus. Cybele, Bona
Dea, Berecynthia, &c. The Romans paid her great adoration, and her
festivals were yearly celebrated by the Roman matrons in the month
of April, during eight days. These matrons abstained during several
days from the use of wine and every carnal enjoyment. They always
bore lighted torches in commemoration of the goddess; and whoever
came to these festivals without a previous initiation, was punished
with death. _Ceres_ is metaphorically called _bread_ and _corn_,
as the word _Bacchus_ is frequently used to signify _wine_.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, chs. 12 & 14.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31; bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 23;
bk. 8, ch. 25, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 417; _Metamorphoses_, fables 7,
8, &c.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Cicero_, _Against
Verres_.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_.――_Livy_, bks. 29
& 31.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2.
=Ceressus=, a place of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 14.
=Cerĕtæ=, a people of Crete.
=Ceriālis Anicius=, a consul elect, who wished a temple to be raised
to Nero, as to a god, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy,
&c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 74.
=Cerii=, a people of Etruria.
=Cerilli=, or =Carillæ=, now _Cirella_, a town of the Brutii near the
Laus. _Strabo_, bk. 6.
=Cerillum=, a place of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 8, li. 580.
=Cerinthus=, now _Zero_, a town of Eubœa, whose inhabitants went
to the Trojan war, headed by Elphenor son of Chalcedon. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 45.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――――A beautiful youth,
long the favourite of the Roman ladies, and especially of Sulpitia,
&c. _Horace_, bk. 1, _Statius_, bk. 2, li. 81.――――One of the early
heretics from christianity.
=Cermanus=, a place where Romulus was exposed by one of the servants
of Amulius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.
=Cerne=, an island without the pillars of Hercules, on the African
coast. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bks. 5 & 6.
=Cernes=, a priest of Cybele.
=Ceron=, a fountain of Histiæotis, whose waters rendered black all the
sheep that drank of them. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 2.
=Ceropasades=, a son of Phraates king of Persia, given as a hostage to
Augustus.
=Cerossus=, a place of the Ionian sea.
=Cerpheres=, a king of Egypt, who is supposed to have built the
smallest pyramid.
=Cerrhæi=, a people of Greece, who profaned the temple of Delphi.
_Plutarch_, _Solon_.
=Cerretāni=, a people of Spain that inhabited the modern district of
Cerdana in Catalonia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.
=Cersobleptes=, a king of Thrace, conquered by Philip king of
Macedonia. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 31.
=Certima=, a town of Celtiberia. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 47.
=Certonium=, a town of Asia Minor.
=Cervarius=, a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 50.
=Publius Cervius=, an officer under Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_,
speech 5, ch. 44.
=Ceryces=, a sacerdotal family at Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 53.
=Cerycius=, a mountain of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.
=Cerymīca=, a town of Cyprus. _Diodorus._
=Cerynēa=, a town of Achaia.――――A mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_,
bk. 7, ch. 25.
=Cerynītes=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.
=Cesellius Balsus=, a turbulent Carthaginian, who dreamt of money, and
persuaded Nero that immense treasures had been deposited by Dido in
a certain place, which he described. Inquiry was made, and when no
money was found, Cesellius destroyed himself. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 16, ch. 1, &c.
=Cesennia=, an infamous prostitute, born of an illustrious family at
Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 135.
=Cestius=, an epicurean of Smyrna, who taught rhetoric at Rhodes, in
the age of Cicero.――――A governor of Syria. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 5.――――Severus, an informer under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 4.――――Proculus, a man acquitted of an accusation of embezzling
the public money. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 30.――――A bridge at Rome.
=Cestrīna=, a part of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 23.
=Cestrīnus=, a son of Helenus and Andromache. After his father’s
death he settled in Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called the
country Cestrina. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.
=Cetes=, king of Egypt, the same as Proteus. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.
=Cethēgus=, the surname of one of the branches of the Cornelii.
――――Marcus, a consul in the second Punic war. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.
――――A tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted morals, who joined
Catiline in his conspiracy against the state, and was commissioned
to murder Cicero. He was apprehended, and, with Lentulus, put to
death by the Roman senate. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_, &c.――――A Trojan,
killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 513.――――Publius
Cornelius, a powerful Roman, who embraced the party of Marius
against Sylla. His mistress had obtained such an ascendancy over
him, that she distributed his favours, and Lucullus was not ashamed
to court her smiles, when he wished to be appointed general against
Mithridates.――――A senator put to death for adultery under Valentinian.
=Cetii=, a people of Cilicia.
=Cetius=, a river of Mysia.――――A mountain which separates Noricum from
Pannonia.
=Ceto=, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who married Phorcys, by
whom she had the three Gorgons, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 237.
――_Lucian_, bk. 9, li. 646.
=Ceus= and =Cæus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Phœbe, by
whom he had Latona and Asteria. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 135.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 179.――――The father of Trœzen.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 354.
=Cēyx=, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer and husband of Alcyone.
He was drowned as he went to consult the oracle of Claros. His wife
was apprised of his misfortune in a dream, and found his dead body
washed on the sea-shore. They were both changed into birds, called
Alcyons. _See:_ Alcyone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 587.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32. According to _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch.
7; bk. 2, ch. 7, the husband of Alcyone and the king of Trachinia
were two different persons.
=Chea=, a town of Peloponnesus.
=Chabinus=, a mountain of Arabia Felix. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.
=Chabria=, a village of Egypt.
=Chabrias=, an Athenian general and philosopher, who chiefly signalized
himself when he assisted the Bœotians against Agesilaus. In this
celebrated campaign, he ordered his soldiers to put one knee upon
the ground, and firmly to rest their spear upon the other, and cover
themselves with their shields, by which means he daunted the enemy,
and had a statue raised to his honour in that same posture. He
assisted also Nectanebus king of Egypt, and conquered the whole
island of Cyprus; but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive
courage, and despised to fly from his ship, when he had it in his
power to save his life like his companions, B.C. 376. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _De Viris Illustribus_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_,
_Phocion_.
=Chabryis=, a king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.
=Chæanitæ=, a people at the foot of ♦Caucasus.
♦ ‘Causacus’ replaced with ‘Caucasus’
=Chæreas=, an Athenian who wrote on agriculture.――――An officer who
murdered Caligula, A.D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which was
prepared against himself.――――An Athenian, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 8,
ch. 74, &c.
=Chæredemus=, a brother of Epicurus, &c. _Diogenes Laërtius._
=Chærēmon=, a comic poet, and disciple of Socrates.――――A stoic, who
wrote on the Egyptian priests.
=Chærĕphon=, a tragic poet of Athens, in the age of Philip of Macedonia.
=Chærestrăta=, the mother of Epicurus, descended of a noble family.
=Chærinthus=, a beautiful youth, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 81.
=Chærippus=, an extortioner, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 96.
=Chæro=, the founder of Chæronea. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.
=Chæronia=, =Chæronea=, and =Cherronea=, a city of Bœotia, on the
Cephisus, celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians by the Bœotians,
B.C. 447, and for the victory which Philip of Macedonia obtained
there with 32,000 men over the confederate army of the Thebans and
the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men, the 2nd of August, B.C.
338. Plutarch was born there. The town was anciently called Arne.
_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.――_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_, &c.――_Strabo_,
bk. 9.
=Chalæon=, a city of Locris.――――A port of Bœotia.
=Chales=, a herald of Busiris, put to death by Hercules. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 5.
=Chalcæa=, a town of Caria,――――of Phœnicia.
=Chalcea=, an island with a town near Rhodes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3.
――――A festival at Athens. _See:_ Panathenæa.
=Chalcēdon= and =Chalcēdŏnia=, now _Kadi-Keni_, an ancient city of
Bithynia, opposite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, headed
by Argias, B.C. 685. It was first called Procerastis, and afterwards
Colpusa. Its situation, however, was so improperly chosen that it
was called the city of blind men, intimating the inconsiderate plan
of the founders. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Mela_,
bk. 1, ch. 19.
=Chalcidēne=, a part of Syria, very fruitful. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23.
=Chalcidenses=, the inhabitants of the isthmus between Teos and
Erythræ.――――A people near the Phasis.
=Chalcideus=, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet killed by the
Athenians, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 8.
=Chalcidĭca=, a country of Thrace,――――of Syria.
=Chalcidĭcus= (of _Chalcis_), an epithet applied to Cumæ in Italy, as
built by a colony from Chalcis. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 17.
=Chalciœus=, a surname of Minerva, because she had a temple at Chalcis
in Eubœa. She was also called Chalciotis and Chalcidica.
=Chalciŏpe=, a daughter of Æetes king of Colchis, who married Phryxus
son of Athamas, who had fled to her father’s court for protection.
She had some children by Phryxus, and she preserved her life from
the avarice and cruelty of her father, who had murdered her husband
to obtain the golden fleece. _See:_ Phryxus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_,
poem 17, li. 232.――_Hyginus_, fable 14, &c.――――The mother of
Thessalus by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――The daughter
of Rhexenor, who married Ægeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
=Chalcis=, now _Egripo_, the chief city of Eubœa, in that part which
is nearest to Bœotia. It was founded by an Athenian colony. The
island is said to have been anciently joined to the continent in
the neighbourhood of Chalcis. There were three other towns of the
same name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily, all belonging to the
Corinthians. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 10.
=Chalcītis=, a country of Ionia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.
=Chalcŏdon=, a son of Ægyptus by Arabia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
――――A man of Cos, who wounded Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――――The father of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan
war. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 15.――――A man who assisted Hercules in
his war against Augias. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 15.
=Chalcon=, a Messenian, who reminded Antilochus son of Nestor to be
aware of the Æthiopians, by whom he was to perish.
=Chalcus=, a man made governor of Cyzicus by Alexander. _Polyænus._
=Chaldæa=, a country of Asia between the Euphrates and Tigris.
Its capital is Babylon, whose inhabitants were famous for their
knowledge of astrology, _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28.
=Chaldæi=, the inhabitants of Chaldæa.
=Chalestra=, a town of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.
=Chalonītis=, a country of Media.
=Chaly̆bes= and =Caly̆bes=, a people of Asia Minor, near Pontus,
once very powerful, and possessed of a great extent of country,
abounding in iron mines, where the inhabitants worked naked. The
Calybes attacked the 10,000 in their retreat, and behaved with
much spirit and courage. They were partly conquered by Crœsus
king of Lydia. Some authors imagine that the Calybes are a nation
of Spain. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 421.――_Strabo_, bk. 12,
&c.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2, li. 375.――_Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4,
&c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――_Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3.
=Chalybon=, now supposed to be _Aleppo_, a town of Syria, which gave
the name of _Chalybonitis_ to the neighbouring country.
=Chalybonītis=, a country of Syria, so famous for its wines that the
king of Persia drank no other.
=Chalybs=, a river of Spain, where _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3, places the
people called Calybes.
=Chamani= and =Chamaviri=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.
=Chane=, a river between Armenia and Albania, falling into the Caspian
sea.
=Chaon=, a mountain of Peloponnesus.――――A son of Priam. _See:_ Chaonia.
=Chaŏnes=, a people of Epirus.
=Chaŏnia=, a mountainous part of Epirus, which receives its name from
Chaon, a son of Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother Helenus.
There was a wood near, where doves (_Chaoniæ aves_) were said to
deliver oracles. The words _Chaonius victus_ are by ancient authors
applied to acorns, the food of the first inhabitants. _Lucan_,
bk. 6, li. 426.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_, bk. 3, li. 47.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 335.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 9.
――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1.
=Chaonitis=, a country of Assyria.
=Chaos=, a rude and shapeless mass of matter, and confused assemblage
of inactive elements, which, as the poets suppose, pre-existed the
formation of the world, and from which the universe was formed by
the hand and power of a superior being. This doctrine was first
established by Hesiod, from whom the succeeding poets have copied it;
and it is probable that it was obscurely drawn from the account of
Moses, by being copied from the annals of Sanchoniathon, whose age
is fixed antecedent to the siege of Troy. Chaos was deemed by some
as one of the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one of the infernal
deities. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 510.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 1, fable 1.
=Charădra=, a town of Phocis. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 33.
=Charadros=, a river of Phocis, falling into the Cephisus. _Statius_,
_Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 46.
=Charădrus=, a place of Argos where military causes were tried.
_Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 60.
=Choræadas=, an Athenian general, sent with 20 ships to Sicily during
the Peloponnesian war. He died 426 B.C., &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 3,
ch. 86.
=Charandæi=, a people near Pontus.
=Charax=, a town of Armenia.――――A philosopher of Pergamus, who wrote a
history of Greece in 40 books.
=Charaxes= and =Charaxus=, a Mitylenean, brother to Sappho, who became
passionately fond of the courtesan Rhodope, upon whom he squandered
all his possessions, and reduced himself to poverty, and the
necessity of piratical excursions. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17,
li. 117.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 135, &c.