agriculture. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――The son of Hestiæus of Tarentum,
was a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able astronomer
and geometrician. He redeemed his master, Plato, from the hands of
the tyrant Dionysius, and for his virtues he was seven times chosen,
by his fellow-citizens, governor of Tarentum. He invented some
mathematical instruments, and made a wooden pigeon which could fly.
He perished in a shipwreck about 394 years before the christian
era. He is also the reputed inventor of the screw and the pulley.
A fragment of his writings has been preserved by Porphyry. _Horace_,
bk. 1, ode 28.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _On Oratory_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
_Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.
=Arcĭtĕnens=, an epithet applied to Apollo, from his bearing a _bow_,
with which, as soon as born, he destroyed the serpent Python.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 75.
=Arctīnus=, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil to Homer. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
=Arctophy̆lax=, a star near the great bear, called also Bootes.
_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 42.
=Arctos=, a mountain near Propontis, inhabited by giants and monsters.
――――Two celestial constellations near the north pole, commonly
called Ursa Major and Minor; supposed to be Arcas and his mother,
who were made constellations. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1.――_Aratus._
――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 107.
=Arctūrus=, a star near the tail of the great bear, whose rising and
setting were generally supposed to portend great tempests. _Horace_,
bk. 3, ode 1. The name is derived from its situation, ἀρκτος _ursus_,
οὐρα _cauda_. It rises now about the beginning of October, and Pliny
tells us it rose in his age on the 12th, or, according to Columella,
on the 5th of September.
=Ardălus=, a son of Vulcan, said to have been the first who invented
the pipe. He gave it to the Muses, who on that account have been
called _Ardalides_ and _Ardalīotides_. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.
=Ardalia=, a country of Egypt. _Strabo._
=Ardaxānus=, a small river of Illyricum. _Polybius._
=Ardea=, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium, built by Danae, or,
according to some, by a son of Ulysses and Circe. It was the capital
of the Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire, and the inhabitants
publicly reported that their city had been changed into a bird,
called by the Latins _Ardea_. It was rebuilt, and it became a rich
and magnificent city, whose enmity to Rome rendered it famous.
Tarquin the Proud was pressing it with a siege, when his son
ravished Lucretia. A road called _Ardeatina_ branched from the
Appian road to Ardea. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 14.――_Livy_,
bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 3, ch. 71; bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 412.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 573.――_Strabo_,
bk. 5.
=Ardericca=, a small town on the Euphrates, north of Babylon.
=Ardiæi=, a people of Illyricum, whose capital was called Ardia.
_Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Ardonea=, a town of Apulia. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20.
=Ardua=, an ancient name of Ardea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 411.
=Arduenna=, now _Ardenne_, a large forest of Gaul, in the time of
Julius Cæsar, which extended 50 miles from the Rhine to the borders
of the Nervii. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 8, ch. 42.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic
War_, bk. 6, ch. 29.
=Arduine=, the goddess of hunting among the Gauls; represented with
the same attributes as the Diana of the Romans.
=Ardyenses=, a nation near the Rhone. _Polybius_, bk. 3.
=Ardys=, a son of Gyges king of Lydia, who reigned 49 years, took
Priene, and made war against Miletus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.
=Area=, a surname of Minerva, from her temple on Mars’ hill (ἀρης)
erected by Orestes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.
=Areacidæ=, a nation of Numidia. _Polybius._
=Areas=, a general chosen by the Greeks against Ætolia. _Justin_,
bk. 24, ch. 1.
=Aregŏnis=, the mother of Mopsus by Ampyx. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.
=Arelātum=, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 5.
=Arellius=, a celebrated painter of Rome in the age of Augustus. He
painted the goddesses in the form of his mistresses. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
ch. 10.――――A miser in _Horace_.
=Aremorĭca=, a part of Gaul, at the north of the Loire, now called
Britany. _Pliny_, bk. 4.
=Arēna= and =Arene=, a city of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2.
=Arenăcum=, a town of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 20.
=Areopagītæ=, the judges of the Areopagus, a seat of justice on a small
eminence near Athens, whose name is derived from Αρεος παγος, _the
hill of Mars_, because Mars was the first who was tried there, for
the murder of Hallirhotius, who had offered violence to his daughter
Alcippe. Some say that the place received the name of Areopagus
because the Amazons pitched their camp there, and offered sacrifices
to their progenitor Mars, when they besieged Athens; and others
maintain that the name was given to the place because Mars is the
god of bloodshed, war, and murder, which were generally punished by
that court. The time in which this celebrated seat of justice was
instituted is unknown. Some suppose that Cecrops, the founder of
Athens, first established it, while others give the credit of it
to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The number of judges that composed
this august assembly is not known. They have been limited by some to
9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a greater number. The most worthy
and religious of the Athenians were admitted as members, and such
archons as had discharged their duty with care and faithfulness. In
the latter ages of the republic, this observance was often violated,
and we find some of their members of loose and debauched morals. If
any of them were convicted of immorality, if they were seen sitting
at a tavern, or had used any indecent language, they were immediately
expelled from the assembly, and held in the greatest disgrace,
though the dignity of a judge of the Areopagus always was for life.
The Areopagites took cognizance of murders, impiety, and immoral
behaviour, and particularly of idleness, which they deemed the cause
of all vice. They watched over the laws, and they had the management
of the public treasury; they had the liberty of rewarding the
virtuous, and of inflicting severe punishment upon such as blasphemed
against the gods, or slighted the celebration of the holy mysteries.
They always sat in the open air, because they took cognizance of
murder; and by their laws it was not permitted for the murderer and
his accuser to be both under the same roof. This custom also might
originate because the persons of the judges were sacred, and they
were afraid of contracting pollution by conversing in the same house
with men who had been guilty of shedding innocent blood. They always
heard causes and passed sentence in the night, that they might not
be prepossessed in favour of the plaintiff or of the defendant by
seeing them. Whatever causes were pleaded before them, were to be
divested of all oratory and fine speaking, lest eloquence should
charm their ears and corrupt their judgment. Hence arose the most
just and most impartial decisions, and their sentence was deemed
sacred and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant were equally
convinced of its justice. The Areopagites generally sat on the 27th,
28th, and 29th days of every month. Their authority continued in
its original state till Pericles, who was refused admittance among
them, resolved to lessen their consequence and destroy their power.
From that time the morals of the Athenians were corrupted, and the
Areopagites were no longer conspicuous for their virtue and justice;
and when they censured the debaucheries of Demetrius, one of the
family of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if they wished to
make a reform in Athens, they must begin at home.
=Areopăgus=, a hill in the neighbourhood of Athens. _See:_ Areopagitæ.
=Arestæ=, a people of India, conquered by Alexander. _Justin_, bk. 12,
ch. 8.
=Aresthanas=, a countryman, whose goat suckled Æsculapius, when exposed
by his mother. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.
=Arestorĭdes=, a patronymic given to the hundred-eyed Argus, as son of
Arestor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 584.
=Arĕta=, the mother of Aristippus the philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius_,
bk. 2.――――A daughter of Dionysius, who married Dion. She was thrown
into the sea. _Plutarch_, _Dion_.――――A female philosopher of Cyrene,
B.C. 377.
=Arēta=, a daughter of Rhexenor, descended from Neptune, who married
her uncle Alcinous, by whom she had Nausicaa. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
bks. 7 & 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.
=Aretæus=, a physician of Cappadocia, very inquisitive after the
operations of nature. His treatise on agues has been much admired.
The best edition of his works which are extant, is that of Boerhaave,
Leiden, folio, 1735.
=Aretaphĭla=, the wife of Melanippus, a priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates
murdered her husband to marry her. She, however, was so attached
to Melanippus, that she endeavoured to poison Nicocrates, and at
last caused him to be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom
she married. Lysander proved as cruel as his brother, upon which
Aretaphila ordered him to be thrown into the sea. After this she
retired to a private station. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_.
――_Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 38.
=Aretāles=, a Cnidian, who wrote a history of Macedonia, besides a
treatise on islands. _Plutarch._
=Arēte.= _See:_ Areta.
=Arētes=, one of Alexander’s officers. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15.
=Arethūsa=, a nymph of Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and one of Diana’s
attendants. As she returned one day from hunting, she sat near
the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. The god of the river was
enamoured of her, and he pursued her over the mountains and all the
country, when Arethusa, ready to sink under fatigue, implored Diana,
who changed her into a fountain. The Alpheus immediately mingled his
streams with hers, and Diana opened a secret passage under the earth
and under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa disappeared, and
rose in the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse in Sicily. The river
Alpheus followed her also under the sea, and rose also in Ortygia;
so that, as mythologists relate, whatever is thrown into the Alpheus
in Elis, rises again, after some time, in the fountain Arethusa
near Syracuse. _See:_ Alpheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable
10.――_Athenæus_, bk. 7.――_Pausanias._――――One of the Hesperides.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A daughter of Herileus, mother of
Abas by Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.
_Hyginus_, fable 181.――――A lake of Upper Armenia, near the fountains
of the Tigris. Nothing can sink under its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 2,
ch. 103.――――A town of Thrace.――――Another in Syria.
=Aretīnum=, a Roman colony in Etruria. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 5,
li. 123.
=Arētus=, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3,
li. 413.――――A Trojan against the Greeks. He was killed by Automedon.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 494.――――A famous warrior, whose only
weapon was an iron club. He was treacherously killed by Lycurgus
king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.
=Areus=, a king of Sparta, preferred in the succession to Cleonymus,
brother of Acrotatus, who had made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He
assisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it, and died at Corinth.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Plutarch._――――A king of Sparta, who
succeeded his father Acrotatus II., and was succeeded by his son
Leonidas, son of Cleonymus.――――A philosopher of Alexandria, intimate
with Augustus. _Suetonius._――――A poet of Laconia.――――An orator
mentioned by _Quintilian_.
=Argæus= and =Argēus=, a son of Apollo and Cyrene. _Justin_, bk. 13,
ch. 7.――――A son of Perdiccas, who succeeded his father in the
kingdom of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A mountain of
Cappadocia, covered with perpetual snows, at the bottom of which
is the capital of the country called Maxara. _Claudian._――――A son
of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.――――A son of
Licymnius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.
=Argălus=, a king of Sparta, son of Amyclas. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
=Argathŏna=, a huntress of Cios in Bithynia, whom Rhesus married before
he went to the Trojan war. When she heard of his death, she died in
despair. _Parthenius_, _Narrationum Amatoriarum Libellus_, ch. 36.
=Argathōnius=, a king of Tartessus, who, according to _Pliny_, bk. 7,
ch. 48, lived 120 years, and 300 according to _Silius Italicus_,
bk. 3, li. 396.
=Arge=, a beautiful huntress changed into a stag by Apollo. _Hyginus_,
fable 205.――――One of the Cyclops. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of
Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A
nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.
=Argea=, a place at Rome where certain Argives were buried.
=Argæāthæ=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.
=Argennum=, a promontory of Ionia.
=Arges=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who had only one eye in his
forehead. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
=Argestrătus=, a king of Lacedæmon, who reigned 35 years.
=Argēus=, a son of Perdiccas king of Macedonia, who obtained the
kingdom when Amyntas was deposed by the Illyrians. _Justin_, bk. 7,
ch. 2.
=Argi= (plural, masculine). _See:_ Argos.
=Argīa=, daughter of Adrastus, married Polynices, whom she loved with
uncommon tenderness. When he was killed in the war, she buried his
body in the night, against the positive orders of Creon, for which
pious action she was punished with death. Theseus revenged her death
by killing Creon. _Hyginus_, fables 69 & 72.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_,
bk. 12. _See:_ Antigone and Creon.――――A country of Peloponnesus,
called also Argolis, of which Argos was the capital.――――One of the
Oceanides. _Hyginus_, _preface_.――――The wife of Inachus, and mother
of Io. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――The mother of Argos by Polybus.
_Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A daughter of Autesion, who married
Aristodemus, by whom she had two sons, Eurysthenes and Procles.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.
=Argias=, a man who founded Chalcedon, A.U.C. 148.
=Argilētum=, a place at Rome near the Palatium, where the tradesmen
generally kept their shops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 355.
――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 4.
=Argilius=, a favourite youth of Pausanias, who revealed his master’s
correspondence with the Persian king to the Ephori. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Pausanias_.
=Argillus=, a mountain of Egypt near the Nile.
=Argĭlus=, a town of Thrace near the Strymon, built by a colony of
Andrians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 103.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 115.
=Arginūsæ=, three small islands near the continent, between Mitylene
and Methymna, where the Lacedæmonian fleet was conquered by Conon
the Athenian. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
=Argiŏpe=, a nymph of mount Parnassus, mother of Thamyris by Philammon
the son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.
=Argiphontes=, a surname given to Mercury, because he _killed_ the
hundred-eyed _Argus_, by order of Jupiter.
=Argippēi=, a nation among the Sauromatians, born bald, and with flat
noses. They lived upon trees. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 23.
=Argīva=, a surname of Juno, worshipped at Argos. She had also a temple
at Sparta, consecrated to her by Eurydice the daughter of Lacedæmon.
_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 547.
=Argīvi=, the inhabitants of the city of Argos and the neighbouring
country. The word is indiscriminately applied by the poets to all
the inhabitants of Greece.
=Argius=, a steward of Galba, who privately interred the body of his
master in his gardens. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 49.
=Argo=, the name of the famous ship which carried Jason and his 54
companions to Colchis, when they resolved to recover the golden
fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has often been disputed.
Some derive it from Argos, the person who first proposed the
expedition, and who built the ship. Others maintain that it was
built at Argos, whence its name. Cicero, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
bk. 1, ch. 20, calls it Argo, because it carried Grecians, commonly
called Argives. Diodorus, bk. 4, derives the word from ἀργος, which
signifies _swift_. Ptolemy says, but falsely, that Hercules built
the ship, and called it Argo after a son of Jason, who bore the same
name. The ship Argo had 50 oars. According to many authors, she had
a beam on her prow, cut in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which
had the power of giving oracles to the Argonauts. This ship was
the first that ever sailed on the sea, as some report. After the
expedition was finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn aground at
the isthmus of Corinth, and consecrated to the god of the sea. The
poets have made her a constellation in heaven. Jason was killed
by a beam which fell from the top, as he slept on the ground near
it. _Hyginus_, fable 14; _Poetica astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 37.
――_Catullus_, _Marriage of Peleus and Thetis_.――_Valerius Flaccus_,
bk. 1, li. 93, &c.――_Phædras_, bk. 4, fable 6.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.
――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_.――_Apollodorus._――_Cicero_, _de Natura
Deorum_.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 1.
=Argolĭcus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Argolis.
=Argŏlis= and =Argia=, a country of Peloponnesus between Arcadia and
the Ægean sea. Its chief city was called Argos.
=Argon=, one of the descendants of Hercules, who reigned in Lydia 505
years before Gyges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.