from Media, and falls into the Caspian sea. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 19;
bk. 7, li. 188.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 728.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.――――Another in Europe, now called
Wolga.
=Arbāces=, a Mede who revolted with Belesis against Sardanapalus, and
founded the empire of Media upon the ruins of the Assyrian power,
820 years before the christian era. He reigned above 50 years, and
was famous for the greatness of his undertakings, as well as for his
valour. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.
=Arbēla= (orum), now _Irbil_, a town of Persia, on the river Lycus,
famous for a battle fought there between Alexander and Darius, the
2nd of October, B.C. 331. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_,
_Alexander_.
=Arbĕla=, a town of Sicily, whose inhabitants were very credulous.
=Arbis=, a river on the western boundaries of India. _Strabo._
=Arbocāla=, a city taken by Annibal as he marched against Rome.
=Arbuscŭla=, an actress on the Roman stage, who laughed at the hisses
of the populace while she received the applauses of the knights.
_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 77.
=Arcădia=, a country in the middle of Peloponnesus, surrounded on
every side by land, situate between Achaia, Messenia, Elis, and
Argolis. It received its name from Arcas son of Jupiter, and was
anciently called Drymodes, on account of the great number of _oaks_
(δρυς) which it produced, and afterwards Lycaonia and Pelasgia. The
country has been much celebrated by the poets, and was famous for
its mountains. The inhabitants were for the most part all shepherds,
who lived upon acorns, were skilful warriors, and able musicians.
They thought themselves more ancient than the moon. Pan, the god of
shepherds, chiefly lived among them.――Aristotle, bk. 4, _Metaphysics_,
says that the wine of Arcadia, when placed in a goat’s skin near a
fire, will become chalky, and at last be turned into salt. _Strabo_,
bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 1, 2, &c.
――_Athenæus_, bk. 14.――――A fortified village of Zacynthus.
=Arcadius=, eldest son of Theodosius the Great, succeeded his father
A.D. 395. Under him the Roman power was divided into the eastern
and western empire. He made the eastern empire his choice, and fixed
his residence at Constantinople; while his brother Honorius was
made emperor of the west, and lived in Rome. After this separation
of the Roman empire, the two powers looked upon one another with
indifference; and, soon after, their indifference was changed into
jealousy, and contributed to hasten their mutual ruin. In the reign
of Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the western empire, and plundered
Rome. Arcadius married Eudoxia, a bold and ambitious woman, and died
in the 31st year of his age, after a reign of 13 years, in which
he bore the character of an effeminate prince, who suffered himself
to be governed by favourites, and who abandoned his subjects to the
tyranny of ministers, while he lost himself in the pleasures of a
voluptuous court.
=Arcānum=, a villa of Cicero’s near the Minturni. _Cicero_, bk. 7,
_Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.
=Arcas=, a son of Jupiter and Calisto. He nearly killed his mother,
whom Juno had changed into a bear. He reigned in Pelasgia, which
from him was called Arcadia, and taught his subjects agriculture
and the art of spinning wool. After his death, Jupiter made him a
constellation with his mother. As he was one day hunting, he met
a wood nymph, who begged his assistance, because the tree over
which she presided, and on whose preservation her life depended,
was going to be carried away by the impetuous torrent of a river.
Arcas changed the course of the waters, and preserved the tree, and
married the nymph, by whom he had three sons, Azan, Aphidas, and
Elatus, among whom he divided his kingdom. The descendants of Azan
planted colonies in Phrygia. Aphidas received for his share Tegea,
which on that account has been called the inheritance of Aphidas;
and Elatus became master of mount Cyllene, and some time after
passed into Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables
155 & 176.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 470.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.
=Arce=, a daughter of Thaumas, son of Pontus and Terra. _Ptolemy
Hephæstion_.
=Arcēna=, a town of Phœnicia, where Alexander Severus was born.
=Arcens=, a Sicilian who permitted his son to accompany Æneas into
Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 581, &c.
=Arcesilāus=, son of Battus king of Cyrene, was driven from his kingdom
in a sedition, and died B.C. 575. The second of that name died B.C.
550. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 41.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 159.――――One
of Alexander’s generals, who obtained Mesopotamia at the general
division of the provinces after the king’s death.――――A chief of
Catana, which he betrayed to Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_, bk.
14.――――A philosopher of Pitane in Æolia, disciple of Polemon. He
visited Sardis and Athens, and was the founder of the middle academy,
as Socrates founded the ancient, and Carneades the new one. He
pretended to know nothing, and accused others of the same ignorance.
He acquired many pupils in the character of teacher; but some of
them left him for Epicurus, though no Epicurean came to him; which
gave him occasion to say that it is easy to make a eunuch of a man,
but impossible to make a man of a eunuch. He was very fond of Homer,
and generally divided his time among the pleasures of philosophy,
love, reading, and the table. He died in his 75th year, B.C. 241,
or 300 according to some. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions
of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Persius_, bk. 3, li. 78.――_Cicero_, _de
Finibus_.――――The name of two painters,――――a statuary,――――a leader of
the Bœotians during the Trojan war.――――A comic and elegiac poet.
=Arcēsius=, son of Jupiter, was grandfather to Ulysses. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 144.
=Archæa=, a city of Æolia.
=Archæănax= of Mitylene, was intimate with Pisistratus tyrant of
Athens. He fortified Sigæum with a wall from the ruins of ancient
Troy. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
=Archæatĭdas=, a country of Peloponnesus. _Polybius._
=Archăgăthus=, son of Archagathus, was slain in Africa by his soldiers,
B.C. 285. He killed his grandfather, Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse.
_Diodorus_, bk. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 5, &c., says that he was
put to death by Archesilaus.――――A physician at Rome, B.C. 219.
=Archander=, father-in-law to Danaus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 98.
=Archandros=, a town of Egypt.
=Arche=, one of the Muses, according to Cicero.
=Archegētes=, a surname of Hercules.
=Archelāus=, a name common to some kings of Cappadocia. One of them
was conquered by Sylla, for assisting Mithridates.――――A person
of that name married Berenice, and made himself king of Egypt; a
dignity he enjoyed only six months, as he was killed by the soldiers
of Gabinius, B.C. 56. He had been made priest of Comana by Pompey.
His grandson was made king of Cappadocia by Antony, whom he assisted
at Actium, and he maintained his independence under Augustus, till
Tiberius perfidiously destroyed him.――――A king of Macedonia, who
succeeded his father Perdiccas II. As he was but a natural child, he
killed the legitimate heirs to gain the kingdom. He proved himself
to be a great monarch; but he was at last killed by one of his
favourites, because he had promised him his daughter in marriage,
and given her to another, after a reign of 23 years. He patronized
the poet Euripides. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 4.
――_Ælian_. _Varia Historia_, bks. 2, 8, 12, 14.――――A king of the
Jews, surnamed Herod. He married Glaphyre, daughter of Archelaus
king of Macedonia, and widow of his brother Alexander. Cæsar
banished him, for his cruelties, to Vienna, where he died. _Dio
Cassius._――――A king of Lacedæmon, son of Agesilaus. He reigned 42
years with Charilaus, of the other branch of the family. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 204.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A general of
Antigonus the younger appointed governor of the Acrocorinth, with
the philosopher Persæus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――――A celebrated
general of Mithridates against Sylla. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――――A
philosopher of Athens or Messenia, son of Apollodorus and successor
to Anaxagoras. He was preceptor to Socrates, and was called
_Physicus_. He supposed that heat and cold were the principles of
all things. He first discovered the voice to be propagated by the
vibration of the air. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.
――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.
――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.――――A man set over Susa by
Alexander, with a garrison of 3000 men. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.
――――A Greek philosopher, who wrote a history of animals, and
maintained that goats breathed not through the nostrils, but through
the ears. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 50.――――A son of Electryon and Anaxo.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A Greek poet who wrote epigrams. _Varro_,
_de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――A sculptor of Priene, in the age
of Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, a piece of sculpture
highly admired, and said to have been discovered under ground, A.D.
1658.――――A writer of Thrace.
=Archemăchus=, a Greek writer, who published a history of Eubœa.
_Athenæus_, bk. 6.――――A son of Hercules,――――of Priam. _Apollodorus_,
bks. 2 & 3.
=Archemŏrus=, or =Opheltes=, son of Lycurgus king of Nemæa, in Thrace,
by Eurydice, was brought up by Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos, who had
fled to Thrace, and was employed as a nurse in the king’s family.
Hypsipyle was met by the army of Adrastus, who was going against
Thebes: and she was forced to show them a fountain where they might
quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she put down
the child on the grass, and at her return found him killed by a
serpent. The Greeks were so afflicted at this misfortune, that they
instituted games in honour of Archemorus, which were called Nemæan,
and king Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and was victorious.
_Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.――_Statius_,
_Thebiad_, bk. 6.
=Archepŏlis=, a man in Alexander’s army, who conspired against the
king with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.
=Archeptolĕmus=, son of Iphitus king of Elis, went to the Trojan war,
and fought against the Greeks. As he was fighting near Hector, he
was killed by Ajax son of Telamon. It is said that he re-established
the Olympic games. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 128.
=Archestrătus=, a tragic poet, whose pieces were acted during the
Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――――A man so small and
lean, that he could be placed in a dish without filling it, though
it contained no more than an obolus.――――A follower of Epicurus, who
wrote a poem in commendation of gluttony.
=Archetīmus=, the first philosophical writer in the age of the seven
wise men of Greece. _Diogenes Laërtius._
=Archetius=, a Rutulian, killed by the Trojans. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 12, li. 459.
=Archia=, one of the Oceanides, wife to Inachus. _Hyginus_, fable 143.
=Archias=, a Corinthian descended from Hercules. He founded Syracuse,
B.C. 732. Being told by an oracle to make choice of health or riches,
he chose the latter. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――A poet
of Antioch, intimate with the Luculli. He obtained the rank and
name of a Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, who defended him
in an elegant oration, when his enemies had disputed his privileges
of citizen of Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cimbrian war and began
another concerning Cicero’s consulship, which are now lost. Some
of his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. _Cicero_, _For
Archias_.――――A polemarch of Thebes, assassinated in the conspiracy
of Pelopidas, which he could have prevented, if he had not deferred
to the morrow the reading of a letter which he had received from
Archias the Athenian high priest, and which gave him information
of his danger. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――A high priest of Athens,
contemporary and intimate with the polemarch of the same name.
_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――A Theban taken in the act of adultery,
and punished according to the law, and tied to a post in the public
place, for which punishment he abolished the oligarchy. _Aristotle._
=Archibiădes=, a philosopher of Athens, who affected the manners of
the Spartans, and was very inimical to the views and measures of
Phocion. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――An ambassador of Byzantium, &c.
_Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 44.
=Archibius=, the son of the geographer Ptolemy.
=Archidamia=, a priestess of Ceres, who, on account of her affection
for Aristomenes, restored him to liberty when he had been taken
prisoner by her female attendants at the celebration of their
festivals. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Cleadas, who
upon hearing that her countrymen the Spartans were debating whether
they should send away their women to Crete against the hostile
approach of Pyrrhus, seized a sword, and ran to the senate house,
exclaiming that the women were as able to fight as the men. Upon
this the decree was repealed. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Polyænus_,
bk. 8, ch. 8.
=Archidāmus=, son of Theopompus king of Sparta, died before his
father. _Pausanias._――――Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus,
succeeded by Agasicles.――――Another, son of Agesilaus of the family
of the Proclidæ.――――Another, grandson of Leotychidas by his son
Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, and reigned in conjunction
with Plistoanax. He conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and
privately assisted the Phocians in plundering the temple of Delphi.
He was called to the aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and killed
there in a battle, after a reign of 33 years. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.
――_Xenophon._――――Another, son of Eudamidas.――――Another, who conquered
the Helots, after a violent earthquake. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A son
of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the
battle of Leuctra, and was killed in a battle against the Lucanians.
B.C. 338.――――A son of Xenius Theopompus. _Pausanias._
=Archidas=, a tyrant of Athens, killed by his troops.
=Archidēmus=, a Stoic philosopher, who willingly exiled himself among
the Parthians. _Plutarch_, _de Exilio_.
=Archidēus=, a son of Amyntas king of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7,
ch. 4.
=Archidium=, a city of Crete, named after Archidius son of Tegeates.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.
=Archigallus=, the high priest of Cybele’s temple. _See:_ Galli.
=Archigĕnes=, a physician, born at Apamea in Syria. He lived in the
reign of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73rd year of
his age. He wrote a treatise on adorning the hair, as also 10 books
on fevers. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 235.
=Archilŏchus=, a poet of Paros; who wrote elegies, satires, odes, and
epigrams, and was the first who introduced iambics in his verses.
He had courted Neobule the daughter of Lycambes, and had received
promises of marriage; but the father gave her to another superior
to the poet in rank and fortune; upon which Archilochus wrote such a
bitter satire, that Lycambes hanged himself in a fit of despair. The
Spartans condemned his verses on account of their indelicacy, and
banished him from their city as a petulant and dangerous citizen.
He flourished 685 B.C., and it is said that he was assassinated.
Some fragments of his poetry remain, which display vigour and
animation, boldness and vehemence, in the highest degree; from which
reason, perhaps, Cicero calls virulent edicts, _Archilochia edicta_.
_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10,
ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li.
79.――_Athenæus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――――A son of Nestor, killed by Memnon
in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A Greek historian who
wrote a chronological table, and other works, about the 20th or 30th
olympiad.
=Archimēdes=, a famous geometrician of Syracuse, who invented a machine
of glass that faithfully represented the motion of all the heavenly
bodies. When Marcellus the Roman consul besieged Syracuse Archimedes
constructed machines which suddenly raised up in the air the ships
of the enemy from the bay before the city, and let them fall with
such violence into the water that they sunk. He set them also on
fire with his burning glasses. When the town was taken, the Roman
general gave strict orders to his soldiers not to hurt Archimedes,
and he even offered a reward to him who should bring him alive and
safe into his presence. All these precautions were useless; the
philosopher was so deeply engaged in solving a problem, that he was
even ignorant that the enemy were in possession of the town; and a
soldier, without knowing who he was, killed him, because he refused
to follow him, B.C. 212. Marcellus raised a monument over him,
and placed upon it a cylinder and a sphere; but the place remained
long unknown, till Cicero, during his questorship in Sicily, found
it near one of the gates of Syracuse, surrounded with thorns and
brambles. Some suppose that Archimedes raised the site of the towns
and villages of Egypt, and began those mounds of earth by means of
which communication is kept from town to town during the inundations
of the Nile. The story of his burning glasses had always appeared
fabulous to some of the moderns, till the experiments of Buffon
demonstrated it beyond contradiction. These celebrated glasses were
supposed to be reflectors made of metal, and capable of producing
their effect at the distance of a bowshot. The manner in which
he discovered how much brass a goldsmith had mixed with gold in
making a golden crown for the king is well known to every modern
hydrostatic, as well as the pumping screw which still bears his
name. Among the wild schemes of Archimedes, is his saying that, by
means of his machines, he could move the earth with ease, if placed
on a fixed spot near it. Many of his works are extant, especially
treatises _de sphærâ et cylindro, circuli dimensio_, _de lineis
spiralibus_, _de quadraturâ paraboles_, _de numero arenæ_, &c.;
the best edition of which is that of David Rivaltius, folio, Paris,
1615. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 25; _De Natura
Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 34.――_Quintilian_,
bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.――_Polybius_, bk. 7.
――_Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.
=Archīnus=, a man who, when he was appointed to distribute new arms
among the populace of Argos, raised a mercenary band, and made
himself absolute. _Polyænus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――A rhetorician of
Athens.
=Archipĕlăgus=, a part of the sea where islands in great number are
interspersed such as that part of the Mediterranean which lies
between Greece and Asia Minor, and is generally called Mare Ægeum.
=Archipŏlis=, or =Archepolis=, a soldier who conspired against
Alexander with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.
=Archippe=, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an earthquake, and lost
in the lake of Fucinus. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.
=Archippus=, a king of Italy, from whom, perhaps, the town of
Archippe received its name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 752.――――A
philosopher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras.――――An archon at Athens.
――――A comic poet of Athens, of whose eight comedies only one obtained
the prize.――――A philosopher in the age of Trajan.
=Archītis=, a name of Venus, worshipped on mount Libanus.
=Archon=, one of Alexander’s generals, who received the provinces of
Babylon, at the general division after the king’s death. _Diodorus_,
bk. 18.
=Archontes=, the name of the chief magistrates of Athens. They were
nine in number, and none were chosen but such as were descended
from ancestors who had been free citizens of the republic for three
generations. They were also to be without deformity in all the parts
and members of their body, and were obliged to produce testimonies
of their dutiful behaviour to their parents, of the services they
had rendered their country, and the competency of their fortune
to support their dignity. They took a solemn oath that they would
observe the laws, administer justice with impartiality, and never
suffer themselves to be corrupted. If they ever received bribes,
they were compelled by the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi
a statue of gold of equal weight with their body. They all had the
power of punishing malefactors with death. The chief among them
was called _Archon_. The year took its denomination from him; he
determined all causes between man and wife, and took care of legacies
and wills; he provided for orphans, protected the injured, and
punished drunkenness with uncommon severity. If he suffered himself
to be intoxicated during the time of his office, the misdemeanour
was punished with death. The second of the archons was called
_Basileus_. It was his office to keep good order, and to remove all
causes of quarrel in the families of those who were dedicated to the
service of the gods. The profane and the impious were brought before
his tribunal; and he offered public sacrifices for the good of the
state. He assisted at the celebration of the Eleusinian festivals,
and other religious ceremonies. His wife was to be related to
the whole people of Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He
had a vote among the Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among
them without his crown. The _Polemarch_ was another archon of
inferior dignity. He had the care of all foreigners, and provided a
sufficient maintenance from the public treasury for the families of
those who had lost their lives in defence of their country. These
three chief archons generally chose each of them two persons of
respectable character, and of an advanced age, whose counsels and
advice might assist and support them in their public capacity.
The six other archons were indistinctly called _Thesmothetæ_, and
received complaints against persons accused of impiety, bribery,
and ill behaviour. They settled all disputes between the citizens,
redressed the wrongs of strangers and forbade any laws to be
enforced but such as were conducive to the safety of the state.
These officers of state were chosen after the death of king
Codrus; their power was originally for life, but afterwards it was
limited to 10 years, and at last to one year. After some time, the
qualifications which were required to be an archon were not strictly
observed. Adrian, before he was elected emperor of Rome, was made
archon at Athens, though a foreigner; and the same honours were
conferred upon Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the death of
Codrus, were Medon, whose office began B.C. 1070; Acastus, 1050;
Archippus, 1014; Thersippus, 995; Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923;
Diognetus, 893; Pherecles, 865; Ariphron, 846; Thespius, 826;
Agamestor, 799; Æschylus, 778; Alcmæon, 756; after whose death the
archons were decennial, the first of whom was Charops, who began
753; Æsimedes, 744; Clidicus, 734; Hippomenes, 724; Leocrates, 714;
Apsander, 704; Eryxias, 694; after whom the office became annual,
and of these annual archons Creon was the first. _Aristophanes_, _The
Clouds_ & _The Birds_.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_,
ch. 1.――_Demosthenes._――_Pollux._――_Lysias._
=Archy̆lus Thurius=, a general of Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_,
bk. 14.