on board the ship Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before the taking
of Troy, or 1263 B.C. The causes of this expedition arose from the
following circumstance:――Athamas king of Thebes had married Ino
the daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by whom
he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. As Nephele was subject to
certain fits of madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a second
time Ino, by whom he had soon after two sons, Learchus and Melicerta.
As the children of Nephele were to succeed to their father by
right of birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred against them, and
she caused the city of Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by
poisoning all the grain which had been sown in the earth. Upon this
the oracle was consulted; and as it had been corrupted by means of
Ino, the answer was, that Nephele’s children should be immolated to
the gods. Phryxus was apprised of this, and he immediately embarked
with his sister Helle, and fled to the court of Æetes king of
Colchis, one of his near relations. In the voyage Helle died, and
Phryxus arrived safe at Colchis, and was received with kindness
by the king. The poets have embellished the flight of Phryxus, by
supposing that he and Helle fled through the air on a ram which had
a golden fleece and wings, and was endowed with the faculties of
speech. This ram, as they say, was the offspring of Neptune’s amours,
under the form of a ram, with the nymph Theopane. As they were
going to be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back, and instantly
disappeared in the air. On their way Helle was giddy, and fell
into that part of the sea which from her was called the Hellespont.
When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or,
according to others, to Mars, to whom he also dedicated the golden
fleece. He soon after married Chalciope the daughter of Æetes; but
his father-in-law envied him the possession of the golden fleece,
and therefore to obtain it he murdered him. Some time after this
event, when Jason the son of Æson demanded of his uncle Pelias the
crown which he usurped [_See:_ Pelias, Jason, Æson], Pelias said
that he would restore it to him, provided he avenged the death of
their common relation Phryxus, whom Æetes had basely murdered in
Colchis. Jason, who was in the vigour of youth, and of an ambitious
soul, cheerfully undertook the expedition, and embarked with all the
young princes of Greece in the ship Argo. They stopped at the island
of Lemnos, where they remained two years, and raised a new race of
men from the Lemnian women who had murdered their husbands. _See:_
Hypsipyle. After they had left Lemnos, they visited Samothrace,
where they offered sacrifices to the gods, and thence passed to
Troas and Cyzicum. Here they met with a favourable reception from
Cyzicus the king of the country. The night after their departure,
they were driven back by a storm again on the coast of Cyzicum, and
the inhabitants, supposing them to be their enemies, the Pelasgi,
furiously attacked them. In this nocturnal engagement the slaughter
was great, and Cyzicus was killed by the hand of Jason, who, to
expiate the murder he had ignorantly committed, buried him in a
magnificent manner, and offered a sacrifice to the mother of the
gods, to whom he built a temple on mount Dindymus. From Cyzicum they
visited Bebrycia, otherwise called Bithynia, where Pollux accepted
the challenge of Amycus king of the country in the combat of the
cestus, and slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia by a storm to
Salmydessa, on the coast of Thrace, where they delivered Phineus
king of the place from the persecution of the harpies. Phineus
directed their course through the Cyanean rock or the Symplegades
[_See:_ Cyaneæ], and they safely entered the Euxine sea. They
visited the country of the Mariandynians, where Lycus reigned,
and lost two of their companions, Idmon, and Tiphys their pilot.
After they had left this coast, they were driven upon the island of
Arecia, where they found the children of Phryxus, whom Æetes their
grandfather had sent to Greece to take possession of their father’s
kingdom. From this island they at last arrived safe in Æa, the
capital of Colchis. Jason explained the causes of his voyage to
Æetes; but the conditions on which he was to recover the golden
fleece were so hard, that the Argonauts must have perished in the
attempt, had not Medea the king’s daughter fallen in love with their
leader. She had a conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths of
fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herself to deliver
the Argonauts from her father’s hard conditions, if Jason married
her, and carried her with him to Greece. He was to tame two bulls,
which had brazen feet and horns, and which vomited clouds of fire
and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made of adamant stone, and to
plough a field of two acres of ground never before cultivated. After
this he was to sow in the plain the teeth of a dragon, from which
an armed multitude were to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his
hands. This done, he was to kill an ever-watchful dragon, which was
at the bottom of the tree, on which the golden fleece was suspended.
All these labours were to be performed in one day; and Medea’s
assistance, whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and potions was
unparalleled, easily extricated Jason from all danger to the
astonishment and terror of his companions, and of Æetes, and the
people of Colchis, who had assembled to be spectators of this
wonderful action. He tamed the bulls with ease, ploughed the field,
sowed the dragon’s teeth, and when the armed men sprang from the
earth, he threw a stone in the midst of them, and they immediately
turned their weapons one against the other, till they all perished.
After this he went to the dragon and by means of enchanted herbs,
and a draught which Medea had given him he lulled the monster to
sleep, and obtained the golden fleece, and immediately set sail with
Medea. He was soon pursued by Absyrtus the king’s son, who came up
to them, and was seized and murdered by Jason and Medea. The mangled
limbs of Absyrtus were strewed in the way through which Æetes was
to pass, that his further pursuit might be stopped. After the murder
of Absyrtus, they entered the Palus Mæotis, and by pursuing their
course towards the left, according to the foolish account of poets
who were ignorant of geography, they came to the island Peucestes,
and to that of Circe. Here Circe informed Jason that the cause of
all his calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, of which she
refused to expiate him. Soon after, they entered the Mediterranean
by the columns of Hercules, and passed the straits of Charybdis and
Scylla, where they must have perished, had not Tethys the mistress
of Peleus, one of the Argonauts, delivered them. They were preserved
from the Sirens by the eloquence of Orpheus, and arrived in the
island of the Phæacians, where they met the enemy’s fleet, which
had continued their pursuit by a different course. It was therefore
resolved that Medea should be restored, if she had not been actually
married to Jason; but the wife of Alcinous the king of the country,
being appointed umpire between the Colchians and Argonauts, had
the marriage privately consummated by night, and declared that the
claims of Æetes to Medea were now void. From Phæacia the Argonauts
came to the bay of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a storm
upon the coast of Africa, and, after many disasters, at last came
in sight of the promontory of Melea in the Peloponnesus, where Jason
was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, and soon after arrived safe
in Thessaly. The impracticability of such a voyage is well known.
Apollonius Rhodius gives another account, equally improbable. He
says that they sailed from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the
Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by entering another mouth of
the river. After they had continued their voyage for some leagues,
the waters decreased, and they were obliged to carry the ship Argo
across the country to the Adriatic, upwards of 150 miles. Here they
met with Absyrtus, who had pursued the same measures, and conveyed
his ships in like manner over the land. Absyrtus was immediately put
to death; and soon after the beam of Dodona [_See:_ Argo] gave an
oracle, that Jason should never return home if he was not previously
purified of the murder. Upon this they sailed to the island of
Æa, where Circe, who was the sister of Æetes, expiated him without
knowing who he was. There is a third tradition, which maintains that
they returned to Colchis a second time, and visited many places of
Asia. This famous expedition has been celebrated in the ancient ages
of the world; it has employed the pen of many writers, and among
the historians, Diodorus, Siculus, Strabo, Apollodorus, and Justin;
and among the poets, Onomacritus, more generally called Orpheus,
Apollonius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, have extensively
given an account of its most remarkable particulars. The number of
the Argonauts is not exactly known. Apollodorus and Diodorus say
that they were 54. Tzetzes admits the number of 50, but Apollodorus
mentions only 45. The following list is drawn from the various
authors who have made mention of the Argonautic expedition. Jason
son of Æson, as is well known, was the chief of the rest. His
companions were Acastus son of Pelias, Actor son of Hippasus,
Admetus son of Pheres, Æsculapius son of Apollo, Ætalides son of
Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son of Mars, Amphiaraus son of Œcleus,
Amphidamus son of Aleus, Amphion son of Hyperasius, Anceus a son of
Lycurgus, and another of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of
the ship Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Armenus, Ascalaphus son of Mars,
Asterion son of Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas son of Sol,
Atalanta daughter of Schœneus, disguised in a man’s dress, Autolycus
son of Mercury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Calais son
of Boreas, Canthus son of Abas, Castor son of Jupiter, Ceneus son
of Elatus, Cepheus son of Aleus, Cius, Clytius and Iphitus sons of
Eurythus, Coronus, Deucalion son of Minos, Echion son of Mercury
and Antianira, Ergynus son of Neptune, Euphemus son of Neptune
and Macionassa, Eribotes, Euryalus son of Cisteus, Eurydamus and
Eurythion sons of Iras, Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus, Hercules
son of Jupiter, Idas son of Aphareus, Ialmenus son of Mars, Idmon
son of Abas, Iolaus son of Iphiclus, Iphiclus son of Thestius,
Iphiclus son of Philacus, Iphis son of Alector, Lynceus son of
Aphareus, Iritus son of Naubolus, Laertes son of Arcesius, Laocoon,
Leodatus son of Bias, Leitus son of Alector, Meleager son of Œneus,
Menœtius son of Actor, Mopsus son of Amphycus, Nauplius son of
Neptune, Neleus the brother of Peleus, Nestor son of Neleus, Oileus
the father of Ajax, Orpheus son of Œager, Palemon son of Ætolus,
Peleus and Telamon sons of Æacus, Periclymenes son of Neleus,
Peneleus son of Hipalmus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Phlias, Pollux
son of Jupiter, Polyphemus son of Elates, Pœas son of Thaumacus,
Phanus son of Bacchus, Phalerus son of Alcon, Phocas and Priasus
sons of Ceneus one of the Lapithæ, Talaus, Tiphys son of Aginus,
Staphilus son of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphitus, Theseus son
of Ægeus, with his friend Pirithous. Among these Æsculapius was
physician, and Tiphys was pilot.
=Argos= (singular neuter, and Argi, masculine plural), an ancient city,
capital of Argolis in Peloponnesus, about two miles from the sea,
on the bay called _Argolicus sinus_. Juno was the chief deity of the
place. The kingdom of Argos was founded by Inachus 1856 years before
the christian era, and after it had flourished for about 550 years,
it was united to the crown of Mycenæ. Argos was built according to
Euripides, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_, lis. 152, 534, by seven Cyclops
who came from Syria. These Cyclops were not Vulcan’s workmen. The
nine first kings of Argos were called _Inachides_, in honour of
the founder. Their names were Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, Argus,
Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stelenus, and Gelanor. Gelanor gave
a kind reception to Danaus, who drove him from his kingdom in
return for his hospitality. The descendants of Danaus were called
_Belides_. Agamemnon was king of Argos during the Trojan war; and,
80 years after, the Heraclidæ seized the Peloponnesus and deposed
the monarchs. The inhabitants of Argos were called _Argivi_ and
_Argolici_; and this name has been often applied to all the Greeks
without distinction. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.
15, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9,
ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 13, &c.; bk. 2, ch. 3.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, 4to, &c.――――A town of Thessaly, called
Pelasgicon by the Pelasgians. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 355.――――Another in
Epirus, called Amphilochium.
=Argus=, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 years.――――A son of Arestor,
whence he is often called _Arestorides_. He married Ismene the
daughter of the Asopus. As he had 100 eyes, of which only two were
asleep at one time, Juno set him to watch Io, whom Jupiter had
changed into a heifer: but Mercury, by order of Jupiter, slew him,
by lulling all his eyes asleep with the sound of his lyre. Juno put
the eyes of Argus on the tail of the peacock, a bird sacred to her
divinity. _Moschus_, _Idyl_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fables
12 & 13.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, li. 585, &c.; poem 3.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Agenor. _Hyginus_, fable 145.
――――A son of Danaus, who built the ship Argo. _Hyginus_, fable 14.
――――A Son of Jupiter and Niobe, the first child which the father
of the gods had by a mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne the
daughter of Strymon. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A son of Pyras and
Callirhoe. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A son of Phryxus. _Hyginus_,
fable 3.――――A son of Polybus. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――One of
Actæon’s dogs. _Apollodorus._――――A dog of Ulysses, which knew his
master after an absence of 20 years. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17,
li. 300.
=Argyllæ=, an ancient name of Cære in Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 478.
=Argynnis=, a name of Venus, which she received from _Argynnus_,
a favourite youth of Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephisus.
_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 5, li. 52.
=Argy̆ra=, a nymph greatly beloved by a shepherd called Selimnus. She
was changed into a fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the
same name, whose waters made lovers forget the object of their
affections. _See:_ Selimnus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.――――A city
of Troas.――――Also the native place of Diodorus Siculus in Sicily.
=Argy̆raspĭdes=, a Macedonian legion which received this name from
their silver helmets. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.
=Argy̆re=, an island beyond the mouth of the river Indus, abounding in
metal. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.
=Argyrĭpa=, a town of Apulia built by Diomedes after the Trojan war,
and called by Polybius _Argipana_. Only ruins remain to show where
it once stood, though the place still preserves the name of Arpi.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 246.
=Aria=, a country of Asia, situate at the east of Parthia. _Mela_,
bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 2, ch. 7.――――The wife of Pætus Cecinna of Padua,
a Roman senator who was accused of conspiracy against Claudius,
and carried to Rome by sea. She accompanied him, and in the boat
she stabbed herself, and presented the sword to her husband, who
followed her example. _Pliny_, bk. 7.
=Ariadne=, daughter of Minos II. king of Crete by Pasiphae, fell in
love with Theseus, who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devoured
by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of thread, by which he
extricated himself from the difficult windings of his confinement.
After he had conquered the Minotaur, he carried her away according
to the promise he had made, and married her; but when he arrived at
the island of Naxos he forsook her, though she was already pregnant,
and repaid his love with the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne
was so disconsolate upon being abandoned by Theseus, that she hung
herself, according to some; but Plutarch says that she lived many
years after, and had some children by Onarus the priest of Bacchus.
According to some writers, Bacchus loved her after Theseus had
forsaken her, and he gave her a crown of seven stars, which, after
her death, was made a constellation. The Argives showed Ariadne’s
tomb, and when one of their temples was repaired, her ashes were
found in an earthen urn. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 320, says
that Diana detained Ariadne at Naxos. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 2; _Heroides_, poem 10; _De Ars
Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 462.――_Catullus_, _Marriage
of Peleus and Thetis_; poem 61.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 43, 270.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
=Ariæus=, an officer who succeeded to the command of the surviving
army after the death of Cyrus the younger, after the battle of
Cunaxa. He made peace with Artaxerxes. _Xenophon._
=Ariāni= and =Ariēni=, a people of Asia. _Dionysius Periegetes_,
li. 714.
=Ariantas=, a king of Scythia, who yearly ordered every one of his
subjects to present him with an arrow. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 81.
=Ariamnes=, a king of Cappadocia, son of Ariarathes III.
=Ariarāthes=, a king of Cappadocia, who joined Darius Ochus in his
expedition against Egypt, where he acquired much glory.――――His
nephew, the second of that name, defended his kingdom against
Perdiccas the general of Alexander, but he was defeated and hung
on a cross in the 81st year of his age, 321 B.C.――――His son
Ariarathes III. escaped the massacre which attended his father
and his followers; and after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered
Cappadocia, by conquering Amyntas the Macedonian general. He was
succeeded by his son Ariamnes.――――Ariarathes IV. succeeded his
father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos.
He died after a reign of 28 years, B.C. 220, and was succeeded by
his son Ariarathes V., a prince who married Antiochia the daughter
of king Antiochus, whom he assisted against the Romans. Antiochus
being defeated, Ariarathes saved his kingdom from invasion by paying
the Romans a large sum of money remitted at the instance of the king
of Pergamus.――――His son, the sixth of that name, called _Philopater_,
from his piety, succeeded him 166 B.C. An alliance with the Romans
shielded him against the false claims that were laid to his crown by
one of the favourites of Demetrius king of Syria. He was maintained
on his throne by Attalus, and assisted his friends of Rome against
Aristonicus the usurper of Pergamus; but he was killed in the war,
B.C. 130, leaving six children, five of whom were murdered by his
surviving wife Laodice.――――The only one who escaped, Ariarathes VII.,
was proclaimed king, and soon after married Laodice the sister of
Mithridates Eupator, by whom he had two sons. He was murdered by an
illegitimate brother, upon which his widow Laodice gave herself and
kingdom to Nicomedes king of Bithynia. Mithridates made war against
the new king, and raised his nephew to the throne. The young king,
who was the eighth of the name of Ariarathes, made war against the
tyrannical Mithridates, by whom he was assassinated in the presence
of both armies, and the murderer’s son, a child eight years old,
was placed on the vacant throne. The Cappadocians revolted, and made
the late monarch’s brother, Ariarathes IX., king; but Mithridates
expelled him, and restored his own son. The exiled prince died of
a broken heart, and Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the power of
the tyrant, interested the Romans in the affairs of Cappadocia.
The arbiters wished to make the country free; but the Cappadocians
demanded a king, and received Ariobarzanes, B.C. 91. On the death
of Ariobarzanes, his brother ascended the throne, under the name of
Ariarathes X.; but his title was disputed by Sisenna, the eldest son
of Glaphyra by Arthelaus priest of Comana. Marcus Antony, who was
umpire between the contending parties, decided in favour of Sisenna;
but Ariarathes recovered it for a while, though he was soon after
obliged to yield in favour of Archelaus, the second son of Glaphyra,
B.C. 36. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――_Justin_, bks. 13 & 29.――_Strabo_,
bk. 12.
=Aribbæus=, a general mentioned by _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 29.
=Arīcia=, an Athenian princess, niece to Ægeus, whom Hippolytus married
after he had been raised from the dead by Æsculapius. He built a
city in Italy, which he called by her name. He had a son by her
called Virbius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 544.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 762, &c.――――A very ancient town of Italy, now
_Riccia_, built by Hippolytus son of Theseus, after he had been
raised from the dead by Æsculapius, and transported into Italy by
Diana. In a grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia, Theseus built a
temple to Diana, where he established the same rites as were in the
temple of that goddess in Tauris. The priest of this temple, called
_Rex_, was always a fugitive, and the murderer of his predecessor,
and went always armed with a dagger, to prevent whatever attempts
might be made upon his life by one who wished to be his successor.
The Arician forest, frequently called _nemorensis_ or _nemoralis
sylva_, was very celebrated, and no horses would ever enter it,
because Hippolytus had been killed by them. Egeria, the favourite
nymph, and invisible protectress of Numa, generally resided in this
famous grove, which was situated on the Appian way, beyond mount
Albanus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 263.
――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 74.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.
=Aricīna=, a surname of Diana, from her temple near Aricia. _See:_
Aricia.――――The mother of Octavius. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Philippics_,
ch. 6.
=Aridæus=, a companion of Cyrus the younger. After the death of his
friend he reconciled himself to Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the
surviving Greeks in their return. _Diodorus._――――An illegitimate
son of Philip, who, after the death of Alexander, was made king of
Macedonia till Roxane, who was pregnant by Alexander brought into
the world a legitimate male successor. Aridæus had not the free
enjoyment of his senses; and therefore Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s
generals, declared himself his protector, and even married his
sister to strengthen their connection. He was seven years in
possession of the sovereign power, and was put to death, with his
wife Eurydice, by Olympias. _Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Diodorus._
=Ariēnis=, daughter of Alyattes, married Astyages king of Media.
_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 74.
=Arigæum=, a town of India, which Alexander found burnt, and without
inhabitants. _Arrian_, bk. 4.
=Arīi=, a savage people of India,――――of Arabia. _Pliny_, bk. 6.――――Of
Scythia. _Herodotus._――――Of Germany. _Tacitus._
=Arĭma=, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where Typhœus was overwhelmed
under the ground. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.
=Arimarius=, a god of Persia and Media.
=Arimaspi=, a people conquered by Alexander the Great. _Curtius_,
bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Arimaspias=, a river of Scythia with golden sands. The neighbouring
inhabitants had but one eye, in the middle of their forehead, and
waged continual wars against the griffins, monstrous animals that
collected the gold of the river. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Herodotus_,
bks. 3 & 4.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 13.
=Arimasthæ=, a people near the Euxine sea. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.
=Arimazes=, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, who treated Alexander with
much insolence, and even asked whether he could fly to aspire to so
extensive a dominion. He surrendered and was exposed on a cross with
his friends and relations. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 11.
=Arĭmi=, a nation of Syria. _Strabo._
=Arīmĭnum= (now _Rimini_), an ancient city of Italy, near the Rubicon,
on the borders of Gaul, on the Adriatic founded by a colony of
Umbrians. It was the cause of Cæsar’s civil wars. _Lucan_, bk. 1,
li. 231.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.
=Ariminus=, a river of Italy rising in the Apennine mountains. _Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 15.
=Arimphœi=, a people of Scythia near the Riphæan mountains, who lived
chiefly upon berries in the woods, and were remarkable for their
innocence and mildness. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 7.
=Arĭmus=, a king of Mysia. _Varro._
=Ariobarzānes=, a man made king of Cappadocia by the Romans, after
the troubles which the false Ariarathes had raised had subsided.
Mithridates drove him from his kingdom, but the Romans restored him.
He followed the interest of Pompey, and fought at Pharsalia against
Julius Cæsar. He and his kingdom were preserved by means of Cicero.
_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 29.――_Horace_, ltr. 6,
li. 38.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A satrap of Phrygia, who, after
the death of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it
for 26 years. He was succeeded by the son of Mithridates. _Diodorus_,
bk. 17.――――A general of Darius, who defended the passes of Susa
with 15,000 foot against Alexander. After a bloody encounter with
the Macedonians, he was killed as he attempted to seize the city of
Persepolis. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Curtius_, bks. 4 & 5.――――A Mede
of elegant stature and great prudence, whom Tiberius appointed to
settle the troubles of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
――――A mountain between Parthia and the country of the Massagetæ.
――――A satrap, who revolted from the Persian king.
=Ariomandes=, son of Gobryas, was general of Athens against the
Persians. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.
=Ariomardus=, a son of Darius, in the army of Xerxes when he went
against Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 78.
=Ariomēdes=, a pilot of Xerxes.
=Arīon=, a famous lyric poet and musician, son of Cyclos of Methymna,
in the island of Lesbos. He went into Italy with Periander tyrant
of Corinth, where he obtained immense riches by his profession.
Some time after, he wished to revisit his country; and the sailors
of the ship in which he embarked resolved to murder him, to obtain
the riches which he was carrying to Lesbos. Arion, seeing them
inflexible in their resolution, begged that he might be permitted
to play some melodious tune; and as soon as he had finished it, he
threw himself into the sea. A number of dolphins had been attracted
round the ship by the sweetness of his music; and it is said that
one of them carried him safe on his back to Tænarus, whence he
hastened to the court of Periander, who ordered all the sailors to
be crucified at their return. _Hyginus_, fable 194.――_Herodotus_,
bk. 1, chs. 23 & 24.――_Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 13, ch. 45.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 17.
――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A horse, sprung from
Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she travelled over the world in quest
of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the figure of a mare, to avoid
the importuning addresses of Neptune. The god changed himself also
into a horse, and from their union arose a daughter called Hera,
and the horse Arion, which had the power of speech, the feet on
the right side like those of a man, and the rest of the body like a
horse. Arion was brought up by the Nereides, who often harnessed him
to his father’s chariot, which he drew over the sea with uncommon
swiftness. Neptune gave him to Copreus, who presented him to
Hercules. Adrastus king of Argos received him as a present from
Hercules and with this wonderful animal he won the prize at the
Nemæan games. Arion, therefore, is often called the horse of
Adrastus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34,
li. 37.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.
=Ariovistus=, a king of Germany, who professed himself a friend of
Rome. When Cæsar was in Gaul, Ariovistus marched against him, and
was conquered with the loss of 80,000 men. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4.
=Aris=, a river of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.
=Arisba=, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an earthquake. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 31.――――A colony of the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the
Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 264.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.――――The name of Priam’s first wife,
divorced that the monarch might marry Hecuba.
=Aristænĕtus=, a writer whose epistles have been beautifully edited by
Abresch. Zwollæ, 1749.
=Aristæum=, a city of Thrace at the foot of mount Hæmus. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 11.
=Aristæus=, son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, was born in the deserts
of Libya, and brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nectar and
ambrosia. His fondness for hunting procured him the surname of Nomus
and Agreus. After he had travelled over the greatest part of the
world, Aristæus came to settle in Greece, where he married Autonoe
the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had a son called Actæon. He fell
in love with Eurydice the wife of Orpheus, and pursued her in the
fields. She was stung by a serpent that lay in the grass, and died,
for which the gods destroyed all the bees of Aristæus. In this
calamity he applied to his mother, who directed him to seize the
sea-god Proteus, and consult him how he might repair the losses he
had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease the manes of Eurydice
by the sacrifice of four bulls and four heifers; and as soon as he
had done it and left them in the air, swarms of bees immediately
sprang from the rotten carcases, and restored Aristæus to his former
prosperity. Some authors say that Aristæus had the care of Bacchus
when young, and that he was initiated in the mysteries of this god.
Aristæus went to live on mount Hæmus, where he died. He was, after
death, worshipped as a demi-god. Aristæus is said to have learned
from the nymphs the cultivation of olives, and the management of
bees, &c., which he afterwards communicated to the rest of mankind.
_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 317.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Justin_,
bk. 13, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 363.――_Cicero_, _de
Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.
――_Hyginus_, fables 161, 180, 247.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 4, &c.――_Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――――A
general who commanded the Corinthian forces at the siege of Potidæa.
He was taken by the Athenians and put to death.
=Aristagŏras=, a writer who composed a history of Egypt. _Pliny_,
bk. 36, ch. 12.――――A son-in-law of Histiæus tyrant of Miletus, who
revolted from Darius, and incited the Athenians against Persia,
and burnt Sardis. This so exasperated the king, that every evening
before supper he ordered his servants to remind him of punishing
Aristagoras. He was killed in a battle against the Persians, B.C.
499. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 30, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Polyænus_,
bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A man of Cyzicus.――――Another of Cumæ. _Herodotus_,
bk. 4.
=Aristander=, a celebrated soothsayer, greatly esteemed by Alexander.
_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Pliny_, bk. 17, ch. 25.――――An Athenian,
who wrote on agriculture.
=Aristandros=, a statuary of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.
=Aristarche=, a matron of Ephesus, who by order of Diana sailed to the
coasts of Gaul with the Phocæans, and was made priestess. _Strabo_,
bk. 4.