arose from this circumstance: these two deities came to Ægialea,
after the conquest of the serpent Python; but they were frightened
away, and fled to Crete. Ægialea was soon visited with an epidemical
distemper, and the inhabitants, by the advice of their prophets,
sent seven chosen boys, with the same number of girls, to entreat
them to return to Ægialea. Apollo and Diana granted their petition,
in honour of which a temple was raised to πειθω, the goddess of
_persuasion_; and ever after a number of youths, of both sexes,
were chosen to march in solemn procession, as if anxious to bring
back Apollo and Diana. _Pausanias_, _Corinth_.――――A town of Mygdonia,
――――of Crete,――――of Sicily,――――on the coast of Asia Minor.――――Another
on the coast of Thrace, part of which was built on a small island of
Pontus, where Apollo had a temple.――――A town of Macedonia, on the
coasts of the Adriatic.――――A city of Thrace.――――Another on mount
Parnassus.
=Apolloniădes=, a tyrant of Sicily, compelled to lay down his power by
Timoleon.
=Apollonias=, the wife of Attalus king of Phrygia, to whom she bore
four children.
=Apollonĭdes=, a writer of Nicæa.――――A physician of Cos at the court
of Artaxerxes, who became enamoured of Amytis, the monarch’s sister,
and was some time after put to death for slighting her after the
reception of her favours.
=Apollonius=, a Stoic philosopher of Chalcis, sent for by Antoninus
Pius, to instruct his adopted son Marcus Antoninus. When he came
to Rome, he refused to go to the palace, observing that the master
ought not to wait upon his pupil, but the pupil upon him. The
emperor hearing this, said, laughing, “It was then easier for
Apollonius to come from Chalcis to Rome, than from Rome to the
palace.”――――A geometrician of Perge in Pamphylia, whose works
are now lost. He lived about 240 years before the christian era,
and composed a commentary on Euclid, whose pupils he attended at
Alexandria. He wrote treatises on conic sections, eight of which
are now extant; and he first endeavoured to explain the causes
of the apparent stopping and retrograde motion of the planets, by
cycles and epicycles, or circles within circles. The best edition
of Apollonius is Dr. Halley’s, Oxford, folio, 1710.――――A poet
of Naucratis in Egypt, generally called Apollonius of _Rhodes_,
because he lived for some time there. He was pupil, when young,
to Callimachus and Panætius, and succeeded to Eratosthenes as
third librarian of the famous library of Alexandria, under Ptolemy
Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his master Callimachus, who wrote
a poem against him, in which he denominated him _Ibis_. Of all
his works, nothing remains but his poem on the expedition of the
Argonauts, in four books. The best editions of Apollonius are those
printed at Oxford, in 4to, by Shaw, 1777, 2 vols.; and in 1 vol.,
8vo, 1779; and that of Brunck, Strasbourg, 12mo, 1780. _Quintilian_,
bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a native of
Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school of rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome,
and had Julius Cæsar and Cicero among his pupils. He discouraged
the attendance of those whom he supposed incapable of distinguishing
themselves as orators, and he recommended to them pursuits more
congenial to their abilities. He wrote a history, in which he did
not candidly treat the people of Judæa, according to the complaint
of Josephus, _against Apion_.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, chs.
28, 75, 126, & 130; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 16; _De
Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 81.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 12,
ch. 6.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A
Greek historian about the age of Augustus, who wrote upon the
philosophy of Zeno and of his followers. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A
Stoic philosopher, who attended Cato of Utica in his last moments.
_Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――An officer set over Egypt by Alexander.
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A wrestler. _Pausanias_, bk. 5.――――A
physician of Pergamus, who wrote on agriculture. _Varro._――――A
grammarian of Alexandria.――――A writer in the age of Antoninus Pius.
――――Thyaneus, a Pythagorean philosopher, well skilled in the secret
arts of magic. Being one day haranguing the populace at Ephesus,
he suddenly exclaimed, “Strike the tyrant, strike him; the blow is
given, he is wounded, and fallen!” At that very moment the emperor
Domitian had been stabbed at Rome. The magician acquired much
reputation when this circumstance was known. He was courted by
kings and princes, and commanded unusual attention by his numberless
artifices. His friend and companion, called Damis, wrote his life,
which 200 years after engaged the attention of Philostratus. In his
history the biographer relates so many curious and extraordinary
anecdotes of the hero, that many have justly deemed it a romance;
yet for all this, Hierocles had the presumption to compare the
impostures of Apollonius with the miracles of Jesus Christ.――――A
sophist of Alexandria, distinguished for his _Lexicon Græcum Iliadis
et Odysseæ_, a book that was beautifully edited by Villoison, in 4to,
2 vols., Paris, 1773. Apollonius was one of the pupils of Didymus,
and flourished in the beginning of the first century.――――A physician.
――――A son of Sotades at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――Syrus,
a Platonic philosopher.――――Herophilus, wrote concerning ointments.
――――A sculptor of Rhodes.
=Apollŏphănes=, a Stoic, who greatly flattered king Antigonus, and
maintained that there existed but one virtue, prudence. _Diogenes
Laërtius._――――A physician in the court of Antiochus. _Polybius_,
bk. 5.――――A comic poet. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 6.
=Apomyīos=, a surname of Jupiter.
=Aponiana=, an island near Lilybæum. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 2.
=Marcus Aponius=, a governor of Mœsia, rewarded with a triumphal statue
by Otho, for defeating 9000 barbarians. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 1, ch. 79.
=Apŏnus=, now _Abano_, a fountain, with a village of the same name,
near Patavium in Italy. The waters of the fountain, which were hot,
were wholesome, and were supposed to have an oracular power. _Lucan_,
bk. 7, li. 194.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 14.
=Apostrophia=, a surname of Venus in Bœotia, who was distinguished
under these names, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apostrophia. The
former was the patroness of a pure and chaste love; the second of
carnal and sensual desires; and the last incited men to illicit and
unnatural gratifications, to incests, and rapes. Venus Apostrophia
was invoked by the Thebans, that they might be saved from such
unlawful desires. She is the same as the Verticordia of the Romans.
_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 15.
=Apotheōsis=, a ceremony observed by the ancient nations of the world,
by which they raised their kings, heroes, and great men to the rank
of deities. The nations of the east were the first who paid divine
honours to their great men, and the Romans followed their example,
and not only deified the most prudent and humane of their emperors,
but also the most cruel and profligate. _Herodian_, bk. 4, ch. 2,
has left us an account of the apotheosis of a Roman emperor. After
the body of the deceased was burnt, an ivory image was laid on a
couch for seven days, representing the emperor under the agonies of
disease. The city was in sorrow, the senate visited it in mourning,
and the physicians pronounced it every day in a more decaying state.
When the death was announced, a band of young senators carried the
couch and image to the Campus Martius, where it was deposited on
an edifice in the form of a pyramid, where spices and combustible
materials were thrown. After this the knights walked round the pile
in solemn procession, and the images of the most illustrious Romans
were drawn in state, and immediately the new emperor, with a torch,
set fire to the pile, and was assisted by the surrounding multitude.
Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from the middle of the pile, which
was supposed to carry the soul of the deceased to heaven, where he
was ranked among the gods. If the deified was a female, a peacock,
and not an eagle, was sent from the flames. The Greeks observed
ceremonies much of the same nature.
=Appia via=, a celebrated road leading from the porta Capena at
Rome to Brundusium, through Capua. Appius Claudius made it as
far as Capua, and it received its name from him. It was continued
and finished by Gracchus, Julius Cæsar, and Augustus. _See:_ Via.
_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 285.――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li.
12.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 104.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 14.
=Appiădes=, a name given to these five deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta,
Concord, and Peace, because a temple was erected to them near the
Appian road. The name was also applied to those courtesans at Rome
who lived near the temple of Venus by Appiæ Aquæ, and the forum of
Julius Cæsar. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 452.
=Appiānus=, a Greek historian of Alexandria, who flourished A.D. 123.
His universal history, which consisted of 24 books, was a series of
history of all the nations that had been conquered by the Romans,
in the order of time; and in the composition, the writer displayed,
with a style simple and unadorned, a great knowledge of military
affairs, and described his battles in a masterly manner. This
excellent work is greatly mutilated, and there is extant now only
the account of the Punic, Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatic, and Spanish
wars, with those of Illyricum and the civil dissensions, with a
fragment of the Celtic wars. In his preface, Appian has enlarged on
the boundaries of that mighty empire, of which he was the historian.
The best editions are those of Tollius and Variorum, 2 vols., 8vo,
Amsterdam, 1670, and that of Schweigheuserus, 3 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb,
1785. He was so eloquent that the emperor highly promoted him in the
state.
=Appii Forum=, now _Borgo Longo_, a little village not far from Rome,
built by the consul Appius. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5.
=Appius=, the prænomen of an illustrious family at Rome.――――A censor
of that name, A.U.C. 442. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6.
=Appius Claudius=, a decemvir who obtained his power by force and
oppression. He attempted the virtue of Virginia, whom her father
killed to preserve her chastity. This act of violence was the cause
of a revolution in the state, and the ravisher destroyed himself
when cited to appear before the tribunal of his country. _Livy_, bk.
3, ch. 33.――――Claudius Cæcus, a Roman orator, who built the Appian
way and many aqueducts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who was come to
assist the Tarentines against Rome, demanded peace of the senators,
Appius, grown old in the service of the republic, caused himself
to be carried to the senate house, and by his authority dissuaded
them from granting a peace which would prove dishonourable to the
Roman name. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 203.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_
& _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4.――――A Roman who, when he heard
that he had been proscribed by the triumvirs, divided his riches
among his servants, and embarked with them for Sicily. In their
passage the vessel was shipwrecked, and Appius alone saved his life.
_Appian_, bk. 4.――――Claudius Crassus, a consul, who, with Spurius
Naut. Rutilius, conquered the Celtiberians, and was defeated by
Perseus king of Macedonia. _Livy._――――Claudius Pulcher, a grandson
of Appius Claudius Cæcus, consul in the age of Sylla, retired from
grandeur to enjoy the pleasures of a private life.――――Clausus,
a general of the Sabines, who, upon being ill treated by his
countrymen, retired to Rome with 5000 of his friends, and was
admitted into the senate in the early ages of the republic.
_Plutarch_, _Poplicola [Publicola]_.――――Herdonius, seized the
capitol with 4000 exiles, A.U.C. 292, and was soon after overthrown.
_Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――――Claudius
Lentulus, a consul with Marcus Perpenna.――――A dictator who conquered
the Hernici.――――The name of Appius was common in Rome, and
particularly to many consuls, whose history is not marked by any
uncommon event.
=Appŭla=, an immodest woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 64.
=Apries= and =Aprius=, one of the kings of Egypt in the age of Cyrus,
supposed to be the Pharaoh Hophra of Scripture. He took Sidon, and
lived in great prosperity till his subjects revolted to Amasis, by
whom he was conquered and strangled. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159,
&c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.
=Apsinthii=, a people of Thrace. They received their name from a river
called Apsinthus, which flowed through their territory. _Dionysius
Periegetes._
=Apsinus=, an Athenian sophist in the third century, author of a work
called _Præceptor de Arte Rhetoricâ_.
=Apsus=, a river of Macedonia falling into the Ionian sea between
Dyrrhachium and Apollonia. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 46.
=Aptĕra=, an inland town of Crete. _Ptolemy._――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
=Apuleia lex=, was enacted by Lucius Apuleius the tribune, A.U.C.
652, for inflicting a punishment upon such as were guilty of
raising seditions, or showing violence in the city.――――Varilia,
a granddaughter of Augustus, convicted of adultery with a certain
Manlius, in the reign of Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, ch. 50.
=Apuleius=, a learned man, born at Madaura in Africa. He studied at
Carthage, Athens, and Rome, where he married a rich widow called
Pudentilla, for which he was accused by some of her relations of
using magical arts to win her heart. His apology was a masterly
composition. In his youth, Apuleius had been very expensive; but
he was, in a maturer age, more devoted to study, and learnt Latin
without a master. The most famous of his works extant is the _Golden
Ass_, in 11 books, an allegorical piece, replete with morality. The
best editions of Apuleius are the Delphin, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1688,
and Pricæi, 8vo, Goudæ, 1650.
=Apūlia=, now _Puglia_, a country of Italy between Daunia and Calabria.
It was part of the ancient Magna Græcia, and generally divided
into Apulia Daunia and Apulia Peucetia. It was famous for its wool,
superior to all the produce of Italy. Some suppose that it is called
after Apulus, an ancient king of the country before the Trojan war.
_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 43.
――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Martial_, _Apophoreta_,
ltr. 155.
=Apuscidāmus=, a lake of Africa. All bodies, however heavy, were said
to swim on the surface of its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.
=Aquarius=, one of the signs of the zodiac, rising in January and
setting in February. Some suppose that Ganymede was changed into
this sign. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 304.
=Aquilaria=, a place of Africa. _Cæsar_, bk. 2, _Civil War_, ch. 23.
=Aquileia=, or =Aquilegia=, a town founded by a Roman colony, called
from its grandeur, _Roma secunda_, and situate at the north of
the Adriatic sea, on the confines of Italy. The Romans built it
chiefly to oppose the frequent incursions of the barbarians. The
Roman emperors enlarged and beautified it, and often made it their
residence. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 605.――_Martial_, bk. 4,
ltr. 25.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
=Aquilius Niger=, an historian mentioned by _Suetonius_, _Augustus_,
ch. 11.――――Marcus, a Roman consul who had the government of Asia
Minor. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 4.――――Sabinus, a lawyer of Rome,
surnamed the Cato of his age. He was father to Aquilia Severus, whom
Heliogabalus married.――――Severus, a poet and historian in the age of
Valentinian.
=Aquillia= and =Aquilia=, a patrician family at Rome, from which few
illustrious men rose.
=Aquĭlo=, a wind blowing from the north. Its name is derived, according
to some, from _Aquila_, on account of its keenness and velocity.
=Aquilonia=, a city of the Hirpini in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 38.
=Aquinius=, a poet of moderate capacity. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_.
=Aquīnum=, a town of Latium, on the borders of the Samnites, where
Juvenal was born. A dye was invented there, which greatly resembled
the real purple. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 27.――_Strabo._――
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 404.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 319.
=Aquitania=, a country of Gaul, bounded on the west by Spain, north
by the province of Lugdunum, south by the province called Gallia
Narbonensis. Its inhabitants are called Aquitani. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
=Ara=, a constellation, consisting of seven stars, near the tail of
the Scorpion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 138.
=Ara lugdunensis=, a place at the confluence of the Arar and Rhone.
_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44.
=Arabarches=, a vulgar person among the Egyptians, or perhaps an
unusual expression for the leaders of the Arabians, who resided in
Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 130. Some believe that Cicero, bk. 2,
ltr. 17, _Letters to Atticus_, alluded to Pompey under the name of
Arabarches.
=Arăbia=, a large country of Asia, forming a peninsula between the
Arabian and Persian gulfs. It is generally divided into three
different parts, Petræa, Deserta, and Felix. It is famous for its
frankincense and aromatic plants. The inhabitants were formerly
under their own chiefs, an uncivilized people, who paid adoration to
the sun, moon, and even serpents, and who had their wives in common,
and circumcised their children. The country has often been invaded,
but never totally subdued. Alexander the Great expressed his wish to
place the seat of his empire in their territories. The soil is rocky
and sandy, the inhabitants are scarce, the mountains rugged, and
the country without water. In Arabia, whatever woman was convicted
of adultery was capitally punished. The Arabians for some time
supported the splendour of literature which was extinguished by
the tyranny and superstition which prevailed in Egypt, and to them
we are indebted for the invention of algebra, or the application
of signs and letters to represent lines, numbers, and quantities,
and also for the numerical characters of 1, 2, 3, &c., first used
in Europe, A.D. 1253.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――_Diodorus_,
bks. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bks. 12 & 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Xenophon._
――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 2.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 57.――――Also the name of the wife of Ægyptus.
_Apollodorus._
=Arabĭcus sinus=, a sea between Egypt and Arabia, different, according
to some authors, from the Red sea, which they supposed to be between
Æthiopia and India, and the Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt
and Arabia. It is about 40 days’ sail in length, and not half a day’s
in its most extensive breadth. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Strabo._
=Arăbis=, =Arabius=, =Arbis=, an Indian river. _Curtius_, bk. 9,
ch. 10.
=Arabs= and =Arăbus=, a son of Apollo and Babylone, who first invented
medicine, and taught it in Arabia, which is called after his name.
_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.
=Aracca= and =Arecca=, a city of Susiana. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1.
=Arachne=, a woman of Colophon, daughter to Idmon a dyer. She was so
skilful in working with the needle, that she challenged Minerva, the
goddess of the art, to a trial of skill. She represented on her work
the amours of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Leda, Asteria, Danae,
Alcmene, &c.; but though her piece was perfect and masterly, she was
defeated by Minerva, and hanged herself in despair, and was changed
into a spider by the goddess. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable
1, &c.――――A city of Thessaly.
=Arachosia=, a city of Asia, near the Massagetæ. It was built by
Semiramis.――――One of the Persian provinces beyond the Indus. _Pliny_,
bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.
=Arachōtæ= and =Arachōti=, a people of India, who received their
name from the river Arachotus which flows down from mount Caucasus.
_Dionysius Periegetes._――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7.
=Arachthias=, one of the four capital rivers of Epirus near Nicopolis,
falling into the bay of Ambracia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Aracillum=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
=Aracosii=, an Indian nation. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.
=Aracynthus=, a mountain of Acarnania, between the Achelous and Evenus,
not far from the shore, and thence called Actæus. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 24.
=Arădus=, an island near Phœnicia, joined to the continent by a bridge.
_Dionysius Periegetes._
=Aræ=, rocks in the middle of the Mediterranean, between Africa and
Sardinia, where the Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It was
upon them that Æneas lost the greatest part of his fleet. They are
supposed to be those islands which are commonly called Ægates.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 113.
=Aræ Philænorum=, a maritime city of Africa, on the borders of Cyrene.
_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 19 & 79.
=Arar=, now the _Saone_, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Rhone, over
which Cæsar’s soldiers made a bridge in one day. _Cæsar_, _Gallic
War_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 452.
=Arărus=, a Scythian river flowing through Armenia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 48.
=Arathyrea=, a small province of Achaia, afterwards called Asophis,
with a city of the same name. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_,
bk. 8.
=Arātus=, a Greek poet of Cilicia, about 277 B.C. He was greatly
esteemed by Antigonus Gonatas king of Macedonia, at whose court he
passed much of his time, and by whose desire he wrote a poem on
astronomy, in which he gives an account of the situations, rising
and setting, number and motion of the stars. Cicero represented him
as unacquainted with astrology, yet capable of writing upon it in
elegant and highly finished verses, which, however, from the subject,
admit of little variety. Aratus wrote, besides, hymns and epigrams,
&c., and had among his interpreters and commentators many of the
learned men of Greece whose works are lost, besides Cicero, Claudius,
and Germanicus Cæsar, who in their youth, or moments of relaxation,
translated the _Phænomena_ into Latin verse. The best editions of
Aratus are, Grotius, 4to, apud Raphalengius, 1600; and Oxford, 8vo,
1672. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 41.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 26.――――The son
of Clinias and Aristodama, was born at Sicyon in Achaia, near the
river Asopus. When he was but seven years of age, his father, who
held the government of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas, who
made himself absolute. After some revolutions, the sovereignty came
into the hands of Nicocles, whom Aratus murdered to restore his
country to liberty. He was so jealous of tyrannical power, that he
even destroyed a picture which was the representation of a tyrant.
He joined the republic of Sicyon to the Achæan league, which he
strengthened, by making a treaty of alliance with the Corinthians,
and with Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was chosen chief commander of the
forces of the Achæans, and drove away the Macedonians from Athens
and Corinth. He made war against the Spartans, but was conquered
in a battle by their king Cleomenes. To repair the losses he had
sustained, he solicited the assistance of king Antigonus, and drove
away Cleomenes from Sparta, who fled to Egypt, where he killed
himself. The Ætolians soon after attacked the Achæans; and Aratus,
to support his character, was obliged to call to his aid Philip
king of Macedonia. His friendship with this new ally did not long
continue. Philip showed himself cruel and oppressive; and put to
death some of the noblest of the Achæans, and even seduced the
wife of the son of Aratus. Aratus, who was now advanced in years,
showed his displeasure by withdrawing himself from the society and
friendship of Philip. But this rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the
power and influence of Aratus, and therefore he caused him and his
son to be poisoned. Some days before his death, Aratus was observed
to spit blood; when apprised of it by his friends, he replied, “Such
are the rewards which a connection with kings will produce.” He was
buried with great pomp by his countrymen; and two solemn sacrifices
were annually made to him, the first on the day that he delivered
Sicyon from tyranny, and the second on the day of his birth. During
those sacrifices, which were called _Arateia_, the priests wore
a ribbon bespangled with white and purple spots, and the public
schoolmaster walked in procession at the head of his scholars, and
was always accompanied by the richest and most eminent senators,
adorned with garlands. Aratus died in the 62nd year of his age, B.C.
213. He wrote a history of the Achæan league, much commended by
Polybius. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Roman Emperors_.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 2, ch. 23.――_Strabo_,
bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.