after the death of Decius. He marched against Gallus and Valerian,
but was informed that they had been murdered by their own troops.
He soon after shared their fate.――――One of the thirty tyrants who
rebelled in the reign of Gallienus.
=Æmilius.= _See:_ Æmylius.
=Æmnestus=, tyrant of Enna, was deposed by Dionysius the elder.
_Diodorus_, bk. 14.
=Æmon.= _See:_ Hæmon.
=Æmŏna=, a large city of Asia. _Cicero_, _for Flaccus_.
=Æmŏnia=, a country of Greece which received its name from Æmon,
or Æmus, and was afterwards called Thessaly. Achilles is called
_Æmonius_, as being born there. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 11;
bk. 4, poem 1.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37. It was also called Pyrrha,
from Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, who reigned there.――――The word has
been indiscriminately applied to all Greece by some writers. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 7.
=Æmŏnĭdes=, a priest of Apollo in Italy, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 537.
=Æmus=, an actor in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 197.
=Æmylia=, a noble family in Rome, descended from Mamercus son of
Pythagoras, who, for his humanity, was called Αἱμυλος, _blandus_.
――――A vestal who rekindled the fire of Vesta, which was extinguished,
by putting her veil over it. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――The wife of Africanus the
elder, famous for her behaviour to her husband, when suspected of
infidelity. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――Lepĭda, daughter
of Lepidus, married Drusus the younger, whom she disgraced by her
wantonness. She killed herself when accused of adultery with a slave.
_Tacitus_, bk. 6, ch. 40.――――A part of Italy, called also Flaminia.
_Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 85.――――A public road leading from Placentia
to Ariminum; called after the consul Æmylius, who is supposed to
have made it. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 4.
=Æmyliānus=, a name of Africanus the younger, son of Publius Æmylius.
In him the families of the Scipios and Æmylii were united. Many of
that family bore the same name. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 2.
=Æmylii=, a noble family in Rome, descended from Æmylius the son of
Ascanius. _Plutarch_ says, that they are descended from Mamercus the
son of Pythagoras, surnamed Æmylius from the sweetness of his voice,
in _Numa_ & _Aemilius Paulus_.――The family was distinguished in the
various branches of the Lepidi, Mamerci, Mamercini, Barbulæ, Pauli,
and Scauri.
=Æmylius=, a beautiful youth of Sybaris, whose wife met with the
same fate as Procris. _See:_ Procris.――――Censorinus, a cruel tyrant
of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who invented new ways of
torturing. Paterculus gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and
the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor. _Plutarch_,
_de Fortuna Romanorum_.――――Lepidus, a youth who had a statue in the
capitol, for saving the life of a citizen in a battle. _Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A triumvir with Octavius. _See:_ Lepidus.
――――Macer, a poet of Verona in the Augustan age. He wrote some poems
upon serpents, birds, and, as some suppose, on bees. _See:_ Macer.
――――Marcus Scaurus, a Roman who flourished about 100 B.C., and
wrote three books concerning his own life. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――A
poet in the age of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called Atheus, and
destroyed himself.――――Sura, another writer on the Roman year.――――
Mamercus, three times dictator, conquered the Fidenates, and took
their city. He limited to one year and a half the censorship which
before his time was exercised during five years. _Livy_, bk. 4,
chs. 17, 19, &c.――――Papiniānus, son of Hostilius Papiniānus, was in
favour with the emperor Severus, and was made governor to his sons
Geta and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, and Papiniānus,
for upbraiding him, was murdered by his soldiers. From his school
the Romans have had many able lawyers, who were called Papiniānists.
――――Pappus, a censor, who banished from the senate Publius Cornelius
Ruffinus, who had been twice consul, because he had at his table 10
pounds of silver plate, A.U.C. 478. _Livy_, bk. 14.――――Porcina, an
elegant orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Rectus, a severe governor
of Egypt under Tiberius. _Dio Cassius._――――Regillus, conquered the
general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained a naval triumph. _Livy_,
bk. 37, ch. 31.――――Scaurus, a noble but poor citizen of Rome. His
father, to maintain himself, was a coal-merchant. He was edile,
and afterwards pretor, and fought against Jugurtha. His son Marcus
was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edileship he built a very
magnificent theatre. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.――――A bridge at Rome,
called also Sublicius. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 22.
=Ænăria=, an island in the bay of Puteoli, abounding with cypress
trees. It received its name from Æneas, who is supposed to have
landed there on his way to Latium. It is called Pithecusa by the
Greeks, and now Ischia, and was famous once for its mineral waters.
_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 31, ch. 2.――
_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 104.
=Ænarium=, a forest near Olenos in Achaia, sacred to Jupiter.
=Ænasius=, one of the Ephori at Sparta. _Thucydides_, bk. 9, ch. 2.
=Ænēa=, or =Æneia=, a town of Macedonia, 15 miles from Thessalonica,
founded by Æneas. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 4; bk. 44, ch. 10.
=Æneădes=, a town of Chersonesus, built by Æneas. Cassander destroyed
it, and carried the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built.
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
=Ænĕădæ=, a name given to the friends and companions of Æneas by
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 161.
=Ænēas=, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Venus. The
opinions of authors concerning his character are different. His
infancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph, and at the age of five
he was recalled to Troy. He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly
under Chiron, a venerable sage whose house was frequented by the
young princes and heroes of the age. Soon after his return home
he married Creusa, Priam’s daughter by whom he had a son called
Ascanius. During the Trojan war he behaved with great valour, in
defence of his country, and came to an engagement with Diomedes and
Achilles. Yet Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
and Dares of Phrygia accuse him of betraying his country to the
Greeks, with Antenor, and of preserving his life and fortune by this
treacherous measure. He lived at variance with Priam, because he
received not sufficient marks of distinction from the king and his
family, as _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, says. This might have provoked
him to seek revenge by perfidy. Authors of credit report, that when
Troy was in flames, he carried away upon his shoulders his father
Anchises, and the statues of his household gods, leading in his hand
his son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow behind. Some say
that he retired to mount Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships,
and set sail in quest of a settlement. Strabo and others maintain
that Æneas never left his country, but rebuilt Troy, where he
reigned, and his posterity after him. Even Homer, who lived 400
years after the Trojan war, says, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 30, &c., that
the gods destined Æneas and his posterity to reign over the Trojans.
This passage Dionysius of Halicarnassus explained, by saying that
Homer meant the Trojans who had gone over to Italy with Æneas, and
not the actual inhabitants of Troy. According to Virgil and other
Latin authors, who, to make their court to the Roman emperors,
traced their origin up to Æneas, and described his arrival into
Italy as indubitable, he with his fleet first came to the Thracian
Chersonesus, where Polymnestor, one of his allies, reigned. After
visiting Delos, the Strophades, and Crete, where he expected to find
the empire promised him by the oracle, as in the place where his
progenitors were born, he landed in Epirus, and Drepanum, the court
of king Acestes, in Sicily, where he buried his father. From Sicily
he sailed for Italy, but was driven on the coasts of Africa and
kindly received by Dido queen of Carthage, to whom, on his first
interview he gave one of the garments of the beautiful Helen. Dido,
being enamoured of him, wished to marry him; but he left Carthage by
order of the gods. In his voyage he was driven to Sicily, and from
thence he passed to Cumæ, where the Sibyl conducted him to hell,
that he might hear from his father the fates which attended him and
all his posterity. After a voyage of seven years, and the loss of
13 ships, he came to the Tyber. Latinus, the king of the country,
received him with hospitality, and promised him his daughter Lavinia,
who had been before betrothed to king Turnus by her mother Amata. To
prevent this marriage, Turnus made war against Æneas: and after many
battles, the war was decided by a combat between the two rivals, in
which Turnus was killed. Æneas married Lavinia, in whose honour he
built the town of Lavinium, and succeeded his father-in-law. After a
short reign Æneas was killed in a battle against the Etrurians. Some
say that he was drowned in the Numicus, and his body weighed down by
his armour; upon which the Latins, not finding their king, supposed
that he had been taken up to heaven, and therefore offered him
sacrifices as to a god. Dionysius of Halicarnassus fixes the arrival
of Æneas in Italy in the 54th olympiad. Some authors suppose that
Æneas after the siege of Troy, fell to the share of Neoptolemus,
together with Andromache, and that he was carried to Thessaly,
whence he escaped to Italy. Others say that, after he had come
to Italy, he returned to Troy, leaving Ascanius king in Latium.
Æneas has been praised for his piety, and submission to the will
of the gods. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 20; _Hymn to Aphrodite_.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 22; bk. 10, ch. 25.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_
& _Coriolanus_; _Quæstiones Romanæ_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1,
ch. 8.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 31,
ch. 8; bk. 43, ch. 1.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5.――_Dares Phrygius_,
ch. 6.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Strabo_,
bk. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_.――_Aurelius
Victor._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 22.――_Propertius_,
bk. 4, poem 1, li. 42.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 3,
&c.; _Tristia_, bk. 4, li. 798.――――A son of Æneas and Lavinia,
called Sylvius, because his mother retired with him into the woods
after his father’s death. He succeeded Ascanius in Latium, though
opposed by Julius the son of his predecessor. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 6, li. 770.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――――An ambassador sent by
the Lacedæmonians to Athens, to treat of peace, in the 8th year of
the Peloponnesian war.――――An ancient author who wrote on tactics,
besides other treatises, which, according to Ælian, were epitomized
by Cineas the friend of Pyrrhus.――――A native of Gaza, who, from a
Platonic philosopher, became a Christian, A.D. 485, and wrote a
dialogue called _Theophrastus_, on the immortality of the soul and
the resurrection.
=Ænēia=, or =Ænia=, a place near Rome, afterwards called Janiculum.
――――A city of Troas. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A city of Macedonia.
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
=Æneides=, a patronymic given to Ascanius, as son of Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 653.
=Ænēis=, a poem of Virgil, which has for its subject the settlement
of Æneas in Italy. The great merit of this poem is well known. The
author has imitated Homer, and, as some say, Homer is superior to
him only because he is more ancient, and is an original. Virgil
died before he had corrected it, and at his death desired it might
be burnt. This was happily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from the
flames a poem which proved his family to be descended from the kings
of Troy. The Æneid had engaged the attention of the poet for 11
years, and in the first six books it seems that it was Virgil’s
design to imitate Homer’s Odyssey, and in the last the Iliad. The
action of the poem comprehends eight years, one of which only, the
last, is really taken up by action, as the seven first are merely
episodes, such as Juno’s attempts to destroy the Trojans, the loves
of Æneas and Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c. In the
first book of the Æneid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh year
of his expedition, sailing in the Mediterranean, and shipwrecked
on the African coast, where he is received by Dido. In the second,
Æneas, at the desire of the Phœnician queen, relates the fall of
Troy, and his flight through the general conflagration to mount Ida.
In the third, the hero continues his narration, by a minute account
of the voyage through the Cyclades, the places where he landed, and
the dreadful storm with the description of which the poem opened.
Dido, in the fourth book, makes public her partiality to Æneas,
which is slighted by the sailing of the Trojans from Carthage,
and the book closes with the suicide of the disappointed queen.
In the fifth book, Æneas sails to Sicily, where he celebrates the
anniversary of his father’s death, and thence pursues his voyage to
Italy. In the sixth, he visits the Elysian fields, and learns from
his father the fate which attends him and his descendants, the
Romans. In the seventh book, the hero reaches the destined land of
Latium, and concludes a treaty with the king of the country, which
is soon broken by the interference of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to
war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enumerated; and in the eighth
book, Æneas is assisted by Evander, and receives from Venus a shield
wrought by Vulcan, on which are represented the future glory and
triumphs of the Roman nation. The reader is pleased, in the ninth
book, with the account of battles between the rival armies, and the
immortal friendship of Nisus and Euryalus. Jupiter, in the tenth,
attempts a reconciliation between Venus and Juno, who patronized the
opposite parties; the fight is renewed, Pallas killed, and Turnus
saved from the avenging hand of Æneas, by the interposition of Juno.
The eleventh book gives an account of the funeral of Pallas, and of
the meditated reconciliation between Æneas and Latinus, which the
sudden appearance of the enemy defeats. Camilla is slain, and the
combatants separated by the night. In the last book, Juno prevents
the single combat agreed upon by Turnus and Æneas. The Trojans are
defeated in the absence of their king; but on the return of Æneas,
the battle assumes a different turn, a single combat is fought by
the rival leaders, and the poem is concluded by the death of king
Turnus. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30, &c.
=Ænesidēmus=, a brave general of Argos. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 25.――――A
Cretan philosopher, who wrote eight books on the doctrine of his
master Pyrrho. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pyrrhonists_.
=Ænēsius=, a surname of Jupiter from mount Ænum.
=Ænētus=, a victor at Olympia, who, in the moment of victory, died
through excess of joy. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.
=Ænia.= _See:_ Æneia.
=Ænicus=, a comic writer at Athens.
=Æniŏchi=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 591.
=Ænobarbus=, or =Ahenobarbus=, the surname of Domitius. When Castor
and Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he discredited them;
upon which they touched his chin and beard, which instantly became
of a brazen colour, whence the surname given to himself and his
descendants.
=Ænŏcles=, a writer of Rhodes. _Athenæus._
=Ænos=, now _Eno_, an independent city of Thrace, at the eastern mouth
of the Hebrus, confounded with Æneia, of which Æneas was the founder.
_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
=Ænum=, a town of Thrace――――of Thessaly.――――A mountain in Cephallenia.
_Strabo_, bk. 7.――――A river and village near Ossa.――――A city of
Crete, built by Æneas.
=Ænȳra=, a town of Thasos. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 47.
=Æŏlia=, a name given to Arne. Sappho is called _Æolia puella_, and
lyric poetry _Æolium carmen_, because of Alcæus and Sappho, natives
of Lesbos in Æolia. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 3, li. 12, and ode 9,
li. 12.
=Æŏlia=, or =Æolis=, a country of Asia Minor, near the Ægean sea.
It has Troas at the north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabitants
were of Grecian origin, and were masters of many of the neighbouring
islands. They had 12, others say 30, considerable cities, of which
Cumæ and Lesbos were the most famous. They received their name from
Æolus son of Hellenus. They migrated from Greece about 1124 B.C.,
80 years before the migration of the Ionian tribes. _Herodotus_,
bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 1, 2, & 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 18.――――Thessaly has been anciently
called Æolia. Bœotus son of Neptune, having settled there, called
his followers Bœotians, and their country Bœotia.
=Æoliæ= and =Æolĭdes=, seven islands between Sicily and Italy, called
Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phœnicusa, and Euonymos.
They were the retreat of the winds; and _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
li. 56, calls them Æolia, and the kingdom of Æolus the god of
storms and winds. They sometimes bear the name of _Vulcaniæ_ and
_Hephæstides_, and are known now among the moderns under the general
appellation of Lipari islands. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 609.――_Justin_,
bk. 4, ch. 1.
=Æolĭda=, a city of Tenedos.――――Another near Thermopylæ. _Herodotus_,
bk. 8, ch. 35.
=Æolĭdes=, a patronymic of Ulysses, from Æolus; because Anticlea, his
mother, was pregnant by Sisyphus the son of Æolus, when she married
Laertes. It is also given to Athamas and Misenus, as sons of Æolus.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 511; bk. 13, li. 31.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 164 & 529.
=Æŏlus=, the king of storms and winds, was the son of Hippotas. He
reigned over Æolia; and because he was the inventor of sails, and a
great astronomer, the poets have called him the god of the wind. It
is said that he confined in a bag, and gave Ulysses all the winds
that could blow against his vessel, when he returned to Ithaca.
The companions of Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the winds their
liberty. Æolus was indebted to Juno for his royal dignity, according
to Virgil. The name seems to be derived from αἰολος, _varius_,
because the winds, over which he presided, are ever varying.――――
There were two others, a king of Etruria, father to Macareus and
Canace, and a son of Hellenus, often confounded with the god of the
winds. This last married Enaretta, by whom he had seven sons and
five daughters. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_,
bk. 10, li. 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 478; bk. 14,
li. 224.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 1,
li. 556.――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 56,
&c.
=Æōra=, a festival at Athens, in honour of Erigone.
=Æpālius=, a king of Greece, restored to his kingdom by Hercules,
whose son Hyllus he adopted. _Strabo_, bk. 9.
=Æpēa=, a town of Crete, called Solis, in honour of Solon. _Plutarch_,
_Solon_.
=Æpŭlo=, a general of the Istrians, who drank to excess, after he
had stormed the camp of Acidinus Manlius the Roman general. Being
attacked by a soldier, he fled to a neighbouring town, which the
Romans took, and killed himself for fear of being taken. _Florus_,
bk. 2, ch. 10.
=Æpy=, a town of Elis, under the dominion of Nestor. _Statius_, bk. 4,
_Thebiad_, li. 180.
=Æpy̆tus=, king of Mycenæ, son of Chresphontes and Merope, was educated
in Arcadia with Cypselus his mother’s father. To recover his kingdom,
he killed Polyphontes, who had married his mother against her will,
and usurped the crown. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A king of Arcadia, son of Elatus.――――A son of
Hippothous, who forcibly entered the temple of Neptune, near
Mantinea, and was struck blind by the sudden eruption of salt water
from the altar. He was killed by a serpent in hunting. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, chs. 4 & 5.
=Æqui=, or =Æquicŏli=, a people of Latium, near Tibur. They were great
enemies to Rome in its infant state, and were conquered with much
difficulty. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 32; bk. 2,
ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 747; bk. 9, li. 684.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 93.――
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 19.
=Æquimelium=, a place in Rome where the house of Melius stood, who
aspired to sovereign power, for which crime his habitation was
levelled to the ground. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16.
=Ærias=, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built the temple of Paphos.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
=Ærŏpe=, wife of Atreus, committed adultery with Thyestes her
brother-in-law, and had by him twins, who were placed as food before
Atreus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 391.――――A daughter of Cepheus,
ravished by Mars. She died in child-bed: her child was preserved,
and called Æropus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.
=Ærŏpus=, a general of Epirus in the reign of Pyrrhus.――――A person
appointed regent to Orestes the infant son of Archelaus king of
Macedonia.――――An officer of king Philip, banished for bringing a
singer into his camp. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A mountain of
Chaonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 5.
=Æsăcus=, a river of Troy, near Ida.――――A son of Priam by Alexirhoo:
or according to others by Arisba. He became enamoured of Hesperia,
whom he pursued into the woods. The nymph threw herself into the sea,
and was changed into a bird. Æsacus followed her example, and was
changed into a cormorant by Tethys. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
fable 11.
=Æsāpus=, a river of Mysia in Asia, falling into the Hellespont.
_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.
=Æsar=, or =Æsāras=, a river of Magna Græcia, falling into the sea
near Crotona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 28.