CHAPTER XXI.

THE COMMERCIAL PROSPECTS OF E. EQUATORIAL AFRICA.

As an anticipatory reply to the inquiries of such of my readers as may

be of a commercial turn, I conclude this work on the district of

Kilima-njaro by a short summary of its commercial prospects and

capabilities. If in my natural history or geographical statements I

occasionally repeat information already given in previous chapters, I

deprecate the critic’s impatience; I do so because the general reader is

not likely to peruse this chapter, and my commercial friends will

probably not have wasted their time over the other portions of the book;

consequently it will be suggested to neither that he has seen these

facts stated before, while at the same time their reiteration may serve

to accentuate—what I believe to be—their great importance from the point

of view in which this chapter is written.

Let me, then, first sketch out the physical geography of this country,

which I have broadly described as Eastern Equatorial Africa. For present

purposes, it may be delineated as follows:—By the River Ruvu, or

Pangani, on the south; then westwards, following the 4th degree of south

latitude to the 32nd degree of east longitude, including the basin of

the Victoria Nyanza lake, and round again to the east, from the northern

border of the lake, by Bariṅgo, to Kenia, the Tana river, and the coast.

The most marked characteristics of this region are its immense isolated

mountain-masses, in most cases volcanic, such as Kenia and Kilima-njaro,

the latter the highest known peak in Africa, its spacious level plains,

or, more strictly speaking, plateaux, and its freedom from marshy or

swampy ground, as contrasted with other parts of Africa. The water

supply is fairly abundant, and equally distributed, though there is but

one river, the Tana, or Pokomo, which is at all navigable. Besides the

huge Victoria Nyanza, there are a few very much smaller lakes, one or

two of which are salt, and the majority fresh. The highlands, up to

10,000 feet, and also the banks and rivers of streams, are generally

clothed with forests of splendid timber, the plateaux are often covered

with scattered bush and short grass—not the terrible giant grass of six

to eight feet high, which obstructs so much of African country; while

many districts I can only compare to beautiful natural lawns, whereon

you meet with springy turf, closely cropped by the browsing antelopes,

and here and there a group of handsome shady trees, disposed with so

much regularity that it would seem as if man and not Nature had planted

them. Such is the country that lies between Paré and Usambara, or in the

vicinity of Lake ǰipé, or again, to the south of Kilima-njaro, and also

in many districts to the north, as we hear from Thomson.

These vast regions are very unequally populated. On the coast there is a

fringe of slightly civilized races, nominally under the dominion of the

Sayyid of Zanzibar. These people belong principally to the Bantu family

of negroes, which includes all the inhabitants of Africa from the

Victoria Nyanza to the Cape and Fernando Po to Mombasa, with very few

exceptions. There are also Gallas on the north between the Sabaki and

the Dana rivers, a few invading Somalis in the same district, Arabs of

pure blood and Arab hybrids of every degree throughout the length of the

littoral, and about four thousand Banyans and other natives of British

India who come there to trade and sometimes to settle. To add to this

medley of races, there are remains here and there of ancient Persian and

Portuguese colonization, but, as I have before said, the bulk of the

coast population is Bantu-negro, a stock which seems to absorb and

assimilate easily most foreign strains. The lingua-franca spoken is the

celebrated Swahili language, one of the Bantu tongues, which promises to

be the French of Eastern Africa.

On penetrating inland from the coast, the country is for the first

hundred miles, as a rule, very thinly inhabited, except on certain

mountainous districts, or along the coast of the Ruvu, the Sabaki, or

the Tana rivers, and what people there are belong to the Bantu stock,

and speak languages related to Swahili. Whenever you meet with people

speaking Bantu languages in this part of Africa, you find they are

invariably settled agriculturists, and never nomads. As a contrast to

them, may now be mentioned the celebrated Masai, a negro race of

splendid physical development. The Masai are semi-nomads, that is to

say, each tribe has its home country wherein the married men and women

settle, and move about within a circumscribed radius, while the

warriors, who are forced to remain unmarried, range over immense areas,

for the sake of plunder. These people were once, and are still in a

lesser way, the scourge of Eastern Equatorial Africa. They have made

previously well-populated, prosperous districts abandoned wildernesses,

driving away all the cattle, killing such of the inhabitants as

resisted, and leaving the remainder to die of starvation. But of late

years they no longer play the same havoc. Between the coast and

Kilima-njaro they are rarely to be met with, and in such cases as when

they are encountered away from their homes, the white traveller will not

find them very hard to deal with. Commerce is slowly but surely

humanizing the Masai. They most of them prefer trading to fighting now.

Yearly they are visited by many native caravans from the coast, who go

to buy ivory with iron, wire, cloth, and beads. Certain tribes of the

Masai, generally known as Wa-kwavi by the coast people, have abandoned

entirely this roving robber life, and now occupy large districts as

quiet, thrifty agriculturists. The Masai are all of them great

cattle-keepers, and possess not only innumerable herds of splendid kine,

but also keep numbers of donkeys as beasts of burden. These asses are

very fine animals, resembling exactly the Ethiopean wild ass, from which

stock they are certainly derived. The Masai are a people who in time

will become amenable to civilization, I am sure, and commerce will

temper their wild ways. They are very different from the mad fanatics we

have been fighting in the Soudan, and if all Europeans behave as well to

them as Mr. Joseph Thomson has done, we should soon be welcomed as

traders and settlers in their midst.

It may be roughly said, then, that between the coast and the Victoria

Nyanza, the plains or plateaux are inhabited by the Masai and their

helot races, and the mountains and mountain-ranges by Bantu people.

These latter evidently occupied the land prior to the incursion of the

Masai from the north, and existed in former times in greater numbers

than at the present day. Of late, however, their fortunes have begun to

revive. Forced, during their struggle for existence, to take to the

highlands that were difficult of access to an invader, they have become

a more hardy, independent race than their relations on the coast, and

have also, in their wish to turn their mountain soil to the best

advantage, become skilful and laborious agriculturists. Now their

relations with the Masai are becoming sensibly improved, the Masai raids

have ceased before the rude fortifications of the hill tribes, and both

parties are able to trade on equal terms. The inhabitants of the

mountains bring their honey and vegetables, their smiths’ work, and

dressed skins, and exchange them against the ivory, rhinoceros horns,

and natron salt that are collected by the rovers of the plains. These

two distinct races, whose contact was formerly so provocative of

bloodshed and rapine, are now exchanging peaceably their products, but

also their ideas, manners, and customs. The Bantu of Kilima-njaro and

Taveita loves to copy the Masai costume and mode of fighting, he

incorporates many Masai words and salutations into his own tongue, while

the once nomadic and restless Masai are increasingly taking to

agriculture in the vicinity of Bantu settlements, and are changing from

lawless robbers into quiet and honest tillers of the soil.

Around the Victoria Nyanza lake, the population becomes very dense, and

probably the littoral people alone may be estimated at from ten to

twelve millions. With one small exception they are Bantu, and speak

languages of an archaic form, and more resembling the typical Bantu

mother-speech than any other we have yet met with. The exception is a

small enclosure of Nilotic negroes settled in the country of Kavirondo

on the eastern shore of the lake, who have never yet come into contact

with Europeans. We know something of their language from the Swahili

traders, and we find it to belong to the same group as the Šiluk of the

White Nile.

Besides the races above enumerated, dwarf tribes are reported in the

unknown country lying between the Victoria Nyanza and Kilima-njaro, and

there are also curious helot tribes dwelling among the Masai as hunters

or smiths or slaves, who speak languages of their own, and remain at

present unclassified in their affinities.

Of all the people I have mentioned in this hasty recapitulation, the

Bantu offers the greatest hope for civilization. He is so industrious,

so imitative, so inquiring, that he is instinctively attracted towards

the white man. He is a born trader, and will travel miles to sell a

fowl, while his appreciation of Manchester stuffs and Birmingham beads

should ensure him the favour of British merchants.

The animal and vegetable products of this vast region are typically

African. I might reiterate that it is a sportsman’s paradise. Such

quantities of big game were surely never met with elsewhere. If you want

confirmation of my statements on this point, read Mr. Thomson’s book,

“Masai-land.” In some districts you may stand on a hillock and see the

plains at your feet covered with compact herds of antelopes, moving in

squadrons, with straggling companies of giraffes, with scattered flocks

of ostriches. Buffaloes abound so as to be dangerous. Rhinoceroses are

so numerous that their horns are an important item in the trade, for

they may be bought in the interior for a few pence worth of cloth, and

sold on the coast for three and four rupees each. Hippopotami are

abundant in the rivers and lakes. The Vice-Consul at Lamu, on the coast

near the Pokomo river, informs me that when properly prepared (which is

done by cutting the skin into long thin strips and drying it in the

sun), hippopotamus hides will fetch 5_l._ apiece in Natal. But the great

wealth of this country lies in its ivory, which is preferred to any

other in the Zanzibar market. The elephant abounds in the neighbourhood

of Kilima-njaro to the extent of many thousands. He here becomes quite a

mountaineer, and ranges through the magnificent forests that clothe the

upper slopes of this giant among African peaks. The natives waylay his

forest tracks with artfully devised pitfalls and traps, preferring this

more cowardly way of procuring their ivory to facing the elephant in the

chase. Other tribes to the north and west of Kilima-njaro kill the

elephant with poisoned arrows, or javelins, or sharp swords. Indeed,

there is one district on the northern borders of Masai-land where,

according to Mr. Thomson, “elephants are said to swarm unmolested and

their ivory to rot untouched, for the people of the surrounding region

have no trading relations with any one, and do not know the value of

that precious article. A tusk worth 150_l._ in England may be picked up

for nothing, or bought from any native for a pennyworth of beads, &c.,

&c.” However this may be, whether the elephants are slain for their

ivory, or whether, as in the tales of Sinbad the Sailor, there are

districts in which the tusks may be simply gathered from among the bones

of elephants who for centuries have died and died unnoticed in these

untravelled wilds, ivory is procured somehow and in such quantities—even

with the absurdly inadequate means of exploitation and porterage—that

there is always more than enough to supply the many native caravans led

by Moslem natives from the coast, which annually traverse this country

between the Indian Ocean and the Victoria Nyanza lake. Another item of

trade should not be forgotten, namely, the valuable and handsome wild

beast skins, which may either be procured in the chase, or very cheaply

purchased from the natives. A leopard skin may be bought for about two

or three shillings’ worth of goods, and will sell on the coast for eight

or nine. Lions’ skins are less easy to obtain from the natives, as that

animal is rarely killed by them, but European sportsmen might shoot him

to any extent, as he is both common and bold. Monkey skins, of the

handsome variety of white-tailed colobus, which is alone found in this

region, are valuable, and fetch a good price on the coast.

Ostriches are exceedingly numerous in the vicinity of Kilima-njaro. When

living at Taveita in the summer and autumn of 1884, I and my men used to

largely subsist on their eggs, which were brought us in numbers by the

natives, and sold for about a pennyworth of cloth each. Sometimes by

searching we would ourselves discover nests. In the month of October I

bought twelve young ostriches from the natives at the rate of an ell of

cloth apiece. I could have purchased many more, and started an ostrich

farm had I wished, but as I was returning shortly to the coast I did not

feel disposed to commence the undertaking. I tried to bring these young

ostriches away with me, but they all died before reaching Zanzibar, as

they suffered a great deal from the effects of the land transit, being

very young. Of course to any ornithologist this country is exceedingly

interesting, but to those whom I am more immediately addressing, rare or

beautiful birds will not serve as a sufficient inducement for opening up

a new country; still I might remark, for economic reasons, that there

are abundance of guinea fowl, francolin, pigeons, and bustards, and all

these serve materially to supply the traveller with palatable food.

I cannot say much for the reptiles of this country, as there are few

species which would attract the traveller’s attention, and none which,

as far as I know, would be useful commercially, unless the crocodiles of

Lake ǰipé might furnish some of the leather which is now so fashionable

for dressing-bags; but the very scarcity and unobtrusiveness of the

reptiles is a negative advantage. Like most parts of Africa I have ever

visited, the snakes here are very few and infrequent in their

appearance. Most species, too, are non-venomous.

In many of the streams, rivers, and lakes there are fish in great

quantities, representing most of the African fresh-water genera. There

are few that are not edible, and some species are remarkably good to

eat, and of considerable size and weight. While at Taveita I was often

able to feed the entire caravan during a week or more on the fish caught

in the small River Lumi; and at ǰipé they are so plentiful that a

fish-smoking establishment, similar to those on the Upper Congo, might

be set going to provide food for long journeys. There are few things

that Swahili porters like better than a fish diet.

The insects are not likely to offer anything commercially interesting,

nor indeed any of the lower invertebrate forms. I might, however, in

their case lay stress on the same favourable fact as with regard to the

snakes, viz. the scarcity or absence of noxious forms. Thus there is no

_tsetse fly_, such as, but a short distance southward, interferes with

the introduction of horses and cattle. Mosquitoes only exist in certain

districts, near rivers or lakes, and are entirely absent from most parts

of the country. Fleas and bed-bugs are unknown, nor has the American

jigger, which is such a pest on the Congo, been introduced. White ants

are not very numerous, and do not exist at all above a moderate

elevation. The tænia intestinal worm, so often heard of in other parts

of Africa, is here never to my knowledge met with.

I might mention that a small edible fresh-water crab is found in the

rivers.

As to the vegetable productions, they are, apart from those cultivated

and introduced by man, certainly valuable. There is particularly fine

timber growing in many parts, particularly on Kilima-njaro and in the

mountainous districts to the northward, and again on the west of the

Victoria Nyanza. The forests in Usambara and in Paré, both districts

near the coast, are full of magnificent lofty trees, which are much

prized at Zanzibar for shipbuilding. On the coast and in Zanzibar,

timber sells for 25 to 50 dollars per 50 cubic feet, according to

quality.

Gums are produced in the interior, both copal and a kind called false

copal. India-rubber can be procured from at least one creeper, the

_Landolphia florida_, and I think also another, a species of fig. Coffee

grows wild, especially on the northwards of the district, where it is

the same species as the Abyssinian plant, which, it is supposed, being

first introduced from the kingdom of Kaffa to the south of Abyssinia,

thence derives its name. Coffee-planting would succeed admirably in

districts like Usambara, which may be regarded as the natural home of

this shrub, which is, indeed, indigenous to the African continent. I

might mention that cardamums are produced here, and semsem seed is also

largely reported for making spurious olive oil.

On the trees growing in the Kilima-njaro and Usambara forests, orchilla

weed, in incredible quantities, is found growing. When delivered half

clean, that is to say, mixed with sticks and rubbish, on the coast, it

fetches from 3 to 3½ dollars per frasilah of 35 lbs.

As regards minerals, iron ore is found in some abundance, and copper

apparently also; since the natives possess rude rings and ornaments of

this metal which have not come from the coast. Nitrate of soda covers

vast plains to the south, west, and north of Kilima-njaro.

There is good building stone in many parts of the country. Limestone

often appears.

And now, having briefly noted some of the productions with which this

part of Africa is naturally endowed, I may mention others which owe

their introduction or development to the agency of man.

Vast herds of cattle are kept not only by the Masai, whose very

_raison-d’être_, as it were, consists in cattle breeding, but also by

the agricultural races on the borders of Lake Victoria Nyanza, and in

the mountain districts everywhere. When I was residing on Kilima-njaro I

not only purchased excellent beef at about ten shillings a bullock, but

also procured daily so much milk that I was able to make cream, butter,

and cheese in plenty. The oxen are not, as a rule, so large as the Cape

breeds, and, indeed, come from quite another stock, being descendants of

Asiatic humped variety—the zebu—introduced into Africa by the ancient

Egyptians. The hides are held in such little account by the natives that

they may be purchased for the merest trifle. As I have already

mentioned, the Masai keep large herds of fine strong asses, which they

are always ready to sell cheaply.

Goats and sheep are most abundant. The goats are small, plump, and great

milk-givers. The sheep belong to the fat-tailed variety, and offer

really excellent juicy, tender mutton. Those who have visited Usambara

will agree with me that the mountain mutton of East Africa rivals in

tenderness and shortness that furnished by the Welsh and Highland sheep.

Like all African sheep, they are hairy and without wool. Fowls are not

kept by the Masai, but are met with in great quantities on Victoria

Nyanza, and among all of the agricultural Bantu races. On Kilima-njaro

they might be purchased at the rate of one ell of cloth each, averaging

a cost, when the local value of cloth is estimated, of 2½_d._ each. In

two days, at Mandara’s capital, I purchased eighty fowls. Some of them

are a very handsome breed, pure white, with very long tail feathers in

the male. Another variety is plump and dumpy, with exceedingly short

legs. The hens are very good layers.

The vegetable productions of the natives’ cultivation are the banana,

the sweet potato, the edible arum root, the sugar-cane, Indian corn,

_mtama_, or red millet, and many unnamed varieties of peas and beans.

A little rice is grown in some districts, namely, at Taveita and on the

River Tana. Tobacco is everywhere abundant, and exceedingly cheap.

I might mention my own almost incredible experience with the cultivation

of European vegetables on Kilima-njaro. Immediately after my arrival, I

planted the eyes of a few potatoes, onion bulbs, and the seeds of

mustard, cress, radishes, turnips, carrots, peas, beans, spinach,

borage, sage, tomatoes, cucumbers, and melons. Everything came up and

flourished amazingly. In three months’ time I had a dozen fine cucumbers

from one plant, and so many potatoes that I was able to give them away

to my men, as well as supplying my own table. I had everything else in

abundance in a short space of time. Before leaving, I had planted my

land at Taveita with wheat and coffee, limes, oranges, mangoes, and

cocoanuts. I also distributed numbers of useful seeds among the natives.

I should have mentioned in its proper place before the vegetables, that

there is a great quantity of delicious honey produced throughout this

district. The wax is of very good quality, but the natives have no use

for it, and merely throw it away.

I might now, perhaps, briefly summarize the principal trade products,

and in some cases give their cost in the interior and on the coast. At

present, no doubt, the most paying thing is ivory. This may be bought in

the Masai countries, between the Victoria Nyanza and the coast, at the

rate of from one to two shillings a pound, according to quality. When I

refer to money in the interior, I mean money’s worth in cloth or other

trade goods. On the coast ivory sells from six to ten shillings a pound,

sometimes reaching a higher price.

Hides may be almost got for nothing in the interior, and merely cost the

expense of transit. On the coast they are sold, when dry, at about one

dollar for seven pounds.

Rhinoceros horns I have already alluded to. They find a ready sale on

the coast, fetching on an average, five shillings apiece.

Live-stock of all kinds may be purchased cheaply in the interior, and

find a ready market on the coast.

There is even another source of profit in which, although many people

laugh when I suggest it, I see nothing ridiculous, viz. the capture and

sale of wild animals. If it can pay Hamburg and Austrian firms to hunt,

and employ hunters on the confines of Abyssinia, for the purpose of

supplying the zoological gardens of the world with wild animals, why

should not the same thing be done here, where animal life is present to

a degree which puts Abyssinia and the Eastern Soudan to shame. If you

can get from 100_l._ to 200_l._ for a young rhinoceros, elephant,

hippopotamus, or giraffe, with lesser sums, in proportion, for large

antelopes, zebras, buffaloes, ostriches, lions, leopards, snakes, and

crocodiles, surely it is worth while to capture them in districts like

these, that are actually nearer the sea than the hunting-grounds of the

German firms, and where the natives are already familiar with such a

trade, and with the mode of capturing wild animals alive? When I was on

Kilima-njaro and Taveita, the natives were always bringing me live

creatures for sale, and I have already mentioned how cheaply I bought

young ostriches.

Another important trade product would be orchilla weed, which may be

gathered for nothing in the vast forests of Kilima-njaro. I have already

mentioned its selling price on the coast.

Iron, copper, and nitrate of soda might pay profit on their transit,

when communications between the coast and interior are facilitated.

Nevertheless, it is to be admitted that the special wealth of this

country lies in its agricultural future. There are districts that might

become the granaries of the world, possessing, over a large area, a

European climate. There are other regions peculiarly adapted by their

elevation for the culture of quinine. Sugar-cane already grows half

wild, and its cultivation might be increased to any extent. Coffee, tea,

cacao, vanilla, would thrive in countries and districts remarkably

suitable for their favourable growth. Above all, the question arises

that if it can pay people to open up and trade with other parts of

Africa, why should these magnificent fertile lands remain untouched,

when they possess a climate superior in its salubrity to any other part

of the continent?

In the neighbourhood, and near the base of Kilima-njaro, the greatest

heat I registered was 81°; in the warmest part of the interior, 91°. The

average night temperature in hilly districts is 60°; in the plains, 68°.

Except on the loftiest mountains, and on the Victoria Nyanza lake, where

it rains a few days in every month, the seasons in Eastern Equatorial

Africa are regular in their divisions of wet and dry. From June to the

end of October there is almost no rain, and from November to May there

is an abundant rainfall during certain months. On Kilima-njaro the

climate up to 8000 feet is that of a Devonshire summer; above that

elevation you may have it as cold as you like, the higher you go.

I hope I have now said sufficient to show you that if Africa is worth

opening up at all, the region which lies between the coast and Victoria

Nyanza is eminently so. There is no doubt that Africa is the New World

of the nineteenth century. What America was to Europe in the sixteenth

and seventeenth centuries, that Africa is now. Within the last two

years, England, France, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and

even Sweden have taken decided steps towards founding African colonies.

Consequently I argue from this that if land in Africa is worth having,

how much more profitable would it be in a fine country with a healthy

climate lying between a great lake and the Indian Ocean.

Having explained to you that from my point of view this region is worth

possessing, I now wish to indicate to you as briefly as possible the

best way of opening it up to trade and civilization. Selecting some good

port on the coast—and there are three or four to choose from, within a

limit of a hundred miles of coast-line—the expedition should establish

themselves firstly in the healthy and beautiful country of Usambara. The

road to the interior runs either to the north or south of this little

Switzerland, and joins to the west of it. In Usambara the first station

should be established, as the country is very healthy. Here, too, the

land might be sown and planted with all kinds of crop, for the proximity

to the sea would render exportation easy and cheap. From Usambara you

should cross the rich and fertile valley of the Mkomazi river and enter

the hill country of Paré, the trade route continuing along the level

plain at the foot of the hills. The scenery of Paré I can only call

enchanting. There are wooded crags, waterfalls, secluded Alpine valleys,

and splendid views. The people are pleasant to deal with, and food is

plentiful. From Paré you might proceed to Ugwéno, over against Lake

ǰipé, the road still following the plains, and the stations being

established in the hills. From Ugwéno it is a short distance to

Kilima-njaro, which offers splendid sites for large settlements, and has

also no scarcity of food. From Kilima-njaro there are two routes to be

opened up. One, or the most important, leads past Mount Méru, another

pleasant site for a trading station, straight to Speke Gulf, on the

Nyanza. The other is more or less Thomson’s track, leading to Lake

Bariṅgo and the north-west. This is the richest country for ivory.

Hither every year come the Swahili caravans, who trade nearly to the

borders of Abyssinia and the Nile. In all important districts stations

might be founded after Stanley’s style along the Congo, and these would,

in time, become centres of civilization, cultivation, and trade.

Although there is no doubt that a railway, under British auspices, made

to connect the Victoria Nyanza with the coast, would give the entire

trade of Eastern Central Africa into our hands, yet such an enterprise

seems at present utterly impossible. British capitalists, shipowners,

and manufacturers have lost the spirit of “merchant adventurers,” and

now regard every venture that does not immediately promise interest on

preliminary outlay, with pardonable timidity. Nevertheless, it seems to

me that there are still young energetic men in our country who love a

roving life, and who do not shrink from entering the wild regions of

Africa because there is no railway to take them. Such as these flock

year after year into the unpleasing regions between the Cape Colony and

the Zambesi, attracted by the love of sport or a sheer unreasoning,

English desire to pry into new countries. Why do not some of them band

together, and instead of spending their money, time, and energies on

barren Bechuana-land, boldly push into the countries west and north of

Kilima-njaro, trading, shooting, and exploring? I can at least promise

them far greater abundance of game than in the much shot over regions of

South Africa, while they will never be likely to meet with such

unhealthy districts as the Zambesi valley. “But the Masai?” people

timidly suggest. Well, the Masai are not, after all, worse than the

Kaffirs, Zulus, or even Hottentots were to the first explorers of

Southern Africa. They want a little managing, that is all, and every

fresh European will—or ought to—find his path smoothed by his

predecessors. Besides, in some of the finest country there are no Masai.

Along the direct route between the Victoria Nyanza and the coast only a

strip of about 100 miles, viz. about a fourth of the distance, is ranged

over by Masai and is annually traversed by Swahili caravans.

The first consideration in the development of this country is to

encourage trade and create agriculture. Along many of the native tracks,

as they at present exist, there is no obstacle for stout waggons, at any

rate, as far into the interior as the precincts of Méru and

Kilima-njaro, that is to say, half way to the Victoria Nyanza. Mules in

plenty may be purchased in Zanzibar, and will do well in the country, or

asses might be bought from the Masai. Oxen, doubtless, might also be

trained to draw waggons as on the coast. As I have before remarked,

_there is no tsetse fly_ in the country, so that even horse-breeding

might be attempted in time.[91] Human labour is plentiful on the coast

and fairly cheap. You may hire good stout carriers at the rate of five

dollars a month, and the cost of their food is about twopence a day.

Many of these men make very decent soldiers and guards, as Stanley has

found on the Congo. As a rule the Zanzibar porters are faithful,

trustworthy men—I have always found them so, and have even discovered

very fine qualities in their nature too. At any rate, if they fall out

with a white man it is generally his fault; a very little discipline,

together with a kind and quiet manner, will always keep them in order.

Many of them can read and write their own language in the Arabic

character, so that if you wish to communicate with them at a distance

you can do so by letter. The cost of keeping these men in the country

would very much lessen after the first year or two, as you might soon

grow sufficient food on your plantations to support the entire

expedition. These Zanzibaris are very easily satisfied. They will

subsist tranquilly on a few handfuls of maize a day, or a little rice

and dried fish, or simply bananas; while if you manage to bring down

some zebra or antelope with your rifle they are overjoyed. In two days

ten men will construct you a spacious dwelling with a grass-thatched

rain-tight roof, and in a much shorter time will build their own simpler

habitations. They are singularly handy, and can plant gardens, make

roads, trap animals, cure skins, construct bird-cages, wash clothes,

mend them, make them, cook a dinner, and arrange a nosegay with equal

facility. They are much more ingenious than English navvies, much more

enduring of hardships, and much more courteous in behaviour. Without

doubt, they are the means, the force, by which Eastern Africa will be

opened up.

The white men who should form the pioneers of any commercial enterprise

in Central Africa must be young, vigorous, and active, not, as they are

so often, _usé_, battered men, who have failed in other careers, and try

Africa as a last chance. They should possess sufficient education to be

inspired with an intelligent interest in the wonderful nature that will

surround them. There is no more miserable person in Africa than your

utterly uncultured man; he pines and sickens for want of sympathy with

his surroundings, while he who is so far alive to natural history as to

be moved by the interesting fauna and flora of Equatorial Africa will

never be lonely, nor have time to be ill. If any of them have a taste

for sport, he will be never unhappy, for this country surely offers,

without exception, the most splendid hunting-ground in the world. Nor,

in such a case, will his sport be mere useless butchery of beautiful

animals. He will be able to supply his caravan with fresh meat, at no

expense, and may secure many valuable skins and hides. In the case of

elephants, a sportsman is a positive acquisition to the party, as he can

procure ivory for nothing. I have, personally, known men in Southwestern

Africa who have made their fortunes over ivory and ostrich feathers.

That the opening-up of this country would secure a new field for

commerce, I am convinced. Wherever I went the natives were anxious to

trade—more anxious to trade than to fight, always. Constantly they have

said to me, “Why won’t you come here, and set up a shop”—for shop they

employ the word _duka_, which the Swahilis have taught them—“and let us

exchange our goods for yours?” At places nearly two hundred miles from

the coast I have found people who had never seen a white man before, in

the possession of Maria Theresa dollars and Indian rupees, with which

they came to buy cloth from me. They had, of course, received this

currency from the coast traders, but it only shows they are beginning to

understand the value of money; nay, more, Mandara, the chief of Moši, on

Kilima-njaro, wanted me to open a banking account for him at Zanzibar,

and he had a distinct though crude idea of drawing cheques. Even the

fiercest people here have wants for extraneous things that must be

satisfied. Then again, if you introduce commerce and a ready market, you

suppress the slave trade. Chiefs now sell their people into slavery

because the Arabs will not buy anything else, slaves being the most

profitable investment for the coast trader; but once convince them—and

Africans are much more practical than you think—that more money is to be

gained by employing their serfs to cultivate the soil at home and

produce food stuffs and other products for sale, and I am sure the

expatriation of these wretched people will cease. Again, at the present

moment one chief makes war against another to procure prisoners and sell

them as slaves, but commercial instinct will introduce peace by turning

the sword into a reaping-hook, and covering the devastated fields with

fair and marketable harvests. These people are well worthy of

civilization—yes, even the fierce and roving Masai, who are already

being softened wherever they impinge on the rendezvous of coast trade.

I would suggest that in any undertaking to open up Eastern Equatorial

Africa, Kilima-njaro should be made the centre of operations, both on

account of its fine climate and the placability of its inhabitants, and

for the further reason that the intervening country between Kilima-njaro

and the coast is quite safe for travelling.

I have no doubt some, if not many, of my readers have received several

of these statements with irritable incredulity. It is, somehow or other,

vaguely annoying to the placid nature of an Englishman, who has made

enough to live on and only wants to live quietly, to come across

travellers—whose works he skims through in his easy-chair—that insist on

bringing to his notice new and wonderful tracts of land which are

possible El Dorados, and in which he _must_ take an interest and invest

his money, or they will never leave him in peace and will constantly din

into his ears the appalling news that he has let slip an unrecoverable

opportunity of showing his patriotism and his commercial perspicacity.

How well we know those cries and laments that ever and anon sweep

through the public press and assail John Bull at his breakfast-table or

worry his return from business. “You have lost the granary of Africa, or

the granary of America,” as the case may be. “You are about to abandon

the garden of Asia to the French, Russians, Germans!” and so on. I must

say I rather sympathize with my readers if they display any restless

petulance after reading such a chapter as this. The feeling arises

partly from a lurking conviction of an element of truth in the

statements, and partly from resentment at not being allowed to ignore

these advantages which they must either take up themselves or see pass

into the hands of aliens. “Why can’t you let us alone?” they feel

inclined to exclaim, “we’ve got quite enough for our immediate wants, we

have no need to embark in fresh enterprises.” Or they try to satisfy

themselves and crush their disturber by anxiously endeavouring to oppose

argument to argument and disprove all beguiling statistics. Yes, I am

very sorry, dear reader, if I have worried and bored you by inserting a

leaf or two of commercial propaganda into what you thought, when you

ordered it from the library, was just going to be an average African

book—adventures with lions, tossings by buffaloes, encounters with nasty

natives, and so on. Believe me, I have done so disinterestedly. I am not

an African trader, nor do I intend to be. I am not getting up a company

to develop East Africa and speculate in land. If a railway is made to

Kilima-njaro, I shall probably hear of its accomplishment from the

forests of Borneo or the snow-peaks of the Andes, and remember I once

visited that part of the world. Scientific pursuits and a love of

rambling have led me to this richly endowed region as they may next year

lead me elsewhere, and I have thought it well to let my countrymen know

what advantages it possesses, so that when British merchants and

philanthropists are bewailing the loss of the great African sanatorium,

they cannot at least plead ignorance of its existence or advantages.

Having said this much I leave my poor remarks to the kind consideration

of the general public, by whom, and Mr. Mudie, we authors of a day

receive our _raison-d’être_.

INDEX.

NOTE. All African names of countries, languages, or peoples, which are

not found under the initial letter in this index, should be looked for

under the initial of the root-form. Thus for Ki-taveita (the language

of Taveita), see Taveita, Ki-; for Usambara, Sambara, U-; Wa-čaga,

Čaga, Wa-; Bu-nyoro, Nyoro, Bu-. Inasmuch as the prefix in these cases

constantly varies with the meaning of the root, it is necessary to

recognize the unvarying root, alone, in this index.

Abdallah, 61, 131, 146, 189, 190, 199, 225, 239, 302.

Abyssinia, 2, 3, 5, 98, 334, 353, 363, 398, 452, 545, 551.

Acacia, 55, 74, 81, 117, 137, 209, 329, 336.

Aden, 15, 320, 321.

Africa, flora of, 334, _et seq._;

resources of, 148.

——, Eastern, 308, 323, 535, _et seq._

——, languages of, 446.

Agreement with Mandara, 110.

—— —— Elders of Taveita, 211.

Albert Nyanza, the, 297, 400.

“Albino, my,” 304.

_Albizzia_, 209.

_Alcelaphus Cokei_, 65, 301, 355.

Aloes, 51, 90, 92, 117, 154, 229, 330, 336.

Alphabet, Lepsius’ Standard, ix, 476, _et seq._

Alps, the, 5.

—— —— African, 3.

America, 3, 4, 9, 274.

_Anas_, 359.

Anemones, 234, 336.

Ant-bear, 300, 353, 424.

Antelopes, 216, 218, 300, 310, 355.

—— and ant-hills, 65, 355.

Ant-hills, 65, 355.

Anthropology, 395–445.

Ants, 176, 220, 296.

Arabia, 335.

Arabic, 460.

Arab mongrels, 98.

Arabs, 6, 8, 97, 105, 181, 210, 308, 311, 314, 403, 408.

Arab town, an, 316.

Arnold, Edwin, vii.

_Artemisia_, 235, 334, 335.

Arums, 119, 442, 487.

Aruša, 397, 405.

Aryan languages, 460, 466, 480, 488.

Asses, 210, 304, 421, 423, 538, 546.

Association, British, 3, 6, 245.

Athmani, 58, 61, 131, 186, _et seq._, 247, _et seq._

Author, the, entrusted with command of Kilima-njaro Expedition, 6;

arrives at Zanzibar, 16;

falls ill, 41;

asserts sway over porters, 48;

is miserable at Kitimbiriu, 194;

rejects Mandara’s ultimatum, 196;

is besieged, 197;

frames projects of escape, 200;

endures great anxiety, 200;

resolves to quit Moši, 204;

falls into ambush, 206;

catches leopard in trap, 211;

goes hunting, 216, _et seq._;

ascends Kilima-njaro, 229, _et seq._, 259, _et seq._;

flight from Wa-kibošo, 237;

takes leave of Mandara, 240;

frees Mabruki’s slaves, 248;

enters Maranu, 251;

humours its chief, 256;

has accident to knee-cap, 261, _et seq._;

ascends Kibô, 266;

returns to camp, 276;

muses on the possibilities of a European settlement, 286;

has difficulties with Wa-rombo, 288;

anxiety to avoid bloodshed, 288;

fights with Wa-rombo, 293;

receives deputation of Wa-rombo, 295;

sets out for coast, 297;

ill at Lake ǰipe, 299;

meets the Masai, 303: escapes by a _ruse_, 303;

enjoys mute hospitality at the Pangani Mission-station, 316, _et

seq._;

voyages in Arab dau, 318;

returns to Zanzibar, 319;

reaches London, 321.

Baboons, 118, 212, 223, 310, 350, 351.

Baker, Sir Samuel, 450.

“Baloza,” the, 98, 100, 104, 106, 187, 226, 257.

Balsams, 92, 148, 230, 330.

Banana, the, 442, 487.

—— beer, 175.

—— plantations, 75, 88, 91, 117, 118, 124, 209, 287, 289, 307.

—— leaves, 140, 155.

Bananas (fruit), 148, 151, 155, 193, 212, 215, 264, 306, 424.

——, Wild (_Musa Ensete_), 209, 331, _et seq._, 336.

Bantu, meaning of the word, 478, 488.

—— languages, 151, 288, 313, 424, 426, 447, 474, _et seq._, 478, _et

seq._

Bantu races, 78, 247, 312, 396, _et seq._, 539, _et seq._

Baobab-trees, 304, 329, 336, 430.

Barawuio, Em-, 313, 407.

Barbel, a, 363.

Bari people, 397, 421.

—— language, 400, 450, _et seq._, 455, 466, 474, 481, 501, _et seq._

Baringo, Lake, 397, 450, 536, 551.

“Baroni,” the (Baron v. d. Decken), 10, 101, 106.

Bats, 352.

Battle with Wa-kibošo, 177.

_Bauhinia_, 80.

Beads (for trading), 45, 154;

(ornaments of), 429.

Beans, 149, 155, 442, 547.

Bed, a native’s, 214.

Bees, 92, 363, 424, 485.

Beetles, 5, 260, 363, 372–377.

Begonias, 230, 260.

Belgians, 99.

Bell, Prof. Jeffrey, on a nematoid worm, 364.

Berber language, 429, 475.

Birds, 5, 192, 356–361, 377–387, 543.

Blackberries, 154, 155, 193.

Blair, General, 15, 321.

Bleek, Dr., 446, 448, 488.

Blessbok, the, 354.

Blood-drinking, 425, 442.

Bloody scene, a, 176.

_Bombax_ tree, 329.

Bondei, Wa-, 398.

Boni, Wa-, 401 (language), 401, 501.

Bonney, Professor, on the geology of Kilima-njaro, 328.

_Borassus flabelliformis_, 154, 329.

Borneo, 4.

Bracken fern, 118, 125, 151, 330, 336.

Brambles, 117, 154, 230, 330.

Bread, 83, 143, 148.

Breakfast-table, 143, 148.

British Association, the, 3, 6, 245.

—— Ensign, Mandara’s request for, 100.

_Buceros_, 356, _et seq._

Buffalo, 66, 164, 216, 267, 277, 279, 287, 354, 485, _et seq._, 540.

Bulom language, 480.

Bura of Taita, 64, 65, 287.

Bushbuck, the, 354.

Bushmen, 427, 447, 482, 484.

Butter, 142, _et seq._, 148, 155, 193.

Buttercups, 336.

Butterflies, 5, 14, 192, 194, 235, 363, 367.

—— feeding on blood, 176.

Calophyllum, 329.

Cameroons, the, Mountains, 3, 335, 352, 489.

Camp at Habari, 83;

at Mkuyuni, 85;

at Mandara’s, 90;

on Kilima-njaro, 233, 260;

at Maraṅu, 253;

in Msai (Kimawenzi), 285;

River Lumi, 292;

delights of, 83;

meals in, 84.

—— of Masai, 304.

_Canis_, 353.

Cannibalism, 352.

Cape of Good Hope, 5, 335.

Carapace of kites’ feathers, 170.

Cardamums, 545.

_Carduus_, 267.

_Carnivora_, 352.

Carrots, 131, 149, 547.

Cattle, 315, 421, 486, 545.

—— of Africa, 421, _et seq._, 441.

—— of Wa-čaga, 441.

—— of Masai, 304, 421, 538.

_Cephalophus_, 354.

Cephas, the cook, 62, 106, 131, 146, 179, 190, 237.

_Cercopithēcus_, 352.

Chameleon, 260, 361.

Champagne, 52, 53.

Chella Mountains (Angola), 279, 310, 354.

Chervil, 234, 268.

Chief, the, of Mačame, 9, 124.

—— Maraṅu, 255, _et seq._

—— Paré, 306.

—— Usambara, 307.

Cicadas, 222.

Circumcision, 487.

—— of Wa-čaga, 438.

—— of Masai, 412 (and foot-note).

—— of Wa-taveita, 433.

Civet, 353.

Clematis, 87, 148, 336.

Climate of Kilima-njaro, 299, 322, _et seq._, 549;

(Kitimbiriu), 194.

_Clitorea_, 37, 51, 329.

Cloth, for trade, 44;

a “hand” of, 155.

Clouds on Kilima-njaro, 136, _et seq._, 154, 208.

Clover, 121.

_Cobus_ antelopes, 310.

Cocoa-nut, 59.

—— palm, 329.

Coffee, 148, 544, 545, 549.

Cold, at Kitimbiriu, 145;

on higher levels, 275, 280.

_Coleoptera_, 372–377.

Collectors, natural history, 12, 13, 136, 192.

_Collocasia_, 424, 442.

_Colobus Guereza_, _var._ caudatus, 37, 174, 352.

—— Kirkii, 37, 38.

Colobus skins, 89, 170, 174, 414, 542.

_Commelyna_, 50, 329.

Commerce of Kilima-njaro district, 535, _et seq._

Congo, River, 2, 6, 98, 99, 149, 210, 350, 442, 482, 551.

“Concord,” the, in Aryan languages, 461;

in Bantu, 459, 490;

in Ki-čaga, &c., 499, _et seq._;

in Galla, 460;

in Hottentot, 460;

in Semitic languages, 460.

Cooley, Mr. Desborough, 9.

Copal, 544.

Copper, 487, 545, 548.

_Corissa_, 51.

Cow, 121, 131, 142, 147, 148, 155, 198, 304.

Crabs, 363, 365, 544.

Cream, 142, 143, 193.

Creepers, strange, 82.

_Crinum_ lilies, 37, 51.

Crocodiles, 298, 361, 443, 543.

Crotons, 37.

Crows, 176, 304.

Cucumbers, 131, 149, 547.

Cust, Mr., R.N., 446, 478.

Cycads, 329.

_Cynocephalus_, 350.

_Cynoglossum_, 235, 267, 333.

Čaga, 8, 96, 135, 210, 215, 250, 299, 326, 351, 443.

——, agriculture of, 125, 440.

——, climate of, 139.

——, Wa- (people of), 78, 91, 95, 96, 97, 123, 154, 210, 213, 229, 233,

238, 249, 398, 428, 436, _et seq._;

domestic animals of, 441, _et seq._;

their huts, 91, 157;

mode of fighting, 175, 176;

swords, 176;

smiths, 440;

utensils, 440;

their language (Ki-čaga), 95, 111, 157, 161, 252, 289, 494, _et seq._

Čala, Lake, 281, 290.

“Dacca,” s.s., 321.

Dahalo, Wa-, 401.

Daus, Arab, 25, 318.

Day, a typical, at Kitimbiriu, 144, _et seq._

Decency, natives’ want of, 76, 90, 433, 437.

Decken, Baron von der, 9, 10, 12, 101, 106, 190.

_Didunculus_, 4.

_Dierama_, 267.

Digo, A-, 398.

Diṅka language, 400, 421, 451, 475, 501, _et seq._

Dishes, wooden, of Wa-čaga, 142.

_Dissotis_, 92, 121, 147.

Dodo, the, 4.

Dogs of Kilima-njaro, 353;

of Masai, 421, 423.

Doko people, The, 431.

Domestic animals, 421, 441, 486.

Donkey, _vide_ Ass.

Doorway, Čaga, 157, 229.

——, Taveita, 74.

——, Maraṅu, 250.

Dorobo, En-, 294, 401, 402, 424, 448.

Dowding, Captain, 320.

_Dracæna_, 90, 117, 151, 154, 172, 229, 330, 336.

Drakensberg Mountains, 334.

Ducks, 298, 359.

——, Muscovy, 294, 296, 484.

Dwarf races, 400.

Δaičo, Wa-, 379, 432.

Earrings of Masai, 410, 431;

of Wa-taita, 430.

Eastern Africa, _see_ Africa, Eastern.

Efik language, 480.

Eggs, 143, 148, 155.

Egrets, 298, 359.

Egypt, 15, 321, 484.

Egyptians, Ancient, 421, 546.

_Elaïs_ palm, 329.

Elands, 66, 301, 310, 354.

Elche, palm groves of, 311.

Elephant-gun, 167.

Elephants, 206, 207, 233, 260, 279, 213, _et seq._, 287, 294, 310, 354,

485, 541.

Emin-Bey, Dr., 450.

Enciso, 7.

En-dorobo, _vide_ Dorobo, En-.

England, 99.

English (Wa-ingrezi), 99, 310.

—— “Manowari,” 100, 135.

—— Mission, 317.

—— vegetables, 131, 149.

Equator, snow under the, 3, 8, 9.

_Equus_, 354.

Erhardt, Rev., 448, 452.

_Erica_, 233, 261.

Euphorbias, 51, 58, 81, 307, 312.

European settlements on Kilima-njaro, 286, _et seq._, 290, 298.

_Euryops_, 270, 333.

“Everlasting” flowers, 233, 235, 270, 333, 334.

Expedition, the Kilima-njaro, 3.

—— —— ——,funds for, 3, 13, 14, 296.

Famine in East Africa, 1884, 215.

Faraǰi, 61, 131, 146, 147, 229, 299.

Fariǰala, 131, 146.

Farler, Archdeacon, 403.

Fauna of Kilima-njaro, 350–394.

Fauna and flora of Kilima-njaro, 3, 5, 12.

—— —— —— —— high mountains and islands, 4, 5.

—— —— ——, ancient, of Africa, 6.

Ferns, 117, 230, 231, 235, 260, 269, 330, 334, 336.

——, tree-, 231, 260, 333, 336.

Fever caught at Zanzibar, 41;

at ǰipé, 299.

——, causes of, 41.

Fig-trees, 329.

Fire, making, 436.

Fireworks, author’s display of, 179, 188, 294.

Fischer, Dr., 12, 13.

Fish, 209, 212, 213, 298, 363, 434, 441, 543.

Flies, 176.

Flora of Kilima-njaro, 267, _et seq._, 329, _et seq._, 335, _et seq._,

337–349.

—— —— Abyssinia, 334, _et seq._

—— —— South Africa, 334, _et seq._

Flour, maize, 83, 148;

millet, 155.

Fly-catcher, 356.

Food in Africa, 84.

Forests of Bura, 65;

enchanted, 59, 81;

of Kilima-njaro, 152, _et seq._, 233;

of Kimawenzi, 282, _et seq._;

of Paré, 306, _et seq._, 544;

of Taveita, 74, 80, 209, 322, 330;

terrors of the, 285;

of Usambara, 310, 544.

Forge, a Čaga, 440.

Forget-me-nots, 336.

Fowls, 142, 143, 147, 155, 158, 198, 213, 294, _et seq._, 421;

introduction of, into Africa, 483, _et seq._, 546.

Francolin, 218, 358, 343.

French (Wa-fransa), 22, 99.

Frere Town, 42.

Frogs, 362;

tree-, 222.

Frost, 233.

Fula people (Fulbe), 452.

—— language (Fulde), 447, 451, 452, 474, 478.

Galago, the, 37, 352.

Galla Land, 398, 401, 432, 438.

—— language, 401, 450, _et seq._, 460, 474, _et seq._, 479, 501, _et

seq._

—— people, 210, 312, 398, _et seq._

Game, big, 216, 301, 354.

—— country, _the_, 219, 301.

Ganda, Bu-, 210, 483;

Lu- (the language), 400, 479, 483, 488, 490.

Gazelles, 354.

Geese, 298, 359.

Gender, recognition of in Bantu, 474.

—— —— —— —— Galla, 474, 475.

—— —— —— —— Masai, 474.

—— —— —— —— Semitic, 474.

Genet, 353.

Geographical Society, Royal, 10, 11, 14.

—— —— of Paris, 8.

—— education of British youth, 2.

Geography, physical, of the Kilima-njaro district, 322, 395, 535, _et

seq._

Geology of Kilima-njaro, 328, _et seq._

Geraniums, 235, 336.

Germans, the (Wa-dači), 99, 100, 314.

Giraffe, the, 216, 301, 310, 354, 485, 540.

Gissing, Capt., 15, 41, 48, 130.

Gladioli, 230, 267, 333.

Gnu, the, 66, 310, 354.

Goats, 90, 91, 121, 128, 142, 145, 147, 155, 158, 172, 198, 211, 213,

227, 264, 294, _et seq._, 315, 422, 441, 546.

God, names of, 215, 430, 438.

Godman, Mr. F. D., on the lepidoptera of Kilima-njaro, 367.

Gonǰa, 307, _et seq._

Gora, 48, 49, 51.

Grammar, Masai, 455–476.

_Graphic_, plates from, 46.

_Graphiurus_, 354.

Grasses, 119.

Great personages, 101.

Greffulhe, M., 401.

Guinea-fowls, 310, 358, 543.

Guides from Maraṅu, 259, 263, 280, 285.

Gums, 544.

Gwéno, Ki-, 125, 494, _et seq._

——, U-, 65, 125, 286, 297, 443, 550.

——, Wa-, 125, 210, 297, 396, 398, 428, 443.

“Habari” River, 82, 207.

Haggard, Lieut., 15.

Hamitic languages, 398, 447, 460, 474, 475, 478.

“Hand” of cloth, 155.

Handford, Rev. J., 41.

Hartebeests, 65, 66, 301, 354, 355.

Hausa language, 447, 475, 478.

Heaths, 233, 235, 261, 334, 336.

Helot tribes, 424.

Hemlock, 234.

Herero, Oči-, language, 493.

_Hibiscus_, 37, 87, 92, 148, 330.

Hides, 547, _et seq._

Hindus at Zanzibar, 27, 28.

—— —— Pangani, 316, 317.

Hippopotami, 298, 354, 443, 485, 486, 541.

_Hippotragus niger_, 69, 301, 354.

_Hippotragus equinus_, 224.

Honey, 65, 92, 148, 155, 264, 424, 442, 547.

—— boxes, 93.

—— guide (_indicator_), 424.

Hornbills, 356, _et seq._

Hottentot languages, 447, 460, 474, 480.

Houses, building at Kitimbiriu, 139, 143.

—— of Gonǰa, 307.

—— —— Masai, 420.

Hunters, native, 66, 216, 220.

Hunting and travel, 68.

Hyena, 162, 195, 211, 220, 222, 353, 423, 434, 439.

——, a human, 217.

_Hyphœne Thebaïca_, 154, 310, 329.

Hyraxes, 234, 264, 279, 354.

Ibrahim, 63, 131, 146, 303.

Ichneumon, 353.

Indian corn, 151, 155.

India, 308, 335, 363.

India-rubber, 544.

—— creeper, 336, 544.

_Indicator_, 424.

_Insectivora_, 352.

Insects, 544.

Irises, 234, 235, 267, 333.

Iron, 297, 440, 487, 545, 548.

Irrigation of plantations, 139, 149, 441.

Ivory, 210, 294, 424, 541, 547.

Jackal, 353.

“Japan,” 4.

_Java_, the, 15.

J̌emsi, En-, 210, 397.

J̌ipé, Lake, 66, 72, 125, 287, 297, _et seq._, 310, 321, 359, 363, 407,

443, 543.

“Johnston,” 76.

J̌ub, River, 401.

J̌umba Kimemeta, 98, 184, 185.

J̌uwano people, 401.

Kadu Stanley, 63, 131, 139, 149, 225, 239.

Kaffir language, 483, 488.

Kahe, Wa-, 398, 428, 443.

Kamasia, 397.

Kamba, A-, 78, 210, 220, 397, 399, 428, 431.

——, Ki-, 494.

Kambani, U-, 210, 287, 397.

Kaputei, 397.

Kara, Wa-, 397.

Kavirondo, 210, 397, 399, 401, 540.

Kenia, Mount, 2, 8, 9, 397, 418, 431, 536.

Kibô, 1, 7, 10, 80, 105, 110, 124, 129, 136, 147, 152, 229, 234, 266,

_et seq._, 277, 298, 335.

Kiboṅoto, 443.

Kibôšo, 165, 181, 244, 443.

——, people of (Wa-kibôšo), 169, 175, 177, _et seq._, 226, 233, 235,

236, _et seq._, 262, _et seq._

——, war with, 194.

——, Mandara’s armies defeated by, 200.

_Kigelia Africana_, 37.

Kihuṅgwe, 309.

Kikoro, 210, 407.

Kikuyu, Wa-, 397, 432.

Kilaki, 228, 232.

Kilema, 443;

Upper, 262.

——, River, 85, 260.

Kilima-njaro, Mount, 1, 6, 7, 9, 80, 226, 300, 310, 320, 396, 418;

altitude of, 1, 2, 10, 276;

anthropology of, 395–445;

ascents of, 10, 11;

beetles of, 372–394;

birds of, 356–394;

butterflies of, 367;

climate of, 323, _et seq._;

colonization of, 122;

derivation of name, 1;

discovery of, 7;

early history of, 6;

European visitors to, 7, _et seq._, 79, 100, 101;

Expedition, vii., 3, 12, 14;

fauna of, 350–394;

fauna and flora of, 3, 5, 12;

flora of, 234, 329, _et seq._, 330, 337–349;

first sight of, 71;

geology of, 1;

languages of, 448–496;

last view of, 298;

mammals of, 350–387;

northern side of, 10, 294;

poem to, v., 336;

politics of, 79, 182, 244;

pronunciation of, x;

purpose in going to, 180, 245;

reptiles of, 361;

sanatorium, a future, 306;

situation and extent of, 1, 3, 327;

snows of, 1, 3, 8, 9, 14, 79, 137, 325;

spurs on buttresses of, 119, 127;

start for, 40;

states of, 232;

by sunrise, 137;

vicinity of, 72, 215.

Kimaṅgelia, 294, 326, 443.

Kimawenzi, 1, 10, 80, 124, 152, 234, 260, 264, 273, 286, 325.

Kingfisher, 149.

Kini Balu, Mount, 5.

Kioṅgwe, 60, 61, 102, 104, 106, 116, _et seq._, 185, 204, _et seq._,

212, 225, 239, 246, 303, 315.

Kirk, Sir John, iii., 13, _et seq._, 94, 98, 100, 109, 180, 182, 184,

225, 226, 240, 256, 281, 319;

house of, 20, 21, 23;

at home, 39;

at Mbwéni, 38.

Kirua, 165, 181, 244, 443.

Kisiwani, 306.

Kisolutini, 42, 48.

Kisoṅgo, 397, 404, 407.

Kitchen-garden, author’s, 131, 142, 149.

Kites, 128, 356.

Kitimbiriu, walk to, 118;

site for, 120;

arrival at, 121;

position of, 122;

future of, 122;

view from, 123;

residence in, 129, 142, _et seq._;

typical day at, 144, _et seq._;

author leaves, August 18th, 206;

returns to, 212, 229, 238;

remembrance of, 320.

Kiulu Mountains, 287, 396.

Konono, El-, 402, 411, 421.

Kosova, 397.

Krapf, Dr. (the missionary), 8, 9, 130, 432, 446, 448, 452, 489.

Kudu, 277, 279, 354.

Kwavi, Wa- (Masai), 78, 210, 312, _et seq._, 396, _et seq._, 405, _et

seq._, 419, 424, 432.

Labio, 363.

Laikipia, 397.

Laitokitok, 397, 404.

Lamu, 15, 398, 401, 541.

_Landolphia florida_, 544.

Landscapes, descriptive, 65, 80, 88, 124, 127, 129, 137, 152, _et

seq._, 156.

Lanes, the Ċaga, 229, 230.

Laṅgo, language of, 450.

Languages of Africa, 446.

—— —— Kilima-njaro, 448, _et seq._

Lanjora, 70.

“Laputa,” 71.

Last, Mr., 449.

Latuka people, 397.

—— language, 450, _et seq._, 455, 501.

Lava, 264, _et seq._

Lawson, Mr. Ed. L., vii.

League, hostile, of Kibôso, &c., 204.

Legend of Solomon, 129.

Leighton, Sir Frederick, 32.

Leopards, 66, 152, 164, 211, 284, 352, 485, 542.

_Lepidoptera_, 367.

Lepsius, Dr. (Standard Alphabet), ix, 446, 451.

Lilies, 301.

Limestone, 301, 545.

Lions, 66, 73, 85, _et seq._, 137, 152, _et seq._, 156, 162, 211, 216,

222, 352, 485, 542.

_Lissochilus_ orchids, 51.

Lizard, 235, 361.

_Lobelia Deckeni_, 267, 333.

_Lonchitis pubescens_, 332.

_Loranthus_, 154.

Lumbwa, 397.

Lumi River (of Taveita), 79, 218, 220, 288, 289, _et seq._, 297, 326,

434.

Lūr language, 400, 451, 501.

Luvu River, _vide_ Ruvu.

Mabruki, 57, 61, 131, 185, _et seq._, 191, 247, _et seq._

Mačame, 9, 124, 443.

Madagascar, 5, 485.

Madi language, 450.

Magdišu, 17.

Magic, 159, 160.

Magician, author a, 264, 294, 295.

Maidens, African, 151.

Maize (Indian corn), 151, 155, 424, 442.

Makonde language, 493.

Malindi, 17, 326, 401.

Mamba, 244, 286, 443.

Mammals of Kilima-njaro, 350, 387–394.

Mandara, vii., 11, 79, 89, 90, _et seq._, 109, 114, _et seq._, 130,

155, 213, 225, _et seq._, 236, _et seq._, 287, 314, 319, 404, 555;

appearance of, 91, 103, 106;

biography of, 95, _et seq._;

courtiers of, 88, 106, 108, 131, 175, 181, 183, 186, _et seq._, 241;

covetousness of, 188;

character of, 206;

conversations with, 105, 134, 169, 181, 202;

first sight of, 103;

fortifications 172;

Mandara and Mabruki, 187, _et seq._;

mother of, 96;

quarrels with neighbours, 165, 194;

his reasons for slave-trading, 180;

his relations with Sir John Kirk, 98, 101;

rule of, 164;

slave-trading of, 95, 165, 181;

soldiers of, 89, 98, 169, 171, 174, 177, 187, 195, 197, 226, 229,

234, 236, _et seq._;

treatment of European visitors, 11, 101;

town of, 119, 156, 172, 198;

wives of, 111, 112;

Mandara’s interviews with author, 104, 106, 110, 133, 169, 181, 240;

messages to author, 189, 190, _et seq._, 196;

ideas about rent, 191;

threats, 194, 196;

ultimatum, 196;

alliance with Masai, 204;

leave-taking with author, 240, _et seq._

Mandiṅgo language, 447, 478.

Maṅge, 192, 197, 198.

Mango, 329.

Maraṅu, 165, 181, 243, 248, 443;

mission to, 245, _et seq._;

chief of, 247, 255, _et seq._;

his mother, 253;

his palace, 254;

his soldiers, 292.

Market at Kitimbiriu, 154, 155.

Marriage among Masai, 415.

—— —— Wa-taita, 431.

—— —— Wa-čaga, 437.

—— —— Wa-taveita, 433.

Masai, the, 6, 7, 74, _et seq._, 78, 95, _et seq._, 165, 185, 209, _et

seq._, 238, 289, 294, 302, _et seq._, 312, _et seq._, 397, _et

seq._, 402, _et seq._, 443, 481, 537, 552;

of Aruša, 97, 204, 397;

of Kisoṅgo, 204, 397;

history of, 405;

physical appearance of, 408, _et seq._;

warriors, 403;

mode of circumcision, 412 (foot-note);

dress of, 414;

marriage amongst, 415, _et seq._;

burial of, 416, _et seq._;

religion of, 417, _et seq._;

political constitution of, 418;

blood-drinking of, 425;

houses of, 419, _et seq._;

morals of, 419;

domestic animals of, 421;

utensils of, 420;

future of, 426.

Masai-land, 6, 11, 12, 210, 401, 425, 541.

Masai language, the, 400, 402, 448, _et seq._, 453–476, 501, _et seq._

Matthews, General, 31, 105.

Matumbato, 397.

Mau, El-, 424.

Mauṅgu, 54, 56, 58, _et seq._, 65.

Mauritius, 4.

Mazindi, 310, _et seq._

Mbe, Wa-, 397.

Mbugu, Wa-, 309, 310, 403.

Meal, 151, 155.

Means of transport in East Africa, 42.

Medical aid, demands for, 111, _et seq._

Melons, 131, 547.

Méru, Mount, 126, 127, 129, 178, 325, 335, 397, 443, 551.

Mguu, 131.

Miers, E. T., Mr., on the river-crabs of Kilima-njaro, 365.

Milk, 142, 148, 155, 157, 213, 214, 315, 425, 442.

“Milkman, my,” 157, 213.

Millet, 151, 424, 442.

Miltsiu, Mount., 2.

Mint, 330.

Mission at Mombasa, 43.

——, Universities’, 311, 316, _et seq._

Missionaries, 8, 310.

Mkindu palm, 153.

Mkomazi River, 309, 312, 550.

Mkuyuni River, 85, 206, 207.

Mohammedanism, 408.

Mohammedans _v._ Christians, 43.

Mombasa, 6, 7, 11, 15, 40, _et seq._, 307, 399, 452.

——, inhabitants of, 43.

——, missions of, 43.

——, slave-trade of, 97.

_Monitor Niloticus_, 361.

Monkeys, 117, 160, 212, 350, _et seq._, 485.

Moši, 10, 11, 79, 84, 87, 91, 94, _et seq._, 165, 212, 225, 323, 443.

——, author’s settlement in, 110, 114, 144.

——, invasion of, by Wa-kibôšo, 171.

——, a beautiful prison, 203.

Moths, 235.

Mountains, isolated, 4.

—— of Paré, 301, 304, _et seq._

—— of Usambara, 310.

Mpala (pallah) antelope, 218, 301, 354.

Mpokomo, 95, 443.

Mpoṅgwe language, 493.

Msai, 443.

Mtesa of Bu-ganda, 63, 98, 149.

_Musa Ensete_, 331.

Mustard and cress, 131, 149.

Mwale palm, 214.

Mwatate, 64.

Naivaša, Lake, 12.

Nandi, country of, 397.

Natal, 3, 304, 363, 481, 485.

Natron salt, 424.

Ndara of Taita, 59, 60, 64.

Negro languages, 447.

—— and Bantu races, distinction between, 426, _et seq._, 482.

Negroes, 398, 482.

——, Nilotic, 399, 427, 482.

_Neotragus_, 354.

New, Rev. Charles, 10, 11, 12, 101, 106, 190, 193.

Ṅgiri, 326, 397.

Ṅguru, 449.

Ṅguruṅgani, 301, 310.

Niger, River, 478.

Nile, River, 210, 397, 399, 451, 475, 478, 481.

Nitrate of soda, 545, 548.

Nǰemps, _vide_ ǰemsi, En-.

Nuba grammar, Lepsius’, 400.

—— languages, 447, 451, 478.

Nyamwezi, U-, 405.

Nyara, Bu-, 397.

“Nyika,” the, 330, 395.

Nyika, A-, 398, 432.

——, Ki-, 494 (and in vocabularies).

Nyoro, Bu-, 210.

——, Ki-, 400, 483, 488, 493.

Oigob, El, 313.

Oliver, Professor, on the flora of Kilima-njaro, 337, _et seq._

Onions, 131, 149, 547.

Orchids, 92, 121, 330, 336.

——, _Lissochilus_, 51, 330.

Orchilla-lichen, 231, 235, 284, 332, 545, 548.

Oriole, a lovely, 356.

Ornithology of Kilima-njaro, 377–387.

Orthography of African words, ix.

_Orycteropus Æthiopicus_, 300, 353.

_Osprey_, H.M.S., 320.

Ostriches, 212, 293, 296, 300, 301, 359, _et seq._, 485, 540, 542.

Oxen, _vide_ Cattle.

Ozi, River, 401.

Packing goods of Expedition, 44, _et seq._

Palms, 137, 153, 154, 336.

——, _Borassus_, 154, 329.

——, _Cocos_ (cocoanut), 329.

——, _Elaïs_, 329.

——, _Hyphœne_, 154, 311, 329.

——, _Phœnix_ (Mkindu), 153, 329.

——, _Raphia_ (Mwale), 154, 214, 329.

_Palumbus arquatrix_, 358.

_Pandanus_, 329.

Pangani, 297, 315, _et seq._, 327, 398.

—— route, 184.

Paré, country of, 297, 301, 304, 306, 309, 536, 550;

people of, 210, 306, 309, 398;

language of, 307, 396.

_Parinarium_, 209.

Parrot, the grey, 485.

Party, author’s, 48;

number of, 48.

Peas, 149, 155, 158, 547.

Pelicans, 298, 359.

Persian influence, traces of, in Zanzibar, 17, 18, 537.

_Phacochœrus_, 422.

Pig, the, 422, 485.

Pigeons, 218, 296, 358.

_Pinarochroa hypospodia_, 270, 356.

Pira Doǰi, 30.

Plantations, the author’s, at Kitimbiriu, 139, 149.

Plovers, 298.

Pokomo, Wa-, 397;

Ki-, 494.

Polypodies, 336.

Porters, food of, 46;

dispute with, 48;

Christian, 49;

punishment of, 49;

Rabai, 52, 101, 115, 120, 129, 130;

without prevision or forethought, 56;

Swahili, 146;

maladies of, 146.

Portuguese, the, 6, 7, 537.

Potatoes, 149;

sweet, 424, 546.

Pottery, Oriental, in Zanzibar, 25.

—— of Wa-čaga, 440.

Prefixes, Bantu, 161, 491, _et seq._, 497, _et seq._

Presents for Mandara, 106, 191, 241.

—— from Mandara, 90, 179, 227, 238.

—— to Maraṅu, 255.

—— —— Wa-rombo, 295.

—— —— Semboǰa, 315.

—— —— Taveita, 78, 211.

Pythons, 361.

Quanza, River, 210.

Queen, her Majesty the, 98, 105, 199, 308.

Quinine, the cultivation of, 549.

Rabai, 48.

——, men of, 63, 101, 115, 120, 129, 130.

Radishes, 131, 143, 149, 547.

Rain, 300, 324, _et seq._

_Raphia_ palms, 80, 154, 329, 434.

——, fibre of, 45.

Ravens, 235, 271, 277, 356.

Ravenstein, Mr. E. G., 7, 478.

Rebmann, Rev. J., 7, 8, 9, 100, 108.

Religious beliefs among natives, 434, 439, 444, 487.

Reptiles of Kilima-njaro, 361, 543.

Rhinoceros, 216, 294, 301, 354, 485, 541.

Rice, 546, _et seq._

River of Gonǰa, 307.

Rivers of Kilima-njaro, 326, _et seq._

Roan antelope, 224.

Robinson Crusoe, 164.

Rocks, curious, 270.

_Rodentia_, the, 353.

Rombo, 281, 283, 287, 289, _et seq._, 295, 326, 443.

——, inhabitants of (Wa-), 287, 288, _et seq._, 443, 494.

Rombo the best approach to Kilima-njaro, 289.

Rori, Wa-, 397.

Royal Society, 6, 245.

_Ruminantia_, 354.

Ruvu or Luvu River, 286, 297, 309, 315, 327, 396, _et seq._, 405, 535.

—— —— —— ——, the valley of the, 315, 550.

Sabaki, River, 396, 399, 401, 537.

Sable antelope, 69, 301, 354.

Sambara, U-, 297, 307, 309, _et seq._, 316, 396, 536, 546, 550.

——, Ki-, 403.

——, Wa-, 210, 309, 398.

Samburu, 51.

——, Lake, 210, 552.

—— language, 451.

Samia, Ba-, 397.

Saṅga, U-, 297;

Wa-, 297.

Sanya, Wa-, 401.

Saracenic architecture of Zanzibar, 36, 37.

Savages, attack of, on Kioṅgwe, 166.

Scenery of Čaga, 230;

of Paré, 307;

of Africa, 324.

Sclater, Mr. P. L., vii., 3.

Seasons, rainy, 324.

Seeds of English vegetables, 131, 136.

Semboǰa, the chief, 307, 309, 312, _et seq._

Semitic languages, 398, 441.

_Senecio Johnstoni_, 233, 268, 337.

Seri, U-, 232, 233, 236, 287, 294 326, 443;

Wa-, 294.

Settlement, first, on Kilima-njaro _vide_ Kitimbiriu.

—— —— at Taveita, 208.

—— —— Upper Kilēma (11,000 feet), 262.

—— —— Msai (8500 ft), 285.

——, European, on Kilima-njaro, 286, 290, 298.

Shaw, Rev. Downes-, 42, 48, 494.

Sheep, 135, 136, 147, 155, 211, 214, 229, 230, 234, 302, 306, 315, 422,

546.

Shelley, Captain, on the birds of Kilima-njaro, 377–387.

Sickness among men at Upper Kilima-njaro, 280.

Sierra Leone, 478.

Sigirari, 397, 404.

_Silurus_, 363.

“Skarm,” making a, 221.

Slave-traders, 96, 247.

—— trading, 8, 11, 96, 97, 99, 181, 247, 555.

Slaves, 97, 181, 212, 232, 247, 555.

Small-pox, 303, 487.

——, Masai dread of, 303.

Snakes, 361.

Snider rifles, 187, 252, 257, 292.

Snow, 7, 9, 279, 325, _et seq._

—— on Kibô, 137, 152, 274, 325.

—— —— Kimawenzi, 152, 264, _et seq._, 325.

—— —— Mount Méru, 325.

“Snow Fiend,” Mountain of the, 137.

Snuff, 424.

Sogonoi, Es-, 397.

Somali Land, 308.

—— language, 501.

—— people, 398, _et seq._, 537.

Spears, Masai, 421.

——, Čaga, 176.

Spitting, the ceremony of, 213, 411, 438.

Sport, 298, 301, 540, 554.

Sporting picnic, a, 225.

Sportsman’s paradise, a, 301, 540.

Spring, a warm, 269.

Squills, 66, 81.

Squirrels, 361.

Stanley, Mr. H. M., 116, 149, 398.

_Sterculia_, 209.

Stonechat, a, 270.

Storks, 298, 359.

——, marabou, 304, 423.

_Struthius Danaoides_, 359.

_Strychnia_, 153, 154, 330.

Sugar-cane, 64, 214, 424, 546, 549.

Sūk, 397;

language, 449, 451.

Sumatra, 4.

Sun-birds, 154, 269, 356.

Swahili language, 33, 36, 76, 104, 157, 169, 190, 214, 315, 316, 459,

537.

—— people, 87, 88, 96, 99, 210, 398, 403, 436.

—— traders, 6, 77, 79, 85, 98, 225, 252, 294, 314, 399, 405, 551.

Switzerland, an African, 136, 164.

Sycamore-trees, 85, 119, 137, 209.

Šilha language, 479.

Šiluk people, 399, 501;

language, 421, 447, 451, 478, 501, _et seq._, 540.

Šira, 232, 443.

Šuli language, 451, 541, _et seq._

Ta, Wa-, 401.

Taita, country of, 60, 64, 131, 136, 142, 165, 396, 428, 494.

—— language (Ki-), 428, 431.

——, people of (Wa-), 60, 64, 65, 210, 215, _et seq._, 398, 428, _et

seq._

Tana, River (or Dana), 397, _et seq._, 401, 481, 536.

Taru, 54.

Taveita, 74, 75, 205, 208, 212, 213, 290, 295, 297, 307, 320.

——, author’s settlement in, 206, 208, 297;

T. a congeries of nations and tongues, 210;

elders of, 77, _et seq._, 211, 436;

forest at, 209;

river of, 77, 79 (bridge over, 79, 80).

——, language of (Ki-taveita), 435, 494, _et seq._, 521, _et seq._

—— people of (Wa-taveita), 75, 76, 78, 209, 211, 214, 243, 398, 428,

432;

their houses, 209, 214.

Temperature on Kilima-njaro, 275, 322, _et seq._, 549.

_Thelphusa_, 363, 365.

Thermometer, readings of, 323, _et seq._

Thirst, sufferings from, 57, 291.

Thistles, 267.

Thomas, Mr. Carmichael, vii.

Thomas, Mr. Oldfield, on the mammals of Kilima-njaro, 387.

Thomson, Mr. Joseph, 6, 10, 11, 76, 98, 101, 106, 208, 252, 288, 326,

397, 399, 404, 449, 538, 540, 541, 551.

Thorns, 81.

Thunderstorms on Kilima-njaro, 261, 265.

Timber, 544.

Tobacco, 155, 264, 424, 547.

Tomatoes, 131, 547.

Trade goods in E. Africa, 44, _et seq._

Traders, native, 264, 540, 554.

——, Swahili, 77, 79, 85.

_Tragelaphus_, 354.

Travel, African, 12, 68.

Tree-ferns, 231, 336.

Tumale language, 480.

Turaco, the (_Turacus Hartlaubi_), 12, 233, 260, 358.

Turnips, 131, 149, 547.

Tutwa, Wa-, 397.

Ugweno, _vide_ Gweno, U-.

Ukambani, _vide_ Kambani, U-.

Ulcers, 111, 147, 266.

Uru, 277, 443.

Useri, _vide_ Seri, U-.

Varanus lizards, 209, 212, 361.

Vegetables, European, 547.

Venice, a vegetable, 209.

Victoria Nyanza, 1, 2, 9, 98, 210, 324, 395, 399, 488, 494, 535, 538,

_et seq._

—— Nile, 98, 488, 551.

View from Mandara’s town, 111.

—— towards Mačame, 124.

—— Méru, 126.

—— Ugweno, 125.

Violets, 336.

Virapan (Indian servant), 40, 49, 57, 58, 136, 145, 148, 168, 178, 190,

214, 232, 266, 301, 302, 351.

Vocabularies, collecting, 160.

—— of Masai, Latuka, &c., 501.

—— —— Ki-čaga, Ki-taveita, &c., _et seq._, 521.

—— —— Waboni and Galla, 401.

—— —— Šuli, Kavirondo, Bari, &c., 400.

Volcano, Kilima-njaro an extinct, 1, 326.

Vultures, 128, 176, 177, 216, 220, 304, _et seq._, 359, 423.

Waggons used for transport, 552.

Wakefield, Rev. Thomas, 42, 48.

War fires, 169.

Wart-hog (_Phacochœrus_), 216, 218, 422, 424.

Wasps, 269, 363.

Water-birds, 359.

—— falls, 307.

—— of ǰipé, 298.

Watercourses, artificial, of Čaga, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123.

Waterhouse, Mr. Charles O., on the _Coleoptera_ of Kilima-njaro,

372–377.

Wax, 547.

Wilderness, African, 58, 81, 395.

Wild animals, sale of, 548.

—— flowers, 50, 87, 91, 147, 148, 230, 233, 235, 267, 329.

Wing of ostrich, 359.

Wolof, the, Negroes, 427.

Worm, note on a nematoid, 364.

_Xyloropus_, 363.

Yao people, the, 61, 299.

Zambesi, 98, 334, 422, 493, 552.

—— Expedition, the, 19.

Zanzibar, 13, 15, 248, 319.

——, architecture of, 36, 37;

army of, 35;

history of, 17;

houses of, 28;

population of, 35;

position of, 17;

streets of, 35;

trade of, 35;

vegetation of, 37;

zoology of, 37.

Zanzibar, Sultan of (Sayyid Barγaš), 20, 98, 99, 100, 307, 313, 315;

his appearance, 32;

character, 34;

clock-tower, 29;

flag, 313;

income, 35;

a visit to, 31;

his palace, 31.

Zanzibaris, 13, 553.

——, author’s, 40, _et seq._, 48, 49, 52, 63, 109, 115, _et seq._, 130,

146, 166, 179, 184, 195, 266, 270, 318.

Zebras, 66, 68, 216, 220, 224, 301, 485.

Zegūha, or Zegūa, Wa-, 307, 310, 398.

—— —— ——, Ki-, 307.

Ziwani, 52, 54.

Zoology, the, of Kilima-njaro, 350–394.

—— —— —— Zanzibar, 37.

Zulu, 288, 430, 482, 488, _et seq._

Zuṅgu, Wa- (white man), 317.

THE END.

GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, ST. JOHN’S SQUARE, LONDON.

[Illustration:

E. Weller, _lith._

]

-----

Footnote 1:

From _kilima_, mountain, and _njaro_, the name of a demon supposed to

cause cold. This name is only known to the people of the coast, and is

unrecognized in the interior.

Footnote 2:

I owe this information to the kind researches of Mr. E. G. Ravenstein,

F.R.G.S., the learned African cartographer. The following is a

quotation from Enciso’s great work, the “Suma de Geographia que trata

de todas las partidas y provincias del Mundo,” published at Seville in

1519 (later editions 1530, 1546), fol. 57.

(Translation.) “West of this port (Mombaça) is the Ethiopian Mount

Olympus, which is very high, and further off are the mountains of the

moon, in which are the sources of the Nile. In all this country are

much gold and ‘aiales fieros,’ and here devour the people locusts

(lãgostas).”

No gold has since been met with by succeeding travellers, and as to

the “aiales fieros,” neither Mr. Ravenstein nor myself can give any

translation to the former of the two words. “Aiales” _may_ be a name

of a tribe, perhaps a hint at the Masai; or more possibly it may be a

printer’s contraction of “animales”—“animales fieros”—“fierce

animals.”

Enciso was a Spanish pilot, but his information is evidently derived

from the Portuguese, who held Mombaça as early as 1507.

Footnote 3:

_Čaga_ (which is pronounced Chaga) is the native name for the

inhabited belt, between 3000 and 7000 feet, stretching round the

mountain.

Footnote 4:

Rebmann had made a second journey to Kilima-njaro soon after his

first, intending to proceed due east to the Unknown Lake (Victoria

Nyanza), but the chief of Mačame plundered him and compelled him to

return unsuccessfully to the coast.

Footnote 5:

_Turacus Hartlaubi._

Footnote 6:

In remarks of this character I do not wish it to be supposed that

while ardently admiring all British officials who have but one

single-minded purpose, viz. that of straining every effort to secure

peculiar advantages for the power and commerce of their own country, I

am hypocritical enough to think it immoral and unjust when the same

object is held in view by the servants of foreign powers—France,

Russia, Germany, and the like. From their point of view they are

acting quite rightly and deserve every credit from their

fellow-countrymen for their determined efforts to thwart our healthy

appetite, which must seem like greediness to them. Every one for

himself. Self-denial only creates selfishness.

Footnote 7:

Swahili is the name given to the predominant language of the Zanzibar

negroes. It is derived from the Arabic “Sabel,” the coast. Swahili

belongs to the Bantu family of African languages, _vide_ Chapter XX.

Footnote 8:

_Alcelaphus Cokei._

Footnote 9:

We were within the benign influences of the mountain, and had entered

the area of perpetual moisture surrounding its cloud-capped peaks.

Footnote 10:

This practice is called by the Wa-čaga “Kišoṅo.” The skin is generally

taken from the animal’s forehead, and the ceremony is equivalent to

blood-brotherhood.

Footnote 11:

At the risk of reiteration I might remind my readers that Čaga is the

native name of the entire inhabited districts on the slopes of

Kilima-njaro.

Footnote 12:

Baloza (Baluz) is a Persian term for consul, which is used in Zanzibar

to indicate Sir John Kirk.

Footnote 13:

An English officer, the Commander-in-Chief of the Zanzibar army.

Footnote 14:

Kibô, I might remind you, is the highest summit of Kilima-njaro. Kibô

means in Ki-čaga simply “whiteness.” We should pronounce it “Keebaw.”

Footnote 15:

The country of Ugweno is very interesting, and offers the most lovely

landscapes in its midst, combining peaks of 7000 feet, rich forests,

cascades, green lawns, and peeps at the lake below and the silver

windings of the Luvu. The Wagweno speak a tongue that is evidently

more archaic than that of the Wa-čaga. They are an inoffensive but

very timid, wild people; much harried formerly by the cruel Masai. Now

they live so high up in the hills that they are in safety, but, on the

other hand, lack good soil for their crops and pasture for their

cattle.

Footnote 16:

The height of its apex is 14,700 feet. It is occasionally, but rarely,

tipped with snow. Méru lies nearly due west of Kilima-njaro, in lat.

3° 15′ S., and long. 36° 40′ E., and is visible across the plains for

a distance of at least seventy miles, and is at all times a majestic

object. It is said to be inhabited by a gentle race of agriculturists,

akin in origin and tongue to the Wa-čaga of Kilima-njaro. At its base

dwell tribes of Masai, who are great cattle-keepers, and whose herds

of kine range over the vast green plains that lie between Méru and

Kilima-njaro at the upper waters of the Luvu River.

Footnote 17:

Vide illustration of Kilima-njaro, p. 234.

Footnote 18:

By Arabs I do not mean pure-blooded Arabs of Arabia, but the

half-breeds, or Mohammedan mongrels, of the Zanzibar coast, who always

announce themselves to natives as “Wa-Arabu.”

Footnote 19:

He was, however, a good fellow and a good friend to me, and only acted

after his own lights.

Footnote 20:

It was from him that I afterwards heard an account of this

conversation.

Footnote 21:

A curious incident in my quarrel with Mandara was, that even when our

relations were at the worst, he would calmly send to me for medicine

for himself, his wives, and children. One of his Swahilis cautioned

him that perhaps I might take advantage of this to poison him, but

Mandara said quietly, “A black man might do so, but a white man never

would.”

Footnote 22:

Spitting, among these people, is a sign of respect and honour. The

most reverent way of returning thanks to the Ruler of the universe is

to spit in the direction of His visible embodiment, the sun.

Footnote 23:

_Æpyceros Melampus._ I use here the common South African name. The

Wa-taveita call it “Kulungu” and the Wa-taita “Nosi.”

Footnote 24:

As this word often recurs it may be well to note that in accordance

with the system of spelling employed it would be pronounced

“Marang’u.”

Footnote 25:

_Dierama pendula._

Footnote 26:

_Gladiolus Watsonioides._

Footnote 27:

These were of two new species: _Nectarinia Johnstoni_ and _Cinnyris

mediocris_. _Vide_ Chapter XVIII., “Birds.”

Footnote 28:

_Aspidium aculeatum._

Footnote 29:

_Pinarochroa hypospodia._ _Vide_ Chapter XVIII.

Footnote 30:

_Hyrax Brucei_, an Abyssinian form. _Vide_ Chapter XVIII. “Mammals of

Kilima-njaro.”

Footnote 31:

From _-dorob_ = short, stumpy, inferior. The _En-_ preceding it is the

feminine article used in a depreciatory sense.

Footnote 32:

_Hyphœne Thebaïca._

Footnote 33:

He feels for his honest, plodding relative the same contempt that a

Highland rover who was called Gow would evince for his cousin who

settled as a merchant in the lowlands and translated his name into

Smith.

Footnote 34:

Dr. Williams, the kindest of hosts and best of good fellows, who is

since unhappily dead, to the universal regret of the English colony in

Zanzibar.

Footnote 35:

This belief also prevails in the Nyassa region.

Footnote 36:

The natives of many parts of Africa greatly esteem the baboon as an

article of food. _Vide_ the paper on the Cameroons, by the Rev. George

Grenfell, in the “Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society,”

October, 1882, p. 590. Doubtless the great resemblance to human flesh

is _not_ held as a drawback.

Footnote 37:

For illustration _vide_ p. 392.

Footnote 38:

_Vide_ “The River Congo,” p. 356.

Footnote 39:

Mostly reprinted (by permission) from the “Proceedings of the

Zoological Society, 1884–5”—in some cases with a few additions on my

own part.

Footnote 40:

A plate illustrating the new and rare species in this collection is

given in the “Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” p. 231. 1885.

Footnote 41:

The collection contains examples of fifty species, including the

following six considered to be new to science:—_Muscicapa Johnstoni_,

_Pinarochroa hypospodia_, _Pratincola axillaris_, _Nectarinia

Johnstoni_, _N. kilimensis_, and _Cynniris mediocris_.

Footnote 42:

Illustrated in “Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” pp. 222, 223.

1885.

Footnote 43:

Illustrated in “Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” pp. 222, 223.

1885.

Footnote 44:

_Ibid._, p. 556. 1884.

Footnote 45:

P. Z. S., 1865, p. 417.

Footnote 46:

P. Z. S., 1876, p. 282.

Footnote 47:

The same fact has been noticed by Captain R. F. Burton on the Cameroon

Mountains. _Vide_ “Abeokuta and the Cameroons,” vol. ii.

Footnote 48:

“Through Masai Land,” pp. 412–414.

Footnote 49:

The following comparison of a few words in Šuli (a Šiluk dialect) and

Bari may be interesting to the reader:—

Šuli.

English. (Kavirondo & Lur.) Bari.

Goat Mindiel Metyo.

Cow Diaṅ Kiteṅ.

Leopard Kuač Koka.

Crocodile Nyaṅ Ki-nyoṅ.

Rain Kōt Kudu.

Water Pi Piom.

Blood Remo Rema.

Honey Kič Či.

House Āt Kadi (Masai, Aǰi).

Cloth Obono Baṅo.

Knife Pala Wale (Masai, Alem).

Ashes Vurr Kuren (Kö-puröt, smoke).

Wood Tim Mudim (Masai, Dim).

Brook Kulu Kolotok.

Man Netyo Nuto.

Nose Ume Kume.

Evening Otieno Kotian.

Sand Kuoyo Kuǰö.

A little Tidi Ko-dik (Masai, Ku-titi).

To count Ken Ken (Masai, Iken),

&c.

_Vide_ “Comparative Vocabulary of Masai,” chap. xx.

Footnote 50:

English. Wa-boni. Galla.

1. Koi Toko.

2. Lamā Lama.

3. Sadi Zadi.

4. Afūr Afūr.

5. Šan Šan.

6. Li (Masai, Ile) Dya.

7. Toïba Torba.

8. Siete (Masai, Isiet) Zadeta.

9. Sagala Zagala.

10. Tobenna (Masai, Tomon) Kudan (-tama, in the

decades).

Man Riga.

Woman Idoho.

Woman as mother Nasā.

Young unmarried girl Oǰale.

Cow Lavon Lon.

Buffalo Kadarasa Gadersa.

Elephant Mororiē; Arba Arba.

Road Derbo Dirbo.

House Minga Minna.

Village Kiluāni.

Sun Hado.

„ setting Hadite.

Rain Boke Bokoia.

Lake Biwesi.

Snuff Ruso.

Good Surde.

To eat Ademe.

I am well Fila.

Art thou well? Filalta?

You come Afarasi.

You Isi Izin.

I have not M’ovo.

I saw not M’arne.

Footnote 51:

_Vide_ Appendix to “A Pocket Vocabulary of East African Languages.” By

the Rev. A. Downes Shaw. S.P.C.K.

Footnote 52:

The people of this district are considered by Thomson to be the finest

examples of their race.

Footnote 53:

Kikoro is the Kwavi settlement in Taveita.

Footnote 54:

To spit on any one is a sign of respect and friendship. To wipe off

the saliva is a great insult to the spitter.

Footnote 55:

Præputio e superiore parte diviso, duæ quasi lingulæ sub glandem

truduntur, ubi quum coaluerunt, fit molle et rotundum tuber glandi

subjectum, ita ut paullo longius conspiciente videtur penis duplicem

terminum habere. Hoc membrum apud Masaios enorme est: quod celare

turpe existimatur, honestum expromere, atque etiam ostentare. Apud

feminas clitoris ante matrimonium abscinditur quo facilius fiat

conceptio.

Footnote 56:

Grass (gujita) is regarded as peculiarly sacred. It is a sign of peace

and goodwill. To throw grass at any one is to display goodwill and

favour.

Footnote 57:

“The Modern Languages of Africa,” 2 vols., Trübner and Co.

Footnote 58:

“Tsuñi-||goam; the Supreme Being of the Khoi-khoi.” T. Hahn, Ph.D.;

Trübner and Co.

Footnote 59:

This, I must confess, is a conclusion so difficult of explanation that

I fail to understand how it was arrived at.

Footnote 60:

To say nothing of irregularities.

Footnote 61:

As in the masculine nouns, which in the plural take the neuter

article.

Footnote 62:

This is a very common prefix in Bari, where it becomes _Ko_ generally:

not always there used in a plural sense, but rather an intensitive.

Footnote 63:

In Latuka the article is apparently _O_ or _ol_, _na_, and _el_.