missionary San Vítores to Marianas, in honor of Mariana, queen of
Felipe IV. The group contains 17 islands, which--excepting Guam,
the largest--belong to Germany, or, as it is called, "the German
New Guinea Protectorate," having been transferred to that power
by Spain in 1899, together with the Carolinas and Palaos, for
25,000,000 pesetas. The original inhabitants (a Polynesian people)
are known as Chamorros; but in later years a large Filipino element
(soldiers and others) has mingled with them, and the people show a
preponderance of the Filipino type. In 1898 the population of the
group, exclusive of Guam (which contained about 9,000 people), was
1,938. Little was done for them by the Spaniards until 1668, when
a Jesuit mission went to the Marianas under the direction of Diego
Luis San Vítores. The attempts of the privileged class of natives
to keep the new faith from the common people resulted in the loss of
prestige by the former, conflict between the two classes, and martyrdom
for some of the Jesuits--San Vítores meeting death thus on April 2,
1672. Nevertheless the missions made progress, and a few years later
the Jesuits counted eight churches, three colleges, and over 50,000
converts (Crétineau-Joly, v, pp. 30-22). The military conquest of
the islands by Spain was accomplished during the years 1676-98; and
they were occupied from that time by a governor and a small force
of troops. In 1828 a new plan for the government of these islands
was formed at Madrid, by which the royal estates were suppressed,
and the lands divided among the natives, who were also provided with
cattle and tools at low rates; the governors were forbidden to trade,
industries and commerce were declared open to the natives, and free
ports were named. In 1855 Felipe de la Corte y Ruano Calderon went to
the Marianas as governor, with orders to make certain needed reforms,
and to make a full report on the condition of the islands, which
he did. During the Spanish-American war of 1898, Guam was occupied
by the United States before the governor had even heard of the
outbreak of hostilities. For information regarding these islands,
their people, and history, consult Montero y Vidal's Historia de
Filipinas--which contains (i, pp. 350-352) a list of authorities,
both MS. and printed--and Archipiélago filipino, pp. 438-442; 2nd
bibliographies of the Philippines, especially those of Retana, Griffin,
and Vindel, already cited, and Griffin's List of Books on Samoa and
Guam (Washington, 1901). As for the missions there, see Francisco
García's Vida y martyrio de Sanvitores (Madrid, 1683); Gobien's
Histoire des Isles Marianes (Paris, 1700), largely a translation from
the preceding; Murillo Velarde's Hist. de Philipinas, which contains
several chapters on this subject; Concepción's Hist. de Philipinas,
vols. vii, viii; and especially Stöcklein's Neue Welt-Bott (Augsburg,
Gratz, and Wien, 1728-58), vols. i, iv, and v, which contain matter
on missions in Filipinas, Marianas, and Palaos, most of which is not
to be found in Lettres édifiantes.
VOLUME XVII
P. 88, line 8 from end: For "Dionisio" read "Diego;" the same on p. 5,
line 10.
P. 126, line 4 from end of note: For "invention" read "finding."
P. 136, note 40: For "grograin" read "grogram."
P. 150, end: The date of this document is September 5, not 9.
P. 222, second paragraph: See Bernard Moses's "Economic condition
of Spain in the sixteenth century," in Annual Report of American
Historical Association for 1893, pp. 125-133.
P. 243, "Sources:" The citation from Ventura del Arco should read
"pp. 383-405;" the same correction should be made on p. 282, under
no. 14.
P. 292, middle: The date of Salcedo's arrest should be October 9;
see VOL. XXXVII, p. 24. Cf. Diaz's Conquistas, p. 673.
P. 293, line 8 from end: After "Alcántara" insert "of military
affairs." Under sketch of Curuzealegui: for "twenty-fourth regidor"
read "one of the twenty-four regidors."
P. 299, line 4: After "October 30" insert "1776."
VOLUME XVIII
P. 36, note: In the books of the India House at Sevilla, accounts were
carefully kept for the estates of deceased persons (VOL. XVIII, p. 36,
note 3), the deceased being credited "with all that is brought over
in armadas and flotas, and debited with all that is delivered to his
heirs, executors, and creditors." These funds grew very large, and
loans were made therefrom; in 1633 the king borrowed over 500,000
ducats, but would not return this money. Later, such property
was forfeited, if unclaimed for two years. By decree of 1671, the
treasurer was allowed one per cent for managing these funds. (Moses,
"Casa de Contratación of Sevilla," in Report of American Historical
Association, 1894, pp. 106, 107.)
P. 186, line 7: This raid occurred in October, 1618; the Moros killed
the commanders of the post, Arias Girón and Juan Pimentel. The shipyard
was valued at more than a million pesos. (Torrubía, Dissertación,
pp. 30, 31.)
VOLUME XIX
P. 206, line 3: For "ovens" read "furnaces."
P. 306, middle: This memorial is obtained from Pastells's edition of
Colin, iii, pp. 219-221.
P. 307, middle: For "done in silk and unwoven silver," read "not woven,
done in silk and silver [thread]."
P. 310, line 2: For "500 dead taes" should probably be read "gratuity
(or perquisite) of 500 taes;" apparently an expression analogous to
ganancias muertas, "a gambler's gains," indicating money obtained
without earning it--James A. LeRoy.
VOLUME XX
P. 75, line 6 from end: For "July 21" read "July 31." The same
correction is needed for p. 5, line 8.
VOLUME XXI
Pp. 41 and 42: The notes on these pages should be transposed, as they
are erroneously inserted--that on Nova collectio becoming note 8,
and that on the papal brief note 7.
P. 105, line 6: For "October 3" read "October 8."
VOLUME XXII
P. 30: At end of note insert after "See" the words "Lea's Moriscos
of Spain (Philadelphia, 1901), and."
P. 99, note: See also Formosa under the Dutch (London, 1904),
by Rev. William Campbell, an English Presbyterian missionary in
Formosa. He has used original sources, translating the writings of
Valentyn, Candidius, and other Dutch writers, and various letters
and other documents contemporary with Dutch rule in that island;
and at the end presents a full bibliography of the subject.
Pp. 125-129: Parde de Tavera states (Biblioteca filipina, p. 91,
no. 544), citing Medina, that this document is of earlier date
than 1618.
P. 289, middle: The line beginning "inhabitants" and ending "easily"
is a duplicate of the same line above, inserted here by a printer's
error; in its place insert "insurrection of the year 605 [sic] and
at present many."
VOLUME XXIV
P. 340, last line: For "113" read "13."
VOLUME XXV
P. 44, line 14: After "date" insert "of August 14."
P. 74, note 11: Penas de Cámara may be rendered, in a general way,
"fines of the exchequer;" but it should be remembered that cámara,
as used in this connection, means any royal tribunal, executive
or judicial--whether the Council of the Indias (which was often
referred to as el Consejo y Cámara de Indias), or the Audiencia
or the council of a colony, or the tribunal of accounts of any
establishment, or even the municipal council, or council under an
alcalde or alcalde-mayor. Penas de cámara in the laws of the Indies
had, I think, especial reference to the various penalties provided,
especially against officials for any non-performance of duty, by the
Council of the Indias; and there was a special board of accountants
for the fund of these fines, in connection with that Council.
In regard to the phrase contador de resultas, I have obtained (through
the kindness of Fenton R. McCreery, secretary of the American Embassy
at Mexico City) some further information, furnished by Señor José
Algara, Under-secretary for Foreign Affairs of Mexico. He thinks
that the above phrase is equivalent to glosador, [that is, to one
who makes comments or explanations, or who "designates any amount in
order to call attention to the examination or proof of the account
to which the item belongs" (Domínguez)], or to segundo contador ["a
second accountant"]. Señor Algara states that the references to the
accountants for the colonies in the laws of the Indias (book viii,
titles i and ii) did not define the character and duties of the various
officers, because that had already been done in the Nueva Recopilación
(title ii, law v, no. 1). He also cites from Nicolás M. Serrano's
Diccionario universal the following definition of contador de resultus:
"Any one of those persons in the first grade of the chief accountancy
[Contaduría Mayor de Cuentas], which corresponds to those officials
employed in former times by the comptroller-in-chief [contador mayor]
who were occupied in computing or transcribing the amounts in the
account-books of the obligations which are incurred by those persons
who administer the royal revenues by lease or by other title."--James
A. LeRoy (in a private letter).
P. 99, line 3 from end of text: For "thirty-five" read
"thirty-eight." The same correction should be made on p. 5, line 5
from end.
P. 146, line 10 from end: "Agreement" is not a quite satisfactory
rendering for the Spanish composición, which has a technical meaning
in regard to the possession of lands; see note on this subject
in VOL. LII pp. 296, 297. "Composition" will probably be the best
rendering, provided that this technical meaning is understood in
such use of the word. James A. LeRoy says of this, in a private
letter: "'Arrangement' also conveys somewhat the same idea--that
is, the rearrangement of their rights, or the reconciliation of
rights prescribed in this decree. Composición de derechos means,
quite closely rendered, 'reconciliation of rights,' according to
my recollection of its use in certain contracts which I have seen
here in Mexico. It gives the idea of arbitration, to some degree,
of rights more or less in conflict which are reconciled by agreement."
P. 147, line 7: Consolidations of encomiendas were made, in order
to abolish those which were too small, or make a more equitable
distribution of the territory comprised in those which were very
large. Pensions were also assessed against large encomiendas,
although in the laws of the Indias it was ordained that the maximum
amount of such pensions should be 2,000 pesos. Apparently the aim
of this decree was, to provide that in extending the tenure of the
encomiendas and rearranging them the royal officials should also
make allowance for the charges against the encomiendas in the way
of pensions, so consolidating them as to accord with the decrees of
previous years on this subject. Those decrees sought to prevent an
encomendero from being deprived of a fair income by the assessment of
too many pensions against it (for wives, relatives, or dependents of
previous encomenderos of the same district; or for other services to
the State, paid for by assigning portions of remunerative encomiendas);
and at the same time aimed to restrict the income to be derived from an
encomienda, and to make these incomes nearly uniform in value.--James
A. Leroy (in a private letter).
VOLUME XXVI
P. 5, line 2 from end: For "July-August" read "March-July."
P. 269, middle: For "bienzos" read "lienzos."
VOLUME XXVII
P. 5, line 4: For "Cavite" read "Manila."
P. 122, middle: The peso ensayado was, according to Lea (Hist. of
Inquisition in Spain, i, p. 562), a colonial coin, worth 400 maravedís,
equivalent to 11 3/4 reals, or a little more than a ducado.
P. 146: "The fundamental idea of the commercial and industrial
policy of Spain, as carried out through the India House, was that
of restriction and privilege." (Moses, Spanish Rule in America,
p. 265.) See Roscher's comments thereon in his Spanish Colonial System
(Bourne's ed.), p. 35.
P. 256, middle: This mention of the Salve refers to the Ave Maria,
not to the Salve Regina ("Hail, holy Queen!").--Rev. T. C. Middleton,
O.S.A.
P. 339, middle: The "Moro-Moro play" was a feature of town fiestas,
both religious and secular functions, for several centuries,
and is still common in the more remote towns, though the modern
sophisticated Filipinos have been trying to laugh it out of court,
and have done so in the more cultured regions. I saw it at Kotabato
in 1901, where the handful of Christians in the population played it
before the Commission and a host of gathered Moro tribesmen from up
the river.--James A. LeRoy (in a private letter).
VOLUME XXVIII
P. 47, note 19: In line 5, for "southern" read "northwestern." The
stronghold of the Moros, after Joló was destroyed, was at Maibun, a
town on the southern shore. Combés describes the island in detail in
his Hist. Mindanao y Joló, cols. 14-19. See also Escosura's Memoria
sobre Filipinas y Joló, pp. 213-436.
P. 55, note: Crawfurd is wrong as to the kris being a poniard
or dagger; or, if so, it is certainly in the Philippines a short,
straight-bladed sword, with wavy edges.--James A. LeRoy (in a private
letter). See illustrations of Moro weapons presented in this series;
also those in Worcester's Philippine Islands, p. 155, and in Reports
of Philippine Commission and other government documents. Collections
of these weapons may now be seen in most of the large museums in the
United States.
P. 96, note: The best description and classification of the pagan
and Moro tribes of Mindanao is that of Barrows in the Census of the
Philippines, i, pp. 461-477; see also his report for the Ethnological
Survey, in Report of the Philippine Commission for 1903.
P. 130, art. 564, line 1: For the second "province" read "convent."
P. 200, end of paragraph 1: In one of Viana's official opinions in 1765
(Respuestas, fol. 103, 104), he scores the board of the Misericordia
for demanding any further security than the royal name and promise
for loans made by them to the government; if they had been content
with that, thus "avoiding irrelevant conferences of theologians and
jurists," they would have responded with honor and loyalty to the
many favors that they have enjoyed from the king, etc.
P. 210, last paragraph: See account of this affair in VOL. I, note 67.
P. 211, paragraph 2: The laws of the Indias ordained--e.g., lib. vi,
tít. i, ley xviii (1550); lib. i, tít. xiii, ley v (1634)--that there
should be schools in which Spanish was to be taught, for the sake of
having a suitable language in which to teach the Christian faith.
P. 218, end of paragraph 1: Viana (Respuestas, fol. 102v) recommends
that certain criminals be sent to serve at Zamboanga, some for life and
others for specified terms. Forrest mentions the practice of sending
convicts from Manila to Zamboanga, as they were sent from England to
Botany Bay. The secretary mentioned by Le Gentil was Cosio, who himself
was afterward banished to Africa for his illegal acts under Raon.
P. 257, line 6: The word "impost" is incorrect here; the English
equivalent is most nearly approached by rendering this phrase [Spanish,
derecho de elecciones de gobernadorcillo], "the [government] right
in elections." J. A. LeRoy says of this, in a private letter: "It
apparently refers to the right of the superior government--generally
exercised in each province by the alcalde-mayor or provincial
governor--of selecting the gobernadorcillo of each pueblo from a list
of three [lerna], this list being proposed to him by the notables
[principales] at the annual election. It is altogether probable that
the man chosen sometimes had to pay that official, and that Mas is
here reporting this as another of the abuses which, under the early
Spanish régime, the friars used to charge against the alcaldes-mayor,
in that sense, being a 'robbery' of the natives."
P. 266, line 2: For "271-275" read "271-273."
P. 321, line 3: The statements of this writer would make it appear
that the friars developed the resources of Negros; but that is not
the fact. The old régime described by Mas and Jagor failed to develop
those resources; and the modern development of Negros (which dragged
the friars reluctantly after it) was accomplished through foreign
commerce and foreign traders, a part of the general development of
the Philippines as a whole. This very document shows how, when it was
seen to be beginning, through Spanish and Spanish half-caste planters,
to whose aid British importers of machinery of the modern sort soon
after came, the friars stepped in to claim an island which since the
Spanish discovery they had sadly neglected, and to wrest its growing
curacies from native priests. This friar's claims (pp. 319-322)
are all the more audacious in view of the proximity to his own time
of the development, through foreign agencies, which he claims as due
to his order. There are other parts of this same Recollect chronicle
which show how the modern political bitterness of spirit had crept
into the accounts of Philippine history emanating from the religious
orders.--James A. LeRoy (in a private letter).
P. 349, line 3: The volume-number should be "i," not "ii." The same
correction should be made on p. 370, last line.
P. 368, line 6: For "brothers" read "sisters."
VOLUME XXIX
P. 104, line 8 from end: After "taken." add "[Madrid, March 15, 1638.]"
VOLUME XXX
P. 54, note, lines 6-8 from end: It is only fair to the Duke de
Almodovar to explain the reasons for his treatment of Raynal's
work; they are thus given by José Arias y Miranda, in his Examen
crítico-histórico del influjo que tuvo en el comercio, industria
y población de España su dominación en América ("a work crowned
by the Real Academia de la Historia, and published by that body,
at Madrid, 1854"), an interesting and well-written study of that
subject, with learned and valuable annotations and much reference to
standard authorities: "In regard to the famous history of Abbé Raynal,
although it abounds in flights of imagination, in philosophical ideas,
and in passionate and declamatory judgments, it has merited general
acceptance on account of the information it contains and the notable
indications of penetration and genius which are revealed in it. But
it was not possible for the Duke de Almodovar to make it known to his
countrymen without variations and emendations, since it was one of
the works included in the Indexes of the Holy Office; he therefore
contrived to present it as a work imitated rather than produced,
without daring to mention even once the name of the author, or to
print his own on the title page, substituting for the latter the
anagram of 'Malo de Luque.' This recasting was very skilfully done;
he suppressed what could not be published; and added information and
very judicious reflections upon commerce in general and on that of our
[Spanish] possessions. Although this history belongs properly to our
literature, since it is not a translation, it has never been reprinted
since the first edition, copies of which are now becoming rare."
P. 229, note, line 2 from end: The phrase "grant of feudal rights"
is in Spanish la dominación á Caballería de Tierra. Much of the old
feudalism still remained at that time, preeminently in connection
with the military orders; there are many laws regarding these in the
Autos acordados, and some of them extend well into the seventeenth
century. Apparently Dasmariñas held the village of Binondo as a
sort of encomienda, [it was only the land which he purchased from
Velada], and had also the feudal right to the service of the Chinese
and mestizos (over whom he, a caballero, was lord), as retainers
obliged to serve him on the land, but not on sea.--James A. LeRoy
(in a private letter). Cf. note on caballería, VOL. XLVII, p. 199.
VOLUME XXXIII
P. 27, line 1: For "Venetia" read "Vicenza;" p. 273, note 1, line 2,
and p. 274, line 11, for "Venice," "Vicenza;" and p. 274, line 21
from end, for "Venetian," "Vicentine."
VOLUME XXXIV
P. 160, note 541, line 1: For "loony" read "loory."
VOLUME XXXV
P. 226, note 60: This note is a lapsus calami, as may be seen by the
date of the earthquake mentioned therein.
VOLUME XXXVII
P. 274, note, line 10 from end: For "fifty-five" read "sixty-five."
VOLUME XXXVIII
P. 79, note 41: Veitia Linage's Norte de contratación was Englished
(but with numerous omissions and additions) by Captain John Stevens,
as Spanish Rule of Trade to the West Indies (London, 1702). The
navigation, trade, and products of Filipinas are treated in book ii,
chapter xiii. The author was for some time commissioner and treasurer
of the India House of Trade at Sevilla. (Bernard Moses, in Report of
American Historical Association, 1894, p. 95.)
P. 207, line 4 from end: The accent on the final syllable of
Philippine geographical names ending in "n" is really a Spanish
variation, in accordance with the rule for pronunciation of such
names in Spanish. But when these names are (as is usually the case)
of Filipino origin the rule is--depending, of course, on their roots
and composition--that they are accented on the penult; e.g., Vígan,
Narvácan, Ilígan, etc. Spanish usage has distorted the pronunciation
in some cases, until the original accent has become Hispanicized,
as Cagayán, Pangasinán, etc.; but as a general rule these words are
accented on the penult.--James A. LeRoy (in a private letter).
VOLUME XXXIX
P. 33, note 5: Cf. the account given by Forrest (Voyage,
pp. 201-206) of the history of the rulers of Magindanao, and the
curious genealogical chart of the sultans of Mindanao and Joló which
follows; he obtained his information from Pakir Mawlana himself, who
took it from the "original records" in his possession. The Curay of
Concepción is called Kuddy by Forrest, who says that he was the son
of Tidoly and grandson of Kudarat (Corralat).
P. 97, line 4 of note: For "inhabited" read "uninhabited." (When
Dampier visited them in 1685 he found most of them peopled.) In regard
to the Batanes dialect, mentioned near the end, it contains strong
guttural aspirates, which are distinctive of this idiom; the nasal
sound alluded to is equally prevalent in Ilocano.--William Edmonds,
Basco, Batanes Islands, in a private letter.
VOLUME XLI
P. 55. note: The name Palaos (also written Palau or Pelew) is applied
to the western group of the Carolinas Archipelago, which extends
in a general east and west direction from the region south of the
Marianas. Although nominally the property of Spain, these islands
were greatly neglected by the Spaniards, even into the nineteenth
century. Their attention was directed for a time to the Palaos by the
event described in Clain's letter, and various attempts were made,
but unsuccessfully, to establish Christian missions therein, two
Jesuits, Duberon and José Cortil, being killed by natives in 1710,
and another, Antonio Cantova, meeting the same fate in 1731. In the
latter half of the last century, German interests gained ascendency
in the islands, which led to their absorption by Germany. Jagor
cites (Reisen, pp. 215, 216) several historical instances of Palaos
islanders being carried by storms to the coasts of Filipinas; and
adds, "Later, I had in Manila an opportunity to photograph a group of
people from the Paláos and Caroline Islands, who a year previously had
been cast by a storm on the coast of Samar." He also says (p. 203):
"As Dr. Gräffe (who spent many years in the Micronesas) informs me,
Paláos is an indefinite expression, like Kanaka and so many others,
and certainly does not designate the inhabitants of the Pelew group
exclusively." Regarding these islands, see Montero y Vidal's Hist. de
Filipinas, i, pp. 31, 402-409, 455-473. and his Archipiélago filipino,
pp. 469-505; also Miguel's Estudio de las Islas Carolinas, and the
various bibliographies of the Philippines, especially Griffin's List,
and Vindel's Catálogo biblioteca filipina. See Karl Semper's Die
Palau-Inseln im Stillen Ocean (Leipzig, 1873), which Pardo de Tavera
praises (Biblioteca filipina, p. 402) as "the most important modern
work on the Palaos Islands which I know." In the Ethnological Museum
at Dresden is an important collection of material made by Semper.
P. 313, line 9: Instead of Barcena, this name is written by Torrubia
(Dissertación, p. 63) Barrena.
P. 316, note: Add "apparently a misprint for Cutay."
VOLUME XLII
P. 64, line 6: A new tariff or parochial fees was ordained (November
19, 1771) by Archbishop Santa Justa; but little heed was paid to it by
many of the parish priests, who collected much more, for all functions,
than it prescribed.
P. 157, lines 4-6 from end: Alluding, it is said, to the noted Jewish
physician Hasdai.
VOLUME XLIII
P. 47, line 2 of chapter heading: For "religious" read "Zambals."