[1106] Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. xciv. _Cf._ Harmon, _loc. cit._ pp.
319, _et seq._
[1107] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 290-295.
[1108] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 275.
[1109] Tylor, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 243.
[1110] Moseley, _loc. cit._ p. 412.
[1111] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 121.
[1112] Wundt, _loc. cit._ p. 127.
[1113] Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 361.
[1114] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 348.
[1115] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 210. Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr.
Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 275. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 193, note. v. Humboldt,
_loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 230. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’
p. 513. v. Schütz-Holzhausen, _loc. cit._ p. 179. Maximilian zu
Wied-Neuwied, ‘Travels in Brazil,’ p. 59. Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii.
p. 83.
[1116] Charruas, Pampas, Tupis, Payaguas (Azara, vol. ii. pp. 12, 42,
74, 126), and often the Nutkas (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 182)
and Patwin (Powers, p. 220).
[1117] Aborigines of Trinidad (Columbus, ‘The History of the Life and
Actions of Christopher Colon,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’
vol. xii. p. 101), Mundrucüs, Maurauás, Jurís (v. Martius, _loc. cit._
vol. i. pp. 388, 427, 504), Uaupés, and Curetús (Wallace, ‘Travels on
the Amazon,’ pp. 492, 509).
[1118] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 499. King and Fitzroy, _loc.
cit._ vol. i. p. 23. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 121. Bove, _loc.
cit._ p. 129. Armstrong, _loc. cit._ p. 33. Darwin, ‘Journal of
Researches,’ p. 228.
[1119] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. pp.
391, _et seq._ Breton, _loc. cit._ pp. 211, _et seq._ Labillardière,
_loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 27, _et seq._ Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ &c.,
pp. 104, _et seq._ Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 737. Palmer,
in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 281, note. Sir G. Grey remarks
that he never saw a cloak or covering worn north of lat. 29° (Curr,
_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 93).
[1120] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ pp. 24, 104. Breton, p. 398.
Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 812.
[1121] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 183.
[1122] Forbes, ‘The Kubus of Sumatra,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol.
xiv. p. 122.
[1123] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 5.
[1124] Labillardière, vol. ii. pp. 287, 289.
[1125] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 274.
[1126] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 277; vol. v. p. 46 (Drummond’s
Island). Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 215, note (Pelew Islands).
[1127] Nukahiva (Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 85), Pelli of the Caroline
Group (Kotzebue, vol. iii. p. 191), New Britain (Powell, _loc. cit._ p.
250. d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 255), the Duke of York Group
(Powell, pp. 74, _et seq._), many parts of New Guinea and neighbouring
islands (d’Albertis, vol. ii. p. 380. Earl, _loc. cit._ p. 48. Gill,
‘Life in the Southern Isles,’ p. 203. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 568).
[1128] Gill, p. 230.
[1129] Forbes, ‘Tribes of Timor,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii.
p. 406.
[1130] Man, _ibid._, vol. xii. p. 330.
[1131] Johnston, _loc. cit._ p. 433.
[1132] _Ibid._, p. 437. Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 299.
[1133] Kretzschmar, ‘Südafrikanische Skizzen,’ p. 225. Chapman, _loc.
cit._ vol. i. p. 78. Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 276.
[1134] Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, ‘Tre år i Kongo,’ vol. i. p. 15.
[1135] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 305.
[1136] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 53.
[1137] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 36.
[1138] Wilson and Felkin, vol. ii. p. 96.
[1139] Schweinfurth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 322.
[1140] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 163.
[1141] Cameron, ‘Across Africa,’ vol. i. pp. 285, _et seq._
[1142] Last, in ‘Proceed. Royal Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. v. p. 530.
[1143] Johnston, p. 413, note.
[1144] Bontier and Le Verrier, _loc. cit._ pp. 138, 139, xxxv.
[1145] Wundt, _loc. cit._ p. 127.
[1146] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 233.
[1147] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 446.
[1148] Heriot, _loc. cit._ pp. 306, _et seq._
[1149] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 642; 702, 703, note; 579.
[1150] v. Spix and v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 76.
[1151] Macgillivray, ‘The Voyage of _Rattlesnake_,’ vol. i. p. 146.
[1152] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 85.
[1153] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 16, _et seq._
_Idem_, ‘Journal of a Voyage round the World,’ p. 44.
[1154] Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 168.
[1155] Cheyne, _loc. cit._ p. 144.
[1156] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 383.
[1157] New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Ulaua (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._
vol. vi. pp. 561, 565).
[1158] Torres Islands, New Guinea (Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 567).
[1159] Admiralty Islands (Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 279,
_et seq._ Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. pp. 397, _et
seq._).
[1160] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 52.
[1161] Godwin-Austen, ‘Gāro Hill Tribes,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’
vol. ii. p. 394.
[1162] Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 169.
[1163] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 155.
[1164] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 276, _et seq._
[1165] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 524.
[1166] ‘Nur das Verborgene reizt,’ says Dr. Zimmermann (_loc. cit._
vol. ii. p. 84), ‘und Diejenigen welche auf den Gesellschafts-Inseln
die verhüllende Kleidung und den heimlichen Genuss und das Verbergen
der natürlichen Gefühle einführten, haben gewiss die Sitten nicht
verbessert.'
[1167] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 383.
[1168] Hunter, ‘Historical Journal,’ &c., p. 477.
[1169] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 296.
[1170] Rowley, _loc. cit._ p. 146.
[1171] Snow, ‘Two Years’ Cruise off Tierra del Fuego,‘ vol. ii. p. 51.
[1172] Speaking of the naked women of New Ireland, he says (_loc. cit._
vol. ii. pp. 103, _et seq._), ‘In der That muss ich auch sagen, dass
nach kurzer Zeit, nach einer durchaus nicht lange dauernden Gewöhnung
an diese Sache, man gar nichts anstössiges mehr in diesem gänzlichen
Mangel an Kleidung findet.... Ich habe sehr häufig bemerkt, dass ein
Kleid irgend einer Dame, welches nicht nach der allgemeinen Mode
geschnitten war, mir stärker auffiel als mir der gänzliche Mangel an
Bekleidung der Eingeborenen der tropischen Inseln aufgefallen ist; dazu
kommt noch, dass die Leute dem Beobachter durchaus keine Veranlassung
geben, an etwas unschickliches zu denken. Eine Europaërin, wenn sie auf
eine so glückliche Insel verschlagen und ihrer Kleidung beraubt wäre,
würde selbst nach jahrelangem Aufenthalt in solchen Regionen sich die
Hände vor die Brust oder irgend einen anderen Theil halten und gerade
durch dies Verbergenwollen würde sie die Aufmerksamkeit gegen das zu
Verbergende lenken.'
[1173] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 546.
[1174] Johnston, _loc. cit._ p. 437.
[1175] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 349.
[1176] Forster, _loc. cit_. vol. ii. pp. 230, 276, _et seq._
[1177] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 154.
[1178] Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 116, _et seq._
[1179] Gumilla, ‘Histoire naturelle, civile et géographique de
l’Orenoque,’ vol. i. pp. 188, _et seq._
[1180] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 230.
[1181] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 357.
[1182] Quoted by Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 174.
[1183] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. pp. 467, _et seq._
[1184] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 392.
[1185] Barrington, _loc. cit._ pp. 23, _et seq._
[1186] Freycinet, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 748.
[1187] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 286; 281, note.
[1188] Snow, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 46.
[1189] Macgillivray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 49; vol. ii. pp. 19, _et
seq._
[1190] Southey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 240, _et seq._ _Cf_ v. Martius,
_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 111.
[1191] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 15. _Cf._ Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol.
i. p. 275.
[1192] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 19.
[1193] Wanyoro (Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 49; ‘Emin
Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 82), New Caledonians (Turner, ‘Samoa,’
p. 342), Papuans of Dorey (Finsch, _loc. cit._ p. 96), aborigines of
Hayti (Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 275), Fuegians
(Snow, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 46).
[1194] Wilson and Felkin, vol. ii. p. 62. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 97
(Baris); Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 6 (Kafirs).
[1195] Macgillivray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 263.
[1196] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 355. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 351.
[1197] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 280. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._
vol. vi. p. 562. Cf. Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 27 (Abors).
[1198] Tacullies (Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 305), Uaupés (Wallace,
‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 281), Oráons (Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 250),
Ysabel Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 604), Samoans
(Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 121), Papuans of Humboldt Bay (Finsch, _loc.
cit._ p. 139). As to the indecent character of savage dances, see,
for instance, Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 754 (Australians); Turner,
p. 95 (Samoans); Ehrenreich, ‘Ueber die Botocudos,’ in ‘Zeitschr.
f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xix. p. 33 (Botocudos); Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 57
(Californians).
[1199] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ pp. 27, 38.
[1200] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 472.
[1201] Wallace, pp. 281, 493. v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 597.
[1202] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 235.
[1203] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 269.
[1204] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 42. Riedel, _loc. cit._
p. 463. Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 123. Möller, Pagels, and
Gleerup, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 128. Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 45, 245,
_et seq._ Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 221. Chapman, _loc. cit._
vol. i. p. 36. Caillié, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 351. ‘Globus,’ vol.
xli. p. 237.
[1205] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 98, _et seq._ _Cf._ Bonney,
‘The Aborigines of the River Darling,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’
vol. xiii. p. 127; Cameron, _ibid._, vol. xiv. p. 358; Bonwick, ‘The
Australian Natives,’ _ibid._, vol. xvi. p. 209.
[1206] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 300.
[1207] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 10.
[1208] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 41.
[1209] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 473. _Cf._ Möller, Pagels, and
Gleerup, vol. i. p. 269.
[1210] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 207.
[1211] _Ibid._, p. 192.
[1212] Stricker, ‘Der Fuss der Chinesinnen,’ in ‘Archiv für
Anthropologie,’ vol. iv. p. 243.
[1213] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 477, _et seq._
[1214] Man, _loc. cit._ pp. 80, _et seq._
[1215] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 289. Cf. Hearne, _loc. cit._ pp. 314, _et
seq._
[1216] Moore, _loc. cit._ pp. 259, _et seq._ _Cf._ Buchanan, _loc.
cit._ p. 323.
[1217] Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. pp. 397, _et seq._
Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 279, _et seq._
[1218] Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 365. Dr. Brown,
however, thinks that this custom serves another end.
[1219] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 211.
[1220] Atooi (Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp.
192, 232), Tonga (Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 266), Samoa
(Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 34), Vaitupu (_ibid._, vol.
v. pt ii. p. 188), Fiji (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol iii. p. 355). The
natives of Ponapé have their lower extremities most richly tattooed,
and, to quote Dr. Finsch (‘Die Bewohner von Ponapé,’ in ‘Zeitschr.
f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. pp. 311, 314), ‘als Bassis und Mittelpunkt
der Zeichnung dieser Partien ist ein viereckiges Feld zu betrachten,
welches die Gegend des Venusberges bedeckt und von der Behaarung
unmittelbar beginnend, etwas über denselben hinausreicht.'
[1221] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 293. _Cf._ Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol.
ii. pp. 189, _et seq._ (Papuans).
[1222] Andree, ‘Die Beschneidung,’ in ‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ vol.
xiii. p. 74. The following statements, when other references are not
given, are borrowed from this paper.
[1223] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 217.
[1224] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 560, _et seq._
[1225] Lafitau, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 412.
[1226] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 582, note.
[1227] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 517.
[1228] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.
[1229] Parkyns, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 38.
[1230] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 58.
[1231] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. p. 216.
[1232] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 75. Bastian,
‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. xx.
[1233] See, for instance, Burton, ‘Notes on the Dahoman,’ in ‘Memoirs
Read before the Anthr. Soc. of London,’ vol. i. p. 318; Waitz-Gerland,
vol. vi. pp. 41, 784; Müller,‘Allgemeine Ethnographie,’ pp. 337, _et
seq._; Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 539, _et seq._; Modigliani, _loc. cit._
p. 702.
[1234] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 78.
[1235] Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol ii. p. 140.
[1236] Spencer, ‘Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 67.
[1237] Galton, ‘The Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South
Africa,’ pp. 192, _et seq._ Andersson, _loc. cit._ p. 465.
[1238] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 160. Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 39.
[1239] Spencer, vol. ii. p. 67.
[1240] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 60. _Cf._ Eyre, _loc. cit._ vol.
ii. p. 315; Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iii. p. 256.
[1241] _Cf._ Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 320 (Copts); Sibree, _loc.
cit._ p. 217 (people of Madagascar); Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 157
(Kafirs).
[1242] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 75.
[1243] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 65, note.
[1244] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 77.
[1245] Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 157.
[1246] Cook, ‘Journal of a Voyage,’ p. 106.
[1247] Atooi, of the Sandwich Islands (_idem_, ‘Voyage to the Pacific
Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 233), Nukahiva (Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ pp. 85, _et
seq._), &c. (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 28, 565, 576).
[1248] ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 96.
[1249] The same kind of mutilation, spoken of by Mr. Curr as ‘the
terrible rite,’ occurs among several other Australian tribes (Curr,
_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 75; Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’
vol. xxiii. p. 411).
[1250] Schürmann, _loc. cit._ p. 231.
[1251] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 316.
[1252] Abyssinians (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 504), Barea
(Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 528), Negroes of Benin and Sierra Leone
(Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 526. Griffith, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol.
xvi. p. 308, _et seq._), Mandingoes (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 111), Bechuanas
(Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 398), Kafirs (v. Weber, _loc. cit._
vol. ii. p. 218), Malays of Java (Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. i. p. 146),
Indians of Peru (_ibid._, vol. i. p. 146).
[1253] Ploss, vol. i. p. 143.
[1254] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 316.
[1255] Macgillivray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 263.
[1256] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 383.
[1257] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 12, _et seq._
[1258] Lubbock, ‘Prehistoric Times,’ p. 477.
[1259] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 267.
[1260] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 59.
[1261] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 301.
[1262] Ebers, ‘Durch Gosen zum Sinai,’ p. 45.
[1263] ‘Dr. E. Vogel’s Reise nach Central-Afrika,’ in Petermann’s
‘Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes’ geographischer Anstalt,‘ 1857, p.
138.
[1264] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 172.
[1265] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 209.
[1266] La Pérouse, ‘Voyage round the World,’ vol ii. p. 142.
[1267] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ pp. 85, _et seq._
[1268] Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 398. _Cf._
Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 279, _et seq._
[1269] Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. pp. 125, _et seq._
[1270] Bain, ‘The Emotions and the Will,’ p. 211.
[1271] Fries, _loc. cit._ p. 109.
[1272] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 305.
[1273] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 171.
[1274] _Ibid._, p. 171.
[1275] Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 364, _et seq._ Dall, _loc. cit._ pp.
139, 397.
[1276] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 286.
[1277] Kane, ‘Arctic Explorations,’ vol ii. p. 114. On the East Coast
of Greenland, according to Dr. Nansen (_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 338;
vol. ii. p. 277), the Eskimo, men and women alike, when indoors, are
completely naked with the exception of the ‘nâtit,’ a narrow band
about the loins, of dimensions ‘so extremely small as to make it
practically invisible to the stranger’s inexperienced eye.’ Many,
indeed, assume some covering when Europeans enter their dwellings, but
Dr. Nansen thinks this must be rather from affectation, and a desire to
please their visitors, than from any real feeling of modesty (_ibid._,
vol. ii. pp. 277, _et seq._).
[1278] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 175.
[1279] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. pp. 330, _et seq._
[1280] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 356.
[1281] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 86.
[1282] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 99.
[1283] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 105.
[1284] Semper, ‘Die Palau-Inseln,’ p. 68.
[1285] Since the appearance of the first edition of this work I have
become acquainted with Mr. Johnston’s book on ‘The River Congo,’ where
he says (p. 418), ‘Clothing was first adopted as a means of decoration
rather than from motives of decency. The private parts were first
adorned with the appendages that were afterwards used by a dawning
sense of modesty to conceal them.'
[1286] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 263. For early engagements among other
Eskimo tribes, see Hall, ‘Arctic Researches,’ p. 567; ‘Das Ausland,’
1881, p. 698; Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 146; Waitz, _loc. cit._
vol. iii. p. 308.
[1287] Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 23. Mackenzie, _loc. cit._
p. cxxiii.
[1288] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 276, _et seq._ (Inland
Columbians). Mayne, ‘Four Years in British Columbia and Vancouver
Island,’ p. 276 (Nutkas).
[1289] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 322.
[1290] Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 124. King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol.
ii. pp. 152, _et seq._
[1291] Shoshones (Lewis and Clarke, ‘Travels to the Source of the
Missouri River,’ p. 307), Arawaks (Schomburgk, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p.
460. Brett, _loc. cit._ pp. 99, _et seq._), Macusís (v. Martius, vol.
i. p. 645).
[1292] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 314.
[1293] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 424.
[1294] Burchell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 58, 564. Beecham, ‘Ashantee
and the Gold Coast,’ p. 126.
[1295] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol vi. p. 772. Wilkes, _loc. cit._
vol. ii. p. 195. Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 284, _et seq._ Bonney,
in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 129, 301. Cameron, _ibid._,
vol. xiv. p. 352.
[1296] Finsch, _loc. cit._ pp. 102, 116. Guillemard, _loc. cit._ p. 389.
[1297] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 314.
[1298] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 267, 270.
[1299] In the Kingsmill Islands (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 102),
Fiji (_ibid._, vol. iii. p. 92), Hudson’s Island (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p.
290), Nukahiva (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 127), Solomon
Islands (Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 90), New Caledonia
(Turner, p. 340), New Britain (Powell, _loc. cit._ p. 85), Java (‘Das
Ausland,’ 1881, p. 569), Buru (Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 21), and among
the Bataks, Sundanese, and other Malay peoples (Hickson, _loc. cit._ p.
270. Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. pp. 161-167).
[1300] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 167.
[1301] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 109.
[1302] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144.
[1303] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 209.
[1304] Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 141.
[1305] Kutchin (Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312), Chippewas
(Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 157), Iroquois (Morgan, ‘League of
the Iroquois,’ p. 320), Simoos (Bovallius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 301).
[1306] Guarayos (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 217), Hos (Dalton,
_loc. cit._ pp. 201, _et seq._), Maoris (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._
vol. vi. p. 125), Fijians (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 91).
[1307] See _ante_, p. 40.
[1308] Forbes, ‘On the Ethnology of Timor-laut,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr.
Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 11.
[1309] Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iii. p. 248.
[1310] Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian in his Wigwam,’ p. 72. _Cf._ Catlin,
_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 120; Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 141.
[1311] Buchanan, _loc. cit._ p. 184.
[1312] Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 177. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci.
Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 314. Macfie, ‘Vancouver Island and British
Columbia,’ p. 447. Wilkes, vol. iv. p. 457 (Indians of the Interior of
Oregon).
[1313] Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 157, _et seq._
[1314] Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 158.
[1315] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 269.
[1316] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 549, note 206.
[1317] Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 249), Comanches (Waitz, _loc.
cit._ vol. iv. p. 216), Patagonians (Musters, _loc. cit._ p. 186).
[1318] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 92.
[1319] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 91.
[1320] Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 184.
_Cf._ King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 182.
[1321] Fries, _loc. cit._ p. 111 (Greenlanders). Brett, _loc. cit._ p.
354 (Caribs). Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 207 (Abipones).
King and Fitzroy, vol. ii. p. 153 (Patagonians).
[1322] Hannon, _loc. cit._ p. 341 (Blackfeet, Chippewyans, Crees, &c.).
Schoolcraft, vol. v. p. 683 (Comanches).
[1323] Schoolcraft, vol. iii. p. 238.
[1324] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 108.
[1325] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 10.
[1326] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ pp. 234, 242.
[1327] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407.
Cf. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 34 (tribes of Western Victoria); Lumholtz,
_loc. cit._ p. 213 (natives of Northern Queensland).
[1328] Fison and Howitt, pp. 276, 280, 289, 348-354.
[1329] Taylor, _loc. cit._ p. 299.
[1330] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 167. _Cf._ Zimmermann, _loc.
cit._ vol. i. p. 456.
[1331] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 295, _et seq._
[1332] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 267, 270, _et seq._
_Cf._ Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 99, _et seq._
[1333] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 172. Waitz-Gerland, vol. v.
pt. ii. p. 105.
[1334] Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ix. p. 10.
[1335] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol ix. p.
368. In Samoa (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 95, _et seq._ _Cf._ _ibid._ pp.
92, 132; Turner, ‘Nineteen Years in Polynesia,’ p. 188; Pritchard,
_loc. cit._ pp. 135, _et seq._) and the Kingsmill Islands (Wilkes,
_loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 101), elopements frequently take place, and
the parents, however mortified they may be, have to submit. In Fiji,
according to Wilkes (vol. iii. p. 92. _Cf._ Pritchard, pp. 269,
_et seq._; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 632), forced marriages are
comparatively rare in the higher classes.
[1336] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 159.
[1337] Boyle, ‘Adventures among the Dyaks of Borneo,’ p. 236. _Cf._
Brooke, ‘Ten Years in Sarawak,’ vol. i. p. 69.
[1338] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 90.
[1339] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 272.
[1340] Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 447, 302.
[1341] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 235. Crawfurd, vol. iii. pp. 129, _et
seq._
[1342] Colquhoun, ‘Burma and the Burmans,’ p. 12. Fytche, _loc. cit._
vol. ii. p. 69. MacMahon, ‘Far Cathay,’ p. 275 (Indo-Burmese border
tribes).
[1343] Anderson, ‘Mandalay to Momien,’ p. 301.
[1344] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 347. _Cf._ _ibid._, pp. 145, 146, 179, 285.
[1345] Kols, Abors (Rowney, _loc. cit._ pp. 67, 159), Santals (_ibid._,
p. 76. _Cf._ Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 215; ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. xxiv.;
Man, _loc. cit._ p. 102; Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. pp. 205, _et
seq._), Todas (Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p.
242. _Cf._ Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 212).
[1346] Miris, Khasias, Koch, Muásís (Dalton, pp. 29, 57, 91, 125),
Oráons (Rowney, p. 81), Kolyas (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol.
xvi. pp. 358, _et seq._), Butias (Cunningham, ‘Notes on Moorcroft’s
Travels in Ladakh,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p.
204).
[1347] Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355 (Kaupuis).
Dalton, pp. 192, 299, _et seq._ (Hos, Boad Kandhs). Spencer,
‘Descriptive Sociology, Asiatic Races,’ p. 8 (Savaras of Jeypore).
[1348] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 254.
[1349] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 393.
[1350] v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 30.
[1351] Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 345.
[1352] Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 127.
[1353] v. Haxthausen, _loc. cit._ p. 402.
[1354] Usbegs (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 369), Kalmucks (Moore,
_loc. cit._ p. 181), Aenezes (Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 61).
[1355] Ross, _loc. cit._ p. 315.
[1356] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 181.
[1357] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 408. _Cf._ Reade,
_loc. cit._ pp. 260, 390, 453, 554.
[1358] Beecham, _loc. cit._ p. 125 (Ashantees). Soyaux, ‘Aus
West-Afrika,’ pp. 152, 161 (Negroes of Loango). Merolla da Sorrento,
_loc. cit._ p. 236 (Negroes of Sogno). Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 419
(Negroes of the Gold Coast).
[1359] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 61.
[1360] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 103.
[1361] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 293, 298. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol.
ii. p. 206.
[1362] Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 261. Leslie, ‘Among the
Zulus and Amatongas,’ p. 194. According to other authorities, however,
the Kafir girl herself is seldom or never consulted about the matter
(Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 69), though it generally happens that, after
repeated elopements with the man of her own choice, the father gives up
his original intention as to the disposal of her (Shooter, _loc. cit._
pp. 57, 60. _Cf._ v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 331, _et seq._;
vol. ii. p. 217).
[1363] Thunberg, ‘Account of the Cape of Good Hope,’ in Pinkerton,
‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 141.
[1364] Burchell, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 59. Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 444.
Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 258.
[1365] Strabo, _loc. cit._ book xv. ch. i. p. 699.
[1366] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book i. ch. 93.
[1367] v. Bohlen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 148, 367, _et seq._ Klemm,
‘Die Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 281. Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ p. 196.
Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 421, note *.
[1368] ‘The Younger Edda,’ p. 158.
[1369] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 378.
[1370] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ pp. 149, et seq.
[1371] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 136. The same view is taken by
Mr. Howitt (_ibid._, p. 358).
[1372] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 291.
[1373] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 354.
[1374] _Ibid._, pp. 343, 348-354.
[1375] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 61.
[1376] That the male children also are so disposed of appears, for
instance, from v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 393 (Mundrucûs), 690
(Arawaks); Lansdell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 225 (Gilyaks).
[1377] ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 403. _Cf._ Guillemard, _loc.
cit._ p. 389 (Nufoor Papuans).
[1378] Ahts (Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 97) and other Indians (Waitz, _loc.
cit._ vol. iii. p. 103), Maravi (_ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 419, et seq.).
[1379] Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ pp. 321, 323.
[1380] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 186.
[1381] Kisáns, Mundas, Santals, Máriás (Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 132,
194, 215, 279), Mishmis (Rowlatt, ‘Expedition into the Mishmee Hills,’
in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiv. pt. ii. p. 488), Bhils (Malcolm,
in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc.,’ vol. i. p. 83), Yoon-tha-lin Karens
(Stoll, ‘Notes on the Yoon-tha-lin Karens,’ in ‘The Madras Journal of
Literature and Science,’ N. S. vol. vi. pp. 61, _et seq._).
[1382] Dalton, p. 252 (Oráons).
[1383] _Ibid._, p. 132.
[1384] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 72.
[1385] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 83.
[1386] Clavigero, ‘The History of Mexico,’ vol. i. p. 331.
[1387] Clavigero, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 332.
[1388] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 251.
[1389] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., p. 3.
[1390] Heriot, _loc. cit._ pp. 334, _et seq._
[1391] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 666.
[1392] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 667. Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn.
Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 127.
[1393] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 207.
[1394] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 739.
[1395] Wells Williams, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 646.
[1396] Navarette, _loc. cit._ p. 75. _Cf._ ‘The Lî Kî,’ book xxvii. v.
33.
[1397] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p.
11.
[1398] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 205.
[1399] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 189.
[1400] Rein, ‘Japan,’ p. 422.
[1401] Griffis, ‘The Mikado’s Empire,’ pp. 124, 147, 555.
[1402] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. pp. 117-119.
[1403] Amír’ Alí, ‘The Personal Law of Mahommedans,’ p. 179.
[1404] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 190.
[1405] ‘Exodus,’ ch. xxi. vv. 15, 17. ‘Leviticus,’ ch. xx. v. 9.
[1406] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxi. vv. 18-21.
[1407] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 188. _Cf._ Gans, ‘Erbrecht,’ vol. i. p.
134.
[1408] Michaelis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 444.
[1409] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxiv. v. 4; ch. xxviii. vv. 1, _et seq._
‘Exodus,’ ch. xxxiv. v. 16. ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. vii. v. 3. ‘Judges,’
ch. xiv. vv. 1-3.
[1410] Wilkinson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 320.
[1411] ‘The Precepts of Ptah-Hotep,’ ch. xlii. xxxix. _Cf._ _ibid._,
ch. xliv.
[1412] ‘Duodecim Tabularum Fragmenta,’ table iv. § 2.
[1413] Plutarch, ‘Ποπλικόλας,’ ch. vii.
[1414] Mommsen, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 64.
[1415] ‘Duodecim Tabularum Fragmenta,’ table iv. § 2. Justinian,
‘Institutiones,’ book i. title ix. § 3.
[1416] Justinian, book i. title x. Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 393.
Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 104.
[1417] Mackenzie, p. 104, note 4.
[1418] Fustel de Coulanges, _loc. cit._ p. 116.
[1419] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 138. Fustel de Coulanges, pp. 115, _et
seq._ Hearn, _loc. cit._ p. 92.
[1420] Justinian, book i. title ix. § 2.
[1421] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 122, _et seq._
[1422] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. viii. v. 416.
[1423] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 123.
[1424] Nelson, ‘View of the Hindū Law,’ pp. 56, _et seq._
[1425] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala i. súkta lxx. v. 5.
[1426] Zimmer, ‘Altindisches Leben,’ pp. 327, _et seq._
[1427] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 32. _Cf._ Rossbach, _loc. cit._
p. 208.
[1428] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. vv. 39-41.
[1429] Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 678.
[1430] v. Bohlen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 146.
[1431] Spiegel, vol. iii. pp. 677, _et seq._
[1432] Fustel de Coulanges, _loc. cit._ p. 115.
[1433] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ pp. 136, _et seq._
[1434] Cauvet, ‘De l’organisation de la famille à Athènes,’ in ‘Revue
de législation,’ vol. xxiv. 1845, p. 138.
[1435] Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 446. Hermann-Blümner, ‘Lehrbuch
der griechischen Privatalterthümer,’ p. 261.
[1436] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 147.
[1437] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 298.
[1438] Grimm, ‘Deutsche Rechts Alterthümer,’ pp. 461, 487, _et seq._
Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 473.
[1439] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches sur la condition civile et politique des
femmes,’ p. 80.
[1440] Koenigswarter, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille en
France,’ p. 140.
[1441] Pardessus, ‘Loi Salique,’ p. 456.
[1442] Koenigswarter, p. 139.
[1443] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xxv.
[1444] Olivecrona, ‘Om makars giftorätt i bo,’ p. 143.
[1445] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xviii.
[1446] Weinhold, ‘Die deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter,’ vol.
i. p. 303. Wilda, ‘Das Strafrecht der Germanen,’ p. 802. Olivecrona,
_loc. cit._ p. 48.
[1447] Accurse, in the beginning of the thirteenth century, says,
‘Aliæ vero gentes quædam, ut servos tenent filios, ut Sclavi, aliæ ut
prorsus absolutos, ut Francigenæ’ (Koenigswarter, _loc. cit._ p. 224,
note 2).
[1448] Macieiowski, ‘Slavische Rechtsgeschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 404.
[1449] v. Haxthausen, ‘The Russian Empire,’ vol. ii. pp. 229, _et seq._
[1450] Mackenzie Wallace, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 134-136.
[1451] Macieiowski, vol. ii. p. 189.
[1452] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 244, note.
[1453] Krauss, _loc. cit._ pp. 313, 314.
[1454] _Ibid._, p. 320.
[1455] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 190.
[1456] Lichtschein, _loc. cit._ p. 41.
[1457] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ p. 179.
[1458] _Ibid._, pp. 180-183.
[1459] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ pp. 179, 180, 184.
[1460] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 137.
[1461] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 141. Koenigswarter, _loc. cit._ p.
86. Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 47, _et seq._
[1462] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 138. Rossbach, p. 396
[1463] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 396, 400, _et seq._
[1464] Koenigswarter, p. 93.
[1465] Pardessus, _loc. cit._ p. 666.
[1466] Guizot, ‘The History of Civilisation,’ vol. ii. p. 467. A
Council at Orleans, in 541, also forbids ‘any one to marry a girl
without the consent of her parents’ (_ibid._, vol. ii. p. 464).
[1467] Cnut, ‘Dômas,’ Leges Saeculares, ch. lxxiv.
[1468] ‘Westgöta-Lagen,’ Codex Recentior, Kirkyu Balker, ch. lii.
Additamenta, § 8.
[1469] ‘Uplands-Lagen,’ Aerfdæ Balkær, ch. i. § 4.
[1470] Nordström, ‘Svenska samhälls-författningens historia,’ vol.
ii. pp. 15, _et seq._ Wilda, _loc. cit._ p. 803. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche
Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 304. According to Saxo Grammaticus (‘Historia
Danica,’ book v. vol. i. p. 186), a woman was allowed to dispose of
her own hand before the days of King Frotho.
[1471] ‘Der Schwabenspiegel,’ Landrecht, § 55.
[1472] Kraut, ‘Die Vormundschaft,’ vol. i. p. 326.
[1473] Weinhold, vol. i. p. 305.
[1474] Quoted in Spencer’s ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ France, p. 38.
[1475] Quoted by de Ribbe, ‘Les familles et la société en France avant
la Révolution,’ p. 51.
[1476] Bodin, ‘De Republica,’ book i. ch. iv. p. 31.
[1477] Sully, ‘Memoirs,’ vol. v. p. 180.
[1478] Koenigswarter, _loc. cit._ p. 231.
[1479] de Goncourt, ‘La Femme au dix-huitième siècle,’ p. 20.
[1480] ‘Code Civil,’ art. 374.
[1481] _Ibid._, art. 375-383.
[1482] _Ibid._, art. 148.
[1483] ‘Code Civil,’ art. 151.
[1484] Kent, ‘Commentaries on American Law,’ lecture xxvi.
[1485] Diderot and d’Alembert, ‘Encyclopédie,’ vol. xiii. p. 255.
[1486] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 384.
[1487] Nicholson, _loc. cit._ p. 1. _Cf._ a criticism of ‘The Descent
of Man,’ in ‘The Athenæum,’ 1871, March 4th.
[1488] Darwin, vol. ii. p. 252.
[1489] Müller, ‘The Fertilisation of Flowers,’ p. 14.
[1490] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ p. 223.
[1491] ‘The Colours of Plants and the Origin of the Colour-Sense,’ in
‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 221-248. ‘Darwinism,’ ch. x.
[1492] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 193-195.
[1493] _Ibid._, p. 187.
[1494] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ p. 213.
[1495] _Idem_, ‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,’ pp.
73, _et seq._
[1496] _Ibid._, pp. 259-261.
[1497] Fraser, in ‘Nature,’ vol. iii. p. 489.
[1498] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 485.
[1499] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 270.
[1500] The Gallinaceæ, however, form an exception; though almost wholly
terrestrial, they have the most pronounced sexual colours. But they are
active and wander much.
[1501] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 230, _et seq._
[1502] Gould, ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 383.
[1503] Wood, _loc.cit._ vol. ii. p. 257.
[1504] Prejevalsky, ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ pp. 92, 94.
[1505] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 94.
[1506] Gould, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 382, _et seq._
[1507] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 62.
[1508] Burdach, ‘Physiologie,’ vol. i. p. 277.
[1509] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 284.
[1510] _Ibid._, p. 294.
[1511] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 293.
[1512] Mr. Belt (_loc. cit._ p. 112) has seen the female of _Florisuga
mellivora_ sitting quietly on a branch, and two males displaying their
charms in front of her. ‘One would shoot up like a rocket, then
suddenly expanding the snow-white tail like an inverted parachute,
slowly descend in front of her, turning round gradually to show off
both back and front.... The expanded white tail covered more space than
all the rest of the bird, and was evidently the grand feature in the
performance.'
[1513] See Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 285.
[1514] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 67, 74.
[1515] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp.
102-104.
[1516] According to Professor Vogt (‘Lectures on Man,’ p. 421), the
aversion between allied species in the wild state is more frequently
overcome by the males than by the females; and, in crosses between
wild and domesticated animals, the female generally belongs to the
domesticated species or race (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire
naturelle générale,’ vol. iii. p. 177).
[1517] Taylor, _loc. cit._ pp. 293, _et seq._
[1518] Merolla da Sorrento, _loc. cit._ p. 236.
[1519] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 141.
[1520] de Quatrefages, ‘The Human Species,’ p. 267.
[1521] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 8, note 8.
[1522] Nott and Gliddon, ‘Types of Mankind,’ p. 401.
[1523] Kerry-Nicholls, ‘The Maori Race,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’
vol. xv. p. 195.
[1524] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 612.
[1525] Leguével de Lacombe, ‘Voyage à Madagascar,’ vol. ii. pp.
121-123.
[1526] Apollodorus Atheniensis, ‘ Βιβλωθήκη,’ book iii. ch. ix. § 2.
[1527] _Cf._ Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 12.
[1528] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 216. _Cf._ Wilkes, _loc.
cit.__ vol. v. p. 363; Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 40, _et seq._ (Nagas of
Upper Assam).
[1529] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 251.
[1530] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 310.
[1531] Mitchell, ‘Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia,’
vol. i. p. 307.
[1532] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 233.
[1533] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 161.
[1534] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 373, _et seq._
[1535] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 213.
[1536] Hume, ‘Essays,’ vol. i. p. 268.
[1537] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 227. _Cf._ Sproat, _loc. cit._
p. 29; Heriot, l_oc. cit._ p. 348.
[1538] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 280, note.
[1539] Williams, ‘Narrative of Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 539. _Cf._
Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 81; King and Fitzroy,
_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 527.
[1540] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.
[1541] Prichard, ‘Researches into the Physical History of Mankind,’
vol. iv. p. 519.
[1542] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 493. For other instances
of different ideas of beauty, see Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol.
ii. pp. 374-381.
[1543] Bombet, ‘The Lives of Haydn and Mozart,’ p. 278.
[1544] Spencer, ‘Essays,’ vol. ii. pp. 156, 162. Mr. Spencer’s view on
this point bears a close resemblance to that of Vischer, the Hegelian,
according to whom the Indo-European race alone is really beautiful
(Vischer, ‘Aesthetik,’ vol. ii. pp. 175, _et seq._).
[1545] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 29.
[1546] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 174; vol. ii. p. 200. Barrow,
_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 390.
[1547] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 74.
[1548] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 186.
[1549] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 454. _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 340.
[1550] This rule does not hold good for all races. Speaking of the
natives of King George’s Sound, Cook remarks (‘Voyage to the Pacific
Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 303) that ‘the women are nearly of the same size,
colour, and form, with the men; from whom it is not easy to distinguish
them.’ Ellis states (‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 81) that,
among the Tahitians, the difference between the stature of the male
and female sex is not so great as that which often prevails in Europe.
Diodorus Siculus says (_loc. cit._ book v. ch. xxxii. § 2) that the
Gallic women were as tall as the men; and Dr. Fritsch asserts (_loc.
cit._ p. 398) the same with reference to the Bushman women of South
Africa. Among the Californian Shastika, according to Mr. Powers (_loc.
cit._ p. 244), the women are even ‘larger and stronger-featured, and
in every way more respectable,’ than the men. _Cf._ Burton, ‘First
Footsteps,’ p. 118 (Somals).
[1551] Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. i. pp. 9, _et seq._
[1552] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 236, _et seq._
[1553] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. p.
268. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 381. Mantegazza, ‘Rio
de la Plata e Tenerife.’ Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 27.
[1554] Martineau, ‘Types of Ethical Theory,’ vol. ii. p. 157.
Delaunay, ‘Sur la beauté,’ in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol.
viii. p. 198.
[1555] Davy, _loc. cit._ pp. 110, _et seq._
[1556] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. p.
268.
[1557] Castrén, ‘Nordiska resor och forskningar,’ vol. i. p. 229.
[1558] Prichard, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 434, _et seq._
[1559] de Rubruquis, _loc. cit._ p. 33.
[1560] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 543.
[1561] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 38; 259, note *.
[1562] v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain,’
vol. i. p. 154, note. For other evidence for v. Humboldt’s theory,
see—besides Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man’—Waitz, l_oc. cit._ vol. iv.
pp. 62, _et seq._; vol. vi. pp. 543, 571; _Idem_, ‘Introduction to
Anthropology,’ p. 305; Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 11.
[1563] Macfie, _loc. cit._ p. 441. Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 348. Catlin,
‘Last Rambles amongst the Indians,’ pp. 145, _et seq._
[1564] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 81. Angas,
‘Polynesia,’ p. 272. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 27.
[1565] Marsden, _loc. cit._ pp. 44, _et seq._
[1566] Andersson, _loc. cit._ p. 196.
[1567] Welcker, ‘Die Füsse der Chinesinnen,’ in ‘Archiv. f. Anthr.,’
vol. v. p. 149. Katscher, ‘Bilder aus dem chinesischen Leben,’ p. 51.
[1568] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 377.
[1569] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 280, 304.
[1570] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.
[1571] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 111, 210.
[1572] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 23. For additional evidence,
see Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 183; Zimmermann, _loc.
cit._ vol. ii. p. 92; Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 452, 455.
[1573] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 383.
[1574] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 307.
[1575] Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ pp. 381, _et seq._ Cheyne, _loc. cit._ p.
105.
[1576] Crawfurd, vol. i. p. 23.
[1577] Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 291.
[1578] v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ p. 141.
[1579] _Cf._ Lawrence, ‘Lectures on Physiology,’ &c., p. 474.
[1580] Godron, ‘De l’espèce et des races,’ vol. ii. p. 310.
[1581] _Ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 175, _et seq._
[1582] Quetelet, _loc. cit._ pp. 59, _et seq._ _Cf._ Ranke, ‘Der
Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 77-79, 116, _et seq._
[1583] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 86.
[1584] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. pp.
158, 159, 182-185. _Cf._ Ranke, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 131-136.
[1585] Lawrence, _loc. cit._ p. 400.
[1586] Virchow, ‘Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung des
Schädelgrundes,’ p. 121.
[1587] Spencer, ‘Essays,’ vol. ii. pp. 153, _et seq._
[1588] Schaaffhausen, ‘On the Primitive Form of the Human Skull,’ in
‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. vi. p. 416.
[1589] _Ibid._, p. 419.
[1590] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ pp. 53, _et seq._ _Cf._
de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 254.
[1591] ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. xxxi. pt. ii. p. 852.
[1592] Joest, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 475. _Cf._
Peschel, _loc. cit._ pp. 19, _et seq._
[1593] ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 377.
[1594] _Cf._ Pouchet, ‘The Plurality of the Human Race,’ p. 92;
Virchow, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 213.
[1595] ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 475, note.
[1596] Squier, ‘The States of Central America,’ p. 56.
[1597] Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 276.
[1598] Mayer, ‘Die Mechanik der Wärme,’ p. 98.
[1599] Tylor, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 86.
[1600] de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 255.
[1601] Rohlfs, ‘Henry Noël von Bagermi,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’
vol. iii. p. 255.
[1602] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 526.
[1603] _Ibid._, p. 526.
[1604] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 92.
[1605] Wallace, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. ii. p. 182.
[1606] Quoted by Schaaffhausen, in ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol.
vi. p. 418.
[1607] _Cf._ Schaaffhausen, ‘Darwinism and Anthropology,’ _ibid._, vol
vi. pp. cviii., _et seq._
[1608] M. Elisée Reclus (quoted by de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 255)
makes a curious mistake when he asserts that, at the end of a given
time, whatever be their origin, all the descendants of whites or of
negroes who have immigrated to America will become Redskins.
[1609] Weismann, ‘Essays upon Heredity,’ &c., p. 81.
[1610] Weismann, _loc. cit._ pp. 81, &c. Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii.
p. 299.
[1611] Rauber, ‘Homo sapiens ferus,’ pp. 69-71.
[1612] Poiret, ‘Voyage en Barbarie,’ vol. i. p. 31.
[1613] Mr. Wallace (‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural
Selection,’ Essay ix.), so far as I know, is the only investigator who
has tried to explain, by the principle of natural selection, the origin
of human racial distinctions.
[1614] A negro child is not born black, but becomes so after some
shorter or longer time (Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 342.
Caillié, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 351). The children of dark races are
usually fairer than the adults (Darwin, vol. ii. p. 342. Moseley, in
‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 385).
[1615] Camper, ‘Kleinere Schriften,’ vol. i. p. 44.
[1616] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 384, _et seq._
[1617] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 383.
[1618] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 316.
[1619] Speaking of the Rejangs of Sumatra, Marsden says (_loc. cit._
p. 206), ‘The quick, and to them inexplicable, revolutions of our
fashions are subject of much astonishment, and they naturally conclude
that those modes can have but little intrinsic merit which we are so
ready to change.'
[1620] Earl, _loc. cit._ p. 48.
[1621] Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ pp. 538, _et seq._
[1622] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 403, _et seq._
[1623] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 410.
[1624] Mr. Wallace, in his ‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural
Selection’ (p. 359), believes that ‘a superior intelligence has
guided the development of man in a definite direction,’ and considers
(pp. 348, _et seq._) that the hairless condition of the skin comes
under this head. Again, Mr. Belt’s experience in tropical countries
has led him to the conclusion that, in such parts at least, there is
one serious drawback to the advantage of having the skin covered with
hair:—‘It affords cover for parasitical insects, which, if the skin
were naked, might more easily be got rid of’ (Belt, _loc. cit._ p. 209).
[1625] Collins, who wrote sixty years before ‘The Origin of Species,’
makes the following observation regarding the natives about Botany
Bay and Port Jackson (New South Wales):—‘Their sight is peculiarly
fine, indeed their existence very often depends upon the accuracy of
it; for a short-sighted man ... would never be able to defend himself
from their spears, which are thrown with amazing force and velocity’
(Collins, ‘Account of the English Colony in New South Wales,’ vol. i.
pp. 553, _et seq._).
[1626] v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ vol. i. pp. 152, _et seq._
Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ pp. 113, _et seq._ Brough
Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 30, note; Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ pp. 274,
_et seq._; Collins, vol. i. p. 553 (Australians). Rengger, _loc. cit._
pp. 9, _et seq._ (Indians of Paraguay).
[1627] Lawrence, _loc. cit._ pp. 422, _et seq._
[1628] Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 545, 549. Johnston, _loc. cit._ p. 436.
[1629] Duvernoy, art. ‘Propagation,’ in ‘Dictionnaire universel
d’histoire naturelle,’ vol. x. p. 546.
[1630] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle générale,’ vol.
iii. p. 180.
[1631] _Ibid._, vol. iii. pp. 175, 185, _et seq._ de Quatrefages, _loc.
cit._ p. 67.
[1632] Vogt, ‘Lectures on Man,’ p. 414.
[1633] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, vol. iii. p. 191.
[1634] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle,’ vol. iii. pp.
169-175.
[1635] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p.
189.
[1636] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, vol. iii. p. 208. Blumenbach,
‘Anthropological Treatises,’ p. 73.
[1637] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, vol. iii. pp. 213, _et seq._
[1638] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ pp. 160, _et seq._
[1639] Darwin, ‘The Origin of Species,’ vol. ii. pp. 44, &c. _Cf._
Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 209.
[1640] The greater or less degree of sterility of hybrids, although, as
Mr. Darwin remarks (‘The Origin of Species,’ vol. ii. p. 46), a very
different case from the difficulty of uniting two pure species, yet, to
a certain extent, runs parallel with it.
[1641] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle,’ vol. iii. pp.
168, 169, &c.
[1642] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p.
180.
[1643] ‘Exodus,’ ch. xxii. v. 19. ‘Leviticus,’ ch. xviii. v. 23; ch.
xx. v. 15. ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxvii. v. 21. Pliny, _loc. cit._ book
viii. ch. 42. Virgil, ‘Bucolica,’ Ecloga iii. v. 8.
[1644] Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 276. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. xcvii. v.
Kraft-Ebing, ‘Psychopathia sexualis,’ pp. 135, _et seq._
[1645] See Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 125, 126, 128.
[1646] _Cf._ Blumenbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 80, _et seq._; Steller, _loc.
cit._ p. 289, note.
[1647] Périer, ‘Essai sur les croisements ethniques,’ in ‘Mémoires
Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. i. p. 216. Jacquinot, in Dumont d’Urville,
‘Voyage au Pole Sud,’ Zoologie, vol. ii. p. 92.
[1648] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp.
102, _et seq._
[1649] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 381.
[1650] de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 273.
[1651] Topinard, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 371.
[1652] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 238.
[1653] Topinard, p. 372.
[1654] Périer, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. ii. p. 340.
[1655] Topinard, _loc. cit._ p. 383.
[1656] Prichard, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 149.
[1657] Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 360, note 2.
[1658] Knox, ‘The Races of Men,’ pp. 497, &c.
[1659] Nott and Gliddon, _loc. cit._ pp. 397, _et seq._
[1660] Broca, ‘The Phenomena of Hybridity,’ p. 60. Pouchet, _loc.
cit._ p. 101.
[1661] Prichard, ‘The Natural History of Man,’ p. 18.
[1662] Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 363.
[1663] de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 264.
[1664] Broca, p. 48.
[1665] _Ibid._, p. 48.
[1666] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 264. _Cf._ Topinard, ‘Note sur
les métis d’Australiens et d’Européens,’ in ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’
vol. iv. pp. 243-249.
[1667] Dr. T. R. H. Thomson says ('On the Reported Incompetency of the
“Gins,”‘ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. pp. 244, _et seq._)
that the Australian woman, when she places herself under the roof of
a European settler as his concubine or wife, appears to become less
fertile, although she has more regular diet, comfort, and covering.
[1668] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp.
148-160.
[1669] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 9. Eyre, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 324.
Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 273.
[1670] Meyer, _loc. cit._ p. 186.
[1671] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 14.
[1672] Broca, _loc. cit._ p. 36.
[1673] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 8.
[1674] v. Görtz, ‘Reise um die Welt,’ vol. iii. p. 288.
[1675] Hensen, ‘Die Physiologie der Zeugung,’ in Hermann, ‘Handbuch
der Physiologie,’ vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 191.
[1676] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp.
182, _et seq._
[1677] Jacobs, ‘On the Racial Characteristics of Modern Jews,’ in
‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. pp. 26-28.
[1678] Agassiz, ‘Essay on Classification,’ pp. 249-252.
[1679] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp.
105, 181, 190, _et seq._
[1680] Vogt, _loc. cit._ p. 421.
[1681] Sebright, _loc. cit._ pp. 17, _et seq._
[1682] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 64.
[1683] Ross, in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 310.
[1684] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 22. _Idem_, in
‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 151. Riedel, quoted by Post,
‘Entwickelungsgeschichte des Familienrechts,’ p. 221. Garcilasso de
la Vega, describing the Indians of Peru before the time of the Incas,
says (_loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 58, _et seq._), ‘In many nations they
cohabited like beasts, without any special wife, but just as chance
directed. Others followed their own desires, without excepting sisters,
daughters, or mothers. Others excepted their mothers but none else.’
It is said, according to Dr. Hickson (_loc. cit._ pp. 277, _et seq._),
that in olden times, in the southern districts of Minahassa, in the
neighbourhood of Tonsawang, father and daughter, mother and son,
brother and sister, frequently lived together in bonds of matrimony.
As regards the Chippewas, Mr. Keating states (_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p.
170) that ‘incest is not unknown to them, but it is held in great
abhorrence.'
[1685] Hübschmann, ‘Ueber die persische Verwandtenheirath,’ in
‘Zeitschr. d. Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellsch.,’ vol. xliii. p.
308.
[1686] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 83.
[1687] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 276.
[1688] Heifer, ‘The Animal Productions of the Tenasserim Provinces,’
in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. vii. p. 856.
[1689] Cameron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 70.
[1690] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 49.
[1691] ‘The Kalevala’ (translated by Crawford), vol. ii. p. 548.
[1692] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 340.
[1693] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 367.
[1694] Krasheninnikoff, ‘The History of Kamtschatka,’ p. 215.
[1695] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. pp. 294, _et seq._
[1696] Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 276.
[1697] Liebich, _loc. cit._ p. 49.
[1698] Thomson, ‘Through Masai Land,’ p. 51.
[1699] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198. _Idem_,
‘Beiträge zur Ethnographie,’ &c., vol. i. pp. 115, _et seq._
[1700] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala x. súkta 10.
[1701] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 392, note.
[1702] ‘Ynglinga Saga,’ ch. iv.; in ‘Heimskringla’ (edited by Unger),
p. 6.
[1703] _Ibid._, p. 6.
[1704] Nordström, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 18. Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 435.
[1705] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 173.
[1706] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 169.
[1707] Forbes, ‘British Burma,’ p. 48, note.
[1708] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 459.
[1709] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 131.
[1710] Ellis, ‘Hawaii,’ pp. 414, _et seq._ Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol.
iv. p. 32.
[1711] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 252.
[1712] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book iii. ch. 31. Spiegel, _loc. cit._
vol. iii. pp. 678, _et seq._
[1713] Wilkinson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 319.
[1714] _Ibid._, vol. i. pp. 318, _et seq._
[1715] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 308.
[1716] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 425. Prescott, ‘History of the
Conquest of Peru,’ p. 9, note 3.
[1717] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 160. Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen
bloedverwanten,’ p. 31.
[1718] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406, note.
[1719] Krauss, _loc. cit._ pp. 221, _et seq._.
[1720] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xx. v. 12.
[1721] Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p. 163.
[1722] Michaelis, ‘Abhandlung von den Ehegesetzen Mosis,’ p. 128.
[1723] Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 448. In Homer, the marriage of
brother and sister, strictly speaking, is to be found only in myth
(Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 392, note).
[1724] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 664, _et seq._
[1725] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 147. _Idem_,
‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 22.
[1726] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 289. _Cf._ v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol.
i. pp. 116, 393 (certain Brazilian tribes).
[1727] The Rev. B. Danks mentions (‘Marriage Customs of the New
Britain Group,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 283) that in
the New Britain Group, where upon theoretical grounds a man may without
law-breaking marry his niece, as belonging to another clan, there is,
nevertheless, a great repugnance to such unions, among the natives, and
in one case where such a union was brought about, the natives utterly
condemned it.
[1728] Tartars (Castrén, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 298), Somals (Burton,
‘First Footsteps in East Africa,’ p. 120), Negroes of Bondo (‘Das
Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1027).
[1729] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406.
[1730] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 880.
[1731] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 422.
[1732] Huth, ‘The Marriage of Near Kin,’ pp. 123, 137.
[1733] _Ibid._ pp. 123, 139.
[1734] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 27.
[1735] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 399. Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 158.
[1736] Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 353.
[1737] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 325.
[1738] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 276.
[1739] v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ pp. 30, _et seq._
[1740] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 64. Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p.
82.
[1741] ‘The Marriage Customs of the Moors of Ceylon,’ in ‘The
Folk-Lore Journal,’ vol. vi. p. 140.
[1742] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vi. p. 406.
[1743] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 8.
[1744] Shortt, ‘The Wild Tribes of Southern India,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn.
Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 187.
[1745] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 141.
[1746] Rink, ‘The Eskimo Tribes,’ p. 23.
[1747] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 196.
[1748] Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 171.
[1749] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 655.
[1750] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 192.
[1751] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 99.
[1752] Dall, p. 138.
[1753] Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 59.
[1754] Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 315.
[1755] Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 60.
[1756] Morgan, ‘Ancient Society,’ pp. 90, _et seq._
[1757] _Ibid._, pp. 91-93. _Cf._ Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ pp.
79, 81, 83.
[1758] Frazer, pp. 60-62.
[1759] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 665.
[1760] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 665. de Herrera, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p.
171.
[1761] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 251.
[1762] Im Thurn, _loc. cit._ pp. 175, 185.
[1763] Agassiz, ‘Journey in Brazil,’ p. 320.
[1764] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 172.
[1765] Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 63; vol. ii. p. 212.
[1766] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 107. _Cf._ Palmer, in ‘Jour.
Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 299.
[1767] Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 65. Curr, vol. i. p. 112.
[1768] Frazer, p. 65. Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, p. 800.
[1769] Curr, vol. i. p. 112. _Cf._ Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S.
Wales, vol. xxiii. p. 402.
[1770] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 118. Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 58.
Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 399. For
the Australian exogamy, see also Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883,
pp. 797-824; Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._; Brough Smyth, _loc.
cit._ vol. i. pp. 86-92; Ridley, ‘The Aborigines of Australia,’ pp.
7-10; _Idem_, ‘Kámilarói,’ pp. 161, _et seq._; Breton, _loc. cit._
p. 202; Schürmann, _loc. cit._ p. 222; Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 26;
Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 772; Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr.
Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 128, _et seq._; Cameron, _ibid._, vol. xiv. p.
351.
[1771] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 112; vol. ii. p. 245. Schürmann,
_loc. cit._ p. 222. Cameron, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 351.
[1772] Curr, vol. i. p. 106.
[1773] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 546.
[1774] _Ibid._, vol. i. pp. 107, 111. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 26.
[1775] Dawson, p. 27.
[1776] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 386. Cf. Bonwick, ‘Daily
Life,’ p. 62.
[1777] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 80. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p.
131.
[1778] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 92.
[1779] Codrington, _loc. cit._ pp. 21, 29.
[1780] Danks, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. pp. 282, _et seq._
_Cf._ Powell, _loc. cit._ p. 86.
[1781] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 181, _et seq._
[1782] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106.
[1783] Kubary, _loc. cit._ p. 35.
[1784] St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 198. _Cf._ Low, _loc. cit._ p.
300; Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 23.
[1785] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 139.
[1786] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 227. Wilken, pp. 21, _et seq._
[1787] Wilken, pp. 18, 21.
[1788] Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 33.
[1789] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 147.
[1790] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 206.
[1791] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. pp. 145, _et seq._
[1792] Riedel, p. 416.
[1793] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 146.
[1794] _Ibid._, p. 146.
[1795] _Ibid._, p. 148.
[1796] Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,’ pp. 26, _et.
seq._ Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 460.
[1797] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 18.
[1798] Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 640.
[1799] Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 359.
[1800] Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 186, _et seq._
[1801] Macpherson, quoted by Percival, ‘The Land of the Veda,’ p. 345.
_Cf._ Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 81.
[1802] Man, _loc. cit._ p. 103.
[1803] Hale, ‘On the Sakais,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p.
291.
[1804] Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 158, 189.
[1805] _Ibid._, p. 63.
[1806] Tod, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 145.
[1807] Lyall, ‘Asiatic Studies,’ p. 156.
[1808] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 280.
[1809] This relationship extends to six degrees where the common
ancestor is a male. Where the common ancestor is a female, there is a
difference of opinion; Manu and Âpastamba extending the prohibition in
her case also to six degrees, while Gautama, Vishnu, Narada, &c., limit
it to four degrees (Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 87).
[1810] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 5.
[1811] Weber, ‘Die Kastenverhältnisse in dem Brâhmana und Sûtra,’ in
‘Indische Studien,’ vol. x. pp. 75, _et seq._
[1812] Kearns, _loc. cit._ pp. 33, _et seq._ For the marriage
restrictions of the Hindus,_ cf._ Steele, ‘The Law and Custom of the
Hindoo Castes,’ pp. 26, 27, 163.
[1813] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. pp. 135, _et seq._
[1814] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 294.
[1815] ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 3-10, 23-25,
27, _et seq._
[1816] _Ibid._, vol. iv. pp. 21, _et seq._
[1817] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 24.
[1818] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 23. Jamieson, ‘Translations from the
General Code of Laws of the Chinese Empire,’ in ‘The China Review,’
vol. x. pp. 82, _et seq._ _Cf._ Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 186;
Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 281.
[1819] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p.
27.
[1820] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 139. Bastian,
‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 171.
[1821] Bastian, p. 172.
[1822] Castrén, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 168. Georgi, _loc. cit._ p.
282. Finsch, ‘Reise nach West-Sibirien,’ p. 543.
[1823] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 31.
[1824] Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, pp. 12, _et seq._
_Idem_, ‘Nordiska resor och forskningar,’ vol. ii. p. 168. de
Quatrefages, ‘Hommes fossiles et hommes sauvages,’ p. 604.
[1825] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406, note.
[1826] _Ibid._ p. 406.
[1827] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 181.
[1828] Reich, ‘Geschichte, Natur-und Gesundheitslehre des ehelichen
Lebens,’ p. 333.
[1829] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 120.
[1830] Du Chaillu, ‘The People of Western Equatorial Africa,’ in
‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. i. p. 307. Ashe, ‘Two Kings of
Uganda,’ p. 285.
[1831] Burton, ‘Gorilla Land,’ vol. i. p. 75.
[1832] _Cf._ Fritsch, _loc. cit._ pp. 114, _et seq._; Bastian,
‘Ethnologische Forschungen,’ vol. i. p. xxvii.; Holden, ‘The Past
and Future of the Kaffir Races,’ p. 200.
[1833] Shooter, _loc. cit._ pp. 45, _et seq._
[1834] Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 163.
[1835] Shooter, p. 45.
[1836] Maclean, p. 115.
[1837] Theal, _loc. cit._ pp. 16, _et seq._
[1838] Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85.
[1839] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 191.
[1840] Kolben, ‘The Present State of the Cape of Good Hope,’ vol. i.
pp. 155, _et seq._
[1841] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 185, 248, _et seq._ Ellis, ‘History of
Madagascar,’ vol. i. pp. 164, _et seq._
[1842] Marquardt and Mommsen, ‘Handbuch der römischen Alterthümer,’
vol. vii. pp. 29, _et seq._
[1843] Smith and Cheetham, ‘Dictionary of Christian Antiquities,’ vol.
ii. p. 1727.
[1844] Smith and Cheetham, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 1727, 1729.
[1845] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 122.
[1846] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 127.
[1847] Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 353. Holm, ‘Ethnologisk Skizze af
Angmagsalikerne,’ in ‘Meddelelser om Grönland,’ vol. x. p. 96.
[1848] Daniell, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 14.
[1849] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 27.
[1850] de Herrera, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 171.
[1851] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp.
24, _et seq._ note.
[1852] Longford, ‘Summary of the Japanese Penal Codes,’ in ‘Trans.
As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 87.
[1853] ‘The Institutes of Vishnu,’ ch. xxxiv. vv. 1, _et seq._
[1854] ‘Leviticus,’ ch. xviii. vv. 8, 15, 17; &c.
[1855] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. vv. 26, _et seq._
[1856] Justinian, _loc. cit._ book i. title x. §§ 6, _et seq._
[1857] See Ewald, p. 197, note 6. _Cf._ Smith and Cheetham, _loc. cit._
vol. ii. pp. 1725, _et seq._
[1858] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 24.
[1859] McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ pp. 75, _et seq._
[1860] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 614-619.
[1861] McLennan, ‘Exogamy and Endogamy,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’
vol. xxi. pp. 884, _et seq._
[1862] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 201.
[1863] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 94.
[1864] Seemann, ‘Voyage of _Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66.
[1865] Keene, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206.
[1866] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 192, 271, 382. _Cf._ Waitz, _loc. cit._
vol. iii. p. 106.
[1867] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 243. Mackenzie,
‘Voyages,’ p. xcviii.
[1868] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 77.
[1869] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 399
[1870] Reich, _loc. cit._ pp. 457, _et seq._
[1871] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 280.
[1872] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 79. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p.
558. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 392.
[1873] Elton, ‘Natives of the Solomon Islands,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr.
Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 93.
[1874] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 211.
[1875] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 70.
[1876] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 272 (natives of Herbert River, Northern
Queensland).
[1877] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 400, _et seq._
[1878] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ pp. 134-137. _Cf._ Farrer,
‘Primitive Manners and Customs,’ p. 244.
[1879] Mr. Bridges, in a letter. _Cf._ _Idem_, in ‘A Voice for South
America,’ vol. xiii. p. 181; Hyades, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser.
iii. vol. x. p. 331.
[1880] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 207. _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 183.
[1881] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 249.
[1882] McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ p. 160.
[1883] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 619-621.
[1884] _Ibid._, pp. 627, _et seq._
[1885] Mr. Huth, in the first edition of his work, ‘The Marriage of
Near Kin,’ suggests (p. 157) that marriage between parents and children
is considered incestuous because marriage between old men and young
women in general is considered so. In the second edition, Mr. Huth
seems to have given up this most unfortunate hypothesis, as he says (p.
18) that ‘the prohibition of marriage with those who were regarded
as near of kin was derived from the same causes which made exogamy
imperative,’ that is, the causes suggested by Mr. Spencer.
[1886] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ pp. 135, _et seq_.
Professor Wilken (in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 612)
accepts this explanation of the origin of exogamy, and considers
it certain (_ibid._, pp. 618, 619, 623) that prohibitions of close
intermarriage have everywhere originated in true exogamy.
[1887] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 345. Among the Australian
Gournditch-mara, according to the Rev. J. H. Stähle, the man who
captured a woman in war never kept her himself, but was compelled to
give her to some one else (Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 276).
[1888] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 361,
_et seq._ Professor Kohler also thinks (‘Krit. Vierteljahrschr. f.
Gesetzg.,’ N. S. vol. iv. p. 181) that one of the chief causes of
exogamy was the unpleasantly dependent position in which, in endogamous
marriage, the husband stood to the family of his wife.
[1889] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 267.
[1890] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 100. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc.
N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 403. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 28. Frazer,
_loc. cit._ pp. 58, _et seq._ There seem to be two or three exceptions
to this rule among the Australian tribes, but Mr. Curr (vol. i. p.
417) ascribes such cases to the influence of the whites.
[1891] Codrington, _loc. cit._ p. 23.
[1892] Holm, _loc. cit._ p. 98.
[1893] Prichard, _loc. cit._ p. 125.
[1894] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 265.
[1895] Morgan, ‘Ancient Society,’ p. 424.
[1896] Lubbock, ‘The Customs of Marriage and Systems of Relationship
among the Australians,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 300.
Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 124.
Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 224.
[1897] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 228.
[1898] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 112.
[1899] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 21.
[1900] _Cf._ Lang, ‘Custom and Myth,’ p. 256.
[1901] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 342.
[1902] Plato, ‘Νόμοι,’ book viii. ch. vi. p. 838.
[1903] Huth, _loc. cit._ pp. 10-14.
[1904] Moriz Wagner, in ‘Kosmos,’ 1886, vol. i. pp. 21, &c. v.
Hellwald, _loc. cit._ pp. 179, _et seq._ Wake, “The Development of
Marriage and Kinship,‘ p. 55. Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 248, note.
Speaking of the Australian tribes, Mr. Mathew says ('Jour. Roy. Soc.
N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 403), ‘There may also be an auxiliary
cause to exogamy among barbarians in what may be called an instinctive
hankering after foreign women.'
[1905] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 141. _Cf._ Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.
147.
[1906] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 330.
[1907] Macpherson, ‘Memorials of Service in India,’ p. 69.
[1908] Codrington, _loc. cit._ p. 240.
[1909] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 268.
[1910] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198. _Idem_,
‘Beiträge zur Ethnographie,’ &c., vol. i. p. 117.
[1911] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius, vol.
i. p. 594.
[1912] Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, pp. 800, 810, 819, _et seq._
_Cf._ Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 399.
[1913] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ pp. 142, _et seq._
[1914] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ p. 196. Forbes, in ‘Jour.
Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 347. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 58.
[1915] Metz, ‘The Tribes Inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills,’ p. 131.
[1916] Riedel, ‘Galela und Tobeloresen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’
vol. xvii. p. 77.
[1917] Bastian, ‘Inselgruppen in Oceanien,’ p. 61.
[1918] Mr. Eyles, in a letter.
[1919] Hildebrandt, ‘Ethnographische Notizen über Wakamba und ihre
Nachbaren,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 401.
[1920] Krasheninnikoff, _loc. cit._ p. 212.
[1921] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 172.
[1922] Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 302, 335, 351.
[1923] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 81.
[1924] Kovalevsky, ‘Marriage among the Early Slavs,’ in ‘Folk-Lore,’
vol. i. p. 475.
[1925] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119.
[1926] Morgan, ‘Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines,’ p.
73.
[1927] _Ibid._, p. 64.
[1928] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 168.
[1929] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 147. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii.
pp. 291, 297.
[1930] Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 153, 170, 171.
[1931] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 490, 497.
[1932] Mr. Bridges, in a letter.
[1933] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. xxiv.
[1934] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 186-188.
[1935] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ pp. 25, _et seq._
[1936] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 197.
[1937] Buchanan, ‘Journey from Madras,’ p. 738. Bachofen,
‘Antiquarische Briefe,’ pp. 271, _et seq._ Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 83.
[1938] Shooter, _loc. cit._ pp. 15, 47, 86. Nauhaus, in ‘Verhandl.
Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 200.
[1939] Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 75.
[1940] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 237, 241, 254, 255.
[1941] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. p. 362.
[1942] Lewis, ‘The Ancient Laws of Wales,’ pp. 56, 57, 196.
[1943] Montesquieu, ‘De l’esprit des loix,’ book xxvi. ch. 14, vol.
iii. pp. 47, 49.
[1944] Bertillon, ‘Mariage (hygiène matrimoniale),’ in ‘Dict. encycl.
des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. v. p. 60.
[1945] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 507, _et seq._
[1946] Yate, _loc. cit._ pp. 103, 154.
[1947] _Ibid._, p. 114.
[1948] Marshall, _loc. cit._ pp. 59, _et seq._
[1949] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 276.
[1950] Burchell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 56.
[1951] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 74.
[1952] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 278. Pridham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 262,
265.
[1953] Ewald, _loc. cit._ pp. 197, _et seq._
[1954] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xvi.
[1955] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 421-423, 429, 439.
[1956] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 264.
[1957] Kearns, _loc. cit._ pp. 33, _et seq._
[1958] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 228.
[1959] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p.
24, note ‡.
[1960] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ pp. 285, _et seq._
[1961] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p.
22.
[1962] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406.
[1963] ‘Codex Justinianeus,’ book v. title iv. § 26.
[1964] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 288.
[1965] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 257, _et seq._
[1966] Kohler, ‘Indisches Ehe-und Familienrecht,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f.
vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, _et seq._
[1967] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. v. 235; ch. xi. v. 55; ch. xii. v.
58. ‘The Institutes of Vishnu,’ ch. xxxv. v. 1.
[1968] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 66.
[1969] _Cf._ Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p. 169; Macdonald,
‘Oceania,’ pp. 184, 192, _et seq._
[1970] Kubary, _loc. cit._ p. 62.
[1971] Robertson Smith, p. 170.
[1972] Heifer, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. vii. p. 856.
[1973] Virchow, ‘The Veddás of Ceylon,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc.
Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. pp. 355, 369. Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian
Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.
[1974] Virchow, in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. p.
370.
[1975] Annamese (Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 276), Kamchadales (Steller,
_loc. cit._ p. 289, note), Kaniagmuts (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i.
pp. 81, _et seq._).
[1976] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 606, _et
seq._ Huth, _loc. cit._ pp. 14, &c. Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity
and Affinity,’ p. 480. Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,’
pp. 24, _et seq._
[1977] Mr. Cupples, however, observes that among dogs, the male seems
rather inclined towards strange females (Darwin, ‘The Descent of
Man,’ vol. ii. p. 294); and I myself have been told by a thoroughly
trustworthy person of a stallion that would not approach mares of the
same stable. But such instincts seem to be exceptions at least among
domesticated animals.
[1978] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 9.
[1979] _Ibid._, p. 9.
[1980] Müller, ‘The Fertilisation of Flowers,’ p. 8.
[1981] Darwin, ‘The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the
Vegetable Kingdom,’ p. 436.
[1982] _Ibid._, p. 443.
[1983] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p.
116.
[1984] Sebright, ‘The Art of Improving the Breeds of Domestic
Animals,’ pp. 12, _et seq._
[1985] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 161.
[1986] Crampe, ‘Zuchtversuche mit zahmen Wanderratten,’ in
‘Landwirthschaftliche Jahrbücher,’ vol. xii. pp. 402, 409, 418;
quoted by Düsing, ‘Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhältnisses
bei der Vermehrung der Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen,’ p. 246. ‘Die
Kreuzungsproducte der Familien waren mit ihren Brüdern, Vätern,
Grossvätern und Mestizen viel fruchtbarer, als die in Blutschande
gezogenen Familien unter denselben Verhältnissen.'
[1987] Huth, _loc. cit._ pp. 286, _et seq._
[1988] Preyer, ‘Specielle Physiologie des Embryo,’ p. 8.
[1989] Mitchell, ‘Blood-Relationship in Marriage,’ in ‘Memoirs Read
before the Anthropological Society of London,’ vol. ii. p. 451.
[1990] Pouchet, _loc. cit._ p. 107, note *.
[1991] Sebright, _loc. cit._ pp. 11, _et seq._
[1992] Darwin, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ p. 445.
[1993] _Idem_, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p.
116.
[1994] _Idem_, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ p. 457.
[1995] _Ibid._, p. 465.
[1996] Sebright, _loc. cit._ p. 12.
[1997] Adam, ‘Consanguinity in Marriage,’ in ‘The Fortnightly
Review,’ vol. iii. p. 81.
[1998] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 36.
[1999] Galton, ‘Hereditary Genius,’ p. 152.
[2000] Huth, p. 37, note.
[2001] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. pp. 294, 296.
[2002] Périer, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. i. p. 223. Voisin,
‘Contribution à l’histoire des mariages entre consanguins,’ _ibid._,
vol. ii. p. 447.
[2003] Huth, _loc. cit._ ch. v. pp. 186-241.
[2004] _Ibid._, pp. 217, 226.
[2005] G. H. Darwin, ‘Marriages between First Cousins in England,’ in
‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xviii. p. 41.
[2006] _Idem_, ‘Marriages between First Cousins in England,’ in
‘Journal of the Statistical Society,’ vol. xxxviii. pp. 181, 170, 182.
[2007] _Idem_, ‘Note on the Marriages of First Cousins,’ _ibid._, vol.
xxxviii. pp. 344-346.
[2008] Schmidt’s ‘Jahrbücher des gesammten Medicin,’ vol. clxxxi. p.
89.
[2009] It has escaped even Mr. Huth’s keen observation.
[2010] Mygge, ‘Om Aegteskaber mellem Blodbeslaegtede,’ pp. 162, 272.
[2011] Dahl, ‘Bidrag til Kundskab om de Sindssyge i Norge,’ pp. 99-102.
[2012] Professor Mantegazza has given a list of fifty-seven authors who
have opposed these marriages, and of fifteen who have defended them
(‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 179).
[2013] Huth, _loc. cit._ pp. 141-143.
[2014] Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 86.
[2015] Voisin, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. ii. p. 447.
[2016] Mygge, _loc. cit._ p. 126.
[2017] ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. vii. pt. ii. p. 876.
[2018] Mygge, _loc. cit._ p. 171.
[2019] Darwin, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ pp. 439, 458.
[2020] _Ibid._, p. 439. G. H. Darwin, in ‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol.
xxxviii. p. 175.
[2021] Quoted by Düsing, _loc. cit._ p. 249.
[2022] Mitchell, in ‘Mem. Anthr. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 447.
[2023] _Cf._ Devay, ‘Du danger des mariages consanguins,’ p. 10.
[2024] G. H. Darwin, in ‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 163.
[2025] _Ibid._, pp. 175, _et seq._
[2026] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 334.
[2027] Bates, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 199, _et seq._
[2028] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 508.
[2029] v. Tschudi, _loc. cit_. vol. ii. p. 284.
[2030] Gisborne, ‘The Isthmus of Darien,’ p. 155.
[2031] Davis, ‘El Gringo,’ p. 146.
[2032] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 144, 147.
[2033] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 248.
[2034] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 66.
[2035] St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 10.
[2036] Foreman, _loc. cit._ p. 200.
[2037] Batchelor, _loc. cit._ p. 290.
[2038] Meade, _loc. cit._ p. 168.
[2039] Marshall, _loc. cit._ pp. 110, _et seq._
[2040] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 254.
[2041] _Ibid._, p. 254.
[2042] Metz, _loc. cit._ p. 15.
[2043] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 233.
[2044] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 200, 201, 216, _et seq._
[2045] Dr. Helfer also thinks (‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol.
vii. p. 856) that, among the Karens of the Tenasserim Provinces,
close intermarrying is the reason why ‘they are a subdued, timid,
effeminate, diminishing race.'
[2046] Gason, _loc. cit._ pp. 260, _et seq._
[2047] Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 406.
[2048] Rink, ‘Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo,’ pp. 390, _et seq._
[2049] Reich, _loc. cit._ pp. 210, _et seq._
[2050] Goldziher, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. xviii. p. 26. _Cf._ Wilken,
‘Das Matriarchat bei den alten Arabern,’ p. 61; Robertson Smith, _loc.
cit._ p. 60.
[2051] Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 155.
[2052] Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 45.
[2053] Goldziher, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. xviii. p. 26. Robertson
Smith, p. 82.
[2054] For instance, Mr. Morgan (‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 479, _et seq._)
and Professor Wilken (in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1881, vol. ii. p. 622).
[2055] Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, ‘Études de la nature,’ vol. i. p.
94.
[2056] Schopenhauer, ‘The World as Will and Idea,’ vol. iii. pp.
356-359.
[2057] Lucas, ‘Traité de l’hérédité naturelle,’ vol. ii. p. 238; ‘La
loi de l’amour est l’accord des contrastes.’ Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’
pp. 119-124. Mantegazza, ‘Die Hygieine der Liebe,’ p. 321. Allen,
‘Falling in Love,’ p. 5. v. Hartmann, ‘Philosophy of the
Unconscious,’ vol. i. pp. 237, _et seq._
[2058] Bain, _loc. cit._ p. 136.
[2059] Lucas, vol. ii. p. 238. Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ p. 124.
[2060] Quoted by Walker, p. 118.
[2061] Schopenhauer also says (_loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 358), ‘Blondes
prefer dark persons, or brunettes; but the latter seldom prefer the
former. The reason is, that fair hair and blue eyes are in themselves a
variation from the type, are almost abnormal, being analogous to white
mice, or at least to gray horses.'
[2062] de Candolle, ‘Hérédité de la couleur des yeux dans l’espèce
humaine,’ in ‘Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles,’ ser.
iii. vol. xii.; quoted in ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. viii.
[2063] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. ix.
[2064] Galton, ‘Natural Inheritance,’ p. 85.
[2065] Mantegazza, ‘Physiologie du plaisir,’ p. 243.
[2066] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Psychology,’ vol. i. pp. 487, _et
seq._ Bain, _loc. cit._ p. 136. Dr. Duboc remarks (‘Die Psychologie
der Liebe,’ p. 14), ‘Es giebt keine inhaltvollere und triumphirendere
Beseligung der eignen Selbstliebe als von dem über alle Anderen
emporgetragen zu werden, den wir selbst höher wie alle Anderen
erblicken, als von dem ausgezeichnet zu werden, der uns selbst mit
allen Auszeichnungen geschmückt erscheint.'
[2067] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 250.
[2068] Ellis, ‘The Tshi-speaking Peoples,’ p. 285.
[2069] Duncan, ‘Travels in Western Africa,’ vol. i. p. 79. Sabatier,
‘Étude sur la femme Kabyle,’ in ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ ser. ii.
vol. vi. p. 58. Bonfanti, ‘L’incivilimento dei negri nell’Africa
intertropicale,’ in ‘Archivio per antropologia e la etnologia,’ vol.
xv. p. 131.
[2070] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 325.
[2071] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 345.
[2072] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.
[2073] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 25.
[2074] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 144.
[2075] Jones, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 326. Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 139.
[2076] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 207, note.
_Cf._ Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 272 (Creeks).
[2077] Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 258.
[2078] Johnson, ‘The River Congo,’ p. 423.
[2079] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 208, _et seq._
[2080] Schweinfurth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 510.
[2081] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 206.
[2082] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol iii. p. 369.
Fawcett, ‘The Saoras of Madras,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Soc. Bombay,’ vol.
i. p. 219. St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 54, _et seq._ Man, in
‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 327.
[2083] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 366.
[2084] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 102.
[2085] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 171, _et seq._
[2086] Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 193, _et seq._
[2087] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 283. Bonwick, in ‘Jour.
Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi.
pp. 775, 781. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 37. Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ pp. 213,
_et seq._
[2088] Brough Smyth, vol. i. p. 29. Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 12. Bonney,
in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 129.
[2089] Lyon, _loc cit._ p. 353. Cf. Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp.
325, _et seq._ (Greenlanders).
[2090] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 292.
[2091] Catlin, loc. _cit. vol._ i. p. 121.
[2092] Brett, _loc. cit._ pp. 98, 351.
[2093] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 44. Mantegazza, ‘Rio de la
Plata,’ p. 456.
[2094] Weddel, ‘Voyage towards the South Pole,’ p. 156. Haydes, in
‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 334.
[2095] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 236.
[2096] Hall, _loc. cit._ p. 568.
[2097] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. xxiv.
[2098] Katscher, _loc. cit._ pp. 58, _et seq._
[2099] Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 109.
[2100] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 206.
[2101] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 155.
[2102] Finck, ‘Romantic Love,’ p. 110.
[2103] Palmblad, ‘Grekisk fornkunskap,’ vol. i. p. 252. ‘Das
Ausland,’ 1875, p. 321.
[2104] Katscher, _loc. cit._ pp. 71, 84. Hermann-Blümner, _loc. cit._
p. 261.
[2105] Plato, _loc. cit._ book vi. p. 771.
[2106] Plutarch, ‘Περὶ τῆς ἠθικῆς ἀρετῆς,’ ch. viii.
[2107] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 215.
[2108] _Cf._ Bain, _loc. cit._ p. 117; Sully, ‘Outlines of
Psychology,’ p. 515.
[2109] Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ pp. 113-115.
[2110] Haushofer, _loc. cit._ p. 405.
[2111] Walker, pp. 115, _et seq._
[2112] Reich, _loc. cit._ p. 456.
[2113] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 174.
[2114] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 772.
[2115] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., p. 4.
[2116] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 214. _Cf._ Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 148
(Beaver and Rocky Mountain Indians).
[2117] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1884, p. 464.
[2118] Hanoteau and Letourneux, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 164.
[2119] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. pp. 94, _et seq._
[2120] Crawfurd, ‘On the Classification of the Races of Man,’ in
‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. i. p. 357.
[2121] McNair, ‘Perak,’ p. 131.
[2122] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ p. 241.
[2123] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, 370,
371.
[2124] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. pp. 282, 292.
[2125] de Gobineau, ‘The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races,’
pp. 173, _et seq._
[2126] _Ibid._, p. 174, note 1. _Cf._ d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc.
cit._ p. 155.
[2127] v. Düben, _loc. cit._ pp. 200, _et seq._
[2128] Morelet, _loc. cit._ Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 491.
Godron, _loc. cit._ vol ii. p. 360. Fries, _loc. cit._ p. 159.
[2129] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 193.
[2130] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 465.
[2131] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. iv.
[2132] Macieiowski, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 191.
[2133] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 703.
[2134] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98.
[2135] Bancroft, vol. i. p. 512, note 120.
[2136] Davis, _loc. cit._ p. 146.
[2137] Bancroft, vol. i. p. 663.
[2138] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. iii. p. 227.
[2139] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. iii. pp. 226, _et seq._
[2140] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 106.
[2141] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 308.
[2142] Du Chaillu, _loc. cit._ p. 97.
[2143] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 144.
[2144] Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 75.
[2145] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 109, 256.
[2146] Kolams (Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 278), Koch (Hodgson, in ‘Jour.
As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. p. 707), Karens of Burma (according to
Dr. Bunker; Mason, ‘On Dwellings, &c., of the Karens,’ in ‘Jour. As.
Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxvii. pt. ii. p. 151).
[2147] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 201.
[2148] Dalton, p. 28.
[2149] Batchelor, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. x. pp. 211, _et
seq._ v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ pp. 30, _et seq._
[2150] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 325.
[2151] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 277. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ pp. 21,
_et seq._
[2152] Wilken, p. 23.
[2153] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396.
[2154] Romilly, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ix. p. 9.
[2155] Yate, _loc. cit._ pp. 96, 99.
[2156] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 63, 67. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy.
Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 398.
[2157] Curr, vol. i. pp. 298, 303, 330, 343, 377; vol. ii. pp. 21, 179,
197, 307; vol. iii. pp. 252, 272.
[2158] Lewis, _loc. cit._ p. 196.
[2159] Hearn, _loc. cit._ pp. 156, _et seq._
[2160] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 302.
[2161] Gaius, ‘Institutiones,’ book i. § 56.
[2162] Marquardt and Mommsen, _loc. cit._ vol. vii. p. 29.
[2163] Hotz, in de Gobineau, ‘The Diversity of Races,’ p. 239.
[2164] Müller, ‘Chips from a German Workshop,’ vol. i. pp. 322, _et
seq._ _Cf._ Monier Williams, ‘Hinduism,’ p. 154.
[2165] Rhys Davids, ‘Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion,’
pp. 22, _et seq._
[2166] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 64.
[2167] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 336.
[2168] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 6. Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 85
(Nukahivans).
[2169] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 82. _Cf._ Beechey,
_loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 205, _et seq._; Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 79.
[2170] Anderson, _loc. cit._ p. 289.
[2171] Bastian, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnologie,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’
vol. i. pp. 267, _et seq._
[2172] de Tocqueville, ‘Democracy in America,’ vol. ii. pp. 149-151
[2173] Sproat, _loc. cit._ pp. 98-99.
[2174] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 659.
[2175] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol i. p. 71. v. Spix and v. Martius,
_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 74.
[2176] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 112.
[2177] _Ibid._, vol. vi. pp. 165, 186.
[2178] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 171, _et
seq._ Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 256.
[2179] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 153. Hickson,
_loc. cit._ p. 278 (Minahassers). Matthes, _loc. cit._ p. 13 (Bugis and
Macassars). Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 302, 434 (natives of Timor-Laut and
Wetter). St. John, ‘Wild Tribes of the North-West Coast of Borneo,’ in
‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. pp. 234, _et seq._ (Sea Dyaks).
[2180] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 185, 256.
[2181] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 240, 313.
[2182] Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 443, _et seq._
[2183] Negroes of Loango (Soyaux, _loc. cit._ p. 162), Hottentots
(Kolben, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 156), Kunáma and Barea (Munzinger, p.
484).
[2184] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 63. _Cf._ Burton, ‘Pilgrimage,’ p.
305.
[2185] Monier Williams, ‘Hinduism,’ pp. 153, 155.
[2186] _Idem_, ‘Indian Wisdom,’ p. 218, note.
[2187] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 284.
[2188] Neale, _loc. cit._ p. 58.
[2189] Ross, _loc. cit._ p. 311.
[2190] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 86, note.
[2191] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 187.
[2192] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 117.
[2193] Mommsen, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 318. Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp.
249, 456, 457, _et seq._
[2194] Winroth, ‘Äktenskapshindren,’ pp. 227, 230, 233. Weinhold,
‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. pp. 349, 353, _et seq._
[2195] Weinhold, vol. i. pp. 349, _et seq._
[2196] Odhner, ‘Lärobok i Sveriges, Norges och Danmarks historia,’ p.
241.
[2197] Behrend, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der
Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. i. p. 478.
[2198] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 224, _et seq._
[2199] Behrend, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie,’ pt. i. p. 457.
[2200] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 885.
[2201] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 137.
[2202] d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 68.
[2203] Neubauer, ‘Notes on the Race-Types of the Jews,’ in ‘Jour.
Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 19.
[2204] Frankel, ‘Grundlinien des mosaisch-talmudischen Eherechts,’ p.
xx. Ritter, ‘Philo und die Halacha,’ p. 71.
[2205] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxi. v. 21; ch. xxxvi. v. 2.
[2206] Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 48. Neubauer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’
vol. xv. p. 19.
[2207] Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 52.
[2208] St. Paul, ‘1 Corinthians,’ ch. vii. v. 39.
[2209] Tertullian, ‘Ad Uxorem,’ book ii. ch. 3.
[2210] Winroth, _loc. cit._ p. 212.
[2211] Herzog, ‘Abriss der gesammten Kirchengeschichte,’ vol. p. i.
215.
[2212] Winroth, pp. 213-215.
[2213] _Ibid._, pp. 220, _et seq._
[2214] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ § 11.
[2215] _Ibid._, p. 131.
[2216] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 374.
[2217] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 194. _Cf._ Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol.
i. p. 81 (Kaniagmuts).
[2218] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 678.
[2219] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 246.
[2220] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 121. _Cf._ Reade, _loc. cit._ p.
242.
[2221] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 187; vol. ii. p. 49.
[2222] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 382. For other instances, see ‘Science,’
vol. vii. p. 172 (Greenlanders); Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 387
(Kunáma); Low, _loc. cit._ p. 196 (Dyaks); Waitz-Gerland, vol vi. p.
135 (Nukahivans).
[2223] Rein, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 426.
[2224] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 183.
[2225] v. Bohlen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 142.
[2226] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 218. For the ancient Iranians,
see Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 681.
[2227] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 5, 299.
[2228] Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 591.
[2229] Deecke, _loc. cit._ p. 25.
[2230] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 211.
[2231] African races (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 121. Schweinfurth,
_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 31. Du Chaillu, _loc. cit._ p. 335), Kaniagmuts
(Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 176), &c.
[2232] Eskimo (King, ‘The Intellectual Character of the Esquimaux,’ in
‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 150), North American Indians
(Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 100), Negroes of Benin (Bosman, _loc.
cit._ p. 527), natives of Monbuttu (‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’
p. 209) and the Indian Archipelago (Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’
1880, vol. ii. p. 633), Kirghiz, Tartars of Kazan and Orenburg,
Laplanders (Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 10, 105, 221), Hebrews (Michaelis,
‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p. 471), ancient Germans
(Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xx.).
[2233] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 412.
[2234] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 272.
[2235] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 214.
[2236] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 547. Buch, _loc. cit._ pp. 45, _et seq._
_Cf._ Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 309 (Gowane people of
Kordofan); Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 253, _et seq._ (Solomon
Islanders).
[2237] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 105.
[2238] Josephus, _loc. cit._ book ii. ch. viii. § 13.
[2239] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 209.
[2240] Quoted by Bain, _loc. cit._ p. 142.
[2241] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 183.
[2242] Rein, _loc. cit._ p. 423.
[2243] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 101, 102,
139, &c.
[2244] Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 326, _et
seq._
[2245] _Cf._ Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 323; Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol.
i. p. 205.
[2246] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 268.
[2247] Glasson, ‘Le mariage civil et le divorce,’ p. 470.
[2248] Fries, _loc. cit._ p. 111. _Cf._ Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp.
145, _et seq._
[2249] King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 145. ‘Globus,’
vol. xlix. p. 35.
[2250] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 276.
[2251] de Bode, ‘The Yamúd and Goklán Tribes of Turkomania,’ in
‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 75.
[2252] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 683.
[2253] Coxe, _loc. cit._ p. 257.
[2254] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98.
[2255] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 224. ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’
vol. iii. p. 30.
[2256] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 355. McLennan, ‘Studies,’ p. 34.
[2257] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 197.
[2258] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 733.
[2259] Alcedo-Thompson, ‘Dictionary of America and the West Indies,’
vol. i. p. 416. Smith, ‘The Araucanians,’ p. 215.
[2260] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius, _loc.
cit._ vol. i. p. 600.
[2261] King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 182. Hyades, in
‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 334.
[2262] Andersson, ‘The Okavango River,’ p. 143.
[2263] Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 83.
[2264] Krapf, _loc. cit._ p. 354.
[2265] Thomson, _loc. cit._ p. 51. Johnston, _loc. cit._ pp. 431, 436,
_et seq._
[2266] Kames, ‘Sketches of the History of Man,’ vol. i. p. 449.
[2267] Parkyns, _loc. cit._ vol ii. pp. 55, _et seq._
[2268] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 133.
[2269] _Cf._ Hodgson, ‘Reminiscences of Australia,’ p. 243; Angas,
‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. pp. 225, _et seq._
[2270] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 343.
[2271] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 108. _Cf._ Taplin, _loc. cit._ p.
10; Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 301.
[2272] Curr, vol. i. p. 108.
[2273] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407.
[2274] Curr, vol. i. p. 108. For marriage by capture among the
Australians, _cf._ also Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 153, _et
seq._; Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol iii. p. 250; Sturt,
_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 283; Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 773.
[2275] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 813.
[2276] Taylor, _loc. cit._ p. 336.
[2277] Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ p. 149.
[2278] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 138.
[2279] Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191.
[2280] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396.
[2281] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 183. Riedel,
_loc. cit._ pp. 69, 133, 415.
[2282] Bodo, Hos, Mundas, Kúrmis (Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 86, 192,
194, 319), Bhils, Káttis, Oráons (Rowney, _loc. cit._ pp. 37, 46, 81),
Gonds (Forsyth, _loc. cit._ pp. 149, _et seq._), Chittagong Hill tribes
(Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 92), Savaras (Fawcett, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Soc.
Bombay,’ vol. i. p. 235).
[2283] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ pp. 61, 62, 150, 153. According to
Professor Robertson Smith (_loc. cit._ p. 72), instances of marriage
by capture might be accumulated to an indefinite extent from Arabian
history and tradition. At the time of Mohammed the practice was
universal.
[2284] Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 185.
[2285] Kirghiz (Atkinson, ‘Travels in the Regions of the Upper and
Lower Amoor,’ pp. 250, _et seq._), Chulims (Georgi, _loc. cit._ p.
231), Mordvins (Mainoff, ‘Mordvankansan häätapoja’).
[2286] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 121.
[2287] Castrén, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 168.
[2288] Buch, _loc. cit._ p. 62.
[2289] Teptyars, Tartars of Crimea (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp.
523, 541), Ostyaks (Castrén, vol. ii. p. 57), Cheremises, Voguls
(Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 56, 67).
[2290] v. Düben, _loc. cit._ pp. 200, 310.
[2291] Willigerod, ‘Geschichte Ehstlands,’ p. 9. v. Schroeder, _loc.
cit._ p. 19.
[2292] ‘Kanteletar,’ book iii. song 22. Topelius, ‘De modo matrimonia
jungendi apud Fennos quondam vigente,’ pp. 28-30. Castrén, in
‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 13.
[2293] ‘Tidningar utgifne af et Sällskap i Äbo,’ 1778, no. 148.
Heikel, in ‘Helsingfors Dagblad,’ 1881, nos. 66, 91. Ahlqvist,
‘Kulturwörter,’ p. 204.
[2294] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ book iii. vv. 26, 33.
[2295] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ‘Ρωμαϊκή ἀρχαιολογος,’ book ii. ch.
xxx. § 5.
[2296] Plutarch, ‘Λῦκουργος,’ ch. xv.
[2297] v. Zmigrodzki, _loc. cit._ p. 250.
[2298] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 329.
[2299] Ortolan, ‘Histoire de la Législation romaine,’ p. 81.
[2300] Dargun, _loc. cit._ pp. 111-140. _Cf._ Grimm, _loc. cit._ p.
440; Nordström, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 12; Weinhold, ‘Deutsche
Frauen,’ vol. i. pp. 308-310.
[2301] Olaus Magnus, ‘Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus,’ p. 328.
[2302] Kames, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 450. _Cf._ Lewis, _loc. cit._ p.
197; Rhys, in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ p. 289.
[2303] Macieiowski, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 189.
[2304] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 190. ‘Globus,’ vol. v. p. 317. Kulischer,
‘Intercommunale Ehe durch Raub und Kauf,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’
vol. x. pp. 206-208. Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 476, _et
seq._ Wolkov, in ‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. iii. p. 578.
[2305] Krauss, _loc. cit._ ch. xiv.
[2306] Olaus Magnus, pp. 481, _et seq._
[2307] de Gaya, ‘Marriage Ceremonies,’ p. 45.
[2308] _Cf._ the works of McLennan, Tylor, Lubbock, Post, and Dargun,
and the essays of Kulischer (in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x.) and
Kohler (‘Studien über Frauengemeinschaft, Frauenraub und Frauenkauf,’
in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. pp. 334-368).
[2309] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p. 95.
[2310] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 623, _et
seq._ _Idem_, in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xxi. pp. 897, _et seq._
[2311] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 316, _et seq._
[2312] Abercromby, ‘Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,’ in
‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. p. 454.
[2313] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ pp. 74, _et seq._
[2314] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 265.
[2315] In many cases, however, capture takes place merely because the
man wishes to lower the price of the bride or to avoid payment (_Cf._
Abercromby, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 453, _et seq._).