[2316] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S.  Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407.

[2317] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 62, _et seq._

[2318] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 266.

[2319] It is hard to understand how Herr Kulischer can have persuaded

himself that marriage by purchase, as he says in an essay especially

devoted to this question, ‘kann nur bei sehr wenigen der jetzt

lebenden Wilden aufgefunden werden’ (Kulischer, in ‘Zeitschr. f.

Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 210.)

[2320] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  107. _Cf._ Fison and Howitt, _loc.

cit._ pp. 276, 285, 343; Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 10; Angas, ‘Savage

Life,’ vol. i. p.  94; Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 79, 84;

Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 164.

[2321] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 259.

[2322] Aleuts (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 402), Kaniagmuts (Lisiansky, _loc.

cit._ p. 198), Kenai (Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 406, _et

seq._), Naudowessies (Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 373), Arawaks (Brett,

_loc. cit._ p. 101), Quito Indians (Juan and de Ulloa, _loc. cit._ p.

521), Brazilian aborigines (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 107,

_et seq._), Fuegians (King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 182.

Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 201).

[2323] Bushmans (Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  259), Zulus (‘Das

Ausland,’ 1881, p. 48), Basutos (Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 183), Banyai

(Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 175), &c. (Post, ‘Afrikanische

Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 378, _et seq._).

[2324] Nagas of Upper Assam, Kukis, Limbus and Kirantis, Tipperahs

(Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 41, 47, 104, 110), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth,

_loc. cit._ pp. 148, _et seq._), Bodo and Dhimáls (Hodgson, in ‘Jour.

As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 735), Bhils (Hay, ‘The Túran

Mall Hill,’ _ibid._, vol. xx. p. 507), Mrús (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p.

234), Lepchas (Hooker, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  125), Gypsies (Liebich,

_loc. cit._ p. 46), Barabinzes, Koriaks (Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 195,

348), Tunguses, Ainos (Dall, _loc. cit._ pp. 519, 524), Kamchadales

(Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 343), aboriginal tribes of China (Gray, _loc.

cit._ vol. ii. p. 304).

[2325] Dyaks (Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 221), Tagalas and

Bisayans of the Philippines (Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 14. Jagor,

_loc. cit._ p. 235); also in New Britain (Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo.

Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ix. p. 8).

[2326] Steller, p. 343 (Kamchadales). Jagor, p. 235 (Bisayans).

[2327] Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 39.

[2328] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  721.

[2329] Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 242.

[2330] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 215, _et seq._ (Kafirs).

Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 43 (Nagas). Borheck, ‘Erdbeschreiburg von

Asien,’ vol. i. p.  540 (Tartars of Kazan). Landsell, _loc. cit._ vol.

ii. p. 225 (Gilyaks).

[2331] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 97 (Ahts). Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 50

(Kafirs). Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  448 (Tedâ); vol. ii. p.

177 (Baele). Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 240 (Marea). Burckhardt, _loc.

cit._ p. 62 (Arabs of Syria). Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 431 (Buriats).

Neumann, ‘Russland und die Tscherkessen,’ p. 117 (Circassians).

Rowlatt, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiv. pt. ii. p. 488

(Mishmis). Hickson, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 139 (Talauer

Islanders). Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 138 (Samoans). Kotzebue,

_loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 210 (Caroline Islanders).

[2332] Post, ‘Die Anfänge des Staats-und Rechtsleben,’ pp. 41, _et

seq._

[2333] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 22.

[2334] Macfie, _loc. cit._ p. 446.

[2335] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  654.

[2336] Powers, p. 247.

[2337] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 214. _Cf._ Letherman,

‘Sketch of the Navajo Tribe of Indians,’ in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1855, p.

294.

[2338] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  201. Falkner,

_loc. cit._ p. 124. _Cf._ Lewis and Clarke, _loc. cit._ p. 307

(Shoshones); Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 207 (Abipones).

[2339] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 215. Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol.

i. p.  206.

[2340] Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  341.

[2341] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 623.

[2342] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  187.

[2343] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  133.

[2344] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.

[2345] Caillié, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  348.

[2346] Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 114, 231.

[2347] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 505.

[2348] Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  185. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144.

Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 79.

[2349] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 132.

[2350] Griffiths, ‘Journals of Travels,’ p. 35.

[2351] Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 11.

[2352] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 210.

[2353] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 93.

[2354] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 92.

[2355] Yurok, Patwin (Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 56, 221), Wakamba

(Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p.  401), Bedouins

of Mount Sinai (Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 152), Mishmis (Cooper,

_loc. cit._ pp. 236, _et seq._), Lepchas (Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 139),

Papuans of New Guinea (Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’

vol. vii. p. 371).

[2356] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 86.

[2357] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 266, 337, 416.

[2358] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 193. Jamieson, in ‘The China

Review,’ vol. x. p. 78, note *.

[2359] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 120.

[2360] Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ pp. 78, _et seq._ Ewald, _loc.

cit._ p. 200. Gans, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  128.

[2361] ‘Ruth,’ ch. iv. v. 10. ‘Hosea,’ ch. iii. v. 2.

[2362] Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p.  451.

[2363] Lüttke, ‘Der Islam,’ p. 119. Warnkoenig, ‘Juristiche

Encyclopädie,’ p. 167. Unger, ‘Die Ehe in ihrer welthistorischen

Entwicklung,’ pp. 46, _et seq._

[2364] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book i. ch. 196.

[2365] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques sur le développement de la

société humaine,’ p. 22.

[2366] Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 13. _Cf._ Porthan, in

‘Kongliga Vitterhets, Historie och Antiquitets Akademiens Handlingar,’

vol. iv. p. 19; Topelius, _loc. cit._ §§ 8-10.

[2367] ‘Kalevala,’ runo xviii. vv. 643, _et seq._; runo xxii. vv. 49,

_et seq._ ‘Kanteletar,’ book i. songs 133, 156; book iii. song viii.

vv. 20, 39.

[2368] Heikel, in ‘Helsingfors Dagblad,’ 1881, no. 68.

[2369] v. Schroeder, _loc. cit._ pp. 27-29.

[2370] Winternitz, in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ p.

287.

[2371] Zimmer, _loc. cit._ p. 310.

[2372] Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 102.

[2373] Aristotle, ‘Τὰ πολιτικά,’ book ii. ch. 8.

[2374] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book v. ch. 6.

[2375] _Cf._ Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 28.

[2376] Geijer, ‘Svenska folkets historia,’ in ‘Samlade skrifter,’

vol. v. p.  88.

[2377] Laband, ‘Die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen im altrömischen

und germanischen Recht,’ in ‘Zeitschr. für Völkerpsychologie und

Sprachwissenschaft,’ vol. iii. p. 154. Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ p. 150.

[2378] Friedberg, ‘Das Recht der Eheschliessung,’ pp. 33, 38.

[2379] Schmidt, ‘Sitten und Gebräuche in Thüringen,’ pp. 13, _et seq._

[2380] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 381.

[2381] _Cf._ Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 80, 87.

[2382] O’Curry, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish,’

Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxiv. _et seq._

[2383] Ewers, ‘Das älteste Recht der Russen,’ p. 226 (Russians).

Macieiowski, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195 (Bohemians and Pomeranians).

Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 273 (South Slavonians). Kovalevsky, in

‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 478, _et seq._ Wolkov, in ‘L’Anthropologie,’

vol. ii. p. 168.

[2384] Krauss, p. 275.

[2385] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 28.

[2386] Bickmore, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 20. _Cf._

Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xi. pt. i. p.  43.

[2387] v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 31.

[2388] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 109, _et seq._

[2389] Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 161.

[2390] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 238.

[2391] Schweinfurth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 31. Post, ‘Afrikanische

Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p.  355.

[2392] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 176.

[2393] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 270.

[2394] Le Mesurier, in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol.

ix. p. 340. Cf. Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 441; Knox,

‘Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon,’ p. 126.

[2395] Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.

[2396] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.

[2397] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 210. Cheyne, _loc. cit._ p.

119 (Bornabi).

[2398] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333.

[2399] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  101.

[2400] Ellis, ‘Hawaii,’ p. 414.

[2401] Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 274.

[2402] Wilkes, vol. ii. p. 138. Prichard, _loc. cit._ p. 136. Turner,

‘Samoa,’ p. 93. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 538.

[2403] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Ellis,

‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  270. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._

vol. vi. p. 126.

[2404] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  153.

[2405] New Guinea (Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi.

p. 396. d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  396), New Britain (Romilly,

_loc. cit._ p. 27. Powell, _loc. cit._ p. 84), Solomon Islands (Elton,

in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 95), New Hebrides (Macdonald,

‘Oceania,’ p. 194. Meinicke, ‘Die Inseln des stillen Oceans,’ vol.

i. p.  203), New Caledonia (Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’

ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367), Fiji (Wilkes, vol. iii. p. 92. _Cf._,

however, Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ pp. 144, _et seq._),

Tukopia (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191), Melanesia in general

(Codrington, _loc. cit._ p. 240).

[2406] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 343.

[2407] Peschel, _loc. cit._ pp. 209, _et seq._

[2408] Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 276.

[2409] Weddell, _loc. cit._ p. 153.

[2410] Hawkesworth, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 634; vol. i. p.  373.

[2411] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 340.

[2412] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 53.

[2413] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  625.

[2414] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98.

[2415] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 633.

[2416] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 113.

[2417] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 182.

[2418] Smith, ‘The Araucanians,’ p. 215.

[2419] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 86.

[2420] Taylor, _loc. cit._ pp. 336, et seq.

[2421] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 121.

[2422] See _ante_, p. 40.

[2423] Aleuts (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  92), Achomâwi in

California (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 270), Araucanians (Alcedo-Thompson,

_loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  416. Pöppig, ‘Reise in Chile,’ vol. i. pp.

383, _et seq._), Samoans (Prichard, _loc._ _cit._ p. 139), Barea

and Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 487), Kandhs (Percival, _loc.

cit._ pp. 345, _et seq._), Igorrotes of Ysarog (Jagor, _loc. cit._ p.

172), Samoyedes (Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der obischen Ostjakken,

Samoyeden,’ &c., p. 66).

[2424] _Cf._ d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 395, 396, 414, _et

seq._ (inhabitants of Naiabui in New Guinea, and of Yule Island);

Jagor, _loc. cit._ p. 235 (Bisayans); McNair, _loc. cit._ p. 232

(Malays of Perak); Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 178 (Burmese);

Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 148 (Gonds); Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 230

(Central Asiatic Turks); Ahlqvist, ‘Kulturwörter,’ p. 203 (Turkish and

Finnish peoples); Castrén, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 126 (Ostyaks); Park,

_loc. cit._ p. 220 (Mandingoes); Merolla da Sorrento, _loc. cit._ p.

235 (Negroes of Sogno).

[2425] Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 49.

[2426] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  277. _Cf._ v. Weber, _loc.

cit._ vol. ii. pp. 215, _et seq._ Kafirs.

[2427] Karok, Yurok (Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 22, 56).

[2428] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. vv. 23-25.

[2429] _Ibid._, ch. iii. v. 51. _Cf._ _ibid._, ch. ix. vv. 93, 98.

[2430] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 29.

[2431] _Ibid._, ch. iii. v. 53.

[2432] _Cf._ Jolly, ‘Die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen bei den alten

Indern,’ in ‘Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und

historischen Classe der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München,’ 1876,

p. 433.

[2433] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 92, 146, 248, 250, &c.

[2434] Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 424.

[2435] Laferrière, ‘Histoire du droit civil de Rome et du droit

français,’ vol. iii. p. 156. Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p.

33.

[2436] Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ pp. 57, 152, 158.

[2437] Gans, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  138.

[2438] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. p.  359.

[2439] _Cf._ Topelius, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1850, p. 326.

[2440] ‘Kalevala,’ runo xviii. vv. 643, _et seq._ ‘Kanteletar,’ book

iii. song viii. vv. 23-25.

[2441] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p.  78, note *.

[2442] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 33. _Idem_, ‘Histoire

de l’organisation de la famille,’ p. 123. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’

vol. i. p.  320.

[2443] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 82.

[2444] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, ‘Dictionary of Greek and Roman

Antiquities,’ vol. i. p.  691.

[2445] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp.

11, _et seq._

[2446] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 123.

[2447] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xviii.

[2448] Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 429.

[2449] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 54.

[2450] Mayr, ‘Das indische Erbrecht,’ p. 170. Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and

Usage,’ p. 82.

[2451] Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 103.

[2452] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 220. Hermann-Blümner, _loc. cit._ pp.

262, 266. Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 471.

[2453] Ginoulhiac, ‘Histoire du régime dotal,’ pp. 187, _et seq._

Laboulaye, ‘Histoire du droit de propriété foncière en Occident,’ pp.

403, _et seq._

[2454] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xviii.

[2455] Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ p. 152. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’

vol. i. p. 325.

[2456] Ginoulhiac, pp. 198, _et seq._

[2457] Olivecrona, p. 57.

[2458] In Germany and Switzerland, the practice of presenting a morning

gift has been kept up till the present time (Eichhorn, ‘Einleitung

in das deutsche Privatrecht,’ p. 726. Bluntschli, ‘Staats-und

Rechtsgeschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Zürich,’ vol. ii. pp. 164,

_et seq._)

[2459] Schlyter, ‘Juridiska afhandlingar,’ vol. i. p.  201. Schlegel,

‘Om Morgongavens Oprindelse,’ in ‘Astræa,’ vol. ii. pp. 189, _et

seq._ Koenigswarter, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille,’ p.

123. The old purchase-money which the husband was obliged to give to

the bride, was also represented by the fictitious dowry preserved

in the rituals of the Church till the sixteenth century. M. Martene

mentions a ritual of the Church of Reims, of 1585, in which the

bridegroom, at the moment of putting the nuptial ring on the finger of

the bride, placed three _deniers_ in her hand (Koenigswarter, p. 174,

note 4).

[2460] Ginoulhiac, p. 202. Warnkoenig and Stein, ‘Französische

Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte,’ vol. ii. p. 257.

[2461] ‘Ancient Laws of Ireland,’ vol. i. p.  155; vol. iv. p. 63.

[2462] O’Curry, _loc. cit._ Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp.

clxxiii. _et seq._

[2463] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 382. _Cf._ Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’

vol. i. pp. 479, _et seq._

[2464] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book i. ch. 196.

[2465] Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 736. Mayer,

‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 342, _et seq._

[2466] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxiv. v. 53.

[2467] Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p. 98.

[2468] _Ibid._, pp. 78, 91, 100. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’

&c., vol. ii. pp. 353, _et seq._ Unger, _loc. cit._ p. 47. Kohler, in

‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. p.  358.

[2469] Bechuanas (Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 192), Aenezes (Burckhardt,

_loc. cit._ p. 62). The Laplanders, according to Laestadius (‘Ett

lappfrieri,’ in ‘Svenska folkets seder,’ p. 125), take presents for

their daughters, but do not consider it honourable to receive money.

[2470] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  654.

[2471] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98.

[2472] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  201.

[2473] Cooper, _loc. cit._ p. 236. Griffith, _loc. cit._ p. 35.

[2474] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 68.

[2475] Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 12.

[2476] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 387.

[2477] Harkness, _loc. cit._ pp. 116, _et seq._

[2478] Tuski (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 381), Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta

Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315), Chinooks (Waitz, _loc. cit._

vol. iii. p. 337), Chippewas (Keating, _loc. cit._ vol ii. p. 157),

Shoshones (Lewis and Clarke, _loc. cit._ p. 307), Miwok (Powers, _loc.

cit._ p. 354), Quiché (Morelet, _loc. cit._ p. 257), Budduma, Tedâ

(Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 370, 448), Todas (Marshall, _loc.

cit._ p. 211), Central Asiatic Turks (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp.

233, _et seq._), Laplanders (v. Düben, _loc. cit._ p. 200), Papuans

of Dorey (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 102), Samoans (Prichard, _loc.

cit._ pp. 139, _et seq._ Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 93, 96), Nukahivans (v.

Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  153).

[2479] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  66. Seemann, ‘Voyage of

_Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

[2480] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 238.

[2481] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 92. For other similar instances,

see Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 522 (Somals); Munzinger, _loc. cit._

p. 324 (Beni-Amer); Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ p. 124 (Arabs of

Upper Egypt); Hanoteau and Letourneux, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 161

(Kabyles); Proyart, _loc. cit._ p. 569 (Negroes of Loango); Caillié,

_loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  349 (Mandingoes); Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 192

(Bechuanas).

[2482] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  90.

[2483] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 181.

[2484] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 62.

[2485] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333.

[2486] Cooper, _loc. cit._ p. 236.

[2487] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 182.

[2488] _Ibid._, p. 55.

[2489] Negroes of Accra (Daniell, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol.

iv. p. 12), Tartars of Kazan (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 433)

and Orenburg (Georgi, p. 103), Tunguses (_ibid._, p. 324), and other

semi-civilized peoples belonging to the Russian Empire. For African

peoples, see Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p.  417.

[2490] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 240.

[2491] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 194, _et seq._

[2492] In Gautama’s time, however, the ‘çulka,’ did not belong to the

‘strîdhan’ (Mayr, ‘Das indische Erbrecht,’ p. 170).

[2493] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Hindu Law,’ pp. 33, _et seq._

Steele, _loc. cit._ p.67.

[2494] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 154.

[2495] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 155. Meier

and Schömann, ‘Der attische Process,’ pp. 518, _et seq._ Mayer,

‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 345, _et seq._

Hermann-Blümner, _loc. cit._ p. 265. Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, _loc.

cit._ vol. i. p.  692.

[2496] Potter, ‘Archaeologia Graeca,’ vol. ii. p. 273.

[2497] Ginoulhiac, _loc. cit._ p. 70. Sohm, ‘Institutionen des

römischen Rechts,’ p. 281. Laboulaye, ‘Recherches sur la condition des

femmes,’ P. 38.

[2498] Laboulaye, p. 39. Ginoulhiac, _loc. cit._ p. 70. Laferrière,

_loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  223.

[2499] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches,’ pp. 39-41. _Idem_, ‘Histoire du droit

de propriété foncière,’ pp. 183-185. Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, vol.

i. p. 693. Sohm, p. 282.

[2500] Maine, ‘Early History of Institutions,’ pp. 338.

[2501] Eccius, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der

Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. ii. vol. i. pp. 412, _et seq._

[2502] Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p.  331. _Idem_,

‘Altnordisches Leben,’ pp. 241, _et seq._

[2503] Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ p. 51. Nordström, loc. _cit. vol._ ii.

p. 50.

[2504] Macieiowski, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 214-218.

[2505] O’Curry, _loc. cit._ Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp.

clxxii., clxxviii. Lewis, _loc. cit._ pp. 8, _et seq._

[2506] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 342-344.

[2507] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Muhammadan Law,’ p. xxxv. Lane,

_loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  218.

[2508] Lane, vol. i. p.  138, note †.

[2509] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 370.

[2510] Kenai (Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  407), Thlinkets

(Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315), Ahts

(Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 197), Creeks (Hawkins, in ‘Trans.

American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 66), Kingsmill Islanders

(Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  101), Siamese (Moore, _loc. cit._ p.

169), Kukis (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 254), Abyssinians (Lobo, _loc. cit._

p. 26), people of Madagascar (Rochon, _loc. cit._ p. 747), Touaregs

(Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 181).

[2511] _Cf._ Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 335 (North American Indians);

Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  270 (Tahitians); Waitz,

_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 110 (Negroes); Burton, ‘The Lake Regions of

Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 332 (East Africans); Post, ‘Afrikanische

Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p.  376 (several African peoples); Huc, _loc.

cit._ vol. i. p.  185 (Tartars); Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 67, _et seq._

(Voguls).

[2512] _Cf._ Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 508 (Greenlanders); v.

Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  115 (Brazilian aborigines); Bove,

_loc. cit._ p. 132 (Fuegians); Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p.

522 (Somals); Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 212 (Todas); Prejevalsky,

‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  70 (Mongols); Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der

Morduanen, Kasaken,’ &c., p. 262 (Kalmucks); Post, ‘Die Anfänge des

Staats-und Rechtsleben,’ pp. 54, _et seq._

[2513] _Cf._ Last, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. v. p.  532

(Masai); Metz, _loc. cit._ p. 87 (Badagas); Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 286

(Sinhalese).

[2514] It is remarkable that dowry is unknown among the Chinese,

whereas, in the wild aboriginal tribes of China, it is usual for wives

among the wealthy families to receive marriage portions (Gray, _loc.

cit._ vol. ii. p. 304).

[2515] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ vol. ii. p. 344.

[2516] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 3.

[2517] Potter, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 268. Cauvet, in ‘Revue de

législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 152. _Cf._ Meier and Shömann, _loc. cit._

pp. 513, _et seq._

[2518] Isaeus, ‘περὶ τοῦ Πυῤῥου κλήρου,’ § 51, p. 43.

[2519] Aristotle, _loc. cit._ book ii. ch. ix. § 11.

[2520] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches,’ pp. 38, _et seq._ Ginoulhiac, _loc.

cit._ pp. 66, _et seq._ Meier and Schömann, pp. 513, _et seq._

[2521] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  693. Mayer,

‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. p. 347.

[2522] Ginoulhiac, _loc. cit._ p. 103.

[2523] For _dos necessaria_ in Germany during the Middle Ages, see

Mittermaier, ‘Grundsätze des gemeinen deutschen Privatrechts,’ vol.

ii. p. 3.

[2524] Eccius, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der

Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. ii. vol. i. p.  414.

[2525] ‘Code Napoléon,’ art. 204.

[2526] Maine, ‘Early History of Institutions,’ p. 339.

[2527] Euripides, ‘Μήδεια,’ vv. 231-235.

[2528] Hall, _loc. cit._ p. 567. _Cf._ Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 352; Dall,

_loc. cit._ p. 139.

[2529] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 223.

[2530] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 132.

[2531] Kaniagmuts (Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ pp. 198, et seq.), Aleuts

(Coxe, _loc. cit._ p. 230. v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 47.

Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  92), Mahlemuts (Bancroft, vol. i. p.

81), Chippewyans (Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 24), Chippewas

(Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 157), Creeks (Schoolcraft, _loc.

cit._ vol. v. p.  268), Moxes, Iroquois (Heriot, _loc. cit._ pp. 326,

332), Navajos (Letherman, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1855, p. 294), Arawaks

(Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 101), Muras (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’

p. 512), Tupis, Chiriguana (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 422, _et

seq._), Patagonians (Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 124), Fuegians (Bove,

_loc. cit._ p. 132).

[2532] Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 62.

[2533] Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 94.

[2534] Breton, _loc. cit._ p. 398.

[2535] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  107.

[2536] St. Andrew St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 239.

[2537] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 57.

[2538] _Ibid._, p. 19.

[2539] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 524.

[2540] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.

[2541] Schön and Crowther, ‘Journals,’ p. 162.

[2542] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 49.

[2543] Tartars (Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  186), people of Bornu

(Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iii. p. 31, note), Bazes (Munzinger, _loc.

cit._ p. 525), Copts (Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 331).

[2544] Bent, ‘The Cyclades,’ p. 137.

[2545] Bakongo (Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, _loc. cit._ p. 270), &c.

[2546] Tuski, Kaniagmuts (Dall, pp. 381, 402), &c.

[2547] Post, ‘Die Grundlagen des Rechts,’ p. 240.

[2548] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 105. See Lippert,

‘Kulturgeschichte,’ vol. ii. pp. 141, _et seq._; Mantegazza,

‘Geschlechtsverhältnisse des Menschen,’ ch. xiii.

[2549] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 216.

[2550] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. iv. p. 405.

[2551] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 251. Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 107. v.

Schroeder, _loc. cit._ p. 82. Mantegazza, p. 287. de Gubernatis,

‘Storia comparata degli usi nuziali,’ p. 168.

[2552] v. Eschwege, ‘Journal von Brasilien,’ vol. i. p.  96.

[2553] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 115. For

instances of eating and drinking together as a marriage ceremony,

see Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. iv. pp. 387-405; v.

Schroeder, pp. 82-84; Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 460; Winternitz, ‘On

a Comparative Study of Indo-European Customs,’ in ‘Trans. Intern.

Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ pp. 280, _et seq._; de Gubernatis, p. 168.

[2554] v. Schroeder, p. 84.

[2555] Winternitz, _loc. cit._ p. 282. _Cf._ Haas, ‘Die

Heirathsgebräuche der alten Inder,’ in Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol.

v. pp. 310, _et seq._ (Hindus).

[2556] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 409.

[2557] Low, cited by Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 409.

[2558] Steel, ‘On the Khasia Tribe,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S.

vol. vii. p. 308.

[2559] Bailey, _ibid._, N.S. vol. ii. pp. 293, _et seq._

[2560] Colebrooke, ‘The Religious Ceremonies of the Hindus,’ in

‘Asiatick Researches,’ vol. vii. p. 309.

[2561] Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 149.

[2562] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 84. _Cf._ Finsch,

‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 86 (Wukas of New Guinea).

[2563] Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 131, 220, 319.

[2564] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 12.

[2565] Soyaux, _loc. cit._ p. 161. _Cf._ Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii.

p. 392 (Arawaks).

[2566] Forbes, ‘Dahomey and the Dahomans,’ vol. i. p.  26.

[2567] Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 385.

[2568] Meiners, ‘Vergleichung des ältern und neuern Russlandes,’ vol.

ii. pp. 167, _et seq._

[2569] The wedding-ring was in use among the ancient Hindus (Haas, in

Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. v. p.  299). According to Mr. Hooper

(_loc. cit._ p. 390), it is also found among the Indians of James’s Bay.

[2570] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 290.

[2571] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 222.

[2572] Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 150.

[2573] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 334.

[2574] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 91.

[2575] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 92. This description, however, does not

agree with those given by Williams and Erskine (see Waitz-Gerland,

_loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 632).

[2576] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  271.

[2577] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  101.

[2578] Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. pp. 639, _et

seq._

[2579] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 129.

[2580] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 64.

[2581] Meyer, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1883, p. 385.

[2582] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 161.

[2583] Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. pp. 169, _et seq._ For

other instances of religious marriage ceremonies, see _ibid._, vol.

iii. p. 281 (Negroes of Congo); Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 41 (Chuvashes);

Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 307 (Mussus); Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p.

276 (Humphrey’s Islanders).

[2584] Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 183.

[2585] Lewin, p. 175.

[2586] Gonds, Kúrmis (Dalton, pp. 201, 319), &c.

[2587] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  70.

[2588] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 339, 459, _et seq._

[2589] Sinhalese (Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 285), Naickers (Kearns,

‘Kalyán’a Shat’anku,’ p. 54), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, _loc.

cit._ p. 149), Khyoungtha (Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 126, _et seq._),

Siamese (Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 183), Kalmucks (Georgi,

_loc. cit._ p. 411), Chinese (Wells Williams, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.

785), Japanese (Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p.

121), ancient Mexicans (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 132). In this

connection should also be noticed the ‘lucky days,’ when matrimony

in general is concluded under the best auspices. In China, these are

especially marked in the almanacks (Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol.

ii. p. 268). The spring season and the last month in the year are

regarded as the most fortunate nuptial periods in that country (Wells

Williams, vol. i. p.  791), whereas the ninth month is considered very

unpropitious (Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  187). Among the Bedouins

of Mount Sinai (Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 152), the Egyptians (Lane,

_loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 222, _et seq._), and the Mohammedan negroes of

Senegambia (Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 453), Friday is esteemed the most

fortunate day for marriage; while the Copts generally marry on the

night preceding Sunday (Lane, vol. ii. p. 331). In India, the month

Phalguna was considered the luckiest period (v. Bohlen, _loc. cit._

vol. ii. p. 148), and in Morocco, as I am informed by Dr. Churcher,

the month called Moolood (birth of Mohammed). Again, in Thuringia,

marriages are generally contracted at the time of the full moon

(Schmidt, ‘Sitten und Gebräuche in Thüringen,’ p. 28); whilst in

Orkney and Esthonia, no couple would consent to marry except at the

time of the crescent moon. The same superstition prevailed among the

ancient Hindus, Greeks, and Germans (v. Schroeder, _loc. cit._ p. 50).

In Scotland, formerly, nearly all avoided contracting marriage in

May, and the Lowlanders were disinclined to marry on Friday (Rogers,

_loc. cit._ p. 112). The Romans considered May and the first half of

June an unlucky period (Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 265). In Egypt, it

is a common belief that, if any one make a marriage contract in the

month of Moharram, the marriage will be unhappy and soon dissolved,

hence few persons do so (Lane, vol. i. p.  219, note *). For ‘unlucky

days’ among the tribes of the Indian Archipelago, see Wilken, in

‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p.  380.

[2590] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 370.

[2591] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 366.

[2592] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 317. de Herrera, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p.

172.

[2593] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 333.

[2594] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 70.

[2595] Tartars (Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  186), Siamese (Bock,

‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 185), Kalmucks (Liadov, in ‘Jour. Anthr.

Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 403). In Japan, on the other hand, the marriage

ceremony is entirely of a social nature, no religious element entering

into it at all (Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p.

123).

[2596] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  205.

[2597] Ewald, _loc. cit._ pp. 201, _et seq._ _Cf._ Gans, _loc. cit._

vol. i. p.  140; Frankel, _loc. cit._ p. xxx.

[2598] Pischon, ‘Der Einfluss der Islâm,’ &c., p. 10. For the modern

Persians, see Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 210, _et seq._

[2599] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 154.

[2600] Revillout, ‘Les contrats de mariage égyptiens,’ in ‘Journal

Asiatique,’ ser. vii. vol. x. p.  262.

[2601] Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 677.

[2602] Haas, in Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. v. pp. 312-316.

Colebrooke, in ‘Asiatick Researches,’ vol. vii. pp. 288-310.

[2603] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Hindu Law,’ p. 46. _Cf._ Rossbach,

_loc. cit._ p. 202; Colebrooke, pp. 288-311.

[2604] Jacobs, ‘Vermischte Schriften,’ vol. iv. pp. 180-182. Potter,

_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 279.

[2605] Rossbach, pp. 222, _et seq._ For other facts stated, see Becker,

_loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  457; Palmblad, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 258,

_et seq._; Rossbach, pp. 212, 218, 223, 228.

[2606] Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p.  374. Rossbach, p. 231.

[2607] Rossbach, p. 111.

[2608] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 121, 122, 128, 143.

[2609] _Ibid._, pp. 294, _et seq._

[2610] _Ibid._, p. 237.

[2611] _Ibid._, p. 310.

[2612] _Ibid._, pp. 112, 186.

[2613] _Ibid._, pp. 102, _et seq._

[2614] _Ibid._, pp. 256, _et seq._

[2615] Grimm, _loc. cit._ pp. 434, _et seq._ Eichhorn, ‘Deutsche

Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte,’ §§ 108, 183.

[2616] St. Paul, ‘Ephesians,’ ch. v. v.  32.

[2617] v. Scheurl, ‘Das gemeine deutsche Eherecht,’ p. 15.

[2618] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 253.

[2619] _Ibid._, p. 282.

[2620] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 306, _et seq._

[2621] Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p.

127.

[2622] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 157.

[2623] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 83.

[2624] Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ pp. 47, 160, _et seq._

[2625] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 22, _et seq._ _Cf._ Sibree, _loc. cit._

p. 251 (Hovas); Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 94

(Bechuanas).

[2626] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 42.

[2627] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pp. 654, _et seq._

[2628] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., p. 4.

[2629] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 265.

[2630] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  310.

[2631] Rein, _loc. cit._ p. 423. Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’

vol. xiii, p. 129.

[2632] Ross, _loc. cit._ p. 315.

[2633] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxvi. v. 34; ch. xxix. vv. 23-28.

[2634] ‘i. Kings,’ ch. xi. v. 3.

[2635] ‘ii. Chronicles,’ ch. xi. vv. 21, 23.

[2636] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxi. v. 15. Scheppig, in Spencer,

‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Hebrews and Phœnicians, p. 8.

[2637] Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 147.

[2638] _Ibid._, pp. 147-149. Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  209.

[2639] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 3.

[2640] Lane Poole, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. v. p.  684.

[2641] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958. d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._

p. 68.

[2642] Diodorus Siculus, _loc. cit._ book i. ch. 80.

[2643] Wilkinson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 318, _et seq._

[2644] Rawlinson, ‘The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern

World,’ vol. i. p.  505.

[2645] Rawlinson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 319.

[2646] _Ibid._, vol. iii. pp. 216-219. Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book iii.

ch. 68, 88. Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 680.

[2647] Jolly, in ‘Sitzungsberichte Münch. Akad.,’ 1876, p. 445.

[2648] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 387. Zimmer, loc. cit. pp. 324, _et

seq._

[2649] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 12; ch. viii. v. 204; ch. ix.

vv. 85-87.

[2650] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 252.

[2651] Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 438, _et seq._ Jacobs,

‘Vermischte Schriften,’ vol. iv. pp. 215, _et seq._

[2652] ‘The Iliad,’ book xxi. v. 88. Grote, ‘History of Greece,’ vol.

ii. p. 25, note 2.

[2653] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  525.

[2654] Palmblad, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  256.

[2655] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 5.

[2656] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xviii.

[2657] Geijer, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  88. ‘The Heimskringla’ (transl.

by Laing and Anderson), vol. i. p.  127.

[2658] ‘The Heimskringla,’ vol. i. pp. 127, _et seq._

[2659] Ewers, _loc. cit._ p. 106.

[2660] Gottlund, ‘Otava,’ vol. i. p.  92. Topelius, _loc. cit._ p. 45.

Tengström, in ‘Joukahainen,’ vol. ii. pp. 130, _et seq._

[2661] Thierry, ‘Narratives of the Merovingian Era,’ pp. 17-21.

Hallam, ‘Europe during the Middle Ages,’ vol. i. p.  420, note 2.

[2662] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  665.

[2663] v. Hellwald, _loc. cit._ p. 558.

[2664] Saalschütz, ‘Archäologie der Hebräer,’ vol. ii. p. 204, note.

[2665] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 85.

[2666] Serpa Pinto, ‘How I crossed Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 33.

[2667] Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 557.

[2668] Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  118.

[2669] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 44.

[2670] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 323.

[2671] Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ p. 324.

[2672] Wilkes, _loc cit._ vol. v. p.  188. Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 56.

[2673] Powers, p. 22.

[2674] Domenech, ‘Seven Years’ Residence in the Deserts of North

America,‘ vol. ii. p. 305.

[2675] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 87. Bancroft, _loc. cit._

vol. i. p.  661.

[2676] Acawoios (Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 275), Chavantes, Carajos (v.

Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 274, 298), Curetús, Purupurús,

Mundrucûs (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 509, 515-517),

Guaycurûs (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 472).

[2677] Glas, _loc. cit._ p. 818. Bontier and Le Verrier, _loc. cit._

Major’s Introduction, p. xxxix.

[2678] Price, ‘The Quissama Tribe,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol.

i. p.  189. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 315.

[2679] Chavanne, p. 454.

[2680] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. pp. 291, _et

seq._ Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.

[2681] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 135.

[2682] Distant, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 4.

[2683] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 91. Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’

vol. xxiv. p. 621.

[2684] Dalton, pp. 28, 54. Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’

vol. iii. p. 370.

[2685] Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 117. Dalton, pp. 41, 132. Rowney, _loc.

cit._ p. 145.

[2686] Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 193, 235, _et seq._

[2687] Man, ‘Sonthalia,’ p. 15.

[2688] Smeaton, ‘The Loyal Karens of Burma,’ p. 81.

[2689] Kadams, Ka-káu (Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ pp. 72, 80),

Mantras (Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. iii. p. 80),

Italones of the Philippines (Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 33), Galela

(Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 77). In Sumatra,

a man married by ‘semando,’ _i.e._, a regular treaty between the

parties on the footing of equality, cannot take a second wife without

repudiating the first one (Marsden, _loc. cit._ pp. 263, 270).

[2690] Sea Dyaks (Low, _loc. cit._ p. 195), the Rejang tribe of the

Milanowes in Borneo (_ibid._, p. 342), Kyans of Baram (St. John, _loc.

cit._ vol. i. p.  113), Alfura of Letti (Bickmore, _loc. cit._ p. 125),

Watubela Islanders (Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 206).

[2691] Meyer, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1883, p. 385. _Cf._

Foreman, _loc. cit._ p. 216 (Tinguianes of the Philippines).

[2692] Low, p. 300.

[2693] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 277.

[2694] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 128.

[2695] Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 101. Earl, _loc. cit._ p. 81.

[2696] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  402.

[2697] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 371.

[2698] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 378.

[2699] Certain Californians (Waitz, vol. iv. p. 243), Calidonian

Indians (Gisborne, _loc. cit._ p. 155), Chiriguana, Jabaána,

Paravilhana (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 217, 627, 632),

Guaranies (Southey, _loc. cit._ vol ii. pp. 368, _et seq._).

[2700] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 416.

[2701] v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 31.

[2702] Campbell, ‘A Year in the New Hebrides,’ p. 143.

[2703] Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 44.

[2704] Last, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. v. p.  533.

[2705] Phillips, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 225.

[2706] Proyart, _loc. cit._ pp. 568, _et seq._

[2707] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 108. Chavanne, ‘Reisen und Forschungen im

Kongostaate,’ pp. 398, _et seq._ (Bafióte tribe). Grade, in ‘Aus allen

Welttheilen,’ vol. xx. p. 6 (people of the Togoland).

[2708] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  206. Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._

vol. i. pp. 261, _et seq._

[2709] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  302.

[2710] Thunberg, _loc. cit._ p. 141. Kretzschmar, _loc. cit._ p. 209.

[2711] Archdeacon Hodgson, in a letter.

[2712] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iv. p. 497.

[2713] Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  447.

[2714] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 248.

[2715] _Ibid._, p. 326.

[2716] Takue, Bazes (_ibid._, pp. 209, 524), Arabs and Berbs of Morocco

(Rohlfs, ‘Mein erster Aufenthalt in Marokko,’ p. 68).

[2717] Honateau and Letourneux, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 167.

[2718] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  252.

[2719] Munzinger, p. 326.

[2720] d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 250. Pischon, _loc.

cit._ p. 13. Burton, ‘Sindh Revisited,’ vol. i. p.  340. Burckhardt,

_loc. cit._ pp. 61, 158 (Arabs). Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  209

(Persians).

[2721] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ pp. 29, _et seq._

[2722] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 251. Rowney, _loc. cit._ pp.

68, 158 (Kols, Abors). Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 110, 216 (Tipperahs,

Santals). Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 282

(Kotars). Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355 (Kaupuis).

Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 148 (Gonds and Korkús). Fytche, _loc. cit._

vol. ii. p. 74 (Burmese). Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 186

(Laosians). Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 292 (Shans). Buddhism

disapproves of polygyny, though it does not wholly prohibit it (Fytche,

vol. ii. pp. 73, _et seq._).

[2723] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  184.

[2724] Kirghiz (Finch, ‘Reise nach West-Sibirien,’ p. 167),

Galchas (de Ujfalvy, ‘Le Kohistan,’ p. 16), Kalmucks (Pallas,

‘Merkwürdigkeiten der Morduanen, Kasaken, Kalmücken,’ &c., pp. 263,

_et seq._), Tartars, Tunguses, Kamchadales (Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp.

103, 116, 118, 324, 341), Chukchi (Nordenskiöld, ‘Vergas färd kring

Asien och Europa,’ vol. ii. p. 142), Samoyedes (‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p.

144), Ostyaks (Latham, ‘Descriptive Ethnology,’ vol. i. p.  457),

Mordvins and Cheremises (‘Äbo Tidningar,’ 1794, no. 51), Ossetes (v.

Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 402), &c.

[2725] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 76, _et seq._

[2726] Raffles, ‘The History of Java,’ vol. i. p.  81. Low, _loc.

cit._ p. 147. Boyle, _loc. cit._ pp. 25, _et seq._ Marsden, _loc. cit._

p. 270. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 40, note 1. Forbes, in ‘Jour.

Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 124. Schadenberg, quoted by Blumentritt,

_loc. cit._ p. 7.

[2727] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 196, 361; vol. iii. p. 36.

Freycinet, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 766. Hodgson, _loc. cit._ p. 213.

Cameron, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 352. Bonney, _ibid._,

vol. xiii. p. 135. Bonwick, _ibid._, vol. xvi. p. 205. Waitz-Gerland,

_loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 771.

[2728] Curr, vol. i. p.  252.

[2729] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 386. Bonwick, ‘Daily

Life,’ p. 71. Calder, ‘The Native Tribes of Tasmania,’ in ‘Jour.

Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 22.

[2730] Dieffenbach, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 37.

[2731] Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ p. 414. _Cf._ Lisiansky, _loc.

cit._ p. 128.

[2732] New Guinea (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 82. Lawes, in ‘Proceed.

Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 614. Stone, ‘A Few Months in

New Guinea,’ p. 93. Thomson, ‘British New Guinea,’ p. 193. Bink,

in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396. Kohler, in

‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 370), New Hanover

(Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 62), New Ireland

(‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 29), Solomon Islands (Elton, in ‘Jour.

Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vii. p. 95), Tana of the New Hebrides (Turner,

‘Samoa,’ p. 317), Fiji (Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  400),

Caroline Group (‘Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik,’

vol. viii. p. 65), Pelew Islands (‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333), Tonga

(Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. i. p.  401), Tahiti

(_ibid._, vol. ii. p. 157), Nukahiva (v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol.

i. p.  153), &c.

[2733] Eskimo (Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 352. Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 263.

Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  147. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p.

308), Mahlemuts (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  81), Ingaliks (Dall,

_loc. cit._ p. 196), Chippewyans (Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p.

23), Tacullies (Bancroft, vol. i. p.  123), Ahts (Sproat, _loc. cit._

p. 98), Nutkas (Maine, ‘British Columbia and Vancouver Island,’ p.

276), Chinooks (Bancroft, vol. i. p.  241), Mandans (Catlin, _loc.

cit._ vol. i. p.  119), other North American tribes (Heriot, _loc.

cit._ pp. 551, _et seq._ Harmon, _loc. cit._ pp. 292, 339. Buchanan,

‘North American Indians,’ p. 338), Moxes (Heriot, p. 326), Mosquitoes

(Bancroft, vol. i. p.  733, note 37), Indians of Guiana (Schomburgk, in

‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  270), Passés, Uaupés, Macusís

(v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  511, 600, 642), Coroados (Hensel,

‘Die Coroados der brasilianischen Provinz Rio Grande do Sul,’ in

‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. i. p. 130), Botocudos (v. Tschudi, _loc.

cit._ vol. ii. p. 283), and other Brazilian tribes (v. Martius, vol.

i. p.  104), Minuanes, Pampas, Guanas, Mbayas (Azara, loc. _cit. vol._

ii. pp. 33, 44, 95, 114), Abipones (Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii.

p. 138), Patagonians (Musters, _loc. cit._ p. 187).

[2734] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 321, note 1.

[2735] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 133. Bancroft, vol. i. p.

110.

[2736] Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. 272.

[2737] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Hebrews and Phœnicians,

p. 8.  _Cf._ Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 727;

Andree, _loc. cit._ pp. 146, _et seq._; Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii.

p. 251.

[2738] Wilkinson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  318. Herodotus, _loc. cit._

book ii. ch. 92.

[2739] Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 677.

[2740] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 235. Schrader, _loc. cit._ p.

388.

[2741] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xviii.

[2742] Dutt, ‘Hindu Civilisation of the Brahmana Period,’ in ‘The

Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 266. Kaegi, ‘The Rigveda,’ p. 15.

Roth, ‘On the Morality of the Veda,’ in ‘Jour. American Oriental

Soc.,’ vol iii. p. 339.

[2743] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala ii. súkta 39.

[2744] Egede, _loc. cit._ pp. 138, _et seq._

[2745] Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 313.

[2746] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 399.

[2747] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 70.

[2748] Eskimo, Chinooks (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 308, 338),

Ahts (Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98), Indians of Western Washington and

North-Western Oregon (Gibbs, ‘Tribes of Western Washington and

Northwestern Oregon,’ in ‘Contributions to North American Ethnology,’

vol. i. p.  198), &c.

[2749] Erman, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 162.

[2750] Sproat, p. 100.

[2751] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 324.

[2752] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 130.

[2753] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 671.

[2754] Waitz, vol. iv. pp. 360, 366.

[2755] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  310. Acosta,

_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 424.

[2756] Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p.

127.

[2757] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 265.

[2758] _Ibid._, vol. i. p.  729. v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’

vol. v. p.  548. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius,

_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 392.

[2759] Indians of Guiana (Schomburgk, in Ralegh, ‘The Discovery of

the Empire of Guiana,’ p. 110, note), Tupis (Southey, _loc. cit._

vol. i. p.  241), Jurís (Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 177),

Araucanians (Alcedo-Thompson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  416).

[2760] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  126.

[2761] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 33. Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 12. Taylor,

_loc. cit._ p. 338.

[2762] Natives of Tonga (Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol.

i. p.  401), Pelew Islands (Kubary, _loc. cit._ p. 62), Ponapé (Finsch,

in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317), Marianne Group (Waitz,

_loc. cit._ vol v. pt. ii. p. 107).

[2763] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 96.

[2764] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 273, _et seq._

[2765] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  77. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. iii.

p. 100; Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 49, and Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr.

f. Ethnol.,’ vol xvii. p. 12 (Philippine Islanders).

[2766] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 74. Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 216.

[2767] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 182, note 2.

[2768] Dalton, p. 8.  Castrén, in ‘Helsingfors Morgonblad,’ 1843, no.

54.

[2769] Central Asiatic Turks (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 248),

Kalmucks (Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 181), Tunguses, Jakuts (Sauer, _loc.

cit._ pp. 49, 129).

[2770] v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 31. Bickmore, in ‘Trans. Ethn.

Soc.,’ N. S.  vol vii. p. 20. St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol.

ii. p. 254. Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xi. pt. i. p.  44.

Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 525.

[2771] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  69; vol. ii. p. 121.

[2772] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p.

21. Parker, ‘Comparative Chinese Family Law,’ in ‘The China Review,’

vol. viii. p. 78. Jamieson, _ibid._, vol. x. p.  80.

[2773] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  212.

[2774] Medhurst, p. 15. When dying, concubines who have not had

children are removed from the dwelling-house to a humbler abode; they

are not entitled to die in the dwelling-house of their master (Gray,

vol. i. p. 213).

[2775] _Ibid._, vol. i. p.  212-214.

[2776] Jamieson, p. 80. Medhurst, pp. 15, 21.

[2777] Parker, p. 79.

[2778] Pischon, _loc. cit._ p. 14. Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  252.

Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  226. Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des

Arabes,’ p. 434. Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  723; vol ii. p. 177.

[2779] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol ii. pp. 109, _et seq._ Moore, _loc.

cit._ p. 249. Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 419. Burton, ‘On M. Du Chaillu’s

Explorations,’ &c., in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. i. p.  321.

[2780] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 110.

[2781] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 134, _et seq._

[2782] Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  341. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. ii. p.

284; Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 225.

[2783] Casalis, _loc. cit._ pp. 186, _et seq._ _Cf._ Livingstone, _loc.

cit._ p. 185 (Bechuanas).

[2784] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 49.

[2785] Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 92.

[2786] Rochon, _loc. cit._ p. 747.

[2787] Ebers, ‘Aegypten und die Bücher Moses’s,’ vol. i. p.  310.

_Cf._ ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 293.

[2788] Rawlinson, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 216. _Cf._ Spiegel, _loc.

cit._ vol. iii. p. 680.

[2789] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 92. Jolly, in ‘Sitzungsber.

Münch. Akad.,’ 1876, pp. 445-447. v. Schroeder, ‘Indiens Literatur und

Cultur,’ p. 430.

[2790] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 12. Jolly, p. 446.

[2791] Steele, _loc. cit._ p. 31.

[2792] Geijer, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  88.

[2793] Ewers, _loc. cit._ p. 108.

[2794] Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 518.

[2795] Ancient Hindus (‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 12) and

Persians (Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 679), Chinese (Gray, _loc.

cit._ vol vi. pp. 212, _et seq._), Malays (Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol.

i. p.  77).

[2796] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 383.

[2797] Darwin, ‘Journal of Researches,’ p. 366.

[2798] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  329.

[2799] d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 68. Georgi, _loc. cit._ p.

102.

[2800] Krasheninnikoff, _loc. cit._ p. 215.

[2801] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 110.

[2802] Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 538.

[2803] _Cf._ Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  253, note †.

[2804] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 368.

[2805] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  210. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol.

i. p.  236 (Comanches).

[2806] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 153.

[2807] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 253, _et seq._ note 5.

[2808] _Ibid._, vol. i. p.  253 (Egyptians). Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i.

pp. 226, _et seq._ (Persians).

[2809] Gibbs, _loc. cit._ pp. 198, _et seq._

[2810] Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,’ p. 265. _Cf._

_ibid._, pp. 263, _et seq._

[2811] Schomburgk, in Ralegh, ‘The Discovery of Guiana,’ p. 110, note.

[2812] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 397. Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific

Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 248. ‘Das

Ausland,’ 1881, p. 15. Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 246 (Marea). Thomson,

‘Through Masai Land,’ p. 260 (Masai).

[2813] King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  147. ‘Das

Ausland,’ 1881, p. 698. Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  147.

[2814] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  654.

[2815] Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 278.

[2816] Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 278.

[2817] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 8.

[2818] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 196. Herzog-Schaff, ‘Religious

Encyclopædia,’ vol. ii. p. 1415. For other instances, see Georgi, _loc.

cit._ p. 182 (Votyaks); Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 347 (Kamchadales);

Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 524 (Ainos of the Kuriles).

[2819] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 47. Christianity has now

extirpated this custom among the Aleuts (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 792).

[2820] Coxe, _loc. cit._ p. 300.

[2821] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 416. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci.

Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 315, _et seq._

[2822] Seemann, ‘Voyage of _Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66. King, in ‘Jour.

Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  147. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p.

308. Regarding the Greenlanders, Cranz says (_loc. cit._ vol. i. p.

147), ‘Women who cohabit with several husbands are subjected to

universal censure.'

[2823] Lafitau, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  555.

[2824] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p.  549.

[2825] Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 178.

[2826] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 83.

[2827] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367.

[2828] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 386.

[2829] Bontier and Le Verrier, _loc. cit._ p. 139.

[2830] Thunberg, _loc. cit._ p. 141.

[2831] Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 227. Theal, _loc. cit._ p. 19.

[2832] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 253.

[2833] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 428. Balfour, _loc.

cit._ vol. iii. p. 250. Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 286.

[2834] Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240.

[2835] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 240.

[2836] Balfour, vol. iii. p. 250.

[2837] ‘Asiatick Researches,’ vol. v. p.  13.

[2838] Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 33, 36, 98.

[2839] Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 158.

[2840] Fischer, ‘Memoir of Sylhet, Kachar, and the Adjacent

Districts,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. ix. pt. ii. p. 834.

[2841] Man, _loc. cit._ p. 100.

[2842] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 245, _et seq._

[2843] Bellew, ‘Kashmir and Kashghar,’ p. 118. Moorcroft and Trebeck,

‘Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab,’ vol.

i. pp. 321, _et seq._

[2844] Dunlop, ‘Hunting in the Himalaya,’ pp. 180, _et seq._

[2845] Gordon Cumming, ‘In the Himalayas,’ p. 406.

[2846] Stulpnagel, ‘Polyandry in the Himâlayas,’ in ‘The Indian

Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 133. de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’

ser. iii. vol. v. p.  227.

[2847] Wilson, _loc. cit._ pp. 206, _et seq._

[2848] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ p. 98.

[2849] Lansdell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 225.

[2850] de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  227.

[2851] Wilson, p. 206.

[2852] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. pp. 264, _et

seq._, note. _Cf._ however, Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 69.

[2853] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 264.

[2854] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403, note. Le Bon, ‘L’homme

et les sociétés,’ vol. ii. p. 295.

[2855] Ahlqvist, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv. p. 292, note.

[2856] v. Haxthausen, p. 402.

[2857] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala i. súkta 119, v. 5.

[2858] Strabo, _loc. cit._ book xi. ch. xiii. p. 526; book xvi. ch. iv.

p. 782.

[2859] Rémusat, ‘Nouveaux Mélanges Asiatiques,’ vol. i. p.  245.

[2860] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ p. 99.

[2861] Cæsar, _loc. cit._ book v. ch. 14.

[2862] Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 249.

[2863] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 428. Davy, _loc. cit._

p. 286.

[2864] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 213.

[2865] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 249.

[2866] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 33.

[2867] _Ibid._, p. 36.

[2868] Fischer, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. ix. pt. ii. p. 834.

[2869] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  xxiv.

[2870] Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 158.

[2871] Gordon Cumming, _loc. cit._ pp. 405, _et seq._

[2872] Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 135.

[2873] Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 306.

[2874] Dunlop, _loc. cit._ pp. 180, _et seq._

[2875] Cunningham, ‘History of the Sikhs,’ p. 18. _Cf._ Orazio della

Penna di Billi, ‘Account of the Kingdom of Tibet,’ in ‘Narratives of

the Mission of George Bogle,’ &c., p. 336; Moorcroft and Trebeck, _loc.

cit._ p. 180; Bonvalot, ‘Across Thibet,’ vol. ii. p. 126; Rockhill,

‘The Land of the Lammas,’ p. 212.

[2876] Mr. Wilson says (_loc. cit._ p. 207) that it is probably the

common marriage custom of at least thirty millions of respectable

people.

[2877] Wheeler, ‘The History of India,’ vol. ii. p. 241.

[2878] Dutt, in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 266.

[2879] Erman, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 163. Holmberg,

in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 399.

[2880] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 83.

[2881] Moorcroft and Trebeck, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 321, _et seq._

Turner, ‘Account of an Embassy to Tibet,’ p. 348. Bellew, _loc. cit._

p. 118.

[2882] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 246.

[2883] Dunlop, _loc. cit._ p. 181. Rémusat, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  245.

[2884] Strabo, _loc. cit._ book xvi. ch. iv. p. 782.

[2885] Cæsar, _loc. cit._ book v. ch. 14.

[2886] Ganzenmüller, ‘Tibet,’ p. 87.

[2887] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 213.

[2888] Balfour, vol. iii. p. 251.

[2889] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 130. _Cf._ Man, _loc. cit._ p. 100.

[2890] Meares, _loc. cit._ p. 268.

[2891] Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418.

[2892] Coulter, ‘Notes on Upper California,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo.

Soc.,’ vol. v. p.  67. Seemann, ‘Voyage of _Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

[2893] King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol i. p.  152. Lisiansky,

_loc. cit._ p. 237. Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 243.

[2894] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 577; vol. iii. pp. 601, _et

seq._; vol. v. p. 707. For other tribes, see _ibid._, vol. iii. pp.

615, 632; vol. iv. p. 590.

[2895] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477.

Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 119, 212. _Cf._ Schoolcraft, vol. iii.

pp. 562, _et seq._

[2896] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 111. Azara, _loc.

cit._ vol. ii. p. 60. ‘Bulletin de la Société de Géographie,’ ser. iv.

vol. ix. p. 209.

[2897] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  662.

[2898] Schomburgk, ‘Expedition from Pirara,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo.

Soc.,’ vol. xv. p. 45.

[2899] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. pp. 549, _et seq._

[2900] Azara, vol ii. p. 93.

[2901] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 304, _et seq._ note **.

[2902] _Cf._ Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205.

[2903] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 148.

[2904] Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. iii. p. 250.

[2905] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  51.

[2906] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 134. _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 184; Dumont

d’Urville, ‘Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Histoire du voyage,’ vol. i. p.

495.

[2907] Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 136, _et seq._

[2908] Breton, _loc. cit._ p. 404.

[2909] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  258.

[2910] Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 12.

[2911] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 167. La Pérouse, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p.

28. Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 226.

[2912] Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ p. 414. Waitz-Gerland, _loc.

cit._ vol. vi. p. 128. Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p.

94.

[2913] Kerry-Nicholls, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 195.

[2914] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  74.

[2915] Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 191, _et seq._

[2916] d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  390.

[2917] Stone, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. xlvi. p. 55.

[2918] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 272.

[2919] Low, _loc. cit._ p. 146.

[2920] Pridham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  451. _Cf._ Davy, _loc. cit._ p.

107, note.

[2921] Quoted by Chervin, ‘Recherches sur les causes physiques de la

polygamie,’ p. 22.

[2922] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 100.

[2923] Dunlop, _loc. cit._ pp. 181, et seq.

[2924] Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 374.

[2925] Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 289.

[2926] Ritter, ‘Erdkunde,’ vol. vi. p. 773.

[2927] Bowring, ‘The Population of China,’ in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc.

China Branch,’ vol. v. pp. 13, _et seq._

[2928] Marshall, pp. 100, 102.

[2929] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  71.

[2930] Rémusat, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  245. Gerland, ‘Das Aussterben

der Naturvölker,’ p. 49.

[2931] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 112. Price, in

‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  189.

[2932] Laing, ‘Travels in the Timannee, Kooranko, and Soolima

Countries,’ p. 59.

[2933] ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 253.

[2934] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 424. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p.

225. Mr. Swann, in a letter. Thomson, ‘Through Masai Land,’ p. 51.

[2935] _Cf._ Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  244 (Khosas).

[2936] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  150.

[2937] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 59. _Cf._ Wappäus, _loc. cit._ vol.

ii. p. 215.

[2938] Sutherland, ‘On the Esquimaux,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’

vol. iv. p. 213.

[2939] King, _ibid._ vol. i. p.  152.

[2940] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  133.

[2941] Shastika (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 243), Khosas (Lichtenstein,

_loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  244), Cis-Natalian Kafirs (Mr. Cousins), people

of Baghirmi (Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 616), Waguha (Mr.

Swann). In Morocco, according to Dr. Churcher, warfare of a civil or

tribal kind has, no doubt, had some influence upon the disproportion of

the sexes; and the same is the case in Uganda (Wilson and Felkin, _loc.

cit._ vol. i. p.  151).

[2942] Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  119. _Cf._ Morgan, ‘Systems of

Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477.

[2943] Ellis, ‘History of Madagascar,’ vol. i. p.  152.

[2944] Kutchin (Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418), Guanas (Azara,

_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 93), Hawaiians (Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’

p. 414), Tahitians (_Idem_, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp.

257, _et seq._), natives of Maupiti (Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol. ii.

p. 12), Kulus (de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol.

v. p.  227), Kashmiri (Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 374).

[2945] Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 195, _et seq._

[2946] Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418.

[2947] Ross, _ibid._, 1866, p. 305. Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 94.

[2948] Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ vol. i. pp. 251, _et seq._

[2949] Belly, ‘À travers l’Amérique Centrale,’ vol. i. p.  253, note.

[2950] Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 77, 136, _et seq._

[2951] Grey, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 251.

[2952] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 813.

[2953] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 289.

[2954] Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240.

[2955] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 100.

[2956] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 241.

[2957] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 81.

[2958] Bruce, ‘Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile,’ vol. i.

pp. 284, _et seq._

[2959] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 209.

[2960] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 150, _et seq._

[2961] Süssmilch, ‘Die göttliche Ordnung in den Veränderungen des

menschlichen Geschlechts,’ vol. ii. pp. 258, 259, &c. Chervin, _loc.

cit._ pp. 38, &c.

[2962] Montesquieu, _loc. cit._ book xvi. ch. 4.

[2963] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 55.

[2964] Sadler, ‘The Law of Population,’ vol. ii. pp. 337-339. v.

Oettingen, p. 56.

[2965] Hofacker and Notter, ‘Ueber Eigenschaften, welche sich bei

Menschen und Thieren von den Aeltern auf die Nachkommen vererben.’

Sadler, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 333, _et seq._

[2966] Hensen, _loc. cit._ p. 206. Berner, ‘Ueber die Ursachen der

Geschlechtsbildung;’ quoted by Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 347.

[2967] Goehlert, ‘Die Geschlechtsverschiedenheit der Kinder in den

Ehen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 119-122.

[2968] Stieda, ‘Das Sexualverhältniss der Geborenen,’ pp. 19, 20, 34,

35, &c.; quoted by v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 67.

[2969] For this statement I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Jacobs.

[2970] Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 521. _Idem_, ‘Abeokuta,’

vol. i. p. 212, note.

[2971] ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. viii. p. cviii.

[2972] Sanderson, ‘Polygamous Marriage among the Kafirs of Natal,’ in

‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. viii. pp. 254-260.

[2973] Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 521.

[2974] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 378, _et seq._

[2975] Düsing, ‘Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhältnisses bei der

Vermehrung der Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen.'

[2976] Ploss, ‘Ueber die das Geschlechtsverhältniss der Kinder

bedingenden Ursachen,’ in ‘Monatsschrift für Geburtskunde und

Frauenkrankheiten,’ vol. xii. pp. 321-360.

[2977] _Ibid._, vol. xii. p. 340.

[2978] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ pp. 64, _et seq._ Düsing, _loc. cit._

pp. 159, _et seq._

[2979] Düsing, pp. 161, _et seq._ I may call attention to the fact

that among the Swedish nobility, according to censuses taken in the

years 1851-1860, contrary to the general rule in Europe, female births

actually outnumber male (Bertillon, in ‘Diction. encycl. des sciences

médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. xi. p. 472).

[2980] Ploss, in ‘Monatsschrift f. Geburtskunde,’ vol. xii. p. 352.

In the region between 501 to 1,000 feet, which is the most fertile

(_ibid._, p. 353), the proportion was 105·7 to 100.

[2981] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 107, note.

[2982] Seemann, ‘Voyage of _Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66 (Western Eskimo).

v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p.  548 (Avanos and

Maypurs). Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 128 (Nukahivans).

Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240 (Sinhalese). Marshall, _loc.

cit._ p. 214; Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p.

240 (Todas). Dunlop, _loc. cit._ p. 181; Fraser, ‘Journal of a Tour

through the Himālā Mountains,’ p. 208; Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian

Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 133 (Himalayans). Rémusat, _loc. cit._ vol.

i. p.  245 (Massagetæ).

[2983] Seemann, ‘Voyage of _Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

[2984] Dunlop, _loc. cit._ pp. 181, _et seq._

[2985] Beauregard, ‘En Asie; Kachmir et Tibet,’ in ‘Bull. Soc.

d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. pp. 265, 267, 271. _Cf._ Wilson, _loc.

cit._ p. 212.

[2986] Koeppen, ‘Die Religion des Buddha,’ vol. i. p.  476.

[2987] Baber, ‘Travels and Researches in the interior of China,’ in

‘Roy. Geo. Soc. Supplementary Papers,’ vol. i. p.  97.

[2988] Rockhill, _loc. cit._ p. 214, note.

[2989] Koeppen, vol. i. pp. 476, _et seq._ note 2. Du Halde,

‘Description de la Chine,’ vol. iv. p. 572.

[2990] Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p.

202.

[2991] ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  229.

[2992] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  xxiii.

[2993] Gordon Cumming, _loc. cit._ pp. 405, _et seq._

[2994] Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 306.

[2995] Bellew, _loc. cit._ p. 118.

[2996] Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 216.

[2997] Koeppen, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  476. Turner, ‘Embassy to

Tibet,’ p. 351. ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  266.

Wilson, pp. 215, _et seq._

[2998] Fraser, _loc. cit._ p. 207.

[2999] Turner, ‘Embassy to Tibet,’ p. 349. Wilson, pp. 209, 210.

[3000] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 428.

[3001] Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 135.

[3002] Düsing, _loc. cit._ pp. 237-242.

[3003] 1150 unions of horses of the same colour gave 91·3 male foals

to 100 female; 878 unions of horses of somewhat different colours,

86·2 to 100 respectively; 237 unions of horses of still more different

colours, 56 to 100 respectively; 30 unions of horses of the most widely

different colours, 30 to 100 respectively (Goehlert, ‘Ueber die

Vererbung der Haarfarben bei den Pferden,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’

vol. xiv. pp. 145-155).

[3004] Düsing, pp. 242-245.

[3005] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 149, 403.

[3006] Starkweather, ‘The Law of Sex,’ pp. 159, _et seq._

[3007] Galindo, ‘On Central America,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol.

vi. p. 126.

[3008] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 221.

[3009] Squier, _loc. cit._ p. 58.

[3010] Belly, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  253, note.

[3011] v. Spix and v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 33.

[3012] Burton, ‘The Highlands of the Brazil,’ vol. i. p.  115.

[3013] de Castelnau, ‘Expédition dans les parties centrales de

l’Amérique du Sud,’ Histoire du voyage, vol. i. pp. 137, _et seq._

[3014] _Ibid._, vol. i. p.  328.

[3015] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1859, pp. 58, _et seq._

[3016] v. Görtz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 288.

[3017] Süssmilch, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 260, _et seq._

[3018] Felkin, ‘Contribution to the Determination of Sex,’ in

‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. xxxii. pt. i. pp. 233-236.

[3019] Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. pp. 44, _et seq._

[3020] Bell, ‘The History of Improved Short-Horn, or Durham Cattle,’

p. 351.

[3021] Carr, ‘The History of the Rise and Progress of the Killerby,

Studley, and Warlaby Herds of Shorthorns,’ p. 98.

[3022] Janke, _loc. cit._ pp. 373, _et seq._

[3023] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. vii. p. 285.

[3024] Metz, _loc. cit._ p. 131.

[3025] Metz, _loc. cit._ p. 131.

[3026] Theal, _loc. cit._ pp. 16, _et seq._

[3027] Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 26. Mr. Jacobs

thinks that English Jews marry their first cousins to the extent of 7·5

per cent. of all marriages, against a proportion of about 2 per cent.

for England generally, as calculated by Professor G. H.  Darwin. M.

Stieda, in his ‘Eheschliessungen in Elsass-Lothringen’ (1872-1876),

gives the proportion of consanguineous marriages among Jews as 23·02

per thousand, against 1·86 for Protestants, and 9·97 for Catholics

(Jacobs, ‘Studies in Jewish Statistics,’ p. 53).

[3028] According to Mr. Jacob’s comprehensive manuscript collection

of Jewish statistics, which he has kindly allowed me to examine, the

average proportion of male and female Jewish births registered in

various countries is 114·50 males to 100 females, whilst the average

proportion among the non-Jewish population of the corresponding

countries is 105·25 males to 100 females. But Mr. Jacobs thinks that

the accuracy of these statistics may be called in question, as the

abnormal figures for Austria (128 to 100, in the years 1861-1870)

and Russia (129 to 100, in the years 1867-1870), when compared with

those for Posen (108 to 100, in the years 1819-1873) and Prussia (108

to 100, in the years 1875-1881), render it likely that some uniform

error occurs in the registration of Jewish female children in Eastern

Europe. It has also been suggested that less care is taken in the

registration of females among poor Jews. Moreover, still-born children

are not included in the rates of births, and this certainly affects the

figures as to sex, because, parturition being more difficult in the

case of males than in that of females, there are not so many still-born

females as still-born males (v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 57). E. Nagel

attributes the excess of male births among Jews to the greater care

which Jewish wives take of their health during pregnancy, as also to

the smaller number of illegitimate births. But Mr. Jacobs believes that

the ratio of male births is greater among Jews than among non-Jewish

Europeans, even if we take this objection into account.

[3029] Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ p. 270. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol.

i. pp. 382, _et seq._

[3030] Chervin, _loc. cit._ p. 38.

[3031] Goehlert, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiii. p. 127.

[3032] Armstrong, _loc. cit._ p. 195.

[3033] Jones, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 326 (Kutchin). Dall, _loc.

cit._ p. 403 (Kaniagmuts). Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  183

(Blackfeet). Bosman, _loc. cit._ pp. 423, 527; Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol.

ii. p. 121 (Negroes). Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 142 (Jews). Steller, _loc.

cit._ pp. 347, _et seq._ (Kamchadales). Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 263

(people of Aru).

[3034] Algonquins (Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 329), Pelew Islanders

(Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 31), Malays (Zimmermann, _loc.

cit._ vol. i. p.  27), people of Aru (Riedel, p. 263), Negroes (Reade,

_loc. cit._ pp. 45, 243. Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 242. Waitz, vol. ii. pp.

121, _et seq._), Massagetæ (Beauregard, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser.

iii. vol. v. p.  264, note 6), Azteks (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii.

p. 267).

[3035] Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 249.

[3036] Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 93.

[3037] Walla Wallas (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 400, _et seq._),

Thlinkets, Mosquitoes, New Zealanders (Waitz, vol. iii. p. 328; vol.

iv. p. 291; vol. vi. p. 131), Chinese (Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.

185).

[3038] American Indians (Heriot, p. 339), people of Aru (Riedel, p.

263), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 210),

Fijians (Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 191), Wanyoro (‘Emin Pasha in Central

Africa,’ p. 84), Waganda (Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.

187), Ashantees (Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 45).

[3039] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 223.

[3040] Thomson, ‘Notes on the Basin of the River Rovuma,’ in

‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. iv. p. 75.

[3041] Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 191.

[3042] _Cf._ Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 146; Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 102;

Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205; _Idem_, ‘Daily

Life,’ p. 78; Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  48, note *.

‘Thierische Milche,’ says Lippert (‘Die Geschichte der Familie,’ p.

22), ‘ist so wenig die allgemeine Nahrung der Menschheit auf einer

sehr frühen Kulturstufe gewesen, dass vielmehr sämmtliche Völker der

neuen Welt aus eigner Entwicklung gar nie diese Stufe erklommen haben.'

[3043] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 262; Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 271 (North

American Indians).

[3044] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 38 (Akas). Oldham, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc.

London,’ vol. iii. p. 240 (Khasias). Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 261 (Kukis).

Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 78 (Kotars).

[3045] Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 179.

[3046] Bastian, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. p. 389.

[3047] _Cf._ Sproat, _loc. cit._ pp. 251, _et seq._; Angas, ‘Savage

Life,’ vol. i. pp. 96, 331; Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 250; Dalton, _loc.

cit._ pp. 46, 85.

[3048] _Cf._ Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ.’ vol. iv. pp. 401,

_et seq._ (Kaniagmuts); Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. 242 (Chinooks);

Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 235, _et seq._ (Wintun); v. Martius, _loc.

cit._ vol. i. pp. 644, _et seq._ (Macusís).

[3049] _Cf._ Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 243; vol. v. p.

176; Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 456; Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._

vol. vi. pp. 131, 778; Powers, p. 32.

[3050] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 45.

[3051] Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. ii. pp. 376-387.

[3052] Katscher, _loc. cit._ p. 48.

[3053] v. Żmigrodzki, _loc. cit._ p. 177.

[3054] Ross, _loc. cit._ p. 311.

[3055] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 20, 44.

[3056] Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  121.

[3057] Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312.

[3058] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p.  196. Schomburgk,

_loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  122.

[3059] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p.  311. Waitz-Gerland, _loc.

cit._ vol. vi. pp. 15, 22.

[3060] Stavorinus, ‘Account of Java and Batavia,’ in Pinkerton,

‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xi. p. 193.

[3061] Boyle, _loc. cit._ p. 199, note.

[3062] Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 50, 66.

[3063] St John, ‘The Ainos,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 249.

[3064] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  50. On the Arabs of Upper Egypt,

see Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ pp. 124, 265.

[3065] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119.

[3066] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 397. _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 81.

[3067] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  163.

[3068] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 447.

[3069] Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  342. Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’

pp. 50, 196. v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 199, 200, 216.

[3070] Thulié, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. iv. p. 421.

[3071] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 471. ‘Emin Pasha in Central

Africa,’ p. 85.

[3072] Krieger, ‘Die Menstruation,’ p. 174.

[3073] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 143. Forster, _loc.

cit._ vol. i. p.  340.

[3074] Merolla da Sorrento, _loc. cit._ p. 299.

[3075] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  252.

[3076] Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  147.

[3077] Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. 1. p.

204.

[3078] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 71.

[3079] Samuells, ‘Notes on a Forest Race called Puttooas or Juanga,

Inhabiting certain of the Tributary Mehals of Cuttack,’ in ‘Jour. As.

Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxv. p. 300. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 308.

[3080] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 381.

[3081] Katscher, _loc. cit._ p. 97. Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 178.

Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370.

[3082] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxx. vv. 1-4.

[3083] Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424.

[3084] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  184.

[3085] Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 146.

[3086] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  252.

[3087] _Cf._ Waitz, vol. iii. p. 115; v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol.

i. p.  353, note; Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 15; d’Escayrac de

Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 132.

[3088] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 551.

[3089] Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 156.

[3090] Burton, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. i. pp. 320, _et

seq._ _Cf._ _Idem_, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 121.

[3091] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 481.

[3092] In the language of the Bechuanas, the word ‘motlanka,’ like the

‘παῖς’ of the Greeks and the ‘puer’ of the Romans, signifies at the

same time boy and servant (Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 188, note).

[3093] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 180, _et seq._

[3094] Among the Kamchadales (Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 342), Guiana

Indians (Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 413, note 2), Fuegians (Bove, _loc.

cit._ p. 133), Santals (Man, _loc. cit._ p. 15), Gypsies (Liebich,

_loc. cit._ p. 52), Marea (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 248), Somals, and

Kafirs (Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119), the women are stated to be

more or less prolific.

[3095] Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 228.

[3096] Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 313 (Northern Indians). Ross, in ‘Smith.

Rep.,’ 1886, p. 305 (Eastern Tinneh). Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i.

pp. 169, 218, 242 (Haidahs, Columbians about Puget Sound, Chinooks).

Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  684 (Comanches). Dall, _loc. cit._

p. 194 (Ingaliks). Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 147 (Beaver Indians).

Armstrong, _loc. cit._ p. 195 (Eskimo). Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.

149 (Greenlanders). Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368 (Indians

of the Californian Peninsula). Gibbs, _loc. cit._ p. 209 (Indians of

Western Washington and North-Western Oregon).

[3097] Talamanca Indians (Bovallius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  249),

Guaranies (Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 59), Ostyaks (Ahlqvist, in

‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv. p. 290), Kukis (Lewin, _loc. cit._

p. 255), Dyaks (Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p.  142),

Sumatrans (Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 257), Australians (Sturt, _loc.

cit._ vol. ii. p. 137. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 81, _et seq._

Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 780), Maoris (Angas, vol. i. p.

314), Tedâ (Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  448), Mandingoes, (Park,

_loc. cit._ p. 219), Egbas (Burton, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p.  207).

[3098] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p.  143. Mackenzie,

‘Voyages,’ p. 147.

[3099] Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 313.

[3100] _Cf._ Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 238 (Dacotahs);

Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 231 (Wintun); Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 413, note 2

(Indians of Guiana); Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 133 (Fuegians).

[3101] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 242.

[3102] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 141, _et seq._

[3103] Wood, ‘The Natural History of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 685.

[3104] Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419.

[3105] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 259.

[3106] Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  254. Bosman, _loc. cit._ p.

419.

[3107] Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  220.

[3108] _Cf._ Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 196; Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol.

i. p.  118.

[3109] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  512, note 120.

[3110] King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 153.

[3111] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 100.

[3112] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 47.

[3113] Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 148.

[3114] Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 465.

[3115] St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 254.

[3116] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 388. Coxe, _loc. cit._ p. 183.

[3117] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 271. _Cf._ Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’

1866, p. 312; Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  383.

[3118] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  104. Alcedo-Thompson, _loc.

cit._ vol. i. p. 416.

[3119] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 259.

[3120] Forbes, ‘Dahomey,’ vol. i. pp. 25, _et seq._

[3121] Inglis, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. p. 63.

d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  395. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol.

i. p.  94.

[3122] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  657.

[3123] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  106 (Brazilian aborigines).

Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  147 (Greenlanders). Waitz, _loc. cit._

vol. ii. p. 389 (Kafirs). Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424

(Arabs). v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ pp. 31, _et seq._ (Ainos). Navarette,

_loc. cit._ p. 72 (Chinese). Rein, _loc. cit._ p. 425 (Japanese).

[3124] Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 259, _et seq._

[3125] Livingstone, ‘Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi,’ pp.

284, _et seq._

[3126] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 259.

[3127] _Cf._ Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 93 (Fijians); v.

Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p.  548 (Indians on Orinoco).

[3128] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 109.

[3129] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  512. Schadenberg, in

‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 12. Le Bon, ‘La civilisation

des Arabes,’ p. 424. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 321

(Greenlanders).

[3130] Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ pp. 125-127.

[3131] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 158.

[3132] _Cf._ Burdach, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  375.

[3133] Nansen, vol. ii. p. 329. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 321, 329,

_et seq._

[3134] Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 310. _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 125.

[3135] Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 301. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol.

iii. p. 102.

[3136] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 234, _et seq._ _Cf._

_ibid._, vol. iii. p. 236.

[3137] Brett, _loc. cit._ pp. 351, _et seq._ _Cf._ Schomburgk, in

‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  270.

[3138] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. pp. 548, _et seq._

[3139] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 22, _et seq._

[3140] Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 131.

[3141] Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ pp. 152, _et seq._

[3142] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 191, _et seq._

[3143] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 282. _Cf._

Freycinet, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 766; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp.

758, 781.

[3144] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 11.

[3145] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 213.

[3146] St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  56.

[3147] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  185.

[3148] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 251.

[3149] Tod, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  258.

[3150] Pischon, _loc. cit._ p. 14. d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._

pp. 250, _et seq._

[3151] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  226.

[3152] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 253, _et seq._

[3153] Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 727.

[3154] Dutt, ‘The Social Life of the Hindus in the Rig-Veda Period,’

in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 79.

[3155] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 503. Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol.

i. p.  134. Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 142. Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 189.

[3156] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 161.

[3157] For other instances of female jealousy, see Kirby, in ‘Smith.

Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419 (Kutchin); Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 355 (Eskimo at

Igloolik); Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 70 (Crees); v. Martius, _loc. cit._

vol. i. p.  392 (Mundrucûs); Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97 (Samoans); Kubary,

_loc. cit._ p. 61 (Pelew Islanders); Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’

vol. i. p.  269 (Tahitians); Yate, _loc. cit._ p. 97 (Maoris); Riedel,

_loc. cit._ pp. 335, 448 (natives of Babber and Wetter); Cooper, _loc.

cit._ p. 102 (Assamese); Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 72

(Reddies); Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 38 (Bhils); Steller, _loc. cit._ p.

288 (Kamchadales); Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 444 (Moors of the Sahara);

Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 78; v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 329, _et

seq._; Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 44 (Kafirs).

[3158] Domenech, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 306.

[3159] Eastern Tinneh (Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 310),

Naudowessies (Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 367), Kaviaks (Dall, _loc. cit._

p. 138), Northern Indians (Hearne, _loc. cit._ pp. 129, _et seq._),

Crees (Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ pp. xcvi. _et seq._), Indians of the

Californian Peninsula (Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368),

Minnetarees and Mandans (Lewis and Clarke, _loc. cit._ p. 307), Caribs

(Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 383).

[3160] Indians of Oregon (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  277.

Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  654), Crows (Bastian, ‘Der Papua

des dunkeln Inselreichs,’ p. 128, note 8), Blackfeet (_Idem_, in

‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. pp. 403, _et seq._, note).

[3161] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 438.

[3162] Schoolcraft, vol. iii. pp. 195, _et seq._

[3163] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 338.

[3164] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 685.

[3165] _Ibid._, vol. i. p.  661.

[3166] Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 62. ‘Das

Ausland,’ 1881, p. 28.

[3167] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  363.

[3168] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 282.

[3169] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 327.

[3170] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 28.

[3171] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 369.

[3172] Man, ‘Sonthalia,’ p. 15.

[3173] Macpherson, _loc. cit._ p. 69. Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc.

Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 744.

[3174] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 454.

[3175] _Ibid._, p. 181. _Cf._ _ibid._, pp. 209, _et seq._

[3176] Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  447.

[3177] Bain, _loc. cit._ pp. 136, _et seq._

[3178] _Ibid._, p. 137.

[3179] Müller, ‘Am Neste,’ p. 102. Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ pt. iv. ch.

ii. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 293-295.

[3180] Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ pp. 288, _et seq._

[3181] Houzeau, ‘Études sur les facultés mentales des animaux,’ vol.

ii. p. 117.

[3182] Gibbs, _loc. cit._ p. 198.

[3183] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 102.

[3184] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 273.

[3185] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 117.

[3186] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 45. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 192.

Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  267.

[3187] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 756. For other instances, see

_ibid._, vol. vi. p. 125; ‘Das Ausland,’ 1857, p. 888.

[3188] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 33 (Miris). Cunningham, ‘History of

the Sikhs,’ p. 18 (Tibetans). Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 227 (Damaras).

Bastian, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. p. 388.

[3189] Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 134. _Cf._

Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 287.

[3190] Gordon Cumming, _loc. cit._ p. 406 (Tibetans). Beauregard,

in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. pp. 264, _et seq._

(Massagetæ). See _ante_, p. 116.

[3191] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 429.

[3192] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. p. 460.

[3193] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477.

[3194] Quoted by Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 191.

[3195] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 341.

[3196] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 440, 442.

[3197] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 28.

[3198] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 253.

[3199] _Ibid._, p. 343.

[3200] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  677.

[3201] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 315, 317.

[3202] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 191.

[3203] _Ibid._, p. 231.

[3204] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 5, 406.

[3205] Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes,’

p. 71.

[3206] Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. ii. pp. 19,

_et seq._ Smeaton, _loc. cit._ p. 81.

[3207] Dutt, in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 79.

[3208] Goguet, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  22.

[3209] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 252.

[3210] Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 101. _Cf._ the myths of the Nishinam

(Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 339), Thlinkets (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 421),

Nicaraguans (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 280), Caroline Islanders

(_ibid._, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 136).

[3211] As, for example, by Post, ‘Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ p. 27,

and Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 664, _et seq._

[3212] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p.  334; vol. ii. pp.

394, _et seq._ Mr. Reade thinks (_loc. cit._ p. 214) we may infer

that Gorillas are polygamous, like stags, cocks, pheasants, and other

animals that battle for mates, from the fact that a trustworthy

informant had seen two Gorillas fighting. But it is not only polygamous

animals that fight for females.

[3213] Hartmann, _loc. cit._ p. 214.

[3214] Among the Bechuanas, says Mr. Conder (‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’

vol. xvi. p. 86), a man formerly became richer the more wives he had,

because they used to hoe his mealies; ‘now, however, ploughs have been

introduced, and the men take pride in driving a team of eight oxen in a

plough.'

[3215] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p.  752.

[3216] Le Bon, ‘La Civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424.

[3217] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 378.

[3218] McLennan, ‘The Levirate and Polyandry,’ in ‘The Fortnightly

Review,’ N.S. vol. xxi. pp. 703-705. _Idem_, ‘Studies,’ pp. 112, _et

seq._

[3219] Bellabollahs (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  169, note 34),

Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon (Gibbs, _loc.

cit._ p. 199), Miwok (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 356), Iroquois, Wyandots

(Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 330), Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 250),

Azteks, Mayas, Mosquitoes (Bancroft, vol. ii. pp. 466, 671; vol.

i. p.  730), Arawaks (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol iii. p. 392), Warraus

(Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p.  275), Tupis

(Southey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  241), Australians (Curr, _loc. cit._

vol. i. p.  107. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 776. Bonney, in ‘Jour.

Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 135. Palmer, _ibid._, vol. xiii. p. 298.

Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 278. Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  87.

Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 164), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 98), New

Caledonians (Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix.

p. 367), people of New Britain (Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’

N.S. vol. xi. p. 9), Caroline Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii.

p. 106), peoples of New Guinea (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 66)

and the Malay Archipelago (_ibid._, pp. 32, 39, 54, 57-60. Marsden,

_loc. cit._ pp. 228, 229, 260, _et seq._ Joest, in ‘Verhandl. Berl.

Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 70), Mrús (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 234), Kaupuis

(Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Kakhyens (Anderson,

_loc. cit._ p. 142), Pahárias (Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 273), Bilúchis

(Postans, ‘The Bilúchi Tribes Inhabiting Sindh,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc.

London,’ vol. i. p. 105), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’

p. 403), Ostyaks (Latham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  457), Kamchadales

(Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 347), Ainos (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 524. Dixon,

in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol xi. pt. i. p.  44), Arabs (Burckhardt,

_loc. cit._ p. 64. Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p.

406), Gallas (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 516), Kûri (Nachtigal, _loc. cit._

vol. ii. p. 375), Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 488), Negroes of

Senegambia (Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 455), the tribes in the interior

of Western Equatorial Africa mentioned by Mr. Du Chaillu (‘Journey

to Ashango-Land,’ p. 429), Bechuanas, Zulus (Conder, in ‘Jour.

Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85), Eastern Central Africans (Macdonald,

‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  135), people of Madagascar (Sibree, _loc.

cit._ p. 246), Hebrews (‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxv. vv. 5-10), ancient

Egyptians (‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 293). For other instances, see

_infra_, note 3.

[3220] _Cf._ Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 649.

[3221] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 488 (Kunáma). v. Martius, _loc. cit._

vol. i. pp. 117, 118, 691 (Brazilian aborigines, Arawaks). Gibbs, _loc.

cit._ p. 199 (Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon).

[3222] Atkha Aleuts (Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 158), Chippewas (Keating,

_loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 170, _et seq._), Eskimo (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881,

pp. 698, _et seq._), Crees (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 110),

Brazilian aborigines (v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol.

ii. p. 198), tribes of Western Victoria (Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 27),

people of Nitendi and the New Hebrides (Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p.

634), Nufoor Papuans of New Guinea (Guillemard, _loc. cit._ p. 390),

Santals (‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p.  xxiv.). Among the Gonds it is the duty of

a younger brother to take to wife the widow of an elder brother, though

the converse is not permitted (Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 150).

[3223] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 416.

[3224] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., pp. 112, _et seq._

[3225] Fijians, Samoans (Prichard, _loc. cit._ p. 393), Papuans of New

Guinea (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 77. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol.

vi. p. 661), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p.

209. Waitz-Gerland, vol v. pt. ii. p. 117), the tribes in the interior

of Western Equatorial Africa mentioned by Mr. Du Chaillu (‘Journey

to Ashango-Land,’ p. 429). Among many other peoples the right of

succession belongs in the first place to the brother.

[3226] Man, _loc. cit._ p. 100.

[3227] Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp.

316, 325), Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 484, 488).

[3228] Miris (Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 154), Tartars (Marco Polo, _loc.

cit._ vol. ii. p. 221. de Rubruquis, _loc. cit._ pp. 33, _et seq._),

Wanyoro (Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 49), Wakamba

(Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p.  406), Baele

(Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 176), Egbas (Burton, ‘Abeokuta,’

vol. i. p.  208), Negroes of Fida, &c. (Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 480.

Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 115).

[3229] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  97, note.

[3230] Bosman, p. 528.

[3231] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 16.

[3232] Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 86.

[3233] McLennan, ‘The Patriarchal Theory,’ p. 89.

[3234] _Cf._ Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 241.

[3235] Hebrews (‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxv. vv. 5-10), Hindus (‘The Laws

of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 59-63), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’

p. 403), Bechuanas (Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels,’ p. 185),

people of Madagascar (Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 246). Among the Hindus,

the ‘levir’ did not take his brother’s widow as his wife; he only had

intercourse with her. This practice was called ‘Niyoga.'

[3236] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 113.

[3237] Starcke, _loc. cit._ ch. iii.

[3238] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 395.

[3239] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 98.

[3240] Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 86.

[3241] McLennan, p. 91.

[3242] Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 355.

[3243] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 287.

[3244] Moorcroft and Trebeck, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  321.

[3245] de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p.  228.

[3246] Fraser, _loc. cit._ p. 208.

[3247] Bogle, _loc. cit._ p. 123.

[3248] Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 212.

[3249] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.  vol. ii. p. 292.

[3250] Fraser, _loc. cit._ p. 209.

[3251] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. i. p.  83.

[3252] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iv. p. 20.

[3253] _Ibid._, vol. i. p.  33.

[3254] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 135.

[3255] Earl, _loc. cit._ p. 83. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 66.

[3256] Peoples of Watubela (Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 206) and Lampong in

Sumatra (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 58), Igorrotes and Italones of the

Philippines (Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ pp. 28, 33). Professor Wilken

thinks (pp. 46, _et seq._) the same was the case among the Niasians and

Bataks.

[3257] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 293.

[3258] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 105.

[3259] Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 508. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._

vol. ii. pp. 319, _et seq._

[3260] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pp. 272, _et seq._

[3261] Keane, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol xiii. p. 206.

[3262] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 634.

[3263] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 328. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p.  101.

Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ pp. 193, 213.

[3264] Quoted by Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 73.

[3265] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97.

[3266] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  88.

[3267] St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237.

[3268] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 75.

[3269] Rosset, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 169.

[3270] Quoted by Pridham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  253.

[3271] Bourien, ‘The Wild Tribes of the Interior of the Malay

Peninsula,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80.

[3272] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370. Yule,

‘Notes on the Kasia Hills,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii.

pt. ii. p. 624. Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  186.

[3273] Pischon, _loc. cit._ p. 13. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 603.

[3274] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.

[3275] Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 150.

[3276] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 207, _et seq._

[3277] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 247, 251.

[3278] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 444.

[3279] Lobo, _loc. cit._ p. 26.

[3280] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 122.

[3281] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 114.

[3282] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1027.

[3283] Rawlinson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 353.

[3284] Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 488, _et seq._ Hermann-Blümner,

_loc. cit._ p. 264.

[3285] Nordström, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 34.

[3286] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 125.

[3287] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 371.

[3288] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 173.

[3289] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 161, 250.

[3290] de Herrera, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 171.

[3291] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxiv. v. i.  Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 203.

[3292] Meier and Schömann, _loc. cit._ p. 511.

[3293] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ pp. 123, _et seq._

[3294] Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 454.

[3295] Chinooks (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol i. p.  241), Chippewas

(Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 157), Chippewyans (Mackenzie,

‘Voyages,’ p. cxxiii.), Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 249), Macusís

(Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 391), Mundrucûs and other Brazilian

tribes (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  104), Minuanes, Pampas,

Mbayas, Payaguas (Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 32, 44, 114, 132),

Catalanganes of the Philippines (Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 41),

Siamese (Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 169), Burmese (Colquhoun, ‘Burma,’ pp.

12, _et seq._), Chukmas (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 187), Yakuts (Sauer,

_loc. cit._ p. 129), Chuvashes, Votyaks, Cheremises, Mordvins, Voguls

(Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 42), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’

p. 404), Takue (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 209), Beni-Mzab (Chavanne,

‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 315, _et seq._)

[3296] Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  148.

[3297] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 239.

[3298] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 375.

[3299] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 342.

[3300] Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ p. 324.

[3301] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497.

[3302] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 23. Faulkner, _loc. cit._ p. 126.

[3303] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 167.

[3304] Dieffenbach, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 40.

[3305] Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 95.

[3306] Lawes, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 614. Bink,

in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397.

[3307] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 129.

[3308] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  78.

[3309] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 68.

[3310] _Cf._ Nauhaus, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 210;

Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 278; Maclean, _loc. cit._ p.

70; Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 261, 264.

[3311] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 203. Among the Samaritans, divorce, though

permitted, does not occur (Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 217).

[3312] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 151. Meier and Schömann, _loc. cit._ p.

510.

[3313] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 123.

[3314] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 276.

[3315] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 64.

[3316] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 33.

[3317] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p.  208. Lewin, p. 210.

[3318] Peoples of Ceram, Aru, Sermatta, Babber, Letti, Moa and Lakor,

Wetter (Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 134, 263, 325, 351, 390, 448), Buru

(Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 51).

[3319] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 110. _Cf._ Proyart, _loc. cit._

p. 569 (Negroes of Loango).

[3320] Kolben, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  157.

[3321] Casalis, _loc. cit._ pp. 184, et seq.

[3322] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 219.

[3323] Mantras (Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p.

80), Butias of Ladakh (Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol.

xiii. pt. i. p.  204), Toungtha (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 194), Timorese

(Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 54).

[3324] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 263, 265. Waitz, vol. iv. p.

132.

[3325] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 278.

[3326] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp.

25, _et seq._ Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  219. Müller, ‘Reise der

Novara,’ Ethnographie, p. 164.

[3327] Navarette, _loc. cit._ p. 73.

[3328] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p.

27.

[3329] Rein, _loc. cit._ pp. 424, _et seq._

[3330] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ p. 332.

[3331] Lane, _loc. cit_ vol. i. pp. 139, 247. Pischon, _loc. cit._ p.

13.

[3332] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 80, _et seq._ This, however,

was not a divorce in our sense of the term. ‘Neither by sale nor by

repudiation,’ says Manu (ch. ix. v. 46), ‘is a wife released from her

husband.'

[3333] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 95.

[3334] Glasson, _loc. cit._ pp. 204, _et seq._

[3335] Glasson, pp. 213, 215.

[3336] _Ibid._, pp. 367, _et seq._

[3337] _Ibid._, pp. 437, 452.

[3338] _Ibid._, p. 403.

[3339] Carpentier, ‘Traité théorétique et pratique du divorce,’ p.

52. For the laws of divorce in the States of Europe and America,

see Neubauer, ‘Ehescheidung im Auslande,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl.

Rechtswiss.,’ vols. v.-ix.

[3340] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 254.

[3341] Greenlanders (Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 509), Damaras

(Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 416), Marea (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p.

241), Kafirs of Natal (Shooter, _loc. cit._ pp. 85, _et seq._), Samoans

(Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97), Dyaks (St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’

N.S. vol. ii. p. 237).

[3342] This is especially the case when the wife is superior to

the husband in rank [_cf._ Soyaux, _loc. cit._ p. 162 (Negroes of

Loango); Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 284 (Negroes of

Sierra Leone); Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 140, _et seq._

(Eastern Central Africans); Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 254 (Tanàla of

Madagascar); Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106; vol.

vi. p. 128 (Caroline Islanders, Tahitians); ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333

(Pelew Islanders); Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 289 (Natchez)]; but also when

they are of equal rank, as among the Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._

p. 249), Macassars, Bugis (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 76), Rejangs

(Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 235), Malays of Perak (McNair, _loc. cit._ p.

236), Galela (Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78),

Kaupuis (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Badagas

(Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 117), Kerantis (Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 136),

Mongols (Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p.  70), Beni-Amer, Kunáma

(Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 320, 321, 489), Touaregs Chavanne, (‘Die

Sahara,’ p. 209), Ashantees (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 120), Masai (Last, in

‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. v. p.  533), Kafirs (Maclean, _loc.

cit._ pp. 69, _et seq._).

[3343] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  277.

[3344] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 223, _et seq._

[3345] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 214.

[3346] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 93.

[3347] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ pp. 127, _et seq._

[3348] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p.  256. Bink, in

‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397. Chalmers, _loc.

cit._ p. 167. Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 106, _et seq._

[3349] Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 134, 173, 263, 325, 390, 448.

[3350] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 295.

[3351] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 73.

[3352] Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 92.

[3353] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 83.

[3354] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p.  140.

[3355] Arnot, ‘Garenganze,’ p. 194.

[3356] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 86.

[3357] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 672.

[3358] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  219. Rein, _loc. cit._ pp. 424,

_et seq._

[3359] Glasson, _loc. cit. pp._ 149, _et seq._

[3360] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ ch. xii. _et seq._ Lane, _loc. cit._ vol.

i. p.  139.

[3361] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 386,

_et seq._

[3362] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 187.

[3363] _Ibid._, p. 189.

[3364] _Ibid._, p. 195.

[3365] _Ibid._, pp. 152, _et seq._ Meier and Schömann, _loc. cit._ p.

512.

[3366] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 42, _et seq._

[3367] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 123.

[3368] Glasson, pp. 291, 298, 304.

[3369] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157.

[3370] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  92.

[3371] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 315. _Cf._ Klemm,

‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. ii. p. 76 (Abipones); Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol.

i. p.  258 (Touaregs of Rhāt).

[3372] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 469.

[3373] ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ 1883, p. 290. _Cf._ Keane, in ‘Jour.

Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206 (Botocudos); Krauss, _loc. cit._ p 568

(South Slavonians).

[3374] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 150.

[3375] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 139 (Western Eskimo). Egede, _loc. cit._

p. 143 (Greenlanders). Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 141 (Zulus). Wilson and

Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 48 (Wanyoro). Buchner, _loc. cit._ p.

31 (Duallas). Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  218 (Persians). Krauss,

pp. 532, 570, _et seq._ (South Slavonians); &c.

[3376] Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian in his Wigwam,’ p. 73. _Cf._ Nansen,

_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 320 (Greenlanders); Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._

vol. ii. p. 48 (Bushmans); St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  66 (Sea

Dyaks).

[3377] St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237.

[3378] Bailey, _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 292. _Cf._ Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p.

141 (Zulus).

[3379] For exceptions, see _ante_ p. 19.

[3380] Nutkas, Inland Columbians (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp.

197, 277), Shans (Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 295), Burmese

(Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 73), Malays of Perak (McNair, _loc.

cit._ p. 236), Beni-Amer, Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 320, 321,

489).

[3381] Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxv. pt. ii. p. 20.

[3382] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 51.

[3383] Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78.

Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 107.

[3384] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 187.

[3385] _Cf._ Codrington, _loc. cit._ p. 244.

[3386] Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 129 (Jakuts). Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr.

f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p.  401 (Wakamba). ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 48

(Zulus). Merolla da Sorrento, _loc. cit._ p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno).

Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315 (Thlinkets).

_Cf._ Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 56 (Yurok); Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 235

(Mrús); Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels,’ p. 412 (Negroes of Angola).

[3387] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 404 (Ossetes). Klemm,

‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. pp. 26, _et seq._ (Circassians).

Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 117 (Badagas). Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. iii.

p. 101 (Malays). Merolla da Sorrento, p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno). ‘Das

Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026 (Negroes of Bondo). Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc.

Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol iv. p. 315 (Thlinkets).

[3388] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 184.

[3389] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.

[3390] Munda Kols (Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol.

iii. p. 370), Todas (Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 218), Bedouins (Klemm,

‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 150), Tartars (Georgi, _loc. cit_.

p. 238), East Africans (Burton, ‘The Lake Regions of Central Africa,’

vol. ii. p. 333).

[3391] Aleuts (Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 370), Dacotahs (Schoolcraft,

_loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 240), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._

vol. i. p.  153), Papuans of New Guinea (Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc.

d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397).

[3392] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97.

[3393] Pridham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  253. _Cf._ Bancroft, _loc.

cit._ vol. ii. p. 672 (Yucatan).

[3394] Greenlanders (Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  148), Thlinkets

(Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 328), Inland Columbians (Bancroft,

_loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  277), Apaches (_ibid._, vol. i. p.  513),

Iroquois (Buchanan, ‘North American Indians,’ pp. 338, _et seq._),

Gallinomero in California (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 178), and other

North American Indians (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 105), Caribs

(_ibid._, vol. iii. p. 383), Payaguas (Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii.

p. 132), Marianne Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 107),

Tongans (Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 179), Khasias (Steel, in

‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. vii. p. 308. Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 57).

[3395] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 191.

[3396] Katscher, _loc. cit._ p. 91. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 401.

[3397] Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80. _Cf._

St. John, _ibid._, vol. p. 237; Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’

vol. xxxv. pt. ii. p. 20.

[3398] Lane Poole, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. v. p.  684.

[3399] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  215.

[3400] Mr. Crawfurd (_loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  79) points out the

connection, in Java, between the frequency of women deserting

their husbands and the abundance of food; the laboriousness and

industriousness of the women, who can earn a subsistence independent of

a husband, and the tameness and servileness of the men.

[3401] Crawfurd, vol. iii. p. 101 (Malays). Marsden, _loc. cit._ p.

235 (Rejangs). Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78

(Galela). Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355 (Kaupuis).

Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 136 (Kerantis). Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 217

(Todas). Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 117 (Badagas). Waitz, _loc. cit._

vol. ii. p. 120 (Negroes).

[3402] Mohammedans (Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  139), Badagas

(Harkness, p. 117).

[3403] Bickmore, _loc. cit._ p. 279. _Cf._ ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p.

569; Raffles, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.  81 (Javanese).

[3404] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 63. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 454,

_et seq._

[3405] Of articles in periodicals only some of the more important have

been included in this list.

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.

Variations in hyphenation and accents have been standardised but

all other spelling and punctuation remains unchanged.

The original contained at least eight unpaired double quotation

marks that could not be corrected with confidence.

The precise location of footnote 372 is speculative since it is not

indicated in the original.

Incomplete entries in the index remain as printed in the original.