circumcision in, p. 202;
marriage with a half-sister in, p. 295;
exogamy in, p. 298;
relationship by alliance a bar to marriage in, p. 309;
divorce in, pp. 521, 533 n. 3.
Yukonikhotana (Alaska), do not buy their wives, p. 398.
Yule Islanders, men more decorated than women among the, pp. 183 _sq._;
position of their women, p. 184;
marriage by purchase among the, p. 402 n. 1.
Yurok (California), marriage on credit among the, p. 394 n. 8;
validity of marriage among the, p. 402 n. 4;
monogamous, p. 435;
divorce among the, p. 532 n. 2.
Z
Zambesi, polygyny down the, p. 495.
Zapotecs, excess of women among the, p. 461;
monogamous, p. 501;
conjugal affection among the, _ib._
Zulus, kinship through males among the, p. 103;
celibacy caused by poverty among the, p. 143;
painting of girls among the, p. 176 n. 6;
prohibition of consanguineous marriage among the, p. 307;
local exogamy among the, pp. 307-323;
their views on consanguineous marriage, p. 350;
wives obtained by service among the, p. 390 n. 6;
polygyny among the, pp. 447, 493, 499;
Levirate among the, p. 511 n.;
divorce among the, pp. 522, 523, 530 n. 7, 531 n. 2, 532 n. 2.
THE END
RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BUNGAY.
THE
HISTORY OF HUMAN MARRIAGE
BY
EDWARD WESTERMARCK
LECTURER ON SOCIOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HELSINGFORS
_WITH PREFACE BY DR. A. R. WALLACE_
Third Edition. 8vo. 14s. net.
Some Opinions of the Press on the First Edition:—
_Edward B. Tylor in_ =The Academy=, _October 3, 1891_.
“A volume which at once takes an important place in the much debated
problem of primitive society.... The distinguishing character of
Dr. Westermarck’s whole treatise is his vigorous effort to work the
biology-side and the culture-side of anthropology into one connected
system; and there can be no doubt of the value of the resulting
discussions, which will develop further as the inquiry goes on in this
direction.”
=Spectator=, _February 13, 1892_.
“Mr. Wallace’s eulogium of the author’s clearness of style and command
of English will be echoed by every reader. But the book is much more
than a clever literary performance. It is by far the most important
contribution to our knowledge of a profoundly interesting chapter in
human history that has yet appeared.... Not a page is without its
interest.”
=Athenæum=, _August 8, 1891_.
“We are inclined to concur in Mr. Wallace’s opinion. It must be added
that the work is written in excellent English, that it deals with
delicate and difficult questions in a tone of faultless taste, that its
style is clear and its matter exceedingly well arranged, and that it is
readable from beginning to end.”
=Mind=, _October, 1891_.
“The author’s equipment, logical as well as psychological, for his
task is of a very exceptional order.”
=Westminster Review=, _August, 1891_.
“A very able volume on the subject of human marriage, which, in our
opinion, is calculated to set the world thinking again with a view to
correcting preconceived ideas.”
=Times=, _July 2, 1891_.
“Dr. Westermarck brings to the treatment of his subject the
accumulated results of very extensive study and the dialectical
resources of a powerful and logical mind.... In this judgment (Mr.
Wallace’s) we fully concur.... Mr. Westermarck propounds views which
are at once novel and ingenious, and supports them with great variety
of illustrations and great cogency of reasoning.”
=Scotsman=, _July 6, 1891_.
“Scientific precision has rarely been attained in a style more
agreeable and elegant by any indigenous writer. Mr. Westermarck’s
book would have been deeply interesting even if it had been less well
written.... The results of his erudition form a mountain of wealth.”
=St. James’s Gazette=, _July 20, 1891_.
“Of the value of his (the author’s) researches ... we cannot speak
too highly. His book is in every way deserving of the high eulogy
pronounced on it by Mr. Wallace.”
=Manchester Guardian=, _July, 1891_.
“Mr. Westermarck has established his position among the first of
historical anthropologists, he has thrown light upon many of the
unsolved mysteries in the history of the human race, and he has swept
out of the way several theories which have hitherto blocked the path to
a right solution of the main question at issue.... The book affords a
model for future investigators in this field. It is no small compliment
to English anthropology that the author has chosen to write his book in
English.”
=Anti-Jacobin=, _July 18, 1891_.
“Certainly the most valuable of recent contributions to the literature
of a deeply interesting theme.”
_From a leading article in_ =Liverpool Daily Post=, _July 24, 1891_.
“There is every reason to suppose that this deeply interesting book
will find a host of readers even among those who are attracted by facts
for their own sake rather than for the theories that may be drawn from
them.”
=Guardian=, _November 11, 1891_.
“Not only profoundly learned but delightfully readable.”
=Warrington Guardian=, _September 16, 1891_.
“A monumental book.”
=National Observer=, _August 1, 1891_.
“An invaluable contribution to science, ... and we confidently
recommend Mr. Westermarck’s _History of Human Marriage_, not only to
all anthropologists, but to all them that love good reading.”
=Sussex Daily News=, _October 7, 1891_.
“One of the most readable works in the whole range of scientific
writing.... A comparatively unknown student until the publication of
this work, Dr. Westermarck has now taken his position in the very
front rank of historical anthropologists. No library of any scientific
pretentions can dispense with the _History of Human Marriage_, and
every public library in the country should possess a copy.”
=The Critic= (_New York_), _September, 12, 1891_.
“A work of the first importance.... The excellence of expression
corresponds to the elevation of sentiment apparent throughout.”
_L. Marillier, in_ =Revue générale des Sciences=, _September 15, 1892_.
“Le livre de M. Westermarck est, sans contredit, l’une des meilleurs
monographies sociologiques qui aient été faites, et c’est à l’heure
actuelle l’ouvrage le plus complet, le plus riche en informations que
l’on possède sur cette question du mariage et celui où l’on trouve la
plus sûre et la plus pénétrante critique.”
_M. Boule, in_ =L’Anthropologie=, _November-December, 1892_.
“Je ne connais pas un volume où plus de faits, plus de recherches,
plus de science, soient accumulés.”
_René de Kérallain, in_ =Revue générale du Droit, de la Législation et
de la Jurisprudence=, _May-June, 1893_.
“M. Westermarck s’est trouvé du coup écrire un livre qui s’est placé
au premier rang du genre, qui a surpris ses contradicteurs et qui déjà
fait autorité.... Selon nous, ce livre doit faire époque.”
_Prof. Lujo Brentano, in_ =Zeitschrift für Social und
Wirthschaftsgeschichte=, 1893.
“Ein Werk von erstaunlicher Gelehrsamkeit und ungewöhnlichem
Scharfsinn.... Voll und ganz stimme ich Alfred R. Wallace bei.”
FOOTNOTES:
[1] McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ p. 1.
[2] Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft der Urzeit,’ p. 17. In
his later works, however, Dr. Post has changed his opinion (see,
especially, ‘Studien zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Familienrechts,’
p. 58).
[3] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 479.
[4] _Ibid._, p. 480.
[5] McLennan, _loc. cit._ p. 5.
[6] ‘Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and
Ireland,’ vol. xviii. pp. 245-269.
[7] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 487.
[8] Muir, ‘Original Sanskrit Texts,’ vol. ii. p. 327.
[9] Goguet, ‘The Origin of Laws, Arts, and Sciences,’ vol. iii. pp.
311, 313.
[10] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 22.
[11] Goguet, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 19.
[12] v. Düben, ‘Lappland och Lapparne,’ p. 330.
[13] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. ix. p. 16.
[14] Günther, ‘Introduction to the Study of Fishes,’ p. 163.
[15] Wood, ‘Illustrated Natural History,’ vol. iii. p. 3.
[16] Espinas, ‘Des sociétés animales,’ p. 416.
[17] Milne Edwards, ‘Leçons sur la physiologie et l’anatomie
comparée,’ vol. viii. p. 496.
[18] Espinas, p. 417.
[19] The ostrich forms, however, a curious exception. The male sits on
the eggs, and brings up the young birds, the female never troubling
herself about either of these duties (Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ p. 324).
[20] _Ibid._, p. 285. These statements concerning birds are taken from
Brehm’s ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iv., the same author’s ‘Bird-Life,’ and
Hermann Müller’s ‘Am Neste.'
[21] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 679.
[22] _Ibid._, vol. iii. pp. 593, 594, 599.
[23] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 578.
[24] Rengger,‘Naturgeschichte der Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ p. 354.
[25] Brehm, vol. iii. p. 206.
[26] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 256. Espinas, p. 447.
[27] Brehm, vol. iii. p. 124.
[28] Rengger, p. 240.
[29] Brehm, vol. ii. p. 270.
[30] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 263.
[31] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 39.
[32] _Ibid._, vol. i., p. 347.
[33] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 387.
[34] Rengger, pp. 147, _et seq._
[35] Brehm, vol i. p. 535.
[36] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 224.
[37] Rengger, p. 62.
[38] _Ibid._, pp. 20, 38.
[39] Schomburgk, ‘Reisen in Britisch-Guiana,’ vol. iii. p. 767.
[40] Brehm, vol. i. p. 228.
[41] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. i. p. 97.
[42] ‘Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society,’ vol. xvi. p. 177.
[43] Mohnike, ‘Die Affen auf den indischen Inseln,’ in ‘Das Ausland,’
1872, p. 850. See also Hartmann, ‘Die menschenähnlichen Affen,’ p. 230.
[44] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p. 93.
[45] Savage, ‘Description of _Troglodytes Gorilla_,’ pp. 9, _et seq._
[46] Du Chaillu, ‘Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa, p.
349.
[47] Reade, ‘Savage Africa,’ p. 214.
[48] _Ibid._, pp. 218, 214.
[49] v. Koppenfells, ‘Meine Jagden auf Gorillas,’ in ‘Die
Gartenlaube,’ 1877, pp. 418, _et seq._
[50] Savage, ‘On _Troglodytes Niger_,’ in ‘Boston Journal of Natural
History,’ vol. iv. p. 385.
[51] ‘Die Gartenlaube,’ 1877, p. 418.
[52] Waitz, ‘Anthropologie der Naturvölker,’ vol. iii. p. 109. Carver,
‘Travels through the Interior Parts of North America,’ p. 367.
[53] Powers, ‘Tribes of California,’ p. 222.
[54] Heriot, ‘Travels through the Canadas,’ p. 338.
[55] Azara, ‘Voyages dans l’Amérique méridionale,’ vol. ii. p. 22.
[56] King and Fitzroy, ‘Voyages of the _Adventure_ and _Beagle_,’ vol.
ii. p. 182.
[57] v. Tschudi, ‘Reisen durch Südamerika,’ vol. ii. p. 283.
[58] Lumholtz, ‘Among Cannibals,’ p. 161.
[59] Fison and Howitt, ‘Kamilaroi and Kurnai,’ p. 206.
[60] Meyer, ‘Manners and Customs of the Encounter Bay Tribe,’ in
Wood’s, ‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ p. 186.
[61] Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 373.
[62] Martin, ‘Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands,’ vol. ii.
p. 167.
[63] Pritchard, ‘Polynesian Reminiscences,’ p. 134.
[64] Johnston, ‘Maoria,’ pp. 28, _et seq._
[65] Kotzebue, ‘Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea,’ vol. iii. p.
173.
[66] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 14.
[67] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 139.
[68] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 386.
[69] Wilson and Felkin, ‘Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan,’ vol. ii. p.
90.
[70] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 209.
[71] Emerson Tennent, ‘Ceylon,’ vol. ii. p. 441.
[72] Rosset, ‘On the Maldive Islands,’ in ‘Journal of the
Anthropological Institute,’ vol. xvi. pp. 168, _et seq._
[73] Stewart, ‘Notes on Northern Cachar,’ in ‘Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 614.
[74] Emerson Tennent, vol. ii. pp. 458, _et seq._ note 1.
[75] Schwaner, ‘Borneo,’ vol. i. p. 199.
[76] Fytche, ‘Burma,’ vol. ii. p. 73.
[77] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.
[78] Rossbach, ‘Untersuchungen über die römische Ehe,’ p. 32, &c.
[79] Dall, ‘Alaska and its Resources,’ p. 196.
[80] Buchanan, ‘Sketches of the History, Manners, and Customs of the
North American Indians,’ p. 323.
[81] Im Thurn, ‘Among the Indians of Guiana,’ p. 221. _Cf._ v.
Martius, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnographie Amerika’s,’ vol. i. pp. 247, 645,
688.
[82] Wilkes, ‘United States Exploring Expedition,’ vol. v. p. 363.
Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ pp. 216, 221, &c.
[83] Dalton, ‘Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal,’ p. 40.
[84] Bickmore, ‘Travels in the East Indian Archipelago,’ p. 205.
[85] Strabo, ‘Γεωγραφικά,’ book xv. p. 727.
[86] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 515.
[87] Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa,’
p. 147.
[88] Freycinet, ‘Voyage autour du monde,’ vol. ii. pp. 227, _et seq._
[89] Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,’ p. 125.
[90] Hooper, ‘Ten Months among the Tents of the Tuski,’ p. 100.
[91] Endemann, ‘Mittheilungen über die Sotho-Neger,’ in ‘Zeitschrift
für Ethnologie,’ vol. vi. p. 40.
[92] Jellinghaus, ‘Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche der Munda-Kolhs in
Chota Nagpore,’ _ibid._, vol. iii. p. 370.
[93] ‘Union d’un homme et d’une femme, faite dans les formes légales’
(Larousse, ‘Grand dictionnaire universel de XIX^e siècle,‘ vol. x. p.
1174).
[94] ‘Die Verbindung zweyer Personen verschiedenen Geschlechts zum
lebenswierigen wechselseitigen Besitz ihrer Geschlechtseigenschaften’
(Kant, ‘Die Metaphysik der Sitten,’ vol. i. p. 107).
[95] Schäffner, ‘Geschichte der Rechtsverfassung Frankreichs,’ vol.
iii. p. 186.
[96] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 649.
[97] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 479.
[98] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 400.
[99] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 299.
[100] The Orang-utan is said to be not full-grown till fifteen years of
age (Mohnike, in ‘Das Ausland,’ 1872, p. 850). _Cf._ Fiske, ‘Outlines
of Cosmic Philosophy,’ vol. ii. pp. 342, _et seq._
[101] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1872, p. 894.
[102] ‘Science,’ vol. vii. p. 172.
[103] Hyades, in ‘Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn,’ vol. vii. pp.
377, _et seq._
[104] Moore, ‘Marriage Customs, Modes of Courtship,’ &c., p. 292.
[105] Klemm, ‘Allgemeine Cultur-Geschichte der Menschheit,’ vol. ii.
p. 75.
[106] Rowney, ‘The Wild Tribes of India,’ pp. 203, _et seq._ v.
Siebold, ‘Die Aino auf Yesso,’ p. 31. Gray, ‘China,’ vol. ii. p. 304.
[107] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 80.
[108] Burckhardt, ‘Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys,’ p. 153.
[109] Nachtigal, ‘Sahara und Sudan,’ vol. ii., p. 177.
[110] Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 186.
[111] Erman, ‘Ethnographische Wahmehmungen an den Küsden des
Berings-Meeres,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. iii. p. 162.
[112] Harkness, ‘The Neilgherry Hills,’ p. 116.
[113] Bérenger-Féraud, ‘Le mariage chez les Nègres Sénégambiens,’ in
‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ 1883, pp. 286, _et seq._
[114] Blumentritt, ‘Versuch einer Ethnographic der Philippinen,’ pp.
27, _et seq._
[115] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 103.
[116] _Ibid._, p. 103.
[117] St. John, ‘Wild Tribes of the North-West Coast of Borneo,’ in
‘Transactions of the Ethnological Society,’ new series, vol. ii.
p.237. Low, ‘Sarawak,’ p. 195. Wilken, ‘Plechtigheden en gebruiken
bij verlovingen en huwelijken bij de volken van den Indischen
Archipel,’ in ‘Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 442.
[118] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157.
[119] Lewin, ‘Wild Races of South-Eastern India,’ p. 202.
[120] v. Zmigrodzki, ‘Die Mutter bei den Völkern des arischen
Stammes,’ pp. 246-248. _Cf._ Man, ‘On the Aboriginal Inhabitants
of the Andaman Islands,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p.81
(Andamanese).
[121] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 239.
[122] Schoolcraft,‘Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge,’ vol. v. p. 272.
[123] Wagner, ‘Handwörterbuch der Physiologie,’ vol. iv. p. 862.
Gruenhagen, ‘Lehrbuch der Physiologie,’ vol. iii. p. 528. _Cf._
Haycraft, ‘Some Physiological Results of Temperature Variations,’ in
‘Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,’ vol. xxix. p. 130.
[124] Janke, ‘Die willkürliche Hervorbringung des Geschlechts,’ pp.
220-222.
[125] Gruenhagen, vol. iii. p. 528.
[126] Thus, the bat pairs in January and February (Brehm,
‘Thierleben,’ vol. i. p. 299); the wild camel in the desert to the
east of Lake Lob-nor from the middle of January nearly to the end of
February (Prejevalsky ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ p. 91); the _Canis
Azarae_ and the Indian bison in winter (Rengger, _loc. cit._ p. 147).
(Forsyth, ‘The Highlands of Central India,’ p. 108); the wild-cat and
the fox, in February (Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. i. pp. 453, 662); the
weasel, in March (_ibid._, vol. ii. p. 84); the kulan, from May to July
(_ibid._, vol. iii. p. 19); the musk-ox, at the end of August (_ibid._,
vol. iii. p. 377); the elk, in the Baltic provinces, at the end of
August, and, in Asiatic Russia, in September or October (_ibid._,
vol. iii. p. 111); the wild yak in Tibet, in September (Prejevalsky,
‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 192); the reindeer in Norway, at the end of
September (Brehm, vol. iii. p. 123); the badger, in October (_ibid._,
vol. ii. p. 149); the _Capra pyrenaica_, in November (_ibid._, vol.
iii. p. 311); the chamois, the musk-deer, and the orongo-antelope, in
November and December (_ibid._, vol. iii. pp. 274, 95. Prejevalsky,
‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 205); the wolf, from the end of December to
the middle of February (Brehm, vol. i. p. 534).
[127] Brehm, vol. iii. pp. 275, 302. Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii.
pp. 199, 206.
[128] Brehm, vol. i. pp. 370, 404, 431; vol. ii. pp. 6, 325, 420; vol.
iii. pp. 111, 158, 159, 578, 599.
[129] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. ii. p. 313.
[130] _Ibid._, vol. iii. pp. 699, 723.
[131] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 482.
[132] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 440.
[133] _Ibid._, vol. i. pp. 119, 147, 182, 228. Schomburgk, _loc. cit._
vol. ii. p. 767.
[134] Brehm, vol. iii. pp. 480. It is also remarkable that the birds on
the Galapagos Islands, which are situated almost on the equator, seem
to have no definite breeding season (Markham, ‘Visit to the Galapagos
Islands,’ in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. p. 753).
[135] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 214.
[136] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1872, p. 850. Hartmann, _loc. cit._ p. 230.
Huxley, ‘Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature,’ p. 33.
[137] Burton, ‘Gorilla Land,’ vol i. p. 248.
[138] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 224.
[139] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 206.
[140] Foreman, ‘The Philippine Islands,’ p. 212.
[141] This statement, however, seems to be an exaggeration (_cf._ Curr,
‘The Australian Race,’ vol. i. pp. 310, _et seq._).
[142] Oldfield, ‘The Aborigines of Australia,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn.
Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iii. p. 230.
[143] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life and Origin of the Tasmanians,’ p. 198.
[144] Dalton, _loc. cit._, pp. 196, _et seq._
[145] _Ibid._, p. 300.
[146] Watson and Kaye, ‘The People of India,’ vol. i. no. 2. Rowney,
_loc. cit._ p. 76.
[147] Shortt, ‘Contribution to the Ethnology of Jeypore,’ in ‘Trans.
Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vi. p. 269.
[148] _Idem_, ‘Account of the Hill Tribes of the Neilgherries,’ in
‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 282.
[149] Bancroft, ‘Native Races of the Pacific States,’ vol. i. pp. 551,
_et seq._
[150] Fritsch, ‘Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika’s,’ p. 328.
[151] Rowley, ‘Africa Unveiled,’ p. 165.
[152] Kovalevsky, ‘Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia,’ pp. 10,
_et seq._
[153] Westropp and Wake, ‘Ancient Symbol Worship,’ p. 26.
[154] Mannhardt, ‘Wald-und Feldkulte,’ vol. i. ch. v. §§ 8-11,
especially pp. 449, 450, 469, 480, _et seq._ See also Kulischer,
‘Die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl bei den Menschen in der Urzeit,’ in
‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. viii. pp. 152-156.
[155] Wargentin, ‘Uti hvilka Månader flera Människor årligen födas
och dö i Sverige,’ in ‘Kongl. Vetenskaps-academiens Handlingar,’ vol.
xxviii. pp. 249-258.
[156] Wappäus, ‘Allgemeine Bevölkerungsstatistik,’ vol. i. p. 237.
[157] Sormani, ‘La fecondità e la mortalità umana in rapporto alle
stagioni ed ai clima d’Italia;’ quoted by Mayr, ‘Die Gesetzmässigkeit
im Gesellschaftsleben,’ p. 242.
[158] Mayr, p. 240. Beukemann, ‘Ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung über die
Vertheilung der Geburten nach Monaten,’ pp. 15-22.
[159] Haycraft, in ‘Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh,’ vol. xxix. pp. 119,
_et seq._
[160] Mayr, _loc. cit._, p. 241.
[161] Beukemann, _loc. cit._ p. 26.
[162] Wargentin, in ‘Kongl. Vet.-acad. Handl.,’ vol. xxviii. p. 252.
Wappäus, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 237.
[163] Wappäus, vol. i. pp. 250, 237.
[164] Hill, ‘The Life Statistics of an Indian Province,’ in ‘Nature,’
vol. xxxviii., p. 250.
[165] See, for instance, Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. i. p. 414; Wappäus,
vol. i. pp. 239, 247.
[166] Rousselet, ‘India and its Native Princes,’ p. 173.
[167] Reclus, ‘Nouvelle géographie universelle,’ vol. viii. p. 70.
[168] Tod, ‘Annals and Antiquities of Rajast’han,’ vol. i. p. 495.
[169] Villermé. quoted by Quetelet, ‘Treatise on Man,’ p. 21.
[170] Beukemann, _loc. cit._ pp. 18, 28.
[171] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 206.
[172] _Ante_, p. 27.
[173] _Cf._ Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 354.
[174] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. ii. p. 149.
[175] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 124.
[176] Wappäus, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 241.
[177] Wargentin, in ‘Kongl. Vet.-acad. Handl.,’ vol. xxviii. p. 254.
[178] Wappäus, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 242. Bertillon, ‘Natalité
(démographie),’ in ‘Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences
médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. xi. p. 479.
[179] Beukemann, _loc. cit._ p. 59.
[180] Hill, in ‘Nature,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 250.
[181] Professor Nicholson says (‘Sexual Selection in Man,’ p. 9) that
Darwinism _fails_ to assign any adequate cause for this.
[182] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 113.
[183] Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iii. pp. 269, _et
seq._
[184] Darwin, ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under
Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 255.
[185] Wappäus, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 247.
[186] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 246. Quetelet, _loc. cit._ p. 20. Bertillon,
in ‘Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol.
xi. p. 480.
[187] Wappäus, vol. i. p. 343.
[188] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 333.
[189] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 43.
[190] _Ibid._, vol. iii. pp. 549, 557.
[191] Müller, _loc. cit._ pp. 2, 86, 104. I myself know of a canary
that laid eggs as early as March.
[192] Peschel, ‘The Races of Man,’ pp. 229, _et seq._
[193] Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines du mariage et de la famille,’ p.
148. Lippert, ‘Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit,’ vol. ii. pp. 54,
_et seq._ Von Hellwald, ‘Die menschliche Familie,’ p. 207: ‘Was
später der Vater, das ist der Oheim zur Zeit des Mutterrechtes und des
Matriarchats.’ Kovalevsky, ‘Tableau des origines et de l’évolution de
la famille et de la propriété,’ pp. 15, 16, 21.
[194] Giraud-Teulon, _loc. cit._ pp. 199, _et seq._
[195] Kovalevsky, ‘Tableau des origines de la famille,’ pp. 21, _et
seq._
[196] Bastian, ‘Die Rechtsverhältnisse bei verschiedenen Völkern der
Erde,’ p. 181.
[197] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.
[198] Munzinger, ‘Ostafrikanische Studien,’ p. 528.
[199] Cain, ‘The Bhadrachellam and Rekapalli Taluqas,’ in ‘The Indian
Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 34.
[200] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 150.
[201] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 268. _Cf._ Bartram, ‘The
Creek and Cherokee Indians,’ in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol.
iii. pt. i. p. 65.
[202] Codrington, ‘The Melanesians,’ p. 34. _Cf._ Curr, _loc. cit._
vol. i. pp. 60, 62, 69.
[203] Kautsky, ‘Die Entstehung der Ehe und Familie,’ in ‘Kosmos’ vol.
xii. p. 198.
[204] _Cf._ Tylor, ‘Primitive Society,’ in ‘The Contemporary Review,’
vol. xxi. pp. 711, _et seq._
[205] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 166.
[206] Savage, ‘Description of _Troglodytes Gorilla_,’ p. 9.
[207] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 220.
[208] Du Chaillu, _loc. cit._ p. 349.
[209] ‘Die Gartenlaube,’ 1877, p. 418.
[210] Savage, in ‘Boston Journal of Natural History,’ vol. iv. pp.
384, _et seq._
[211] Du Chaillu, p. 358.
[212] Hartmann, _loc. cit._ p. 221: ‘Dieses Thier lebt in einzelnen
Familien oder in kleinern Gruppen von solchen beieinander.'
[213] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Psychology,’ vol. ii. pp. 558, _et
seq._
[214] Savage, in ‘Boston Journal of Natural History,’ vol. iv. p. 384.
_Cf._ v. Koppenfels, in ‘Die Gartenlaube,’ 1877, p. 419.
[215] Spencer, vol. ii. p. 558.
[216] Herr Kautsky is certainly mistaken when he says (‘Kosmos,’ vol.
xii. p. 193), ‘Nicht Familien, sondern Stämme sind es, denen wir bei
den Völkern begegnen, die sich ihre ursprünglichen Einrichtungen noch
bewahrt haben.'
[217] Pridham, ‘Account of Ceylon,’ vol. i. p. 454. _Cf._ Hartshorne,
‘The Weddas,’ in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.
[218] Bailey, ‘The Wild Tribes of the Veddahs of Ceylon,’ in ‘Trans.
Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. p. 281.
[219] Stirling, ‘Residence in Tierra del Fuego,’ in ‘The South
American Missionary Magazine,’ vol. iv. p. 11.
[220] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 124.
[221] Hyades, ‘Ethnographie des Fuégiens,’ in ‘Bulletins de la
Société d’Anthropologie de Paris,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 333.
[222] Bove, ‘Patagonia, Terra del Fuoco,’ p. 134. Lovisato, ‘Appunti
etnografici sulla Terra del Fuoco,’ in Guido Cora’s ‘Cosmos,’ vol.
viii. p. 150.
[223] Bridges, ‘Manners and Customs of the Firelanders,’ in ‘A Voice
for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 204.
[224] Salvado, ‘Mémoires historiques sur l’Australie,’ pp. 265, _et
seq._ _Idem_, ‘Voyage en Australie,’ p. 178.
[225] Stanbridge, ‘The Tribes in the Central Part of Victoria,’ in
‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. i. pp. 286, _et seq._
[226] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 278.
[227] Fritsch, _loc. cit._ pp. 443, _et seq._
[228] Thulié, ‘Instructions sur les Bochimans,’ in ‘Bull. Soc.
d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. iv. pp. 409, _et seq._ Lichtenstein,
‘Travels in Southern Africa,’ vol. i. p. 48.
[229] Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 194.
[230] v. Martius, ‘Civil and Natural Rights among the Aboriginal
Inhabitants of Brazil,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 192.
[231] v. Tschudi, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 283.
[232] v. Martius, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnographic Amerika’s,’ vol. i. pp.
244, 400, 247.
[233] Bates, ‘The Naturalist on the River Amazons,’ vol. ii. p. 376.
[234] _Ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 381, 377, _et seq._; vol. i. p. 328.
[235] Southey, ‘History of Brazil,’ vol. ii. p. 373.
[236] v. Spix and v. Martius, ‘Travels in Brazil,’ vol. ii. p. 244.
[237] Petroff, ‘The Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska,’
p. 135.
[238] Ahlqvist, ‘Die Kulturwörter der westfinnischen Sprachen,’ p. 220.
[239] Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 49, 194.
[240] King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 177, _et seq._
[241] Hunter, ‘Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson
and Norfolk Island,’ p. 62.
[242] Meyer, _loc. cit._ p. 191.
[243] Brough Smyth, ‘The Aborigines of Victoria,’ vol. i. pp. 146, _et
seq._
[244] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 207, _et seq._
[245] _Cf._ Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. §§ 24, 27.
[246] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 72.
[247] Lubbock, ‘The Development of Relationships,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr.
Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 2.
[248] Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ pp. xxi., xx., 10. _Idem_,
‘Antiquarische Briefe,’ pp. 20, _et seq._ McLennan, _loc. cit._
pp. 92, 95. Morgan, _loc. cit._ pp. 480, 487, _et seq._ _Idem_,
‘Ancient Society,’ pp. 418, 500-502. Lubbock _loc. cit._ pp.
86, 98, 104. Bastian, _loc. cit._ p. xviii. Giraud-Teulon, _loc.
cit._ p. 70. Lippert, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 7. Post, ‘Die
Geschlechtsgenossenschaft der Urzeit,’ pp. 16, _et seq._ _Idem_,
‘Die Grundlagen des Rechts,’ pp. 183, _et seq._ _Idem_, ‘Studien
zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Familienrechts,’ pp. 54, _et seq._
Wilken, ‘Over de primitieve vormen van het huwelijk en den oorsprong
van het gezin,’ in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol ii. p. 611. Kohler,
in ‘Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft,’ vol. iv. p.
267. Engels, ‘Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des
Staats,’ p. 17. Mr. Herbert Spencer, though inferring (‘The Principles
of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 635) that even in prehistoric times
promiscuity was checked by the establishment of individual connections,
thinks that in the earliest stages it was but in a small degree thus
qualified.
[249] Fiske, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 345. Kulischer, in ‘Zeitschrift
für Ethnologie,’ vol. viii. pp. 140, _et seq._ Gomplowicz, ‘Grundriss
der Sociologie,’ p. 107. Bevel, ‘Woman in the Past, Present, and
Future,’ p. 9.
[250] Herodotus, ‘Ιστορία,’ book i. ch. 216. Strabo, _loc. cit._ book
xi. p. 513.
[251] Herodotus, book iv. ch. 180.
[252] Solinus, ‘Collectanea Rerum Memorabilium,’ ch. xxx. § 2.
[253] Nicolaus Damascenus, ‘Ἐθῶν συναγω γή,’ §§ 3, 14.
[254] Wolkov, ‘Rites et usages nuptiaux en Ukraine,’ in
‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 164.
[255] Garcilasso de la Vega, ‘The Royal Commentaries of the Yncas,’
vol. ii. p. 443.
[256] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ pp. 86-95.
[257] Belcher, ‘The Andaman Islands,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.
vol. v. p. 45.
[258] Poole, ‘Queen Charlotte Islands,’ p. 312.
[259] Baegert, ‘The Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Californian
Peninsula,’ in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1863, p. 368.
[260] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ pp. 87, _et seq._
[261] Buchanan, ‘Journey from Madras,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of
Voyages and Travels,’ vol. viii. p. 736. Lubbock, p. 87.
[262] Watson and Kaye, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. no. 85.
[263] Dubois, ‘Description of the People of India,’ p. 3.
[264] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 240.
[265] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ pp. 36, 51, 53. Ridley,
‘Kámilarói,’ pp. 161, _et seq._
[266] Schürmann, ‘The Aboriginal Tribes of Port Lincoln,’ in Wood’s
‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ p. 223.
[267] King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 182.
[268] Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. pp. 610, _et seq._
_Idem_, ‘Over de verwantschap en het huwelijks-en erfrecht bij de
volken van het maleische ras,’ pp. 20; 82 note.
[269] Bastian, ‘Ueber die Eheverhältnisse,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für
Ethnologie,’ vol. vi. p. 406.
[270] _Idem_, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. lxi., note 36.
[271] _Idem_, ‘Die Culturländer des Alten America,’ vol. ii. p. 654,
note 4.
[272] Quoted by Giraud-Teulon, _loc. cit._ p. 72.
[273] Baegert, in ‘Smith Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368.
[274] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 239.
[275] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ pp. 104, et seq. Morgan in his
‘Introduction’ to Fison and Howitt’s ‘Kamilaroi and Kurnai,’ p. 10.
Kohler, ‘Ueber das Recht der Australneger,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl.
Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 344. Kovalevsky, ‘Tableau des origines de
la famille,’ pp. 13, _et seq._
[276] Fison and Howitt, p. 60.
[277] _Ibid_., pp. 159, _et seq._
[278] Howitt, ‘Australian Group Relations,’ in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883,
p. 817.
[279] As regards the Melanesians, Dr. Codrington remarks (_loc. cit._
pp. 22, _et seq._): ‘Speaking generally, it may be said that to a
Melanesian man all women, of his own generation at least, are either
sisters or wives, to the Melanesian woman all men are either brothers
or husbands.... It must not be understood that a Melanesian regards
all women who are not of his own division as, in fact, his wives, or
conceives himself to have rights which he may exercise in regard to
those women of them who are unmarried; but the women who may be his
wives by marriage and those who cannot possibly be so, stand in a
widely different relation to him.'
[280] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 126.
[281] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 142.
[282] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 404.
[283] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 135.
[284] Burchell, ‘Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa,’ vol.
ii. p. 60.
[285] Barrow, ‘Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa,’ vol.
i. p. 276.
[286] Woldt, ‘Capitain Jacobsen’s Reise an der Nordwestküste
Amerikas,’ pp. 20, 21, 28, _et seq._
[287] Ratzel, ‘Völkerkunde,’ vol. ii. p. 430.
[288] Schwaner, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 231, note: ‘De Koeteinezen
verhalen, dat hunne Ot geene huwelijken sluiten, geen woningen hebben,
en als de dieren des wouds door hen gejaagd worden.'
[289] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 230.
[290] Richardson, ‘Arctic Searching Expedition,’ vol. i. p. 383.
Kirby, ‘Journey to the Youcan,’ in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419.
Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 131.
[291] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 693.
[292] Schomburgk, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 459, _et seq._ Brett, ‘The
Indian Tribes of Guiana,’ p. 98.
[293] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 472.
[294] Dalton, ‘The “Kols” of Chota Nagpore,‘ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’
N. S. vol. vi. p. 25.
[295] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 81.
[296] Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p. 304.
[297] With reference to the Tahitians, Forster says (‘Voyage round
the World,’ vol. ii. p. 132), ‘We have been told a wanton tale of
promiscuous embraces, where every woman is common to every man: but
when we inquired for a confirmation of this story from the natives,
we were soon convinced that it must, like many others, be considered
as a groundless invention of a traveller’s gay fancy.’ Regarding the
Peruvian natives alleged to live in a state of promiscuity, Garcilasso
de la Vega assures us (_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 443) that he saw them
with his own eyes when on his way to Spain, for the ship stopped on
their coast for _three_ days.
[298] Pliny, ‘Historia Naturalis,’ book v. ch. 8: ‘Garamantes,
matrimoniorum exsortes, passim cum foeminis degunt.... Blemmyis
traduntur capita abesse, ore et oculis pectori affixis.'
[299] Rowney, _loc. cit._ pp. 140, 142, 143.
[300] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. p. 293.
[301] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 85, _et seq._
[302] Post, ‘Die Grundlagen des Rechts,’ p. 187. _Cf._ Wilken, in ‘De
Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 1195.
[303] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 206.
[304] Proyart, ‘History of Loango,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of
Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 568.
[305] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 261.
[306] Forbes, ‘Dahomey and the Dahomans,’ vol. i. p. 26.
[307] Barth, ‘Reisen in Nord-und Central-Afrika,’ vol. ii. p. 18.
[308] Chavanne, _loc. cit._ p. 315.
[309] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 326.
[310] Baker, _loc. cit._ p. 124.
[311] Munzinger, p. 243. For certain other African peoples, see Moore,
_loc. cit._ p. 221; Munzinger, pp. 145, 146, 208; d’Escayrac de
Lauture, ‘Die Afrikanische Wüste,’ p. 132.
[312] Hanoteau and Letourneux, ‘La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles,’
vol. ii. pp. 148, 187.
[313] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 240.
[314] Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 166.
[315] Liebich, ‘Die Zigeuner,’ p. 50, note 1.
[316] Georgi, ‘Beschreibung aller Nationen des russischen Reichs,’ p.
311.
[317] Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 26.
[318] Prejevalsky, ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ p. 112.
[319] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 343.
[320] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 444.
[321] Low, _loc. cit._ pp. 300, 247.
[322] St. John, ‘Life in the Forests of the Far East,’ vol. i. pp. 52,
_et seq._
[323] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 66.
[324] Meyer, ‘Die Igorrotes von Luzon,’ in ‘Verhandlungen der
Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte,’
1883, pp. 384, _et seq._ Blumentritt, _loc. cit_. p. 27. For other
tribes of the Indian Archipelago, see Marsden, ‘The History of
Sumatra,’ p. 261; and Matthes, ‘Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van
Zuid-Celebes,’ p. 6.
[325] Earl, ‘Papuans,’ p. 81. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p.
629. Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ pp. 77, 82, 92, 101.
[326] Bonwick, _loc. cit._ p. 60.
[327] Finsch, p. 101.
[328] Bonwick, pp. 59, 11.
[329] Erskine, ‘The Islands of the Western Pacific,’ p. 341.
[330] _Ibid._, p. 255.
[331] Codrington, _loc. cit._ p. 235.
[332] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 138.
[333] Turner, ‘Nineteen Years in Polynesia,’ p. 184.
[334] Quoted by Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 318.
[335] Dawson, ‘Australian Aborigines,’ pp. 33, 28.
[336] Quoted by Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 155.
[337] Egede, ‘Description of Greenland,’ p. 141.
[338] Cranz, ‘The History of Greenland,’ vol. i. p. 145.
[339] Hearne, ‘Journey to the Northern Ocean,’ p. 311.
[340] Catlin, ‘Illustrations of the Manners, Customs, and Condition of
the North American Indians,’ vol. i. p. 121.
[341] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 654.
[342] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 514.
[343] See Meares, ‘Voyages,’ p. 251; Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p.
112.
[344] Dobrizhoffer, ‘Account of the Abipones,’ vol. ii. p. 153.
[345] Nansen, ‘The First Crossing of Greenland,’ vol. ii. p. 329.
[346] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 381.
[347] Lord, ‘The Naturalist in Vancouver Island,’ vol. ii. p. 233.
[348] Woldt, _loc. cit._ p. 28.
[349] King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 173.
[350] Musters, ‘At Home with the Patagonians,’ p. 197.
[351] Vancouver, ‘Voyage of Discovery,’ vol. i. pp. 171, _et seq._
[352] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 108. Brenchley,
‘Jottings during the Cruise of _H.M.S. Curaçoa_ among the South Sea
Islands,’ p. 208. _Cf._ Meade, ‘A Ride through the Disturbed Districts
of New Zealand,’ p. 163 (Maoris).
[353] Ellis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 270.
[354] Stephens, ‘The Aborigines of Australia,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc.
N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 480.
[355] Sibree, ‘The Great African Island,’ p. 252.
[356] Krauss, ‘Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven,’ ch. xii. pp. 197-227.
[357] Ahlqvist, _loc. cit._ p. 214.
[358] Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes,’ p.
72.
[359] Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 444.
[360] Drury, ‘Adventures during Fifteen Years’ Captivity on the Island
of Madagascar,‘ p. 323.
[361] Wappäus, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 484.
[362] v. Oettingen, ‘Moralstatistik,’ p. 317.
[363] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 199.
[364] _Ibid._, pp. 199, 216.
[365] _Ibid._, p. 327.
[366] _Cf._ Barth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 18; v. Holten, ‘Das Land
der Yurakarer,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. ix. p. 109;
Hunter, ‘The Annals of Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 205.
[367] _Cf._ Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 114; vol. iii. pp. 111,
343; vol. vi. pp. 125, 774; Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 415; Lewin, _loc.
cit._ p. 348; Martin, _loc. cit._ vol ii. p. 175; Riedel, ‘De sluik-en
kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua,’ pp. 5, 42; Marsden,
_loc. cit._ p. 261.
[368] Lewin, p. 193.
[369] _Ibid._, p. 203.
[370] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 248.
[371] Watt, ‘The Aboriginal Tribes of Manipur,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr.
Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 358.
[372] St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 53.
[373] Rogers, ‘Scotland Social and Domestic,’ p. 109.
[374] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 536.
[375] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book i. ch. 199.
[376] Strabo, _loc. cit._ book xi. p. 532.
[377] Lubbock, pp. 535-537.
[378] McLennan, _loc. cit._ p. 341.
[379] Herodotus, book iv. ch. 172. Pomponius Mela, ‘De Situ Orbis,’
book i. ch. 8.
[380] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 442.
[381] Diodorus Siculus, ‘Βιβλιοθήκη ἱστορική,’ book v. ch. 1.
[382] v. Langsdorf, ‘Voyages and Travels,’ vol. i. p. 153.
[383] McLennan, _loc. cit._ p. 341. The case stated by Garcilasso de la
Vega must, however, be excepted.
[384] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 132. Post, ‘Die
Geschlechtsgenossenschaft der Urzeit,’ pp. 34, _et seq._ Le Bon,
‘L’homme et les sociétés,’ vol. ii. p. 292. Lippert, _loc. cit._ vol.
ii. p. 17. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss,’ vol. vii. p. 327.
[385] It occurs among the Kafirs (v. Weber, ‘Vier Jahre in Afrika,’
vol. ii. p. 218), several Central African peoples (Reade, _loc. cit._
p. 262. Du Chaillu, _loc. cit._ p. 47. Merolla da Sorrento, ‘Voyage
to Congo,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 272.
Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 114), the Aleuts (Dall, _loc. cit._ p.
399. Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 92, _et seq._ Georgi, _loc.
cit._ p. 372), Eskimo (Bancroft, vol. i. p. 65), Crees (Mackenzie,
‘Voyages to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans,’ p. xcvi.), Comanches
(Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 684), Apaches (Bancroft, vol. i.
p. 514), some Californians (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 153), the aborigines
of Surinam (Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 267), and Brazil (v. Martius, _loc.
cit._ vol. i. p. 118), Sinhalese (Pridham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.
250), Dyaks of Sidin (Western Borneo) and Orang-Saki (Wilken, in
‘Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië,’
ser. v. vol. iv. p. 451), the Australians (Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol.
i. p. 93. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr.
f. vgl. Rechtswiss,’ vol. vii. pp. 326, _et seq._ Curr, _loc. cit._
vol. i. p. 110), Tasmanians (Bonwick, _loc. cit._ p. 75), Papuans
(Zimmermann, ‘Die Inseln des indischen und stillen Meeres,’ vol. ii.
p. 183), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 212),
and some other Pacific Islanders (Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 194. Post,
‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ p. 35), as also the Votyaks and
certain Siberian peoples (Buch, ‘Die Wotjäken,’ p. 48). This list
might easily be enlarged.
[386] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 111. Regnard, ‘Journey to
Lapland,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. i. pp. 166, _et
seq._ Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 267. Marco Polo, ‘The Kingdoms and Marvels
of the East,’ vol. ii. p. 34. Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’
pp. 34, _et seq._ Coxe, ‘The Russian Discoveries between Asia and
America,’ p. 245.
[387] Rochon, ‘Voyage to Madagascar,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of
Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 747.
[388] Sauer, ‘Expedition to the Northern Parts of Russia,’ p. 49.
[389] Sproat, ‘Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,’ p. 95.
[390] Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 356.
[391] Du Chaillu, _loc. cit._ p. 47.
[392] Lyon, ‘The Private Journal,’ &c., p. 354. Hearne, _loc. cit._
p. 129. Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 92. Steller, ‘Beschreibung
von Kamtschatka,’ p. 347. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 308; vol. vi.
pp. 130, 131, 622. Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 172. Zimmermann,
_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 247.
[393] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 140.
[394] Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 34.
[395] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol ii. p. 316. _Cf._ Mathew, in
‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 404.
[396] Johnston, ‘The Kilima-njaro Expedition,’ p. 431.
[397] McLennan, _loc. cit._ p. 337, note. _Cf._ Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy.
Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 404.
[398] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 698. ‘Revue des deux Mondes,’ 1883,
June 1, p. 688.
[399] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 382.
[400] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 113, 428, 485.
[401] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 671.
[402] _Ibid._, vol. i. pp. 584, _et seq._ Bastian, in ‘Zeitschrift für
Ethnologie,’ vol. vi. p. 408, note.
[403] Bontier and Le Verrier, ‘The Canarian,’ Introduction, p. xxxv.
_Cf._ Glas, ‘The History of the Discovery and Conquest of the Canary
Islands,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 819.
[404] Barth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 571, note *.
[405] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book iv. ch. 168.
[406] Navarette, ‘The Great Empire of China,’ in Awnsham and
Churchill’s ‘Collection of Voyages and Travels,’ vol. i. p. 320.
[407] Hamilton, ‘New Account of the East Indies,’ in Pinkerton,
‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. viii. p. 374.
[408] Sugenheim, ‘Geschichte der Aufhebung der Leibeigenschaft und
Hörigkeit in Europa,’ p. 104. Philip VI. and Charles VI. could not, in
the fourteenth century, induce the Bishops of Amiens to give up the
old custom, “dass jedes neuvremählte Paar ihrer Stadt und Diöcese die
Erlaubniss zur ehelichen Beiwohnung in den drei ersten Nächten nach der
Trauung von ihnen mittelst einer bedeutenden Abgabe erkaufen musste.”
[409] Schmidt, ‘Jus primae noctis,’ pp. 379, &c.
[410] See Professor Kohler’s criticism in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl.
Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iv. pp. 279-287.
[411] Kulischer, ‘Die communale “Zeitehe,”‘ in ‘Archiv. für
Anthropologie,’ vol. xi. pp. 228, _et seq._
[412] Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ pp. 12, 13, 17, 18,
&c. Giraud-Teulon, _loc. cit._ pp. 32, &c. Kulischer, in
‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ vol. xi. p. 223. Post, ‘Die
Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ p. 37. Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 537. Wilken,
in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 1196. See Schmidt, ‘Das
Streit über das jus primae noctis,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’
vol. xvi. pp. 44, _et seq._
[413] Holub, ‘Seven Years in South Africa,’ vol. ii. pp. 160, _et seq._
[414] Bastian, ‘Der Mensch in der Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 302.
Burton, ‘Mission to Gelele, King of Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 67.
[415] Bosman, ‘Description of the Coast of Guinea,’ in Pinkerton,
‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 480.
[416] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 161.
[417] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 45.
[418] Moore, p. 182.
[419] Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 213.
[420] Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 29.
[421] Yate, ‘Account of New Zealand,’ p. 96.
[422] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 184.
[423] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 359.
[424] ‘Ѕалнск? сељскаго св?ще?н?ка,’ in ‘Русская Сгарина,’ vol.
xxvii. pp. 63, 77.
[425] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 140.
[426] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 113, _et seq._
[427] Hamilton, _loc. cit._ p. 374.
[428] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ pp. 133, 537-539. Giraud-Teulon, _loc. cit._
pp. 43-53.
[429] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 539.
[430] See Giraud-Teulon, _loc. cit._ p. 44.
[431] McLennan, _loc. cit._ p. 343.
[432] Juan and Ulloa, ‘Voyage to South America,’ in Pinkerton,
‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xiv. p. 521.
[433] Regnard, _loc. cit._ p. 166.
[434] St. Andrew St. John, ‘The Hill Tribes of North Aracan,’ in
‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 239.
[435] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human
Family,’ p. 12.
[436] ‘Malayan,’ as Mr. Wallace remarks, is a bad term, as this system
does not occur among true Malays.
[437] Morgan, pp. 450, _et seq._
[438] _Idem_, ‘Ancient Society,’ pp. 403, _et seq._ _Idem_, ‘Systems
of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ pp. 482, _et seq._
[439] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 184.
[440] _Ibid._, p. 196.
[441] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., p. 488.
[442] As the second form he assumes the ‘Punaluan family,’ which was
founded upon intermarriage of several sisters and female cousins with
each other’s husbands (or several brothers and male cousins with each
other’s wives) in a group, the joint husbands (or wives) not being
necessarily akin to each other, although often so (‘Ancient Society,’
p. 384).
[443] _Ibid._, p. 502. _Cf._ Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 487, _et seq._
[444] Buschmann, ‘Ueber den Naturlaut,’ in ‘Philologische und
historische Abhandlungen der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
Berlin,’ 1852, pp. 391-423. Independently of him Sir J. Lubbock has
compiled a similar table in ‘The Origin of Civilization,’ pp. 427-432.
[445] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 10, 9.
[446] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 18.
[447] Hunter, ‘Comparative Dictionary of the Languages of India and
High Asia,’ p. 122.
[448] von der Gabelentz, ‘Die melanesischen Sprachen,’ vol. ii. p. 139.
[449] Hunter, pp. 122, 143.
[450] von der Gabelentz, vol. ii. p. 52.
[451] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 215.
[452] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 172.
[453] Klaproth, ‘Asia Polyglotta,’ p. 281.
[454] Barth, ‘Central-afrikanische Vokabularien,’ p. 212.
[455] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 293.
[456] von den Steinen, ‘Durch Central-Brasilien,’ p. 341.
[457] von der Gabelentz, vol. i. p. 71.
[458] Barth, p. 214.
[459] von der Gabelentz, vol. ii. p. 52.
[460] Preyer, ‘Die Seele des Kindes,’ p. 321.
[461] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 431.
[462] von den Steinen, _loc. cit._ p. 341.
[463] Schomburgk, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 318. Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’
pp. 126, 186.
[464] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 295, 313, 339, 348, 358, 362, 368,
374.
[465] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 366.
[466] Robertson Smith, ‘Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia,’ p. 117.
[467] Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes,’ p.
65.
[468] Müller, ‘Comparative Mythology,’ in ‘Oxford Essays,’ 1856, pp.
14, _et seq._ _Idem_, ‘Biographies of Words,’ p. xvi.
[469] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 433. _Cf._ Sayce, ‘Principles of
Comparative Philology,’ p. 211.
[470] _Cf._ McLennan, _loc. cit._ p. 259; Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 188.
[471] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., p. 132.
[472] Davy, ‘Account of the Interior of Ceylon,’ p. 117.
[473] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., p. 453, note.
[474] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 127.
[475] Barth, ‘Central-afrikanische Vocabularien,’ p. 216. Vámbéry,
‘Die primitive Cultur,’ &c., p. 69.
[476] Barth, p. 216.
[477] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 244, et seq.
[478] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 258.
[479] Casalis, ‘The Basutos,’ p. 207.
[480] Ahlqvist, _loc. cit._ p. 209.
[481] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 431. Nordqvist, ‘Tschuktschisk
ordlista,’ in Nordenskiöld, ‘Vega-expeditionens vetenskapliga
iakttagelser,’ vol. i. pp. 386, 390.
[482] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 247, _et seq_.
[483] Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 277. _Cf._ Collins, ‘New South Wales,’
vol. i. p. 544.
[484] Nicolaus Damascenus, _loc. cit._ § 3.
[485] Deecke, ‘Die deutschen Verwandtschaftsnamen,’ p. 79.
[486] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 116.
[487] Ahlqvist, p. 209.
[488] Dixon, ‘The Tsuishikari Ainos,’ in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’
vol. xi. pt. i. p. 43.
[489] Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur,’ &c., p. 65.
[490] Ahlqvist, p. 212.
[491] Ahlqvist, _loc. cit._ p. 211.
[492] von den Steinen, _loc. cit._ p. 341.
[493] Ahlqvist, p. 210. von der Gabelentz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 172.
[494] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ p. 452, note. _Cf._ the German ‘Junge.'
[495] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 91, _et seq._
[496] Eyre, ‘Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central
Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 214.
[497] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 143.
[498] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 247.
[499] Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 212.
[500] Mr. A. J. Swann, in a letter dated Kavala Island, Lake
Tanganyika, December 14th, 1888.
[501] Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.
According to M. Le Mesurier (‘The Veddás of Ceylon,’ in Jour. Roy. As.
Soc. Ceylon Branch,‘ vol. ix. p. 347), the Rock or Hill Veddahs use
the word for brother, ‘aluwa,’ when they speak of or to any person with
whom they are in friendship.
[502] Mr. Bridges, in a letter dated Downeast, Tierra del Fuego, August
28th, 1888.
[503] In dealing with the pretended group-marriages of the Australians,
we have noted the distortion of facts to which Mr. Morgan’s hypothesis
has given rise. Nowhere has this distortion appeared in an odder way
than in Professor Bernhöft’s pamphlet, entitled ‘Verwandtschaftsnamen
und Eheformen der nordamerikanischen Volksstämme.’ The author, misled
by the systems of nomenclature, asserts that even now group-marriages
are extremely common (have ‘eine ungeheure Verbreitung’) not only
among the Australians, but also throughout America and Africa,
and in many parts of Asia (pp. 8, 16). In a paper of more recent
date (‘Altindische Familien-Organisation,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl.
Rechtswiss.,’ vol. ix. p. 7), however, Professor Bernhöft admits that
the actual practice has _mostly_ become different from that which
the terms indicate, and that the progress to individual marriage has
already often taken place.
[504] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ pp. 196, _et seq._ Morgan, ‘Systems,’ p. 35
note.
[505] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ p. 36, note.
[506] ‘Das Mutterrecht.'
[507] McLennan, _loc. cit._ p. 88.
[508] See, besides the works of Bachofen and McLennan, Lubbock,
_loc. cit._ pp. 151-156; Giraud-Teulon, _loc. cit._ ch. vii.-x.;
_Idem_, ‘La Mère chez certains peuples de l’antiquité;’ Bastian,
‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ pp. 183, _et seq._; Lippert, ‘Die Geschichte
der Familie,’ sec. i.; _Idem_, ‘Kulturgeschichte,’ vol. ii.
ch. ii.; Dargun, ‘Mutterrecht und Raubehe,’ pp. 2-9; Post,
‘Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ pp. 93, _et seq._; _Idem_, ‘Der
Ursprung des Rechts,’ pp. 37, _et seq._; _Idem_, ‘Baustiene,’ vol.
i. pp. 77, _et seq._; Starcke, ‘The Primitive Family,’ sec. i. ch.
i.-v.; Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1881, vol. li. pp. 244-254;
Friedrichs, ‘Ueber den Ursprung des Matriarchats,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f.
vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. viii. pp. 382, _et seq._; Frazer, ‘Totemism,’
pp. 70-72; Letourneau, ‘L’évolution du mariage et de la famille,’ ch.
xvi.-xviii.; Wake, ‘The Development of Marriage and Kinship,’ ch.
viii., _et seq._
[509] _Cf._ Hale, in ‘Science,’ vol. xix. p. 30.
[510] Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 176.
[511] Heriot, _loc. cit._ pp. 343, _et seq._
[512] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 371 (Yokuts). Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv.
p. 242.
[513] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 182, 194.
[514] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 234.
[515] Sproat, _loc. cit._ pp. 98, 116.
[516] Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 71.
[517] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., pp. 5,
_et seq._
[518] v. Humboldt, ‘Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New
Continent,’ vol. vi. p. 41. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 383.
[519] Buckley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 31.
[520] Waitz, vol. iii. pp. 471, _et seq._ Spencer, ‘Descriptive
Sociology,’ American Races, p. 10.
[521] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 352, _et seq._ Wallace,
‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 499.
[522] Hyades, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 334.
[523] Cook, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 412.
[524] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 579, 583.
[525] Ellis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 260.
[526] Cook, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 172.
[527] Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ pp. 391, _et seq._
[528] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 247. Waitz-Gerland, _loc.
cit._ vol. vi. p. 203.
[529] Gill, ‘Myths and Songs from the South Pacific,’ p. 36.
[530] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 366.
[531] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 209, _et seq._ Cheyne,
‘Islands in the Western Pacific Ocean,’ p. 109. Waitz-Gerland, _loc.
cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 119.
[532] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 244.
[533] Hickson, ‘A Naturalist in North Celebes,’ pp. 285, _et seq._
Wilken, ‘Over de verwantschap, etc., bij de volken van het maleische
ras,’ p. 21.
[534] Wilken, p. 21.
[535] Kohler, ‘Das Recht der Papuas auf Neu-Guinea,’ in ‘Zeitschr.
f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. pp. 373, 375. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc.
d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 395. Chalmers, ‘Pioneering in New
Guinea,’ p. 188.
[536] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 85.
[537] Taylor, ‘Te Ika a Maui,’ p. 326. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol.
vi. p. 210.
[538] According to Mr. Frazer (_loc. cit._ p. 70), the proportion of
tribes with female to those with male descent is as four to one.
[539] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ pp. 276, 285. Waitz-Gerland, vol.
vi. p. 777. Eyre, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 328. Frazer, p. 70.
[540] Taplin, ‘The Narrinyeri,’ in Wood’s, ‘The Native Tribes of
South Australia,’ pp. 12, 51.
[541] Gason, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 186.
[542] Grey, ‘Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West
and Western Australia,’ vol. ii. pp. 226, 236.
[543] Marshall, ‘A Phrenologist amongst the Todas,’ p. 206.
[544] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, pp. 10, _et
seq._
[545] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 274.
[546] Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 167.
[547] Hunter, ‘The Annals of Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 202.
[548] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 11.
[549] Burckhardt, ‘Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys,’ p. 75. Wilken’s
‘Das Matriarchat bei den alten Arabern’ and Professor Robertson
Smith’s (_loc. cit._ p. 151) suggestion that the maternal system
alone prevailed among the ancient Arabs, must be regarded as a mere
hypothesis. _Cf._ Redhouse, ‘Notes on Prof. E. B. Tylor’s “Arabian
Matriarchate.”‘
[550] Wake, _loc. cit._ p. 271.
[551] _Cf._ Dargun, _loc. cit._ p. 5.
[552] Batchelor, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. x. p. 212.
[553] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 458. Dalton, _loc. cit._
pp. 54, 57, 63 (Jyntias, Khasias, Garos). Dargun, p. 5, note.
[554] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 522. _Cf._ Burton, ‘First
Footsteps in East Africa,’ p. 123.
[555] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 169.
[556] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 469.
[557] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 421.
[558] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 230.
[559] Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 228. Chapman, ‘Travels in the
Interior of South Africa,’ vol. i. p. 341.
[560] Conder, ‘The Native Tribes in Bechuana-Land,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr.
Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85. Livingstone, _loc. cit_. p. 185.
[561] In a letter dated Imbizane River, Natal, October 10th, 1888.
[562] In a letter dated Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony, October 1st, 1888.
[563] Maclean, ‘Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs,’ pp. 71, 116. v.
Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 220. _Cf._ Waitz, _loc. cit_. vol. ii.
p. 391. Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 92.
[564] Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 75. Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’
African Races, p. 7.
[565] Andersson, p. 333.
[566] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Types of Lowest Races, &c.,
p. 10. For other instances of male descent in Africa, see Post,
‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 26-28.
[567] Maine, ‘Dissertations on Early Law and Custom,’ p. 149.
[568] Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ and ‘Antiquarische Briefe.’
McLennan, _loc. cit._ pp. 118-120, 195-246. _Idem_, ‘The Patriarchal
Theory.’ Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines du mariage,’ ch. xiv., xvi.
[569] Tacitus, ‘Germania,’ ch. xx.
[570] Schrader, ‘Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples,’ p. 395.
[571] Müller, ‘Biographies of Words,’ p. xvii.
[572] Mr. Horatio Hale thinks (‘Science,’ vol. xix. p. 30) that in
North America the paternal and maternal systems are both primitive.
[573] _Cf._ Friedrichs, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. viii.
pp. 371, &c.
[574] Maine, _loc. cit._ p. 202.
[575] _Cf._ Lippert, ‘Die Geschichte der Familie,’ pp. 5, 8, 9, &c.
[576] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 378.
[577] Cameron, ‘Notes on some Tribes of New South Wales,’ in ‘Jour.
Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv., p. 352.
[578] Howitt, in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1883, p. 813.
[579] Wilkinson, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians,’
vol. i. p. 320.
[580] Ribot, ‘L’hérédité psychologique,’ p. 362.
[581] Maine, _loc. cit._ p. 203.
[582] _Cf._ Tylor, ‘Researches into the Early History of Mankind,’
pp. 295, _et seq._; Kohler, in ‘Kritische Vierteljahrschrift für
Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft,’ N. S. vol. iv. pp. 182, _et seq._
[583] _Cf._ Lubbock, _loc. cit._ pp. 150, _et seq._
[584] Belt, ‘The Naturalist in Nicaragua’ p. 322.
[585] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 273.
[586] Hooker, ‘Himalayan Journals,’ vol. ii. p. 276.
[587] Quoted by Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 69, note 4.
[588] _Ibid._, pp. 27, 28, 35, 36, 40, 41, &c.
[589] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 184, 192, _et seq._ It is remarkable,
he says (p. 187), that while all children, among the Efatese, belonged,
by the family name, to the mother’s family, each child had its own
name, and any one bearing the name at once knew the father’s family
thereby.
[590] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 181.
[591] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 298. Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 382.
Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian and his Wigwam,’ p. 72.
[592] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 383.
[593] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 136. _Cf._ Livingstone, _loc.
cit._ pp. 622, _et seq._
[594] Hickson, ‘Notes on the Sengirese,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’
vol. xvi. p. 138.
[595] Hooker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 276.
[596] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 262.
[597] Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 80.
[598] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 258.
[599] Early Arabians (Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ pp. 74, _et seq._),
Sumatrans (Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 225), Sinhalese (McLennan, ‘Studies
in Ancient History,’ pp. 101, _et seq._).
[600] Küchler, ‘Marriage in Japan,’ in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol.
xiii. p 115.
[601] Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 36.
[602] Grey, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 226, 231. Lubbock, _loc. cit._ pp.
136, _et seq._
[603] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406.
[604] McCall Theal, ‘History of the Emigrant Boers,’ p. 16.
[605] Medhurst, ‘Marriage, Affinity, and Inheritance in China,’ in
‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 29.
[606] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 484, 490. Proyart, _loc. cit._ p. 571.
[607] Marshall, _loc. cit._ pp. 206, _et seq._
[608] Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 35.
[609] Wake, _loc. cit._ p. 271.
[610] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 637, note.
[611] _Cf._ Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 421. Phillips, ‘The Lower Congo,’
in ‘Jour. Anth. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 229. Grade, in ‘Aus allen
Welttheilen,’ vol. xx. p. 5. Powell, ‘Wanderings in a Wild Country,’
p. 60.
[612] Maine, _loc. cit._ pp. 204, _et seq._
[613] _Ibid._, pp. 204, _et seq._ note.
[614] Mantegazza, ‘Die Hygieine der Liebe,’ p. 405.
[615] Quoted by Witkowski, ‘La génération humaine,’ p. 218.
[616] ‘Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet,’ &c., note
to p. 74.
[617] Wilson, ‘The Abode of Snow,’ p. 215.
[618] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 82. _Cf._ Erman, in
‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. iii. p. 163.
[619] Lisiansky, ‘Voyage Round the World,’ p. 83.
[620] Bontier and Le Verrier, _loc. cit._ p. 139.
[621] Harkness, _loc. cit._ pp. 122, _et seq._
[622] de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 227.
[623] Hamilton, _loc. cit._ pp. 374, _et seq._
[624] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 395.
[625] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 394.
[626] Le Bon, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 289, _et seq._ Kautsky, in
‘Kosmos,’ vol. xii. p. 262.
[627] Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines de la famille,’ p’ 79, note.
[628] Le Bon, vol. ii. p. 293.
[629] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 125.
[630] Breton, ‘Excursions in New South Wales,’ &c., p. 231. Wilkes,
vol. ii. p. 195. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 774. Schürmann,
_loc. cit._ p. 223. Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 280.
[631] Grey, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 252.
[632] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 100, 109.
[633] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn, Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. p. 292.
[634] Holmberg, ‘Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des
russischen Amerika,’ in ‘Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicæ,’ vol.
iv. pp. 332, _et seq._ Dali, _loc. cit._ p. 421.
[635] Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 158. Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p.
383. Hardisty, ‘The Loucheux Indians,’ in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866,
p. 312. Dixon, ‘Voyage round the World,’ pp. 225, _et seq._ Harmon,
‘Journal of Voyages and Travels,’ p. 293. Franklin, ‘Journey to the
Shores of the Polar Sea,’ p. 67. _Cf._ Waitz, vol. iii. p. 328; Hearne,
_loc. cit._ p. 310; Mackenzie, _loc. cit_. p. 147; Hooper, _loc. cit._
p. 390.
[636] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 343.
[637] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 412.
[638] Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 143.
[639] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 209.
[640] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 693.
[641] v. Schütz-Holzhausen, ‘Der Amazonas,’ p. 70.
[642] v. Martius, vol i. p. 322. Keane, ‘On the Botocudos,’ in
‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206.
[643] v. Spix and v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 241.
[644] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 128.
[645] _Ibid._, i. p. 82.
[646] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 239.
[647] Moncelon, in ‘Bull Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 368.
Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 115.
[648] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 329.
[649] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 194.
[650] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 315.
[651] Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 5, 335, 448. _Cf._ Modigliani, ‘Un
viaggio a Nías,’ p. 471 (Nias).
[652] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144.
[653] Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 348, et seq.
[654] Chavanne, _loc. cit._ p. 315.
[655] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. xx. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol.
ii. p. 516.
[656] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 479.
[657] Forbes, ‘Dahomey and the Dahomans,’ vol. i. p. 25. _Cf._ Barth,
‘Reisen,’ vol. iv. p. 498; ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 237; Bosman, p. 480.
[658] Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 434. This rule is not,
however, strictly observed among the lower classes in Arabia (Palgrave,
‘Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia,’ vol. i. pp. 271, _et
seq._), nor by the Mohammedans of Africa (d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc.
cit._ p. 63. Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 511. Chavanne, p. 349).
[659] Lane, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians,’ vol. i.
p. 138.
[660] Polak, ‘Persien,’ vol. i. p. 224.
[661] Balfour, ‘The Cyclopædia of India,’ vol. iii. p. 252.
[662] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. viii. p. 361
(New Caledonians).
[663] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 201.
[664] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 661.
[665] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 61.
[666] Some Californian tribes (Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 75, 246,
270), the Comanches (Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 132),
Guanas (Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 95), Patagonians (Falkner,
‘Description of Patagonia,'p. 126), Kaupuis in Manipur (Watt, in
‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Ladrone Islanders (Moore,
_loc. cit._ p. 187), the ancient people of Honduras (de Herrera, ‘The
General History of the West Indies,’ vol. iv. p. 140).
[667] North American Indians (Schoolcraft, vol. i. p. 236; vol. ii.
p. 132; vol. v. pp. 683, 684, 686. Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 375. Adair,
_loc. cit._ p. 145. Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 514), Africans
(Wake, ‘The Evolution of Morality,’ vol. ii. p. 128, note 2. Waitz,
vol. ii. p. 115), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 149),
Kolyas (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 358), inhabitants
of Nepaul (Smith, ‘Five Years’ Residence at Nepaul,‘ vol. i. p.
153), South Slavonians (Krauss, _loc. cit._ pp. 569, _et seq._),
Egyptians (Wilkinson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 304).
[668] Liebich, _loc. cit._ p. 50, note 3.
[669] ‘Uplands-Lagen,’ Aerfdæ Balkær, ch. vi.
[670] Adair, pp. 144, _et seq._ Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 245.
[671] Crees (Schoolcraft, vol. v. p. 167), Chibchas (Waitz, vol. iv.
p. 367), Abyssinians (Lobo, ‘Voyage to Abyssinia,’ in Pinkerton,
‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xv. pp. 25, _et seq._), Kolyas (Watt, in
‘Jour. Anthr. Inst,’ vol. xvi. p. 358), &c.
[672] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 95.
[673] Keating, ‘Expedition to the Source of St. Peter’s River,’ vol.
ii. pp. 169, _et seq._
[674] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 339. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 505.
[675] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 632.
[676] Squier, ‘The Archæology and Ethnology of Nicaragua,’ in ‘Trans.
Am. Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 127. Acosta, ‘The Natural and
Moral History of the Indies,’ vol. ii. p. 370.
[677] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen tot te taal-, land-en volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië,’ ser. v. vol. iv. pp. 446-448. Bink, in ‘Bull.
Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397.
[678] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 95. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 80.
Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 127.
[679] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 547. _Cf._ Waitz, vol. ii. p. 389;
Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 740; Park, ‘Travels in the Interior
of Africa,’ p. 221 (Mandingoes); Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 151, note *
(Arabs of Upper Egypt).
[680] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 113. Post, ‘Afrikanische
Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 396, _et seq._ Johnston, ‘The People of
Eastern Equatorial Africa,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 11.
_Cf._ Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 45.
[681] Grade, in ‘Aus. allen Welttheilen,’ vol. xx. p. 5.
[682] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 522.
[683] d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 192.
[684] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxii. vv. 15-17.
[685] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 209.
[686] Manzoni, quoted by Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 555. _Cf._ Burckhardt,
_loc. cit._ p. 63.
[687] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 461
[688] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 213.
[689] Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 26.
[690] Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 79, 104, 237, 238, 283.
[691] _Ibid._, p. 232.
[692] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xix.
[693] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 133.
[694] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 226; vol. v. p. 217.
[695] Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. xcviii.
[696] Seemann, ‘The Voyage of Herald,’ vol. i. p. 316.
[697] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 313.
[698] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 359. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 192,
193, 419.
[699] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 391.
[700] In Bali this practice was carried to the utmost excess (Crawfurd
‘History of the Indian Archipelago,’ vol. ii., p. 241. Zimmermann,
_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 19).
[701] Navarette, _loc. cit._ p. 77.
[702] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 130, 640, _et seq._
[703] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 96. Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol.
i. pp. 359, 377. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 192, 398. Williams, ‘Missionary
Enterprises in the South Sea Islands,’ p. 557. Pritchard, _loc. cit._
p. 372.
[704] Inglis, ‘Missionary Tour in the New Hebrides,’ in ‘Journal of
the Ethnological Society of London,’ vol. iii. p. 63.
[705] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 435. _Cf._ Richardson, _loc.
cit._ vol. ii. p. 31.
[706] Hardisty, in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 319.
[707] Bouche, ‘La Côte des Esclaves,’ p. 218.
[708] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 280.
[709] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ p. 173.
[710] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191; vol. vi. p.
130.
[711] de Rubruquis, ‘Travels into Tartary and China,’ in Pinkerton,
‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. vii. p. 33. Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._
vol. vi. p. 57.
[712] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 305.
[713] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 215.
[714] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 152.
[715] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 391.
[716] Dubois, _loc. cit._ pp. 99, 164.
[717] Malcolm, ‘Essay on the Bhills,’ in ‘Trans. Roy. Asiatic Soc.
Gr. Britain and Ireland,’ vol. i. p. 86.
[718] Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 578.
[719] Pausanias, ‘Ἑλλάδος περιήγησις,’ book ii. ch. 21.
[720] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 262.
[721] Fulton, ‘The Laws of Marriage,’ pp. 204, _et seq._ St. Paul, ‘1
Timothy,’ ch. v. vv. 11, 12, 14, _et seq._
[722] Gibbon, ‘The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire,’ vol. i. p. 319.
[723] Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 186.
[724] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 269.
[725] Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 621.
[726] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 488, 387.
[727] Schomburgk, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 227. Lord, _loc. cit._ vol.
ii. p. 235. Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 95.
[728] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 255. v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 34.
Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 119. Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p.
238 (Dacotahs). Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 383 (Yokuts). Munzinger, _loc.
cit._ pp. 208, 241 (Takue, Marea). Finsch, _loc. cit._ p. 82 (certain
Papuans).
[729] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 325 (Californians). Ashe, ‘Travels in
America,’ p. 250 (Shawanese). Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 369 (Eskimo at
Igloolik).
[730] Munzinger, p. 387.
[731] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 63.
[732] Greenlanders (Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 148), Eskimo at
Igloolik (Lyon, _loc. cit._ 369), Aleuts (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol.
i. p. 93, note 133, Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 159), Indians of Oregon
(Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 655), Dacotahs (_ibid._, vol. iii.
p. 238), Yokuts (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 383), Shawanese (Ashe, _loc.
cit._ p. 250), Chibchas (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 367), Macusís
(v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 649), Ainos (Dall, _loc. cit._ p.
524. Bickmore, ‘Notes on the Ainos,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S.
vol. vii. p. 20. v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 34), Igorrotes of Luzon
(Meyer, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1883, p. 385. Blumentritt,
_loc. cit._ p. 28), Old Kukis (Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’
vol. xxiv. p. 620).
[733] Adair, _loc. cit._ pp. 186, _et seq._
[734] Fries, ‘Grönland,’ p. 76.
[735] _Cf._ Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 225 (Basutos); Rochon, _loc. cit._
p. 747 (people of Madagascar); Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 126 (natives
of Northern Queensland); Letourneau, ‘L’évolution du mariage et de la
famille,’ pp. 258, _et seq._
[736] In Fernando Po (Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 61) and among the Fulah
(Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 472).
[737] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195.
[738] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 44. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1028.
[739] Franklin, _loc. cit._ pp. 67, _et seq._
[740] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 82.
[741] Bonwick, ‘The Last of the Tasmanians,’ p. 308.
[742] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 110. _Cf._ Lumholtz, _loc. cit._
pp. 345, _et seq._
[743] Grey, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 252, _et seq._
[744] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 525.
[745] Lisiansky, p. 128.
[746] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 413.
[747] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 218.
[748] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 349.
[749] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 163.
[750] Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines du mariage et de la famille,’ p. 70.
[751] As a curious exception to this rule, Dr. Brehm (‘Bird-Life,’ p.
289) mentions a bereaved hen sparrow, who, though she had eggs to hatch
and young to rear, would not take a second mate.
[752] Among the Kaniagmuts and Aleuts (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 402), as
also occasionally among other North American tribes, certain men were
dressed and brought up like women, and never married; whereas, among
the Eastern Eskimo, there are some women who refuse to accept husbands,
preferring to adopt masculine manners, following the deer on the
mountains, trapping and fishing for themselves (_ibid._, p. 139).
[753] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 339.
[754] Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 250.
[755] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 238.
[756] Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 187.
[757] ‘Science,’ vol. vii. p. 172.
[758] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 21.
[759] Burchell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 58. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. ii. p.
565.
[760] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 424.
[761] Caillié, ‘Travels through Central Africa,’ vol. i. p. 348.
[762] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. i. p. 489.
[763] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 284.
[764] Marshall, _loc. cit._ pp. 220, _et seq._
[765] Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 193, 175.
[766] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 233.
[767] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 69, note.
[768] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p. 141.
[769] Marsden, _loc. cit._ pp. 256, _et seq._ _Cf._ Schellong,
‘Familienleben und Gebräuche der Papuas,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für
Ethnologie,’ vol. xxi. p. 17 (Papuans of Finschhafen, Kaiser Wilhelm
Land).
[770] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 86.
[771] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 168.
[772] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. xxiv. Curr, _loc. cit._
vol. i. p. 110.
[773] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 184.
[774] _Cf._ Lansdell, ‘Through Siberia,’ vol. ii. p. 226 (Gilyaks);
Armstrong, ‘The Discovery of the North-West Passage,’ p. 192 (Eskimo);
Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 633, note 2 (natives
of the Indian Archipelago).
[775] Man, ‘Sonthalia and the Sonthals,’ p. 101.
[776] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 215.
[777] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 110.
[778] Southey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 240.
[779] Pritchard, _loc. cit._ pp. 368, 372. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 399,
_et seq._
[780] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 320.
[781] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 413. Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol i. p.
121. _Cf._ Ross, ‘The Eastern Tinneh,’ in ‘Smithsonian Report,’
1866, p. 305 (Chippewyans); Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 132
(Comanches); vol. iii. p. 238 (Dacotahs).
[782] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 632.
[783] Bovallius, ‘Resa i Central-Amerika,’ vol i. p. 248.
[784] Morelet, ‘Reisen in Central-Amerika,’ p. 257.
[785] v. Spix and v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 248.
[786] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 60, 61, 94.
[787] Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 132.
[788] Parkyns, ‘Life in Abyssinia,’ vol. ii. p. 41.
[789] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 324. Petherick, ‘Egypt, the Soudan and
Central Africa,’ p. 396.
[790] Chavanne, _loc. cit._ p. 401. Krapf, ‘Travels in East Africa,’
p. 354. ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 168.
[791] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 145, _et seq._
[792] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 284.
[793] Hodgson, ‘The Kócch, Bodo and Dhimál People,’ in ‘Jour. As.
Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 734.
[794] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 205. _Cf._ Man, _loc. cit._
p. 20.
[795] Hunter, vol. iii. p. 82.
[796] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 125.
[797] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, _et
seq._
[798] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 64.
[799] Neale, ‘Residence in Siam,’ p. 155.
[800] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 69.
[801] Huc, ‘Travels in Tartary,’ vol. i. p. 184.
[802] Batchelor, ‘The Ainu of Japan,’ p. 141.
[803] Prejevalsky, ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ pp. 111, _et seq._
[804] Bickmore, _loc. cit._ p. 278. _Cf._ Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c.,
ser. v. vol. i. p. 143.
[805] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195.
[806] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 107.
[807] Stone, ‘Port Moresby and Neighbourhood,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo.
Soc.,’ vol. xlvi. p. 55. Ploss, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 392.
[808] Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pp. 46, _et seq._ Bancroft, _loc.
cit._ vol. ii. pp. 251, _et seq._
[809] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 306, _et seq._
[810] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 882.
[811] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 186.
[812] _Ibid._, vol. i. pp. 216, _et seq._
[813] Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 234, _et seq._
[814] Ross, ‘History of Corea,’ p. 313.
[815] d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 67.
[816] Niebuhr, ‘Travels in Arabia,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of
Voyages,’ vol. x. p. 151. _Cf._ Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 64 (Arabs).
[817] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 205.
[818] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 213.
[819] Andree, ‘Zur Volkskunde der Juden,’ pp. 140, _et seq._
[820] Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p. 471.
[821] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten, Athener und Römer,’ pp. 286,
353. Lichtschein, ‘Die Ehe nach mosaisch-talmudischer Auffassung,’
p. 6.
[822] Fustel de Coulanges, ‘The Ancient City,’ p. 63. Hearn, ‘The
Aryan Household,’ pp. 69, 71. Mayne, ‘Treatise on Hindu Law and
Usage,’ pp. 68, _et seq._
[823] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ii. vv. 66, _et seq._ Monier Williams,
‘Indian Wisdom,’ p. 246. _Cf._ Mayne, p. 69.
[824] Muir, ‘Religious and Moral Sentiments,’ p. 110.
[825] Dubois, _loc. cit._ pp. 99-101.
[826] Geiger, ‘Civilization of the Eastern Irānians,’ vol. i. p. 60.
[827] Müller, ‘The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race,’
vol. ii. pp. 300, _et seq._ Smith, ‘Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Antiquities,’ p. 735. Fustel de Coulanges, _loc. cit._ pp. 63, et seq.
Hearn, _loc. cit._ p. 72.
[828] Plato, ‘Νόμοι,’ book vi. p. 773.
[829] Isaeus, ‘Περὶ τοῦ Ἀπολλοδώρου κλήρου,’ p. 66.
[830] Mommsen, ‘The History of Rome,’ vol. i. p. 62.
[831] Cicero, ‘De Legibus,’ book iii. ch. 3. Fustel de Coulanges, _loc
cit._ p. 63.
[832] Mommsen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 432; vol. iii. p. 440; vol. iv.
p. 547.
[833] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 418.
[834] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 104.
[835] Cæsar, ‘De Bello Gallico,’ book vi. ch. 21.
[836] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xx.
[837] _Ibid._, ch. xix.
[838] _Cf._ Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. x. p. 79.
[839] Mackenzie Wallace, ‘Russia,’ vol. i. p. 138.
[840] _Cf._ v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 216 (Kafirs).
[841] Campbell, ‘The Wild Tribes of Khondistan,’ p. 143.
[842] Watson and Kaye, _loc. cit._ vol. i. no. 18. Dalton, _loc. cit._
p. 192.
[843] Romilly, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ix. p. 8.
[844] Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 383 (Kutchin). Waitz-Gerland,
_loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 126 (Tahitians). Chavanne, ‘Reisen im
Kongostaate,’ p. 399 (Bafióte tribes). Ross, _loc. cit._ p. 313
(Coreans). Ahlqvist, _loc. cit._ pp. 203, _et seq._ (Tartars). _Idem_,
‘Unter Wogulen und Ostjaken,’ in ‘Acta. Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv.
p. 291 (Ostyaks).
[845] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 102.
[846] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 291. Palmer, in ‘Jour.
Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 281. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 35. Mr. Curr
states (_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 110) that, as a rule, wives are not
obtained by the Australian men until they are at least thirty years of
age.
[847] Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312.
[848] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 224.
[849] Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 125. Wilkes, vol. v. p. 74.
Romilly, ‘The Western Pacific,’ pp. 69, _et seq._
[850] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 420.
[851] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. pp. 171, _et seq._
[852] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 131. _Cf._ Bosman, _loc. cit._ pp. 419,
424 (Negroes of the Gold Coast).
[853] Marsden, _loc. cit._ pp. 256, _et seq._
[854] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 140, note.
[855] Wappäus, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 267.
[856] Haushofer, ‘Lehr-und Handbuch der Statistik,’ pp. 404-406.
[857] Wilkens, in ‘Nationaloekonomisk Tidsskrift,’ vol. xvi. p. 90.
[858] Haushofer, p. 396. Wappäus, vol. ii. p. 229. v. Oettingen, _loc.
cit._ p. 120.
[859] ‘Forty-sixth Annual Report of the Registrar-General,’ pp. viii.
_et seq._
[860] v. Oettingen, pp. 125, _et seq._ Block, ‘Statistique de la
France,’ vol. i., p. 69.
[861] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 60.
[862] Haushofer, _loc. cit._ pp. 400, _et seq._ ‘Forty-seventh Ann.
Rep. Reg.-Gen., p. viii. _Cf._ Wappäus, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 216.
[863] Speaking of the Santals, Sir W. W. Hunter remarks ('Rural
Bengal,’ vol i. p. 205), ‘In the tropical forest, a youth of sixteen
or seventeen is as able to provide for a family as ever he will be; and
a leaf hut, with a few earthen or brazen pots, is all the establishment
a Santal young lady expects.’ This holds good not only for the savages
of the tropics.
[864] Bickmore, _loc. cit._ p. 278.
[865] Niebuhr, _loc. cit._ p. 151.
[866] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 337.
[867] ‘Forty-sixth Ann. Rep. Reg.-Gen.,’ p. ix.
[868] A report, in ‘Nya Pressen,’ 1887, no. 339, of a lecture
delivered by Professor Vallis at Helsingfors.
[869] ‘Forty-ninth Ann. Rep. Reg.-Gen.,’ p. viii.
[870] Haushofer, _loc. cit._ pp. 404, _et seq._
[871] Ploss, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 384.
[872] ‘Why is Single Life becoming more General?’ in ‘The Nation,’
vol. vi. p. 190.
[873] Walker, ‘Beauty,’ pp. 34, _et seq._
[874] Forel, ‘Les Fourmis de la Suisse,’ quoted in Darwin’s ‘Life and
Letters,’ vol. iii. p. 191.
[875] Ribot, _loc. cit._ p. 150.
[876] ‘The Nation,’ vol. vi. p. 191.
[877] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 367.
[878] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 181.
[879] Cook, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 164.
[880] Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 250.
[881] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 31.
[882] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 113.
[883] Guillemard, ‘The Cruise of the _Marchesa_,’ p. 389. Kohler, in
‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 372.
[884] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 32. Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 245.
[885] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 130.
[886] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Reichtswiss.,’ vol. v. p. 343.
[887] v. Schroeder, ‘Die Hochzeitsgebräuche der Esten,’ pp. 192-194.
[888] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 261.
[889] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 143, note.
[890] Seemann, ‘Mission to Viti,’ p. 191.
[891] Lafitau, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 576.
[892] _Cf._ Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 241 (Naudowessies); Lumholtz, _loc.
cit._ p. 345 (natives of Queensland); Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii.
p. 172 (people of Radack); Schellong, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol.
xxi. p. 18 (Papuans of Finschhafen); Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 96 (Alfura
of Ceram); Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 94 (Andamanese).
[893] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 387.
[894] Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 117.
[895] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 734. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 152.
[896] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 291-299, 305.
[897] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 333, _et seq._
[898] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 307.
[899] Pomponius Mela, _loc. cit._ book iii. ch. 6.
[900] Monier Williams, ‘Buddhism,’ pp. 88, 99.
[901] Rhys Davids, ‘Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion,’ p.
148.
[902] Oldenberg, ‘Buddha,’ pp. 350, _et seq._
[903] Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 213.
[904] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 18.
[905] Monier Williams, ‘Buddhism,’ p. 88.
[906] Dubois, _loc. cit._ pp. 99, _et seq._
[907] Josephus, ‘Ἰουδαϊκή ἅλωσις,’ book ii. ch. 8, § 2. Solinus, _loc.
cit._ ch. xxxv. §§ 9, _et seq._
[908] St. Paul, ‘1 Corinthians,’ ch. vii. v. 38.
[909] _Ibid._, ch. vii. vv. 1, 2, 9.
[910] Mayer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 289, _et seq._
[911] Lecky, ‘History of European Morals,’ vol. ii. p. 122. Milman,
‘History of Latin Christianity,’ vol. i. p. 152.
[912] Gibbon, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 318, _et seq._
[913] Draper, ‘History of the Intellectual Development of Europe,’
vol. i. p. 415.
[914] Fulton, _loc. cit._ pp. 140, 142.
[915] Lea, ‘Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church,’ p. 66.
[916] Gieseler, ‘Text-Book of Ecclesiastical History,’ vol. ii. p. 275.
[917] Sachs, ‘Text-Book of Botany,’ p. 897.
[918] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 343, _et seq._
[919] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 343.
[920] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 344.
[921] ‘Sir R. Heron states that with pea-fowl, the first advances are
always made by the female; something of the same kind takes place,
according to Audubon, with the older females of the wild turkey’
(_ibid._, vol. ii. p. 134).
[922] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 86.
[923] Rengger, _loc. cit._ p. 11.
[924] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 261.
[925] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 64. _Cf._ _ibid._, pp. 142, 233 (Bhúiyas,
Muásís).
[926] Batchelor, _loc. cit._ p. 324.
[927] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 127.
[928] Shooter, ‘The Kafirs of Natal,’ p. 52.
[929] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 457.
[930] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 459, 501.
[931] Haeckel, ‘Generelle Morphologie,’ vol. ii. p. 244.
[932] Hearne, _loc. cit._ pp. 104, _et seq._
[933] Richardson, _loc. cit._ v. ii. pp. 24, _et seq._ _Cf._ Mackenzie,
_loc. cit._ p. 145; Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 310.
[934] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 303. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p.
319 (Greenlanders).
[935] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 224. Powers, _loc. cit._ pp.
221, _et seq._
[936] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 132.
[937] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 94.
[938] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 412, 509.
[939] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195. Bastian,
‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 176, note 1. Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 279.
[940] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 213.
[941] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 184.
[942] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 36. _Cf._ Ridley, ‘The Aborigines of
Australia,’ p. 6.
[943] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 601.
[944] Dieffenbach, ‘Travels in New Zealand,’ vol. ii. pp. 36, _et seq._
[945] Taylor, _loc. cit._ p. 337.
[946] Pritchard, _loc. cit._ pp. 55, 269.
[947] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 72.
[948] Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 48.
[949] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iii. p. 352.
[950] Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 348. _Cf._ ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 738
(Tanguts).
[951] Samuelson, ‘India, Past and Present,’ p. 48.
[952] Pausanias, _loc. cit._ book iii. ch. 12.
[953] Pindar, ‘Πύθια,’ ode ix. v. 117.
[954] Pausanias, book iii. ch. 12.
[955] Homer’s ‘Odyssey,’ Books xxi.-xxiv. (edited by Hamilton),
Preface, p. 5.
[956] Krauss, _loc. cit._ pp. 163, _et seq._
[957] Young, ‘Tour in Ireland,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of
Voyages,’ vol. iii. p. 860.
[958] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 257.
[959] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 174. _Cf._ Fritsch, _loc. cit._
p. 445 (Bushmans).
[960] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 390.
[961] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 238, _et seq._
[962] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 601, _et
seq._
[963] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 90.
[964] Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 207.
[965] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 64.
[966] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 443.
[967] Hawkesworth, ‘Voyages,’ vol. ii. p. 55.
[968] Eyre, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 209.
[969] Spencer, vol. i. p. 64.
[970] Sherwill, ‘Tour through the Rájmahal Hills,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc.
Bengal,’ vol. xx. p. 584.
[971] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 17.
[972] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 62.
[973] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 514. Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p.
577.
[974] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 115. v. Martius, _loc.
cit._ vol. i. p. 351. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 514.
[975] Finsch, _loc. cit._ p. 39. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 26.
Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 569, _et seq._
[976] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 227.
[977] v. Martius, vol. i. pp. 319, 620.
[978] Johnston, _loc. cit._ pp. 429, et seq.
[979] Beechey, ‘Voyage to the Pacific,’ vol. i. p. 38. For the
artificial enlargement of the ear-lobe, see also Park Harrison, in
‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. pp. 190-198.
[980] Crawford, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 216, _et seq._
[981] Sturt, ‘Expedition into Central Australia,’ vol. ii. pp. 9, 61.
Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 570.
[982] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 259.
[983] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 301.
[984] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 308.
[985] Baker, ‘The Albert N’yanza,’ vol. i. p. 198.
[986] Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 306, note.
[987] Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 23.
[988] Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 343. King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii.
p. 138. v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 271. Wallace, ‘Travels on
the Amazon,’ p. 483.
[989] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 351.
[990] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 185.
[991] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 227.
[992] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 230.
[993] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 738.
[994] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 356.
[995] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 316. Labillardière, ‘Voyage
in Search of La Pérouse,’ vol. ii. p. 266.
[996] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 369.
[997] Lacassagne, ‘Les tatouages,’ p. 9. Cæsar, _loc. cit._ book v.
ch. 14. Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book v. ch. 6.
[998] Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 39.
[999] Parkyns, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 29.
[1000] Agassiz, ‘Journey in Brazil,’ p. 320.
[1001] Freycinet, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 580. _Cf._ Beechey, vol.
i. p. 140.
[1002] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 210.
[1003] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 310.
[1004] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 475.
[1005] Williams and Calvert, ‘Fiji and the Fijians,’ p. 137.
[1006] Gason, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Dieyerie Tribe,’ in
Wood’s, ‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ p. 267.
[1007] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. pp. 317, _et seq._
[1008] Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p.
129.
[1009] Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ p. 138. Pritchard, _loc. cit._
p. 391. Seeman, ‘Viti,’ p. 113. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 355.
[1010] Wilkes, vol. v. p. 88. v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 15.
[1011] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 132, et seq. Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p.
468.
[1012] ‘A totem is a class of material objects which a savage regards
with superstitious respect, believing that there exists between him and
every member of the class an intimate and altogether special relation’
(Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 1).
[1013] Frazer, _loc. cit._ pp. 26-30.
[1014] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 36-39.
[1015] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 38.
[1016] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 72.
[1017] Colquhoun, _loc. cit._ p. 213.
[1018] Keyser, ‘Our Cruise to New Guinea,’ pp. 44, _et seq._
[1019] Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. cxx. Powers, loc. cit. p. 109.
Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 401. Agassiz, _loc. cit._ p. 318. v.
Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 484, 501, &c. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p.
434. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 38.
[1020] Quoted by Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 293, note.
[1021] Spencer, vol. ii. pp. 183-186.
[1022] _Cf._ v. Barth, ‘Ostafrika,’ p. 32.
[1023] v. Martius, vol. i. pp. 321, 738. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 89.
Bonwick, ‘Daily Life of the Tasmanians,’ p. 24. Bancroft, _loc. cit._
vol. i. p. 159. Heriot, p. 305.
[1024] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 237, _et seq._
[1025] Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 249, _et seq._
[1026] Colquhoun, _loc. cit._ p. 76.
[1027] Meyer, _loc. cit._ p. 189.
[1028] Anderson, ‘Notes of Travel in Fiji and New Caledonia,’ p. 136.
[1029] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 275.
[1030] Armstrong, _loc. cit._ p. 194. Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 243.
Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 301. Dixon, _loc.
cit._ p. 187. v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 115. Holmberg
says expressly that the men undergo this operation to make themselves
agreeable to the young women.
[1031] Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 118. Holub, _loc. cit._ vol.
i. p. 35. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. p. 225.
[1032] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 250, 365.
[1033] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 224. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p.
317. Powell, ‘Wanderings in a Wild Country,’ p. 254.
[1034] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 533. Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol.
ii. p. 285. Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 328. Wilson and Felkin,
_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 62. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 16.
Andersson, _loc. cit._ p. 226. Ploss, ‘Das Kind,’ vol. ii. p. 264.
Breton, _loc. cit._ p. 233. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 786, _et seq._
[1035] Man, ‘Account of the Nicobar Islanders,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr.
Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 441.
[1036] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 215, _et seq._
[1037] Tuckey, ‘Expedition to Explore the River Zaire,’ pp. 80, _et
seq._
[1038] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 211.
[1039] _Cf._ Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 493; v. Weber, _loc.
cit._ vol. ii. p. 197.
[1040] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 240.
[1041] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 292.
[1042] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 288.
[1043] Moseley, ‘On the Inhabitants of the Admiralty Islands,’ in
‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 400. Short hair is often regarded
as a symbol of chastity. Every Buddhist ‘novice’—that is, a person
admitted to the first degree of monkhood—has to cut off his hair, in
order to prove that ‘he is ready to give up the most beautiful and
highly-prized of all his ornaments for the sake of a religious life’
(Monier Williams, ‘Buddhism,’ p. 306); and, in Mexico, the religious
virgins, as also men who decided upon a life of chastity, had their
hair cut (Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 333; Bancroft, _loc. cit._
vol. ii. pp. 251, _et seq._). A similar idea probably underlies the
custom which requires that women, when they marry, shall be deprived
of their hair, the husband trying in this way to preserve the fidelity
of his wife (see Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 354; Waitz-Gerland,
_loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 567; Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol.
xiii. p. 286; de Rubruquis, _loc. cit._ p. 32; Heriot, _loc. cit._
p. 335); whilst many men in New Guinea and Bornu deprive their wives
of all ornaments (‘Ymer,’ vol. vi. p. 154; Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol.
iii. p. 31, note). Even at Sparta and Athens, as well as among the
Anglo-Saxons, the bride or newly-married wife had her hair cut short
(Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 290). Mr. Wright suggests (‘Womankind in
Western Europe,’ p. 68) that, among the people last mentioned, this was
done in order to show that she had accepted a position of servitude
towards her husband, as the cutting of hair in either sex indicated
slavery. But that this explanation cannot be applied to every case of
hair-cutting appears from the fact, reported by Heriot (_loc. cit._ p.
333), that, among the Tlascalans, it was customary to shave the head
of a newly-married couple, both man and woman, ‘to denote that all
youthful sports ought in that state to be abandoned.'
[1044] Sparrman, ‘Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope,’ vol. ii. p. 80.
[1045] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life of the Tasmanians,’ pp. 25, _et seq._
[1046] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 217.
[1047] Angas, ‘South Australia Illustrated,’ no. 22.
[1048] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 28.
[1049] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 10, 127, _et seq._ (Charruas and
Payaguas). Ploss, ‘Das Kind,’ vol. ii. p. 259 (Manáos and Tamayos).
‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 45 (Zulus); &c.
[1050] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 246.
[1051] Nieuhoff, ‘Voyages and Travels into Brazil,’ in Pinkerton,
‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xiv. p. 878.
[1052] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 98.
[1053] Armstrong, _loc. cit._ p. 195. Bancroft, vol. i. p. 47.
[1054] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 276.
[1055] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 217.
[1056] Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 20.
[1057] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 97.
[1058] Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 148.
[1059] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 189.
[1060] Schadenberg, ‘Die Negritos der Philippinen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f.
Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 136.
[1061] Fijians (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 355), Samoans
(_ibid._, vol. ii. p. 141), Kingsmill Islanders (_ibid._, vol. v. p.
103), Tahitians (Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 262),
natives of Eimeo (Montgomery, ‘Journal of Voyages and Travels,’ vol.
i. p. 127), Tongans (Pritchard, _loc. cit._ p. 393), Nukahivans (v.
Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 118), Gambier Islanders (Beechey,
_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 139).
[1062] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 739, 785, 787.
[1063] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 39. _Cf._ Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol.
i. p. 314 (New Zealanders).
[1064] Mauch, ‘Reisen im Inneren von Süd-Afrika,’ in Petermann’s
‘Mittheilungen,’ Ergänzungsband viii. no. 37, pp. 38, _et seq._
[1065] Taylor, _loc. cit._ p. 321.
[1066] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 88.
[1067] Pritchard, _loc. cit._ pp. 144, _et seq._
[1068] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 262 (Tahiti).
Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol i. p. 127 (Eimeo). Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p.
328 (Marquesas Islands). _Idem_, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 314 (New
Zealand). Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 61 (Burma). Man, in ‘Jour.
Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 331 (Andaman Islands). St. John, ‘The
Ainos,’ _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 249 (Ainos of Yesso).
[1069] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 67.
[1070] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol i. p. 72.
[1071] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 286.
[1072] Barrington, ‘The History of New South Wales,’ p. 11.
[1073] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 402.
[1074] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. pp. 308, _et seq._
[1075] Chalmers, _loc. cit._ p. 166.
[1076] Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 170.
[1077] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 90. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol.
i. p. 266.
[1078] Ellis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 262, _et seq._
[1079] Wundt, ‘Ethik,’ p. 93.
[1080] _Cf._ Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 71; Bock, ‘Temples and
Elephants,’ p. 170; Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 251; Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr.
Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 331.
[1081] Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 139. Yate, _loc. cit._ pp. 147,
_et seq._
[1082] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 14, _et seq._
[1083] Darwin, ‘Journal of Researches,’ pp. 481, _et seq._ Beechey,
vol. i. p. 39.
[1084] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 573. Jones, ‘The
Grammar of Ornament,’ p. 13, note. _Cf._ the tattooed circle round
the mouth of the Jurís (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 510)
and the female Arecunas (Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 268); the rings round
the eyes of the women in the Admiralty Islands (Moseley, in ‘Jour.
Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 401), of the Australians (Angas, ‘South
Australia Illustrated’), and the Patagonians (King and Fitzroy, _loc.
cit._ vol. ii. p. 135); the cicatrices like parallel ridges upon the
chest, thighs, and shoulders of the Tasmanians (Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’
p. 24); and the tattoos on the hands and feet of Egyptian women (Lane,
_loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 54, 57).
[1085] After this chapter had been prepared for the press, I
became acquainted with Herr Joest’s magnificent work on tattooing
(‘Tätowiren, Narbenzeichnen und Körperbemalen’). Herr Joest, who
is an experienced ethnographer, has come to the same conclusion as
myself regarding the origin of this practice. He says that ‘der
hauptsächliche Trieb, welcher beide Geschlechter bewegt, sich zu
tätowiren, _der_ ist, ihre Reize in den Augen des andern Geschlechts
zu erhöhen’ (p. 56). He also observes:—‘Je weniger sich ein Mensch
bekleidet, desto mehr tätowirt er sich, und je mehr er sich bekleidet,
desto weniger thut er letzteres’ (pp. 56, _et seq._).
[1086] Mr. Walker observes (‘Beauty,’ p. 41) that ‘an essential
condition of all excitement and action in animal bodies, is a greater
or less degree of novelty in the objects impressing them.'
[1087] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.
[1088] Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 15.
[1089] Schweinfurth, ‘Im Herzen von Afrika,’ vol. ii. pp. 7, _et seq._
[1090] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 475.
[1091] Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 197 (_cf._ Mackenzie, _loc.
cit._ p. 126). Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 235.
[1092] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 281. _Cf._ v. Martius,
_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 597.
[1093] d’Albertis, ‘New Guinea,’ vol. i. p. 200. _Cf._ Waitz-Gerland,
_loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 570.
[1094] Moseley, ‘Notes by a Naturalist on the _Challenger_,’ p. 461.
_Idem_, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 399. Romilly, _loc. cit._
p. 115.
[1095] Campbell, ‘A Year in the New Hebrides,’ p. 145. Strauch,
‘Bemerkungen über Neu-Guinea,’ &c., in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol.
ix. p. 43. Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 105.
[1096] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 735. Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr.
Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 204. Breton, _loc. cit._ pp. 210, _et seq._
[1097] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 372, _et seq._
Lubbock, _loc. cit_. p. 54. Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 219.
Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ pp. 126, _et seq._
[1098] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 35.
[1099] Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 411.
[1100] d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 415, 418. Strauch, in
‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. pp. 43, 62.
[1101] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 120, 575, 626.
[1102] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 267. Williams and Calvert, _loc.
cit._ p. 145. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 332.
[1103] Elliott, ‘Report on the Seal Islands of Alaska,’ pp. 21, _et
seq._
[1104] Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 138.