Morice, Father A. G., on customs and beliefs of the Carrier Indians as to

menstruous women, i. 91 _sqq._;

on the honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, ii. 273 _sqq._

Morlaks, the Yule log among the, i. 264

Morlanwelz, bonfires at, i. 107

Morning star, the rising of the, i. 40, 133

Morocco, magical virtue ascribed to rain-water in, i. 17 _sq._;

Midsummer fires in, 213 _sqq._;

water thought to acquire marvellous virtue at Midsummer in, ii. 30

_sq._;

magical plants gathered at Midsummer in, 51

Morven, i. 290;

consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, ii. 186 _sq._

Moscow, annual new fire in villages near, i. 139

Moselle, bonfires on the, i. 109;

Konz on the, 118, 163 _sq._

Moses on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95 _sq._

Mosquito territory, Central America, seclusion of menstruous women in the,

i. 86

Mota, in the New Hebrides, conception of the external soul in, ii. 197

_sq._

Motherwort, garlands of, at Midsummer, i. 162

Moulin, parish of, in Perthshire, Hallowe’en fires in, i. 230

Moulton, Professor J. H., on the etymology of Soranus, ii. 15 _n._ 1

Mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57 _sq._;

a protection against thunder, lightning, hail, and conflagration, 58

Mountain-ash, parasitic, used to make the divining rod, ii. 69;

mistletoe on, 315.

_See also_ Rowan

—— scaur, external soul in, ii. 156

Mourne Mountains, i. 159

Mourners tabooed, i. 20;

step over fire after funeral in China, ii. 17;

purified by fire, 17, 18 _sq._;

customs observed by, among the Bella Coola Indians, 174

Mourning, the great, for Isfendiyar, i. 105

Mouse-ear hawkweed (_Hieracium pilosella_) gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57

Movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. 304 _sq._

Mugwort (_Artemisia vulgaris_), wreaths of, at Midsummer, i. 163, 165,

174;

a preventive of sore eyes, 174;

a preservative against witchcraft, 177;

a protection against thunder, ghosts, magic, and witchcraft, ii. 59

_sq._;

gathered on Midsummer Day or Eve, ii. 58 _sqq._;

thrown into the Midsummer fires, 59;

used in exorcism, 60

Mull, the need-fire in, i. 148, 289 _sq._;

the Beltane cake in, 149;

remedy for cattle-disease in, 325;

consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, ii. 186 _sq._

Mullein, sprigs of, passed across Midsummer fires protect cattle against

sickness and sorcery, i. 190;

bunches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened on cattle-shed,

191;

yellow (_Verbascum_), gathered at Midsummer, ii. 63 _sq._;

yellow hoary (_Verbascum pulverulentum_), its golden pyramid of blooms,

64;

great (_Verbascum thapsus_), called King’s Candle or High Taper, 64

Mummers at Hallowe’en in the Isle of Man, i. 224

Munster, the King of, i. 139;

Midsummer fires in, 203

Münsterberg, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 _n._

Münsterland, Easter fires in, i. 141;

the Yule log in, 247

Muralug, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 78

Murderer, fire of oak-wood used to detect a, ii. 92 _n._ 4

Murrain, need-fire kindled as a remedy for, i. 278, 282, 290 _sqq._;

burnt sacrifices to stay a, in England, Wales, and Scotland, 300 _sqq._;

calf burnt alive to stop a, 300 _sq._;

cattle buried to stop a, 326.

_See also_ Cattle disease

Murray, the country of, i. 154 _n._ 1

Murray River, in Australia, ii. 233;

natives of, their dread of menstruous women, i. 77

Muskau, in Lausitz, marriage oaks at, ii. 165

Myrtle-trees of the Patricians and Plebeians at Rome, ii. 168

Myths dramatized in ritual, i. 105

Na Ivilankata, a Fijian clan, ii. 10

Nagas of North-Eastern India, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 136

_Nagual_, external soul, among the Indians of Guatemala and Honduras, ii.

212 _sqq._, 220, 226 _n._ 1

Nahuqua Indians of Brazil, their use of bull-roarers, ii. 230

Names on chimney-piece, divination by, i. 237;

of savages kept secret, ii. 224 _n._ 2;

new, taken by novices after initiation, 259

Namoluk, one of the Caroline Islands, traditionary origin of fire in, ii.

295

Namuci and Indra, legend of, ii. 280

Namur, Lenten fires in, i. 108

Nandi, the, of British East Africa, their custom of driving sick cattle

round a fire, ii. 13;

use of bull-roarers among the, 229 _n._

_Nanga_, sacred enclosure in Fiji, ii. 243, 244

Nanna, the wife of Balder, i. 102, 103

Nanny, a Yorkshire witch, i. 317

Naples, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin at, i. 220 _sq._

Narrow openings, creeping through, in order to escape ghostly pursuers,

ii. 177 _sqq._

Nathuram, image supposed to make women fruitful, ii. 3

Nativity of the Virgin, feast of the, i. 220 _sq._

Naudowessies, Indian tribe of North America, ritual of death and

resurrection among the, ii. 267

_Naueld_, need-fire, i. 280

Nauru, in the Marshall Islands, lives of people bound up with a fish in,

ii. 200

Navajoes, their story of the external soul, ii. 151 _sq._;

use of bull-roarers among the, 230 _n._, 231

Navel-string buried under a plant or tree, ii. 160 _sq._, 161, 163;

regarded as brother or sister of child, 162 _n._ 2

_Ndembo_, secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. 251 _sqq._

Ndolo, on the Moeko River, West Africa, ii. 200

Neckar, the river, requires three human victims at Midsummer, ii. 26;

loaf thrown into the river, 28

Necklace, girl’s soul in a, ii. 99 _sq._

Need-fire, i. 269 _sqq._;

kindled as a remedy for cattle-plague, 270 _sqq._, 343;

cattle driven through the, 270 _sqq._;

derivation of the name, 270 _n._;

kindled by the friction of a wheel, 270, 273, 289 _sq._, 292;

kindled with oak-wood, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289 _sq._, 294;

called “wild-fire,” 272, 273, 277;

kindled by fir-wood, 278, 282;

kindled as a remedy for witchcraft, 280, 292 _sq._, 293, 295;

called “living fire,” 281, 286;

healing virtue ascribed to, 281, 286;

kindled by lime-wood, 281, 283, 286;

kindled by poplar-wood, 282;

regarded as a barrier interposed between cattle and an evil spirit, 282,

285 _sq._;

kindled by cornel-tree wood, 286;

revealed by an angel from heaven, 287;

used to heat water, 289;

kindled on an island, 290 _sq._, 291 _sq._;

kindled by birch-wood, 291;

kindled between two running streams, 292;

kindled to prevent fever, 297;

probable antiquity of the, 297 _sq._;

kindled by elm-wood, 299;

the parent of the periodic fire-festivals, 299, 343;

used by Slavonic peoples to combat vampyres, 344;

sometimes kindled by the friction of fir, plane, birch, lime, poplar,

cornel-wood, ii. 91 _n._ 1

Need-fire, John Ramsay’s account of, i. 147 _sq._;

Lindenbrog on, 335 _n._ 1

Negro children pale at birth, ii. 251 _n._ 1, 259 _n._ 2

Neil, R. A., on Gaelic name for mistletoe, ii. 82 _n._ 5

Neilgherry Hills, the Badagas of the, ii. 8 _sq._;

the Todas of the, i. 136

Neisse, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 _n._

Nellingen in Lorraine, simples gathered on Midsummer Day at, ii. 47

Nemi, the King of the Wood at, i. 2;

the Lake of, annual tragedy enacted at, ii. 286;

sacramental bread at, 286 _n._ 2;

Virbius at, 295; at evening, 308 _sq._;

sacred grove of, 315;

priests of Diana at, 315

Nerthus, old German goddess, ii. 28 _n._ 1

_Nestelknüpfen_, i. 346 _n._ 2

Nets fumigated with smoke of need-fire, i. 280

Nettles, Indians beaten with, as an ordeal, i. 64

Neuchatel, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172

Neumann, J. B., on the Batta doctrine of souls, ii. 223 _n._ 2

Neustadt, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170;

near Marburg, the need-fire at, 270

New birth of novices at initiation, ii. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262 _sq._

—— body obtained at initiation, ii. 252

—— Britain, the Duk-duk society of i. 11, ii. 246 _sq._

—— fire kindled on Easter Saturday, i. 121 _sqq._;

made at the New Year, 134 _sq._, 138, 140;

made by the friction of wood at Christmas, 264

—— Guinea, British, festival of wild mango in, i. 7;

custom observed after childbirth in, 20;

seclusion of girls at puberty in, 35;

dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 79;

the Toaripi of, 84;

use of bull-roarers in, ii. 228 _n._ 2

—— Guinea, German, the Kai of, ii. 182;

ceremony of initiation in, 193;

the Yabim of, 232;

rites of initiation in, 239 _sqq._

—— Hebrides, conception of the external soul in the, ii. 197 _sqq._

—— Ireland, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 32 _sqq._;

Duk-duk society in, ii. 247

—— Mexico, the Zuni Indians of, i. 132;

and Arizona, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 230 _n._, 231

—— South Wales, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 78;

the Wongh tribe of, ii. 227;

the drama of resurrection at initiation in, 235 _sqq._

—— water at Easter, i. 123

—— World, Easter ceremonies in the, i. 127 _sq._;

magical virtue of plants at Midsummer in the, ii. 50 _sq._

—— Year, new fire made at the, i. 134 _sq._, 138, 140;

festival of Mohammedans in North Africa, 217 _sq._;

the Celtic, on November first, 224 _sq._;

the Fijian, Tahitian, and Hawaiian, ii. 244

Newstead, Byron’s oak at, ii. 166

_Nganga_, “the Knowing Ones,” initiates, ii. 251

_Ngarong_, secret helper, of the Ibans of Borneo, ii. 224 _n._ 1

Nguu, district of German East Africa, ii. 312

Nias, story of the external soul told in the island of, ii. 148;

ceremonies performed by candidates for the priesthood in, 173 _sq._

Niceros and the were-wolf, story of, i. 313 _sq._

Nidugala, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. 8

Nieder-Lausitz, the Midsummer log in, ii. 92 _n._ 1

Niederehe, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, ii. 48

Niger, belief as to external human souls lodged in animals on the, ii. 209

Nigeria, the Ibo of Southern, i. 4;

theory of the external soul in, ii. 200, 203, _sqq._

Nigerian, South, story of the external soul, ii. 150

Night-jars, the lives of women in, ii. 215;

called women’s “sisters,” 216

Nikclerith, Neane, buries cow alive, i. 324 _sq._

Nile, the Alur of the Upper, i. 64

Nine, ruptured child passed nine times on nine successive mornings through

a cleft ash-tree and attended by nine persons, ii. 170

—— bonfires on Midsummer Eve an omen of marriage, i. 174, 185, 189, 339

—— different kinds of wood burnt in the Beltane fires, i. 155;

used for the Midsummer bonfires, 172, 201;

burnt in the need-fire, 271, 278;

used to kindle need-fire, 278, 280

—— grains of oats in divination, i. 243

—— leaps over Midsummer fire, i. 193

—— men employed to make fire by the friction of wood, i. 148, 155

—— ridges of ploughed land in divination, i. 235

—— sorts of flowers on Midsummer Eve, to dream on, i. 175;

gathered, ii. 52 _sq._

—— times to crawl under a bramble as a cure, ii. 180

—— times nine men make need-fire, i. 289, 294, 295

—— (thrice three) times passed through a girth of woodbine, ii. 184;

passed through a holed stone, 187

—— turns round a rick, i. 243

Niska Indians of British Columbia, rites of initiation among the, ii. 271

_sq._

Nisus and his purple or golden hair, story of, ii. 103

_Nkimba_, secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. 255 _n._ 1

Nocturnal creatures the sex totems of men and women, ii. 217 _n._ 4

Nograd-Ludany, in Hungary, Midsummer fires at, i. 179

Noguès, J. L. M., on the wonderful herbs of St. John’s Eve, ii. 45

Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island, seclusion of girls at puberty among

the, i. 43 _sq._;

ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 270 _sq._

Nord, the department of, giants at Shrove Tuesday in, ii. 35

Norden, E., on the Golden Bough, ii. 284 _n._ 3

Nore, A. de, on the Yule log, i. 250 _sq._, 253

Norfolk, use of orpine for divination in, ii. 61 _n._ 4

Norman peasants gather seven kinds of plants on St. John’s Day, ii. 51

_sq._

Normandy, Midsummer fires in, i. 185 _sq._;

the Yule log in, 252;

torch-light processions on Christmas Eve in, 266;

processions with torches on the Eve of Twelfth Day, in, 340;

wonderful herbs and flowers gathered at Midsummer in, ii, 46;

wreaths of mugwort in, 59;

vervain gathered at Midsummer in, 62

Norrland, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 172

Norse stories of the external soul, ii. 119 _sq._

North American Indians, their personal totems, ii. 222 _n._ 5, 226 _n._ 1

—— Berwick, Satan preaches at, ii. 158

Northamptonshire, sacrifice of a calf in, i. 300

Northumberland, Midsummer fires in, i. 197 _sq._;

divination at Hallowe’en in, 245;

the Yule log in, 256;

need-fire in, 288 _sq._;

ox burnt alive in, to stop a murrain, 301

Norway, bonfires on Midsummer Eve in, i. 171;

the need-fire in, 280;

superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, ii. 281

Norwich, Easter candle in the cathedral of, i. 122 _n._

Nottinghamshire, the Hemlock Stone in, i. 157

_Nouer l’aiguilette_, i. 346 _n._ 2

Nouzon, in the Ardennes, the Yule log at, i. 253

November the first, old New Year’s Day in the Isle of Man, i. 224 _sq._;

the first of, All Saints’ Day, 225

Novice at initiation killed as a man and brought to life as an animal, ii.

272

Novices (lads) at initiation supposed to be swallowed and disgorged by a

spirit or monster, ii. 235, 240 _sq._, 242, 246;

supposed to be newly born, 247, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262 _sq._;

begotten anew, 248

_Nurtunjas_, sacred poles among the Arunta, ii. 219

Nut-water brewed at Midsummer, ii. 47

Nuts passed across Midsummer fires, i. 190;

in fire, divination by, 237, 239, 241, 242, 245

Nyanja chief, ii. 314

Nyanja-speaking tribes of Angoniland, their customs as to girls at

puberty, i. 25 _sq._

Nyassa, Lake, i. 28, 81;

people to the east of, crawl through an arch as a precaution against

sickness, evil spirits, etc., ii. 181

Oak associated with thunder, i. 145;

worshipped by the Druids, ii. 76 _sq._, 301;

the principal sacred tree of the Aryans, 89 _sq._;

human representatives of the oak perhaps originally burnt at the

fire-festivals, 90, 92 _sq._;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets,

170 _sqq._;

life of, in mistletoe, 280, 292;

struck by lightning oftener than any other tree of the European forest,

298 _sqq._;

supposed to bloom on Midsummer Eve, 292, 293

—— and thunder, Aryan god of the, i. 265

—— -leaves, “oil of St. John” found on St. John’s Morning upon, ii. 82

_sq._

—— log a protection against witchcraft, ii. 92

—— -mistletoe an “all-healer” or panacea, ii. 77, 79, 82;

a remedy for epilepsy, 78, 83;

to be shot down with an arrow, 82;

a panacea for green wounds, 83;

a protection against conflagration, 85, 293

—— of Errol, fate of the Hays bound up with the, ii. 283 _sq._

—— of the Guelphs, ii. 166 _sq._

—— of Romove, ii. 286

—— of the Vespasian family at Rome, ii. 168

—— planted by Byron, ii. 166

—— -spirit, the priest of the Arician grove a personification of an, ii.

285

—— tree worshipped by the Cheremiss, i. 181

—— -trees planted at marriage, ii. 165

—— twigs and leaves used to keep off witches, ii. 20

—— -wood used to kindle the need-fire, i. 148, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278,

281, 289 _sq._, ii. 90 _sq._;

used to kindle the Beltane fires, i. 148, 155;

used to kindle Midsummer fire, 169, 177, ii. 91 _sq._;

used for the Yule log, i. 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 264

_sq._, ii. 92;

fire of, used to detect a murderer, 92 _n._ 4;

perpetual fires of, 285 _sq._

Oaks planted by Sir Walter Scott, ii. 166;

mistletoe growing on, in Sweden, 87;

mistletoe growing on, in England and France, 316

Oath not to hurt Balder, i. 101

Oats, nine grains of, in divination, i. 243

Oban district, Southern Nigeria, belief as to external human souls lodged

in animals in the, ii. 206 _sqq._

Oberland, in Central Germany, the Yule log in the, i. 248 _sq._

Obermedlingen, in Swabia, fire kindled on St. Vitus’s Day at, i. 335 _sq._

Obubura district of S. Nigeria, ii. 204

October, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 136;

the last day of (Hallowe’en), 139

Odessa, New Easter fire carried to, i. 130 _n._

Odin, Othin, or Woden, the father of Balder, i. 101, 102, 103 _n._

Ododop tribe of Southern Nigeria, ii. 208

Oels, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170

Oeniadae, the ancient, i. 21

Oesel, Midsummer fires in the island of, i. 180;

St. John’s herbs in the island of, ii. 49

Offenburg, in the Black Forest, Midsummer fires at, i. 168

Ogboni, a secret society on the Slave Coast, ii. 229 _n._

Ogre whose soul was in a bird, story of the, ii. 98 _sq._

“Oil of St. John” found on St. John’s morning, ii. 82 _sq._;

on oaks at Midsummer, 293

Oise, French department of, dolmen in, ii. 188

Ojebways, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268

Olala, secret society of the Niska Indians, ii. 271 _sq._

Olaus Magnus, on were-wolves, i. 308

“Old Wife” (“Old Woman”), burning the, i. 116, 120

Oldenburg, the immortal dame of, i. 100;

Shrove Tuesday customs in, 120;

Easter bonfires in, 140;

burning or boiling portions of animals or things to force witch to

appear in, 321 _sq._;

witch as toad in, 323;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, ii. 171 _sq._;

custom as to milking cows in, 185;

sick children passed through a ring of yarn in, 185

_Olea chrysophilla_, used as fuel for bonfire, ii. 11

“Oleander, the Sultan of the,” i. 18, ii. 51;

gathered at Midsummer, 51

Olive, the sacred, at Olympia, ii. 80 _n._ 3

Olofaet, a fire-god, ii. 295

Olympia, the sacred olive at, ii. 80 _n._ 3;

white poplar used for sacrifices to Zeus at, 90 _n._ 1, 91 _n._ 7

Omaha tribe, Elk clan of the, i. 11

—— women secluded at menstruation, i. 88 _sq._

Omens from birds and beasts, i. 56;

from the smoke of bonfires, 116, 131, 337;

from flames of bonfires, 140, 142, 159, 165, 336, 337;

from cakes rolled down hill, 153;

from boiling milk, ii. 8;

from intestines of sheep, 13

—— of death, ii. 54, 64

—— of marriage drawn from Midsummer bonfires, i. 168, 174, 178, 185, 189,

339;

drawn from bonfires, 338 _sq._;

from flowers, ii. 52 _sq._, 61

Onktehi, the great spirit of the waters among the Dacotas, ii. 268, 269

Oran, bathing at Midsummer in, i. 216

Orange River, the Corannas of the, ii. 192

Oraons or Uraons of Bengal, their belief as to the transformation of

witches into cats, ii. 311 _sq._

Ordeal of stinging ants undergone by girls at puberty, i. 61, and by young

men, 62 _sqq._;

of boiling resin, 311

Ordeals as an exorcism, i. 66;

undergone by novices at initiation among the Bushongo, ii. 264 _sqq._

Order of nature, different views of the, postulated by magic and science,

ii. 305 _sq._

Organs, internal, of medicine-man replaced by a new set at initiation, ii.

237, 238 _sq._

Origin of fire, primitive ideas as to the, ii. 295 _sq._

Orinoco, the Banivas of the, i. 66;

the Guaraunos of the, 85; the Guayquiries of the, 85;

the Tamanaks of the, 61 _n._ 3

Ornament, external soul of woman in an ivory, ii. 156

Ornaments, amulets degenerate into, ii. 156 _n._ 2

Orne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 185

Oro, West African bogey, ii. 229

Orpheus and the willow, ii. 294

Orpine (_Sedum telephium_) at Midsummer, i. 196;

used in divination at Midsummer, ii. 61

Orvieto, Midsummer fires at, i. 210

Oster-Kappeln, in Hanover, the oak of the Guelphs at, ii. 166 _sq._

Osterode, Easter bonfires at, i. 142

Ot Danoms of Borneo, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 35 _sq._

Otati tribe of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 38

Ovambo, of German South-West Africa, custom observed by young women at

puberty among the, ii. 183

Owls, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 202;

sex totem of women, 217;

called women’s “sisters,” 218

Ox burnt alive to stop a murrain, i. 301

—— -horns, external soul of chief in pair of, ii. 156

Ozieri, in Sardinia, bonfires on St. John’s Eve at, i. 209

Padua, story of a were-wolf in, i. 309

Paha, on the Gold Coast, ii. 210

Pale colour of negro children at birth, ii. 251 _n._ 1, 259 _n._ 2

Palettes or plaques of schist in Egyptian tombs, ii. 155 _n._ 3

Palm-branches, consecrated, at Easter, i. 121

—— Sunday, palm-branches consecrated on, i. 144, ii. 30, 85 _n._ 4;

boxwood blessed on, i. 184, ii. 47;

fern-seed used on, 288

—— -trees as life-indices, ii. 161, 163, 164

Papuan and Melanesian stocks in New Guinea, ii. 239

Papuans, life-trees among the, ii. 163

Paraguay, the Chiquites Indians of, ii. 226 _n._ 1

Parallelism between witches and were-wolves, i. 315, 321

Parasitic mountain-ash (rowan) used to make the divining-rod, ii. 69

—— orchid growing on a tamarind, ritual at cutting, ii. 81

—— rowan, superstitions about a, ii. 281 _sq._

Paris, effigy of giant burnt in summer fire at, ii. 38;

cats burnt alive at Midsummer in, 39

Parivarams of Madura, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69

Parrot, external soul of warlock in a, ii. 97 _sq._

—— and Punchkin, story of the, ii. 97 _sq._

Parsees, their customs as to menstruous women, i. 85

Partridge, C., ii. 204

Paschal candle, i. 121, 122 _n._, 125

—— Mountains, i. 141

Passage over or through fire a stringent form of purification, ii. 24;

through a cleft stick in connexion with puberty and circumcision, 183

_sq._

Passes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59

Passing over fire to get rid of ghosts, ii. 17 _sq._;

through cleft trees and other harrow openings to get rid of ghosts,

etc., 173 _sqq._;

under a yoke as a purification, 193 _sqq._

Passing children through cleft trees, ii. 168 _sqq._;

children, sheep, and cattle through holes in the ground, ii. 190 _sq._

Pastern-bone of a hare in a popular remedy, i. 17

Pastures fumigated at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, i. 170

Patani States, custom as to the after-birth in the, ii. 164

Paths, separate, for men and women, i. 78, 80, 89

Patiko, in the Uganda Protectorate, dread of lightning at, ii. 298 _n._ 2

Paton, W. R., on the Golden Bough, ii. 319

Patriarch of Jerusalem kindles the new fire at Easter, i. 129

Patrician myrtle-tree at Rome, ii. 168

Patschkau, precautions against witches near, ii. 20 _n._

Pâturages, processions with torches at, i. 108

Pawnee story of the external soul, ii. 151

Pawnees, human sacrifices among the, ii. 286 _n._ 2

Pazzi family at Florence, i. 126

Peace-making ceremony among the Masai, ii. 139 _n._

Pear-tree as life-index of girl, ii. 165

—— -trees, torches thrown at, i. 108;

rarely attacked by mistletoe, ii. 315

Peas, boiled, distributed by young married couples, i. 111 _n._ 1

Pebbles thrown into Midsummer fires, i. 183

Peguenches, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59

Peking, life-tree of the Manchu dynasty at, ii. 167 _sq._

Pelops at Olympia, ii. 90 _n._ 1

Pemba, island of, ii. 263

Pendle, the forest of, i. 245

Pennant, Thomas, on Beltane fires and cakes in Perthshire, i. 152;

on Hallowe’en fires in Perthshire, 230

Pennefather River in Queensland, ii. 159;

treatment of girls at puberty on the, i. 38

Penny-royal burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213, 214;

gathered at Midsummer, ii. 51

_Pentamerone_, the, ii. 105

Penzance, Midsummer fires at, i. 199 _sq._

Perche, Midsummer fires in, i. 188;

St. John’s herb gathered on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 46;

the _Chêne-Doré_ in, 287 _n._ 1

Perforating arms and legs of young men, girls, and dogs as a ceremony, i.

58

Pergine, in the Tyrol, fern-seed at, ii. 288 _sq._

Perigord, the Yule log in, i. 250 _sq._, 253;

magic herbs gathered at Midsummer in, ii. 46;

crawling under a bramble as a cure for boils in, 180

Perkunas, Lithuanian god, his perpetual fire, ii. 91 _n._ 5

Péronne, mugwort at Midsummer near, ii. 58

Persians celebrate a festival of fire at the winter solstice, i. 269

Perthshire, Beltane fires and cakes in, i. 152 _sq._;

traces of Midsummer fires in, 206;

Hallowe’en bonfires in, 230 _sqq._;

need-fire in, 296 _sq._

Peru, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 132

Perun, the oak sacred to the god, ii. 89

Petronius, his story of the were-wolf, i. 313 _sq._

Pett, Grace, a witch, i. 304

Petworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, ii.

170

Phalgun, a Hindoo month, ii. 2

Philip and James, the Apostles, feast of, i. 158

Piazza del Limbo at Florence, i. 126

Picardy, Lenten fire-customs in, i. 113;

Midsummer fires in, 187

Piedmont, belief as to the “oil of St. John” on St. John’s morning in, ii.

82 _sq._

Pietro in Guarano (Calabria), Easter custom at, i. 123

Pig, roast, at Christmas, i. 259;

burnt sacrifice of a, 302

Pigeon, external soul of ogre in a, ii. 100;

external soul of dragon in a, 112 _sq._

Pigeon’s egg, external soul of fairy being in, ii. 132 _sq._, 139

Pigeons deposit seed of mistletoe, ii. 316 _n._ 1

Pigs sacrificed, i. 9;

driven through Midsummer fire, 179;

driven through the need-fire, 272, 273, 274 _sq._, 275 _sq._, 276 _sq._,

277, 278, 279, 297;

offered to monster who swallows novices at initiation, ii. 240, 246

Pilgrimages on Yule Night in Sweden, i. 20 _sq._

Pillar, external soul of ogre in a, ii. 100 _sq._

Pima Indians, their purification for manslaughter, i. 21

Pines, Scotch, struck by lightning, proportion of, ii. 298

Pinewood, fire of, at Soracte, ii. 14, 91 _n._ 1

Pinoeh, district of South-Eastern Borneo, ii. 154 _sq._

Pippin, king of the Franks, i. 270

Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, i. 230

Pitrè, Giuseppe, on St. John’s Day in Sicily, ii. 29

Placci, Carlo, i. 127 _n._ 1

Place de Noailles at Marseilles, Midsummer flowers in the, ii. 46

Plane and birch, fire made by the friction of, i. 220

Plantain-tree, creeping through a cleft, as a cure, ii. 181

Plants, spirits of, in the form of snakes, ii. 44 _n._;

external soul in, 159 _sqq._;

and trees as life-indices, 160 _sqq._

Plaques or palettes of schist in Egyptian tombs, ii. 155 _n._ 3

Plates or basins, divination by three, i. 237 _sq._, 240, 244

Plato, on the distribution of the soul in the body, ii. 221 _n._ 1

Plebeian myrtle-tree at Rome, ii. 168

Pleiades, beginning of year determined by observation of the, ii. 244, 245

_n._

Pliny on “serpents’ eggs,” i. 15;

on medicinal plants, 17;

on the touch of menstruous women, 96;

on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14;

on the mythical springwort, 71;

on the Druidical worship of mistletoe, 76 _sq._;

on the virtues of mistletoe, 78;

on the birds which deposit seeds of mistletoe, 316 _n._ 1;

on the different kinds of mistletoe, 317

Plough, piece of Yule log inserted in the, i. 251, 337

Ploughing in spring, custom at the first, i. 18

Ploughshare, crawling under a, as a cure, ii. 180

Plum-tree wood used for Yule log, i. 250

Plurality of souls, doctrine of the, ii. 221 _sq._

Plutarch, on oak-mistletoe, ii. 318 _n._ 1

Pogdanzig, witches’ Sabbath at, ii. 74

Pointing sticks or bones in magic, i. 14

Poitou, Midsummer fires in, i. 182, 190 _sq._, 340 _sq._;

fires on All Saints’ Day in, 246;

the Yule log in, 251 _n._ 1;

mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. 59

Poix, Lenten fires at, i. 113

Poland, need-fire in, i. 281 _sq._

_Polaznik_, _polazenik_, _polažaynik_, Christmas visiter, i. 261, 263, 264

Pole, sacred, of the Arunta, i. 7

Poles, passing between two poles after a death, ii. 178 _sq._;

passing between two poles in order to escape sickness or evil spirit,

ii. 179 _sqq._

Pollution, menstrual, widespread fear of, i. 76 _sqq._

Polygnotus, his picture of Orpheus under the willow, ii. 294

Pomerania, hills called the Blocksberg in, i. 171 _n._ 3

Pommerol, Dr., i. 112

Pond, G. H., on ritual of death and resurrection among the Dacotas, ii.

269

Pongol or Feast of Ingathering in Southern India, ii. 1, 16

Pontesbury, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257

Popinjay, shooting at a, i. 194

_Popish Kingdome, The_, of Thomas Kirchmeyer, i. 125 _sq._, 162

Poplar, the white, used in sacrificing to Zeus at Olympia, ii. 90 _n._ 1,

91 _n._ 7;

black, mistletoe on, 318 _n._ 6

—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 282

Porcupine as charm to ensure women an easy delivery, i. 49

Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, their superstition as to lizards,

ii. 216 _sq._

_Porta Triumphalis_ at Rome, ii. 195

Portrait statues, external souls of Egyptian kings deposited in, ii. 157

Portreach, sacrifice of a calf near, i. 301

Poseidon makes Pterelaus immortal, ii. 103;

priest of, uses a white umbrella, i. 20 _n._ 1

Posidonius, Greek traveller in Gaul, ii. 32

Poso in Central Celebes, custom at the working of iron in, ii. 154;

the Alfoors of, 222

Possession by an evil spirit cured by passing through a red-hot chain, ii.

186

Potawatomi women secluded at menstruation, i. 89

_Potlatch_, distribution of property, ii. 274

Pots used by girls at puberty broken, i. 61, 69

Powers, extraordinary, ascribed to first-born children, i. 295

Požega district of Slavonia, need-fire in, i. 282

Prättigau in Switzerland, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 119

Prayers of adolescent girls to the Dawn of Day, i. 50 _sq._, 53, 98 _n._

1;

for rain, 133

Pretence of throwing a man into fire, i. 148, 186, ii. 25

Priapus, image of, at need-fire, i. 286

Priest of Aricia and the Golden Bough, i. 1;

of Earth, taboos observed by the, 4;

of Diana at Aricia, the King of the Wood, perhaps personified Jupiter,

ii. 302 _sq._;

at Nemi, 315

Priestesses not allowed to step on ground, i. 5

Priests expected to pass through fire, ii. 2, 5, 8, 9, 14

Primitive thought, its vagueness and inconsistency, ii. 301 _sq._

Prince Sunless, i. 21

—— of Wales Island, Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, i. 40

Princess royal, ceremonies at the puberty of a, i. 29, 30_ sq._

Procession with lighted tar-barrels on Christmas Eve, i. 268

Processions with lighted torches through fields, gardens, orchards, etc.,

i. 107 _sq._, 110 _sqq._, 113 _sqq._, 141, 179, 233 _sq._,

266, 339 _sq._;

on Corpus Christi Day, 165;

to the Midsummer bonfires, 184, 185, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193;

across fiery furnaces, ii. 4 _sqq._;

of giants (effigies) at popular festivals in Europe, 33 _sqq._

Profligacy at Holi festival in India, ii. 2

Prophecy, the Norse Sibyl’s, i. 102 _sq._

Proserpine River in Queensland, i. 39

Provence, Midsummer fires in, i. 193 _sq._;

the Yule log in, 249 _sqq._

Prussia, Midsummer fires in, i. 176 _sq._;

mullein gathered at Midsummer in, ii. 63 _sq._;

witches’ Sabbath in, 74

——, Eastern, herbs gathered at Midsummer in, ii. 48 _sq._;

divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, 53, 61;

belief as to mistletoe growing on a thorn in, 291 _n._ 3

Prussian custom before first ploughing in spring, i. 18

Prussians, the old, worshipped serpents, ii. 43 _n._ 3

Pterelaus and his golden hair, ii. 103

Puberty, girls secluded at, i. 22 _sqq._;

fast and dream at, ii. 222 _n._ 5;

pretence of killing the novice and bringing him to life again during

initiatory rites at, 225 _sqq._

Pueblo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico, use of bull-roarers among the,

ii. 230 _n._, 231

Pulayars of Travancore, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69

Pulverbatch, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257;

belief as the bloom of the oak on Midsummer Eve at, ii. 292

Pumpkin, external soul in a, ii. 105

Punchkin and the parrot, story of, ii. 97 _sq._, 215, 220

Punjaub, supernatural power ascribed to the first-born in the, i. 295;

passing unlucky children through narrow openings in the, ii. 190

Purification by stinging with ants, i. 61 _sqq._;

by beating, 61, 64 _sqq._;

of mourners by fire, ii. 17, 18 _sq._;

after a death, 178;

by passing under a yoke, 193 _sqq._

Purificatory theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, i. 329 _sq._, 341,

ii. 16 _sqq._;

more probable than the solar theory, i. 346

Purple loosestrife (_Lythrum salicaria_) gathered at Midsummer, ii. 65

_Purra_ or _poro_, secret society in Sierra Leone, ii. 260 _sq._

Puttenham, George, on the Midsummer giants, ii. 36 _sq._

Pyrenees, Midsummer fires in the French, i. 193

Quarter-ill, a disease of cattle, i. 296

Quedlinburg, in the Harz Mountains, need-fire at, i. 276

Queen Charlotte Islands, the Haida Indians of, i. 44

—— of Heaven, ii. 303

—— of Summer, i. 195

Queen’s County, Midsummer fires in, i. 203;

divination at Hallowe’en in, 242

Queensland, sorcery in, i. 14;

seclusion of girls at puberty in, 37 _sqq._;

dread of women at menstruation in, 78;

natives of, their mode of ascertaining the fate of an absent friend, ii.

159 _sq._;

use of bull-roarers in, 233

_Quimba_, a secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. 256 _n._

Quimper, Midsummer fires at, i. 184

Quirinus, sanctuary of, at Rome, ii. 168

Races at fire-festivals, i. 111;

to Easter bonfire, 122;

at Easter fires, 144;

with torches at Midsummer, 175.

_See also_ Torch-races

Radium, bearing of its discovery on the probable duration of the sun, ii.

307 _n._ 2

Rahu, a tribal god in India, ii. 5

Rain, Midsummer bonfires supposed to stop, i. 188, 336;

bull-roarers used as magical instruments to make, ii. 230 _sqq._

—— -clouds, smoke made in imitation of, i. 133

—— -makers (mythical), i. 133

—— -water in Morocco, magical virtues ascribed to, i. 17 _sq._

Raking a rick in the devil’s name, i. 243;

the ashes, a mode of divination, 243

Ralston, W. R. S., on sacred fire of Perkunas, ii. 91 _n._ 3

Rama, his battle with the King of Ceylon, ii. 102

Rampart, old, of Burghead, i. 267 _sq._

Ramsay, John, of Ochtertyre, on Beltane fires, i. 146 _sqq._;

on Midsummer fires, 206;

on Hallowe’en fires, 230 _sq._;

on burying cattle alive, 325 _sq._

Rarhi, Brahmans of Bengal, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 68

Rat, external soul of medicine-man in, ii. 199

Rattan, creeping through a split, to escape a malignant spirit, ii. 183

Rattle used at a festival, i. 28

Rattles to frighten ghosts, i. 52

Raven clan, ii. 271

Ray-fish, cure for wound inflicted by a, i. 98 _n._ 1

Raymi, a festival of the summer solstice, i. 132

Reapers throw sickles blindfold at last sheaf, ii. 279 _n._ 4

Reaping, girdle of rye a preventive of weariness in, i. 190

Reay, in Sutherland, the need-fire at, i. 294 _sq._

Red earth or paint smeared on girls at puberty, i. 30, 31;

girl’s face painted red at puberty, 49 _sq._, 54;

women at menstruation painted, 78

—— and white, girls at puberty painted, i. 35, 38, 39, 40;

women at menstruation painted, 78

—— -hot iron chain, passing persons possessed by evil spirits through a,

ii. 186

—— Island, i. 39

—— ochre round a woman’s mouth, mark of menstruation, i. 77

Redemption from the fire, i. 110

Reed, W. A., on a superstition as to a parasitic plant, ii. 282

Reed, split, used in cure for dislocation, ii. 177

Reef, plain of, in Tiree, i. 316

Regaby, in the Isle of Man, i. 224

Reindeer sacrificed to the dead, ii. 178

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, O. Frh. von, on the Yule log, i. 249

Reiskius, Joh., on the need-fire, i. 271 _sq._

Religion, movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii.

304 _sq._

Religious associations among the Indians of North America, ii. 266 _sqq._

Remedies, magical, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14

Renewal of fire, annual, in China, i. 137.

_See also_ Fire

Rengen, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, ii. 48

Resoliss, parish of, in Ross-shire, burnt sacrifice of a pig in, i. 301

_sq._

Resurrection, ritual of death and, ii. 225 _sqq._

Reuzes, wicker giants in Brabant and Flanders, ii. 35

Revin, Midsummer fires at, i. 188

Rhenish Prussia, Lenten fires in, i. 115

Rheumatism, crawling under a bramble as a cure for, ii. 180

Rhine, the Lower, need-fire on, i. 278;

St. John’s wort on, ii. 54

Rhodesia, the Winamwanga of, ii. 297

_Rhodomyrtus tomentosus_, used to kindle fire by friction, ii. 8

Rhön Mountains, Lenten custom in the, i. 117

Rhys, Sir John, on Beltane fires, i. 157;

on driving cattle through fires, 159;

on old New Year’s Day in the Isle of Man, 224;

on Hallowe’en bonfires in Wales, 239 _sq._;

on burnt sacrifices in the Isle of Man, 305 _sqq._;

on alleged Welsh name for mistletoe, ii. 286 _n._ 3

Ribble, the, i. 245

Ribwort gathered at Midsummer, ii. 49

Rickard, R. H., quoted, i. 34

Rickets, children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for, ii. 168;

children passed through cleft oaks as a cure for, 170;

children passed through a holed stone as a cure for, 187

Rickety children passed through a natural wooden ring, ii. 184

Riedel, J. G. F., on the Kakian association in Ceram, ii. 249

Rif, province of Morocco, Midsummer fires in, i. 214 _n._, 215;

bathing at Midsummer in, 216

Riga, Midsummer festival at, i. 177

Right hand, luckiness of the, i. 151 _n._

—— turn (_deiseal_, _dessil_) in the Highlands of Scotland, i. 150 _n._ 1,

154

Rigveda, how Indra cured Apala in the, ii. 193

Ring, crawling through a, as a cure or preventive of disease, ii. 184

_sqq._;

divination by a, i. 237;

worn by initiates as token of the new birth, ii. 257.

_See also_ Rings

Ringhorn, Balder’s ship, i. 102

Ringing church bells on Midsummer Eve, custom as to, ii. 47 _sq._

Rings as amulets, i. 92;

mourners creep through, ii. 178, 179.

_See also_ Ring

Rio de Janeiro, i. 59

—— Negro, ordeals of young men among the Indians of the, i. 63

Risley, Sir Herbert H., on Indian fire-walk, ii. 5 _n._ 3

Ritual, myths dramatized in, i. 105;

of death and resurrection, ii. 225 _sqq._

Rivers, Dr. W. H. R., on _tamaniu_, ii. 199 _n._ 1

Rivers, menstruous women not allowed to cross or bathe in, i. 77, 97;

claim human victims at Midsummer, ii. 26 _sqq._;

bathing in, at Midsummer, 30

Rizano, in Dalmatia, the Yule log at, i. 263

Robertson, Rev. James, quoted, i. 150 _sqq._

Robinson, C. H., on human life bound up with that of an animal, ii. 209

Rochholz, C. L., on need-fire, i. 270 _n._

Rocks, sick people passed through holes in, ii. 186 _sq._, 189 _sq._

Roman belief as to menstruous women, i. 98 _n._ 1

—— cure for dislocation, ii. 177

Romans deemed sacred the places which were struck by lightning, ii. 299

Romanus Lecapenus, emperor, ii. 156

Rome, the sacred fire of Vesta at, i. 138, ii. 91;

Midsummer Day in ancient, i. 178;

myrtle-trees of the Patricians and Plebeians at, ii. 168;

oak of the Vespasian family at, 168

Romove, sacred oak and perpetual fire at, ii. 91, 286

Roof of house, the external soul in, ii. 156

Rook, the island of, initiation of young men in, ii. 246

Roscher, Dr. W. H., on the Roman ceremony of passing under a yoke, ii. 194

_n._ 2

Roscoe, Rev. J., on life-trees of kings of Uganda, ii. 160;

on passing through a cleft stick or a narrow opening as a cure, 181

Roscommon, County, divination at Hallowe’en in, i. 243

Rose-tree, death in a blue, ii. 110

Roses, festival of the Crown of, i. 195;

the King and Queen of, 195

Ross-shire, Beltane cakes in, i. 153;

burnt sacrifice of a pig in, 301 _sq._

Rotenburg on the Neckar, offering to the river on St. John’s Day, ii. 28;

the wicked weaver of, 289 _sq._

Rottenburg, in Swabia, burning the Angel-man at, i. 167;

precautions against witches on Midsummer Eve at, ii. 73

Roumanians of Transylvania, their belief as to the sacredness of bread, i.

13

Rowan, parasitic, esteemed effective against witchcraft, ii. 281;

superstitions about a, 281 _sq._;

how it is to be gathered, 282;

not to be touched with iron and not to fall on the ground, 282

—— -tree a protection against witches, i. 154, 327 _n._ 1, ii. 184 _n._ 4,

185;

hoop of, sheep passed through a, 184.

_See also_ Mountain-ash

Rubens, painter, ii. 33

Rucuyennes of Brazil, ordeal of young men among the, i. 63

Rue aux Ours at Paris, effigy of giant burnt in the, ii. 38

Rue burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213

Rügen, sick persons passed through a cleft oak in, ii. 172

Rum, island of, and the Lachlin family, ii. 284

Rupert’s Day, effigy burnt on, i. 119

Rupt in the Vosges, Lenten fires at, i. 109;

the Yule log at, 254

Rupture, children passed through cleft ash-trees or oaks as a cure for,

ii. 168 _sqq._, 170 _sqq._

Russia, Midsummer fires in, i. 176, ii. 40;

need-fire in, i. 281, ii. 91;

treatment of the effigy of Kupalo in, 23;

the Letts of, 50;

purple loose-strife gathered at Midsummer in, 65;

fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65, 66, 287 _sq._;

birth-trees in, 165

Russian feast of Florus and Laurus, i. 220

—— story of Koshchei the deathless, ii. 108 _sqq._

Rustem and Isfendiyar, i. 104 _sq._

Ruthenia, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 176

Rye, girdles of, a preventive of weariness in reaping, i. 190

Saale, the river, claims a human victim on Midsummer Day, ii. 26

Saaralben in Lorraine, ii. 47

Sabbaths of witches on the Eve of May Day and Midsummer Eve, i. 171 _n._

3, 181, ii. 73, 74

Sacramental bread at Nemi, ii. 286 _n._ 2

—— meal at initiation in Fiji, ii. 245 _sq._

Sacred flutes played at initiation, ii. 241

—— kings put to death, i. 1 _sq._

—— persons not allowed to set foot on the ground, i. 2 _sqq._;

not to see the sun, i. 18 _sqq._

—— stick (_churinga_), ii. 234

Sacrifice of cattle at holy oak, i. 181;

of heifer at kindling need-fire, 290;

of an animal to stay a cattle-plague, 300 _sqq._;

of reindeer to the dead, ii. 178

Sacrifices, human, at fire-festivals, i. 106;

traces of, 146, 148, 150 _sqq._, 186, ii. 31;

offered by the ancient Germans, 28 _n._ 1;

among the Celts of Gaul, 32 _sq._;

the victims perhaps witches and wizards, 41 _sqq._;

W. Mannhardt’s theory, 43

“Sacrificial fonts” in Sweden, i. 172 _n._ 2

_Sada_, _Saza_, Persian festival of fire at the winter solstice, i. 269

Sage, divination by sprigs of red, on Midsummer Eve, ii. 61 _n._ 4

Sagittarius, mistletoe cut when the sun is in the sign of, ii. 82

Sahagun, B. de, on the treatment of witches and wizards among the Aztecs,

ii. 159

Saibai, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, i. 40

_sq._

Sail Dharaich, Sollas, in North Uist, need-fire at, i. 294

St. Antony, wood of, i. 110

St. Brandon, church of, in Ireland, sick women pass through a window of

the, ii. 190

St. Christopher, name given to Midsummer giant at Salisbury, ii. 38

St. Columb Kill, festival of, i. 241

St. Corona, church of, at Koppenwal, holed stone in the, ii. 188 _sq._

Saint-Denis-des-Puits, the oak of, ii. 287 _n._ 1

St. Eloi, Bishop of Noyon, his denunciation of heathen practices, ii. 190

St. Estapin, festival of, on August the sixth, ii. 188

St. George’s Day, i. 223 _n._ 2

St. Hubert blesses bullets with which to shoot witches, i. 315 _sq._

St. James’s Day (July the twenty-fifth), the flower of chicory cut on, ii.

71

St. Jean, in the Jura, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 189

St. John blesses the flowers on Midsummer Eve, i. 171;

his hair looked for in ashes of Midsummer fire, 182 _sq._, 190;

fires of, in France, 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193;

prayers to, at Midsummer, 210;

claims human victims on St. John’s Day (Midsummer Day), ii. 27, 29;

print of his head on St. John’s Eve, 57;

oil of, found on oak leaves, 83

——, the Knights of, i. 194

——, Grand Master of the Order of, i. 211

—— the Baptist associated by the Catholic Church with Midsummer Day, i.

160, 181

St. John’s blood found on St. John’s wort and other plants at Midsummer,

ii. 56, 57

St. John’s College, Oxford, the Christmas candle at, i. 255

—— Day, Midsummer fires on, i. 167 _sqq._, 171 _sqq._, 178, 179;

fire kindled by friction of wood on, 281;

fern-seed blooms on, ii. 287.

_See also_ Midsummer.

—— Eve (Midsummer Eve) in Malta, i. 210 _sq._;

wonderful herbs gathered on, ii. 45 _sqq._;

sick children passed through cleft trees on, 171

St. John’s fires among the South Slavs, i. 178;

among the Esthonians, 180.

_See also_ Midsummer fires

—— flower at Midsummer, ii. 50;

gathered on St. John’s Eve (Midsummer Eve), 57 _sq._

—— girdle, mugwort, ii. 59

—— herbs gathered at Midsummer, ii. 46 _sq._, 49;

a protection against evil spirits, 49

—— Night (Midsummer Eve), precautions against witches on, ii. 20 _n._

—— oil on oaks at Midsummer, ii. 293

—— root (_Johanniswurzel_), the male fern, ii. 66

—— wort (_Hypericum perforatum_), garlands of, at Midsummer, i. 169 _n._

3, 196;

gathered on St. John’s Day or Eve (Midsummer Day or Eve), ii. 49, 54

_sqq._;

a protection against thunder, witches, and evil spirits, 54, 55, 74;

thrown into the Midsummer bonfires, 55

St. Juan Capistrano, in California, ordeal of nettles and ants among the

Indians of, i. 64

St. Julien, church of, at Ath, ii. 36

St. Just, in Cornwall, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 200

St. Lawrence family, their lives bound up with an old tree at Howth

castle, ii. 166

St. Martin invoked to disperse a mist, i. 280

St. Mary at Lübeck, church of, i. 100

St. Michael’s cake, i. 149, 154 _n._ 3

St. Nonnosius, relics of, in the cathedral of Freising, Bavaria, ii. 188

_sq._

St. Patrick and the Beltane fires, i. 157 _sq._

St. Patrick’s Chair, i. 205

—— Mount, i. 205

St. Peter, the Eve of, Midsummer fires in Ireland on, i. 202

—— and St. Paul, celebration of their day in London, i. 196

St. Peter’s at Rome, new fire at Easter in, i. 125

—— Day, bonfires in Belgium on, i. 194 _sq._;

bonfires at Eton on, 197;

fires in Scotland on, 207

—— Eve, bonfires on, i. 195, 198, 199 _sq._;

gathering herbs on, ii. 45 _n._ 1

St. Rochus’s day, need-fire kindled on, i. 282

St. Thomas’s day (21st December), bonfires on, i. 266;

witches dreaded on, ii. 73

—— Mount, near Madras, the fire-walk at, ii. 8 _n._ 1

Saint-Valery in Picardy, i. 113

St. Vitus’s dance, mistletoe a cure for, ii. 84

—— Day, “fire of heaven” kindled on, i. 335

St. Wolfgang, Falkenstein chapel of, ii. 189

Saintes-Maries, Midsummer custom at, i. 194

Saintonge, the Yule log in, i. 251 _n._ 1;

wonderful herbs gathered on St. John’s Eve in, ii. 45;

St. John’s wort in, 55;

vervain gathered at Midsummer in, 62 _n. 4_;

four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, 63

—— and Aunis, Midsummer fires in, i. 192

Salee, in Morocco, Midsummer fires at, i. 214, 216

Salisbury, Midsummer giants at, ii. 37 _sq._

Salop (Shropshire), fear of witchcraft in, i. 342 _n._ 4

Salt, prohibition to eat, i. 19, 20;

used in a ceremony after marriage, 25 _sq._;

abstinence from, associated with a rule of chastity, 26 _sqq._;

prohibition to taste, 60, 68, 69;

not to be handled by menstruous women, 81 _sq._, 84;

divination by, 244

—— cake, divination by, i. 238 _sq._

Samhain, Eve of, in Ireland, i. 139, 225, 226;

All Saints’ Day in Ireland, 225

_Samhanach_, Hallowe’en bogies, i. 227

_Samhnagan_, Hallowe’en fires, i. 230

Samland fishermen will not go to sea on Midsummer Day, ii. 26

Samoan story of woman who was impregnated by the sun, i. 74 _sq._

Samoyed shamans, their familiar spirits in boars, ii. 196 _sq._

—— story of the external soul, ii. 141 _sq._

Samson, effigy of, ii. 36;

an African, 314

San Salvador in West Africa, ii. 200

Sanctity and uncleanness not clearly differentiated in the primitive mind,

i. 97 _sq._

Sanctuary of Balder, i. 104

Sand, souls of ogres in a grain of, ii. 120

Sandhill, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, i. 198

Sangerhausen, i. 169

Sangro, river, i. 210

Sankuru River, ii. 264

Santa Catalina Istlavacan, birth-names of the Indians of, ii. 214 _n._ 1

—— Maria Piedigrotta at Naples, i. 221

Sapor, king of Persia, i. 82 _sq._

Sarajevo, need-fire near, i. 286

Sardinia, Midsummer fires in, i. 209

Satan preaches a sermon in the church of North Berwick, ii. 158;

brings fern-seed on Christmas night, 289

_Satapatha Brahmana_, on the sun as Death, ii. 174 _n._ 1

Saturday, Easter, new fire on, i. 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130;

second-sight of persons born on a, 285

Saturnalia at puberty of a princess royal, i. 30 _sq._;

license of the, ii. 291 _n._ 2

Saucers, divination by seven, i. 209

Savage, secretiveness of the, ii. 224 _sq._;

dread of sorcery, 224 _sq._

Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian, i. 102 _n._ 1;

his account of Balder, 103

Saxons of Transylvania, story of the external soul among the, ii. 116

Saxony, fires to burn the witches in, i. 160;

the Wends of, ii. 297

——, Lower, the need-fire in, i. 272

Scania, Midsummer fires in, i. 172

Schaffhausen, St. John’s three Midsummer victims at, ii. 27

Schar mountains of Servia, need-fire in the, i. 281

_Scharholz_, Midsummer log in Germany, ii. 92 _n._ 1

Schaumburg, Easter bonfires in, i. 142

Schlegel, G., on Chinese festival of fire, ii. 5 _n._ 1

Schlich, W., on mistletoe, ii. 315 _sq._;

on _Loranthus europaeus_, 317

Schlochau, district of, witches’ Sabbath in, ii. 74

Schöllbronn in Baden, “thunder poles” at, i. 145

Schoolcraft, Henry R., on renewal of fire, i. 134 _n._ 1

Schürmann, C. W., on the Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, ii. 216

_sq._

_Schvannes_, bonfires, i. 111 _n._ 1

Schweina, in Thuringia, Christmas bonfire at, i. 265 _sq._

Schwenda, witches burnt at, i. 6

Science, movement of thought from magic through religion to, ii. 304

_sq._;

and magic, different views of natural order postulated by the two, 305

_sq._

Scira, an Athenian festival, i. 20 _n._ 1

“Scoring above the breath,” cutting a witch on the forehead, i. 315 _n._

2;

counter-spell to witchcraft, 343 _n._

Scotch Highlanders, their belief in bogies at Hallowe’en, i. 227;

their belief as to Snake Stones, ii. 311

Scotland, sacred wells in, i. 12;

Celts called “thunder-bolts” in, 14 _sq._;

Snake Stones in, 15 _sq._, ii. 311;

worship of Grannus in, i. 112;

Beltane fires in, 146 _sqq._;

Midsummer fires in, 206 _sq._;

divination at Hallowe’en in, 229, 234 _sqq._;

need-fire in, 289 _sqq._;

animals burnt alive as a sacrifice in, 302;

“scoring above the breath,” a counter-charm for witchcraft in, 315 _n._

2;

witches as hares in, 315 _n._ 1;

St. John’s wort in, ii. 54;

the divining-rod in, 67.

_See also_ Highlands _and_ Highlanders

Scots pine, mistletoe on, ii. 315

Scott, Sir Walter, on the fear of witchcraft, i. 343;

oaks planted by, ii. 166

Scourging girls at puberty, i. 66 _sq._

_Scouvion_, i. 108.

_See_ _Escouvion_

Scratching the person with the fingers forbidden to girls at puberty, i.

38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 53, 92

Scrofula, vervain a cure for, ii. 62 _n._ 1;

creeping through an arch of vines as a cure for, 180;

passage through a holed stone a cure for, 187

Scylla, daughter of Nisus, the story of her treachery, ii. 103

Scythes and bill-hooks set out to cut witches as they fall from the

clouds, i. 345 _sq._

Sea, menstruous women not allowed to approach the, i. 79;

bathing in the, at Easter, 123;

bathing in the, at Midsummer, 208, 210, ii. 30;

demands a human victim on Midsummer Day, 26

Seal, descendants of the, in Sutherlandshire, ii. 131 _sq._

Seats placed for souls of dead at the Midsummer fires, i. 183, 184

Seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 22 _sqq._,;

in folk-tales, 70 _sqq._;

reasons for the, 76 _sqq._

—— of novices at initiation, ii. 233, 241, 250, 253, 257 _n._ 1, 258, 259,

261, 264, 266

—— of women at menstruation, i. 76 _sqq._

Secret language learnt at initiation, ii. 253, 255 _n._ 1, 259, 261 _n._

—— societies and totem clans, related to each other, ii. 272 _sq._

Secretiveness of the savage, ii. 224 _sq._

Sedbury Park oak, in Gloucestershire, ii. 316

_Sedum telephium_, orpine, used in divination at Midsummer, ii. 61

Seed-corn, charred remains of Midsummer log mixed with the, ii. 92

Seeman, Berthold, on St. John’s blood, ii. 56

Seler, Professor E., on nagual, ii. 213 _n._

_Semo_, a secret society of Senegambia, ii. 261

Senal Indians of California, their notion as to fire stored in trees, ii.

295

Senegambia, the Walos of, ii. 79;

secret society in, 261 _sq._

Sennar, a province of the Sudan, human hyaenas in, i. 313

Separation of children from their parents among the Baganda, i. 23 _n._ 2

September, eve of the first of, new fire on the, i. 139;

the eighth, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, 220;

the fire-walk in, ii. 9

Serpent, girls at puberty thought to be visited by a, i. 31;

supposed to swallow girl at puberty, 57;

ten-headed, external soul in a, ii. 104 _sq._;

twelve-headed, external soul of demon in a, 143;

external soul of chief in a, 201.

_See also_ Snake

Serpents burnt alive at the Midsummer festival in Luchon, ii. 38 _sq._,

43;

witches turn into, 41;

worshipped by the old Prussians, 43 _n._ 3;

in the worship of Demeter, 44 _n._;

the familiars of witches, 202;

spirits of the dead incarnate in, 211 _sq._

Serpents’ eggs (glass beads) in ancient Gaul, i. 15

Servia, Midsummer fire custom in, i. 178;

the Yule log in, 258 _sqq._;

need-fire in, 281, 282 _sqq._

Servian stories of the external soul, ii. 110 _sqq._

Servians, house-communities of the, i. 259 _n._ 1

Setonje, in Servia, need-fire at, i. 282 _sqq._

Seven bonfires, lucky to see, i. 107, 108

—— leaps over Midsummer fire, i. 213

—— sorts of plants gathered at Midsummer, ii. 51 _sq._

—— years, a were-wolf for, i. 310 _n._ 1, 316 _n._ 2

Sex totems among the natives of South-Eastern Australia, ii. 214 _sqq._;

called “brother” and “sister” by men and women respectively, 215

Sexes, danger apprehended from the relation of the, ii. 277 _sq._

Seyf el-Mulook and the jinnee, the story of, ii. 137

Sgealoir, the burying-ground of, i. 294

_Sgreball_, three pence, i. 139

Sham-fights at New Year, i. 135

Shamans of the Yakuts and Samoyeds keep their external souls in animals,

ii. 196

Shamash, the Assyrian sun-god, ii. 80 _n._ 3

Shanga, city in East Africa, ii. 314

Shawnee prophet, ii. 157

Sheaf, the last cut at harvest, the Yule log wrapt up in, i. 248;

reapers blindfold throw sickles at the, ii. 279 _n._ 4

Sheaves of wheat or barley burnt in Midsummer fires, i. 215

Sheep made to tread embers of extinct Midsummer fires, i. 182;

driven over ashes of Midsummer fires, 192;

burnt to stop disease in the flock, 301;

burnt alive as a sacrifice in the Isle of Man, 306;

witch in shape of a black, 316;

driven through fire, ii. 11 _sqq._;

omens drawn from the intestines of, 13;

passed through a hole in a rock to rid them of disease, 189 _sq._

Shells used in ritual of death and resurrection, ii. 267 _n._ 2, 269

Sherbro, Sierra Leone, secret society in the, ii. 259 _sqq._

Shirley Heath, cleft ash-tree at, ii. 168

Shirt, wet, divination by, i. 236, 241

Shoe, divination by thrown, i. 236

Shoes of boar’s skin worn by king at inauguration, i. 4;

magical plants at Midsummer put in, ii. 54, 60, 65

Shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, ii. 291

—— at witches in the clouds, i. 345

“Shot-a-dead” by fairies, i. 303

Shropshire, the Yule log in, i. 257;

fear of witchcraft in, 342 _n._ 4;

the oak thought to bloom on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 292, 293

Shrove Tuesday, effigies burnt on, i. 120;

straw-man burnt on, ii. 22;

wicker giants on, 35;

cats burnt alive on, 40;

the divining-rod cut on, 68;

custom of striking a hen dead on, 279 _n._

Shuswap Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among

the, i. 53 _sq._;

girls at puberty forbidden to eat anything that bleeds, 94;

fence themselves with thorn bushes against ghosts, ii. 174 _n._ 2;

personal totems among the, 276 _n._ 1;

their belief as to trees struck by lightning, 297 _n._ 3

Siam, king of, not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 3;

tree-spirit in serpent form in, ii. 44 _n._ 1

Siamese, their explanation of a first menstruation, i. 24;

their story of the external soul, ii. 102

Siberia, marriage custom in, i. 75;

external souls of shamans in, ii. 196 _sq._

Sibyl, the Norse, her prophecy, i. 102 _sq._

Sibyl’s wish, the, i. 99

Sicily, Midsummer fires in, i. 210;

St. John’s Day (Midsummer Day) regarded as dangerous and unlucky in, ii.

29;

bathing at Midsummer in, 29;

St. John’s wort in, 55

Sickness, bonfires a protection against, i. 108, 109;

transferred to animal, ii. 181

Sieg, the Yule log in the valley of the, i. 248

Siena, the, of the Ivory Coast, their totemism, ii. 220 _n._ 2

Sierck, town on the Moselle, i. 164

Sierra Leone, birth-trees in, ii. 160;

secret society in, 260 _sq._

Sieve, divination by, i. 236

Sikkhim, custom after a funeral in, ii. 18

Silence compulsory on girls at puberty, i. 29, 57;

in ritual, 123, 124, ii. 63, 67, 171, 184

Silesia, Spachendorf in, i. 119;

fires to burn the witches in, 160;

Midsummer fires in, 170 _sq._, 175;

need-fire in, 278;

witches as cats in, 319 _sq._;

divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 53

Silius Italicus, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14 _n._ 3

Sill of door, unlucky children passed under the, ii. 190

Silver sixpence or button used to shoot witches with, i. 316

Silvia and Mars, story of, ii. 102

Simeon, prince of Bulgaria, his life bound up with the capital of a

column, ii. 156 _sq._

Simla, i. 12

Simurgh and Rustem, i. 104

Sin-offering, i. 82

Singhalese, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 69

Singleton, Miss A. H., ii. 192 _n._ 1

Siouan tribes of North America, names of clans not used in ordinary

conversation among the, ii. 224 _n._ 2

Sioux or Dacotas, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268

_sq._

Sipi in Northern India, i. 12

Sirius, how the Bushmen warm up the star, i. 332 _sq._

Sister’s Beam (_Sororium tigillum_) at Rome, ii. 194, 195 _n._ 4

Sisyphus, the stone of, i. 298

Sixpence, silver, witches shot with a, i. 316

Sixth day of the moon, mistletoe cut on the, ii. 77

Sixty years, cycles of, ii. 77 _n._ 1

Skin disease, traditional cure of, in India, ii. 192;

leaping over ashes of fire as remedy for, 2

Sky, girls at puberty not allowed to look at the, i. 43, 45, 46, 69

Skye, island of, i. 289;

the need-fire in, 148

Slane, the hill of, i. 158

Slave Coast, custom of widows on the, ii. 18 _sq._;

use of bull-roarers on the, 229 _n._

Slavonia, the Yule log in, i. 262 _sq._;

need-fire in, 282

Slavonian (South) peasants, the measures they take to bring down witches

from the clouds, i. 345

Slavonic peoples, need-fire among, i. 280 _sqq._, 344

—— stories of the external soul, ii. 108 _sqq._

Slavs, the oak a sacred tree among the, ii. 89;

oak wood used to kindle sacred fires among the, 91

——, the South, Midsummer fires among the, i. 178;

the Yule log among the, 247, 258 _sqq._;

divination from flowers at Midsummer among the, ii. 50;

their belief in the activity of witches at Midsummer, 74 _sq._;

need-fire sometimes kindled by the friction of oak-wood among the, 91

Sleep, magic, at initiation, ii. 256 _sq._

Sligo, the Druids’ Hill in County, i. 229

Slope of Big Stones in Harris, i. 227

Slovenians, their belief in the activity of witches on Midsummer Eve, ii.

75

Smith, a spectral, i. 136

Smoke made in imitation of rain-clouds, i. 133;

used to stupefy witches in the clouds, 345;

used to fumigate sheep and cattle, ii. 12, 13

—— of bonfires, omens drawn from the, i. 116, 131, 337;

intended to drive away dragons, 161;

allowed to pass over corn, 201, 337

—— of Midsummer bonfires a preservative against ills, i. 188;

a protection against disease, 192;

beneficial effects of, 214 _sq._

—— of Midsummer herbs a protection against thunder and lightning, ii. 48;

used to fumigate cattle, 53

—— of need-fire used to fumigate fruit-trees, nets, and cattle, i. 280

Smyth, R. Brough, on menstruous women in Australia, i. 13

Snake said to wound a girl at puberty, i. 56;

seven-headed, external soul of witch in a, ii. 144;

external soul of medicine-man in, 199.

_See also_ Serpent

—— Stones, superstitions as to, i. 15 _sq._;

belief of the Scottish Highlanders concerning, ii. 311

Snakes, fat of, i. 14;

thought to congregate on Midsummer Eve or the Eve of May Day, 15 _sq._;

charm against, 17;

spirits of plants and trees in the form of, ii. 44 _n._;

sympathetically related to human beings, 209 _sq._

Snow, external soul of a king in, ii. 102

Societies, secret, and clans, totemic, related to each other, ii. 272

_sq._

Sodewa Bai and the golden necklace, story of, ii. 99 _sq._

Soemara, in Celebes, were-wolf at, i. 312

Sofala in East Africa, i. 135 _n._ 2

Sogamoso, heir to the throne of, not allowed to see the sun, i. 19

Sogne Fiord in Norway, Balder’s Grove on the, i. 104, ii. 315

Solar festival in spring, ii. 3

—— theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, i. 329, 331 _sqq._, ii. 15

_sq._, 72

Solstice, the summer, new fire kindled at the, i. 132, 133;

its importance for primitive man, 160 _sq._

——, the winter, celebrated as the Birthday of the Sun, i. 246;

Persian festival of fire at the, 269

Solstices, the old pagan festivals of the two, consecrated as the

birthdays of Christ and St. John the Baptist, i. 181 _sq._;

festivals of fire at the, 246, 247, 331 _sq._;

fern-seed gathered at the, ii. 290 _sq._;

mistletoe gathered at the, 291 _sq._

Solstitial fires perhaps sun-charms, ii. 292

Soma, Hindoo deity, i. 99 _n._ 2

Somme, the river, i. 113;

the department of, mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. 58

Somersetshire, Midsummer fires in, i. 199

Sonnerat, French traveller, on the fire-walk in India, ii. 6 _sqq._

Soosoos of Senegambia, their secret society, ii. 261 _sq._

Soracte, fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani on Mount, ii. 14 _sq._;

the Soranian Wolves at, 91 _n._ 7

“Soranian Wolves” (_Hirpi Sorani_), ii. 14;

at Soracte, 91 _n._ 1

Soranus, Italian god, ii. 14, 15 _n._ 1, 16

Sorcerers, Midsummer herbs a protection against, ii. 45;

detected by St. John’s wort, 55;

detected by fern root, 67

Sorcery, pointing sticks or bones in, i. 14;

bonfires a protection against, 156;

sprigs of mullein protect cattle against, 190;

mistletoe a protection against, ii. 85;

savage dread of, 224 _sq._

_See also_ Witchcraft

—— and witchcraft, Midsummer plants and flowers a protection against, ii.

45, 46, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72

Sorcha, the King of, in a Celtic tale, ii. 127 _sq._

Soul, the notion of, a quasi-scientific hypothesis, ii. 221;

the unity and indivisibility of the, a theological dogma, 221

—— of chief in sacred grove, ii. 161

Soul of child deposited in a coco-nut, ii. 154 _sq._;

deposited in a bag, 155;

bound up with knife, 157

—— of iron, ii. 154

—— of ruptured person passes into cleft oak-tree, ii. 172

—— of woman at childbirth deposited in a chopping-knife, ii. 153 _sq._

—— the external, in folk-tales, ii. 95 _sqq._;

in parrot, 97 _sq._;

in bird, 98 _sq._;

in necklace, 99 _sq._;

in a fish, 99 _sq._, 122 _sq._;

in cock, pigeon, starling, spinning-wheel, pillar, 100 _sq._;

in a bee, 101;

in a lemon, 102;

in a tree, 102;

in a barley plant, 102;

in a box, 102, 117, 143 _n._ 4, 149;

in a firebrand, 103;

in hair, 103 _sq._;

in snow, 103 _sq._;

in two or three doves, 104;

in a ten-headed serpent, 104 _sq._;

in a pumpkin, 105;

in a spear, 105;

in a dragon, 105;

in a gem, 105 _sq._;

in an egg, 107, 125, 127, 140 _sq._;

in a duck’s egg, 109 _sq._, 115 _sq._, 116, 119 _sq._, 120, 126, 130,

132;

in a blue rose-tree, 110;

in a bird, 111, 119, 142, 150;

in a pigeon, 112 _sq._;

in a light, 116;

in a flower, 117 _sq._;

in grain of sand, 120;

in a stone, 125 _n._ 1, 156;

in a thorn, 129;

in a gem, 130;

in a pigeon’s egg, 132, 139;

in a dove’s egg, 133;

in a box-tree, 133;

in the flower of the acacia, 135 _sq._;

in a sparrow, 137;

in a beetle, 138, 140;

in a bottle, 138;

in a golden cock-chafer, 140;

in a dish, 141 _sq._;

in a precious stone, 142;

in a bag, 142;

in a white herb, 143;

in a wasp, 143 _sq._;

in a twelve-headed serpent, 143;

in a golden ring, 143;

in seven little birds, 144;

in a seven-headed snake, 144;

in a quail, 144 _sq._;

in a vase, 145 _sq._;

in a golden sword and a golden arrow, 145;

in entrails, 147 _sq._;

in a golden fish, 147 _sq._, 220;

in a hair as hard as copper, 148;

in a cat, 150 _sq._;

in a bear, 151;

in a buffalo, 151;

in inanimate things, 153 _sqq._;

in a hemlock branch, 152;

in folk-custom, 153 _sqq._;

in a mountain scaur, 156;

in ox-horns, 156;

in roof of house, 156;

in a tree, 156;

in a spring of water, 156;

in capital of column, 156 _sq._;

in a portrait statue, 157;

in plants, 159 _sqq._;

in animals, 196 _sqq._;

of shaman or medicine-man in animal, 196, 199;

kept in totem, 220 _sqq._

—— -boxes, amulets as, ii. 155

—— -stones, ii. 156

—— -stuff of ghosts, ii. 182

Soulless King, whose soul was in a duck’s egg, Lithuanian story of the,

ii. 113 _sqq._

Souls of dead sit round the Midsummer fire, i. 183, 184;

of people at a house-warming collected in a bag, ii. 153;

male and female, in Chinese philosophy, 221;

the plurality of, 221 _sq._;

human, transmigrate into their totemic animals, 223

Sow, the cropped black, at Hallowe’en, i. 239, 240

Sower, the Wicked, driving away, i. 107, 118

Sowerby, James, on mouse-ear hawk-weed, ii. 57;

on orpine, 61 _n._ 4;

on yellow hoary mullein, 64;

on the Golden Bough, 284 _n._ 3;

on mistletoe, 316 _n._ 5

Sowing hemp seed, divination by, i. 235

Spachendorf, in Silesia, effigy burnt at, i. 119

Spae-wives and Gestr, Icelandic story of the, ii. 125 _sq._

Spain, Midsummer fires and customs in, i. 208;

bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29;

vervain gathered at Midsummer in, 62

Spark Sunday in Switzerland, i. 118

Sparks of Yule log prognosticate chickens, lambs, foals, calves, etc., i.

251, 262, 263, 264

Sparrow, external soul of a jinnee in a, ii. 137

Spear used to help women in hard labour, i. 14;

external soul in a, ii. 105

Speicher, in the Eifel, St. John’s fires at, i. 169

Spell recited at kindling need-fire, i. 290;

of witchcraft broken by suffering, 304

Spells cast on cattle, i. 301, 302;

cast by witches on union of man and wife, 346

Spencer (B.) and Gillen (F. J.) on initiation of medicine-man, ii. 238

Spinning-wheel, external soul of ogress in a, ii. 100

Spirit or god of vegetation, effigies of, burnt in spring, ii. 21 _sq._;

reasons for burning, 23;

leaf-clad representative of, burnt, 25

Spirits of the hills, their treasures, ii. 69

—— of plants and trees in the form of snakes, ii. 44 _n._ 1

—— of water propitiated at Midsummer, ii. 31

Spree, the river, requires its human victim on Midsummer Day, ii. 26

Spreewald, the Wends of the, ii. 48

Sprenger, the inquisitor, ii. 158

Spring of water, external soul in a, ii. 156

Springs, underground, detected by divining-rod, ii. 67 _sq._

Springwort, mythical plant, procured at Midsummer, ii. 69 _sqq._;

reveals treasures, opens all locks, and makes the bearer invisible and

invulnerable, 69 _sq._

Sproat, G. M., on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 43 _sq._

Spruce trees free from mistletoe, ii. 315

Squeals of pigs necessary for fruitfulness of mangoes, i. 9

Squirrels burnt in the Easter bonfires, i. 142, ii. 40

Stabbing a transformed witch or werewolf in order to compel him or her to

reveal himself or herself, i. 315

Staffordshire, the Yule log in, i. 256

Stamfordham, in Northumberland, need-fire at, i. 288 _sq._

Starling, external soul of ogress in a, ii. 100

Stebbing, E. B., on _Loranthus vestitus_ in India, ii. 317 _n._ 2

Steinen, Professor K. von den, on the bull-roarer, ii. 233 _n._ 2

_Stelis_, a kind of mistletoe, ii. 317, 318

Sterile beasts passed through Midsummer fires, i. 203, 338

Sternberg, in Mecklenburg, need-fire at, i. 274

Stewart, Jonet, a wise woman, ii. 184

Stewart, W. Grant, on witchcraft, i. 342 _n._ 4

Stheni, near Delphi, ii. 317

Sticks, charred, of bonfires, protect fields against hail, i. 144

——, charred, of Candlemas bonfires, superstitious uses of, i. 131

——, charred, of Easter fire, superstitious uses of, i. 121;

preserve wheat from blight and mildew, 143

——, charred, of Midsummer bonfires, planted in the fields, i. 165, 166,

173, 174;

a charm against lightning and foul weather, 174;

kept to make the cattle thrive, 180;

thrown into wells to improve the water, 184;

a protection against thunder, 184, 192;

a protection against lightning, 187, 188, 190

——, sacred, whittled, i. 138 _n._ 1

Stiffness of back set down to witchcraft, i. 343 _n._, 345

Stinging girls and young men with ants, i. 61, 62 _sq._

—— with ants as a form of purification, i. 61 _sqq._

_Stipiturus malachurus_, emu-wren, men’s “brother” among the Kurnai, ii.

216

Stolen kail, divination by, i. 234 _sq._

Stone, look of a girl at puberty thought to turn things to, i. 46;

the Hairy, at Midsummer, 212;

external soul in a, ii. 125 _n._ 1, 156;

precious, external soul of khan in a, 142;

magical, put into body of novice at initiation, 271

Stones thrown into Midsummer fire, i. 183, 191, 212;

placed round Midsummer fires, 190;

carried by persons on their heads at Midsummer, 205, 212;

at Hallowe’en fires, divination by, 230 _sq._, 239, 240;

used for curing cattle, 324, 325;

sick people passed through holes in, ii. 186 _sqq._;

magical, inserted by spirits in the body of a new medicine-man, 235

Stoole, near Downpatrick, Midsummer ceremony at, i. 205

Stow, John, on Midsummer fires in London, i. 196 _sq._

Strabo, on the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14;

on the human sacrifices of the Celts, 32

Strackerjan, L., on fear of witchcraft in Oldenburg, i. 343 _n._

Strap of wolf’s hide used by were-wolves, i. 310 _n._ 1

Strathpeffer, in Ross-shire, i. 153

Strathspey, sheep passed through a hoop of rowan in, ii. 184

Straw tied round trees to make them fruitful, i. 115

Streams, menstruous women not allowed to cross running, i. 97;

need-fire kindled between two running, 292

Strength of people bound up with their hair, ii. 158 _sq._

Striking or throwing blindfold, ii. 279 _n._ 4

_Striped Petticoat Philosophy, The_, i. 6.

Stromberg Hill, burning wheel rolled down the, i. 163

Strutt, Joseph, on Midsummer fires in England, i. 196

Stseelis Indians of British Columbia, dread and seclusion of menstruous

women among the, i. 89

Stuart, Mrs. A., on withered mistletoe, ii. 287 _n._ 1

—— Lake in British Columbia, i. 47

Stukeley, W., on a Christmas custom at York, ii. 291 _n._ 2

Styria, fern-seed on Christmas night in, ii. 289

Styx, the passage of Aeneas across the, ii. 294

Subincision at initiation of lads in Australia, ii. 227 _sq._, 234, 235

Sub-totems in Australia, ii. 275 _n._ 1

Sudan, ceremony of new fire in the, i. 134;

human hyaenas in, 313

Sudeten mountains in Silesia, i. 170

Suffering, intensity of, a means to break the spell of witchcraft, i. 304

Suffolk, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96 _n._ 2;

duck baked alive as a sacrifice in, 303 _sq._

Suk of British East Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 81

“Sultan of the Oleander,” i. 18

Sumatra, the Minangkabauers of, i. 79;

the Kooboos of, ii. 162 _n._ 2;

the Looboos of, 182 _sq._;

totemism among the Battas of, 222 _sqq._;

use of bull-roarers in, 229 _n._

Summer, King of, chosen on St. Peter’s Day, i. 195

Sun, rule not to see the, i. 18 _sqq._;

priest of the, uses a white umbrella, 20 _n._ 1;

not to shine on girls at puberty, 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68;

not to be seen by Brahman boys for three days, 68 _n._ 2;

impregnation of women by the, 74 _sq._;

made to shine on women at marriage, 75;

sheep and lambs sacrificed to the, 132;

temple of the, at Cuzco, 132;

the Birthday of the, at the winter solstice, 246;

Christmas an old heathen festival of the birth of the, 331 _sq._;

symbolized by a wheel, 334 _n._ 1, 335;

in the sign of the lion, ii. 66 _sq._;

magical virtues of plants at Midsummer derived from the, 71 _sq._;

in the sign of Sagittarius, 82;

calls men to himself through death, 173, 174 _n._ 1;

fern-seed procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, 291;

the ultimate cooling of the, 307

Sun-charms, i. 331;

the solstitial and other ceremonial fires perhaps sun-charms, ii. 292

—— -god, ii. 1, 16

Sundal, in Norway, need-fire in, i. 280

Sunday, children born on a Sunday can see treasures in the earth, ii. 288

_n._ 5

—— of the Firebrands, i. 110

—— in Lent, the first, fire-festival on the, i. 107 _sqq._

Sung-yang, were-tiger in, i. 310

Sunless, Prince, i. 21

Sunshine, use of fire as a charm to produce, i. 341 _sq._

Superb warbler, called women’s “sister” among the Kurnai, ii. 215 _n._ 1,

216, 218

Superstitions, Index of, i. 270;

about trees struck by lightning, ii. 296 _sqq._

Surenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the,

i. 169 _sq._

Sûrya, the sun-god, ii. 1

Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture in, ii. 169 _sq._

Sutherland, the need-fire in, i. 294 _sq._

Sutherlandshire, sept of the Mackays, “the descendants of the seal,” in,

ii. 131 _sq._

Swabia, “burning the witch” in, i. 116;

custom of throwing lighted discs in, 116 _sq._;

Easter fires in, 144 _sq._;

custom at eclipses in, 162 _n._;

the Midsummer fires in, 166 _sq._;

witches as hares and horses in, 318 _sq._;

the divining-rod in, ii. 68 _n._ 4;

fern-seed brought by Satan on Christmas night in, 289

Swahili of East Africa, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 133, 140;

birth-trees among the, ii. 160 _sq._;

their story of an African Samson, ii. 314

Swallows, stones found in stomachs of, i. 17

Swan-woman, Tartar story of the, ii. 144

Swan’s bone, used by menstruous women to drink out of, i. 48, 49, 50, 90,

92

Swans’ song in a fairy tale, ii. 124

Swanton, J. R., quoted, i. 45 _n._ 1

Sweden, customs observed on Yule Night in, i. 20 _sq._;

Easter bonfires in, 146;

bonfires on the Eve of May Day in, 159, 336;

Midsummer fires in, 172;

the need-fire in, 280;

bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29;

“Midsummer Brooms” in, 54;

the divining-rod in, 69, 291;

mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, 82;

mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, 83;

medical use of mistletoe in, 84;

mistletoe used as a protection against conflagration in, 85, 293;

mistletoe cut at Midsummer in, 86;

mystic properties ascribed to mistletoe on St. John’s Eve in, 86;

Balder’s balefires in, 87;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in,

170;

crawling through a hoop as a cure in, 184;

superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, 281

Switzerland, Lenten fires in, i. 118 _sq._;

new fire kindled by friction of wood in, 169 _sq._;

Midsummer fires in, 172;

the Yule log in, 249;

need-fire in, 279 _sq._, 336;

people warned against bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 27;

the belief in witchcraft in, 42 _n._ 2;

divination by orpine at Midsummer in, 61

Sympathetic relation between cleft tree and person who has been passed

through it, ii. 170, 171 _n._ 1, 172;

between man and animal, 272 _sq._

Syria, restrictions on menstruous women in, i. 84

Syrmia, the Yule log in, i. 262 _sq._

Tabari, Arab chronicler, i. 82

Taboo conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs to be

insulated, i. 6 _sq._

Tabooed men, i. 7 _sq._

—— persons kept from contact with the ground, i. 2 _sqq._

—— things kept from contact with the ground, i. 7 _sqq._

—— women, i. 8

Taboos regulating the lives of divine kings, i. 2;

observed by priest of Earth in Southern Nigeria, 4

Tacitus, on human sacrifices offered by the ancient Germans, ii. 28 _n._

1;

on the goddess Nerthus, 28 _n._ 1

Tahiti, king and queen of, not allowed to set foot on the ground, i. 3;

the fire-walk in, ii. 11

Tahitians, the New Year of the, ii. 244

Tajan and Landak, districts of Dutch Borneo, i. 5, ii. 164

Talbot, P. Amaury, on external human souls in animals, ii. 208 _n._ 1, 209

_n._ 1

_Talegi_, Motlav word for external soul, ii. 198

Tales of maidens forbidden to see the sun, i. 70 _sqq._

Talismans of cities, i. 83 _n._ 1

Talmud, the, on menstruous women, i. 83

Tamanaks of the Orinoco, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 61 _n._ 3

_Tamaniu_, external soul in the Mota language, ii. 198 _sq._, 220

Tamarisk, Isfendiyar slain with a branch of a, i. 105

Tami, the, of German New Guinea, their rites of initiation, ii. 239 _sqq._

Tanganyika, Lake, tribes of, i. 24

Tanner, John, and the Shawnee sage, ii. 157

_Tantad_, Midsummer bonfire, i. 183

Taoist treatise on the soul, ii. 221

Tapajos, tributary of the Amazon, i. 62

Taphos besieged by Amphitryo, ii. 103

Tara, new fire in the King’s house at, i. 158

Tar-barrels, burning, swung round pole at Midsummer, i. 169;

burnt at Midsummer, 180;

procession with lighted, on Christmas Eve, 268

Tarbolton, in Ayrshire, annual bonfire at, i. 207

Tartar stories of the external soul, ii. 142 _sq._, 144 _sq._

Tartars after a funeral leap over fire, ii. 18

Tattooing, medicinal use of, i. 98 _n._ 1;

at initiation, ii. 258, 259, 261 _n._

Tay, Loch, i. 232

Tcheou, dynasty of China, i. 137

Teak, _Loranthus_ on, ii. 317

Teanlas, Hallowe’en fires in Lancashire, i. 245

Teeth filed as preliminary to marriage, i. 68 _n._ 2

Tegner, Swedish poet, on the burning of Balder, ii. 87

_Tein Econuch_, “forlorn fire,” need-fire, i. 292

_Tein-eigin_ (_teine-eigin_, _tin-egin_), need-fire, i. 147, 148, 289,

291, 293

_Teine Bheuil_, fire of Beul, need-fire, i. 293

Tent burnt at Midsummer, i. 215

Termonde in Belgium, Midsummer fires at, i. 194

Tessier, on the burning wheel at Konz, i. 164 _n._ 1

Tests undergone by girls at puberty, i. 25

Teutates, Celtic god, ii. 80 _n._ 3

Teutonic stories of the external soul, ii. 116 _sqq._

Texas, the Toukaway Indians of, ii. 276

_Thahu_, curse or pollution, i. 81

Thays of Tonquin, their customs after a burial, ii. 177 _sq._

Thebes, in Greece, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 130 _sq._

Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, his denunciation of a heathen

practice, ii. 190 _sq._

Theophrastus on the different kinds of mistletoe, ii. 317

Therapia, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 131

Thief wears a toad’s heart to escape detection, i. 302 _n._ 2

Thiers, J. B., on the Yule log, i. 250;

on gathering herbs at Midsummer, ii. 45 _n._ 1;

on belief concerning wormwood, 61 _n._ 1

Thieves detected by divining-rod, ii. 68

Thighs of diseased cattle cut off and hung up as a remedy, i. 296 _n._ 1

Thirty years’ cycle of the Druids, ii. 77

Thlinkeet Indians. _See_ Tlingit

Thomas, N. W., ii. 210 _n._ 2

Thomas the Rhymer, verses ascribed to, ii. 283 _sq._

Thompson Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among

the, i. 49 _sqq._;

their dread of menstruous women, 89 _sq._;

prayer of adolescent girl among the, 98 _n._ 1;

supposed invulnerability of initiated men among the, ii. 275 _sq._;

their ideas as to wood of trees struck by lightning, 297

Thomsdorf, in Germany, i. 99

Thomson, Basil, ii. 244 _n._ 1, 2

Thonga, the, of Delagoa Bay, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i.

29 _sq._;

will not use the wood of trees struck by lightning, ii. 297;

think lightning caused by a bird, 297 _n._ 5

Thor, a Norse god, i. 103

Thorn, external soul in a, ii. 129;

mistletoe on a, 291 _n._ 3

—— bushes used to keep off ghosts, ii. 174 _sq._

Thought, the web of, ii. 307 _sq._

Threatening fruit-trees, i. 114

Three Holy Kings, the divining-rod baptized in the name of the, ii. 68

—— leaps over bonfire, i. 214, 215

Threshold, shavings from the, burnt, ii. 53

Thrice to crawl under a bramble as a cure, ii. 180;

to pass through a wreath of woodbine, 184

Throwing or striking blindfold, ii. 279 _n._ 4

Thrumalun, a mythical being who kills and resuscitates novices at

initiation, ii. 233.

_See also_ Daramulun _and_ Thuremlin

Thrushes deposit seeds of mistletoe, ii. 316 _n._ 1

Thunder associated with the oak, i. 145;

Midsummer fires a protection against, 176;

charred sticks of Midsummer bonfire a protection against, 184, 192;

ashes of Midsummer fires a protection against, 190;

brands from the Midsummer fires a protection against, 191;

certain flowers at Midsummer a protection against, ii. 54, 58, 59;

the sound of bull-roarers thought to imitate, 228 _sqq._

_See also_ Lightning

Thunder and lightning, the Yule log a protection against, i. 248, 249,

250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264;

bonfires a protection against, 344;

smoke of Midsummer herbs a protection against, ii. 48;

vervain a protection against, 62;

name given to bull-roarers, 231 _sq._

—— and the oak, the Aryan god of the, i. 265

“—— -besom,” name applied to mistletoe and other bushy excrescences on

trees, ii. 85, 301;

a protection against thunderbolts, 85

—— -bird, the mythical, i. 44

“—— -bolts,” name given to celts, i. 14 _sq._

“—— -poles,” oak sticks charred in Easter bonfires, i. 145

Thunderstorms and hail caused by witches, i. 344;

Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. 48

Thuremlin, a mythical being who kills lads at initiation and restores them

to life, ii. 227.

_See also_ Daramulun

Thuringia, custom at eclipses in, i. 162 _n._;

Midsummer fires in, 169, ii. 40;

Schweina in, i. 265;

belief as to magical properties of the fern in, ii. 66 _sq._

Thursday, Maundy, i. 125 _n._ 1

Thurso, witches as cats at, i. 317

Thurston, E., on the fire-walk, ii. 9

Thyme burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213;

wild, gathered on Midsummer Day, ii. 64

Tibet, sixty years’ cycle in, ii. 78 _n._

Ticunas of the Amazon, ordeal of young men among the, i. 62 _sq._

Tiger, a Batta totem, ii. 223

Tiger’s skin at inauguration of a king, i. 4

Timmes of Sierra Leone, their secret society, ii. 260 _n._ 1

Tinneh Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 47 _sqq._;

their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, 91 _sqq._

Tinnevelly, the Kappiliyans of, i. 69

Tipperary, county of, were-wolves in, i. 310 _n._ 1;

woman burnt as a witch in, 323 _sq._

Tiree, the need-fire in, i. 148;

the Beltane cake in, 149;

witch as sheep in, 316

_Tivor_, god or victim, i. 103 _n._

Tiyans of Malabar, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 68 _sq._

Tlactga or Tlachtga in Ireland, i. 139

Tlingit (Thlinkeet) Indians of Alaska, seclusion of girls at puberty among

the, i. 45 _sq._

Tlokoala, a secret society of the Nootka Indians, ii. 271

Toad, witch in form of a, i. 323

—— clan, ii. 273

—— -stools thrown into Midsummer bonfires as a charm, i. 172

Toad’s heart worn by a thief to prevent detection, i. 302 _n._ 2

Toads burnt alive in Devonshire, i. 302

Toaripi of New Guinea, their rule as to menstruous women, i. 84

Tobas, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at

puberty, i. 59

Tobelorese of Halmahera, their rites of initiation, ii. 248

Toboengkoe, the, of Central Celebes, custom observed by widower among the,

ii. 178 _sq._

_Tocandeira_, native name for the _Cryptocerus atratus_, F., ant, i. 62

Todas of the Neilgherry Hills, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 136

Tokio, the fire-walk at, ii. 9 _sq._

Tokoelawi of Central Celebes, custom observed by mourners among the, ii.

178

Tomori, the Gulf of, in Celebes, i. 312

Tongue of medicine-man, hole in, ii. 238, 239

Tonquin, the Thays of, their burial customs, ii. 177 _sq._

_Tonwan_, magical influence of medicine-bag, ii. 268, 269

Tooth of novice knocked out at initiation, ii. 227, 235

Toradjas of Central Celebes, were-wolves among the, i. 311 _sq._;

their custom at the smelting of iron, ii. 154

Torch-races at Easter, i. 142;

at Midsummer, 175

Torches interpreted as imitations of lightning, i. 340 _n._ 1

——, burning, carried round folds and lands at Midsummer, i. 206;

applied to fruit-trees to fertilize them, 340

—— of Demeter, i. 340

——, processions with lighted, i. 141, 141 _sq._, 233 _sq._;

through fields, gardens, orchards, and streets, 107 _sq._, 110 _sqq._,

113 _sqq._, 179, 339 _sq._;

at Midsummer, 179;

on Christmas Eve, 266

Torres Straits Islands, seclusion of girls at puberty in the, i. 36 _sq._,

39 _sqq._;

dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in the, 78 _sq._;

use of bull-roarers in the, ii. 228 _n._ 2, 232

Tortoises, external human souls lodged in, ii. 204

Torture, judicial, of criminals, witches, and wizards, ii. 158 _sq._

Totem, transference of man’s soul to his, ii. 219 _n._, 225 _sq._;

supposed effect of killing a, 220;

the receptacle in which a man keeps his external soul, 220 _sqq._;

the individual or personal, 222 _n._ 5, 224 _n._ 1, 226 _n._ 1

_See also_ Sex totem

—— animal, artificial, novice at initiation brought back by, ii. 271

_sq._;

transformation of man into his, 275

—— clans and secret societies, related to each other, ii. 272 _sq._

—— names kept secret, ii. 225 _n._

—— plants among the Fans, ii. 161

Totemism, suggested theory of, ii. 218 _sqq._

Totems, honorific, of the Carrier Indians, ii. 273 _sqq._;

personal, among the North American Indians, 273, 276 _n._ 1;

multiplex, of the Australians, 275 _n._ 1

Touch of menstruous women thought to convey pollution, i. 87, 90

Toukaway Indians of Texas, ceremony of mimic wolves among the, ii. 276

Toulouse, torture of sorcerers at, ii. 158

Touraine, Midsummer fires in, i. 182

Train, Joseph, on Beltane fires in Isle of Man, i. 157

Transference of a man’s soul to his totem, ii. 219 _n._, 225 _sq._

Transformation of men into wolves at the full moon, i. 314 _n._ 1;

of witches into animals, 315 _sqq._, ii. 311 _sq._;

of men into animals, 207;

of man into his totem animal, 275

Transmigration of soul of ruptured person into cleft oak-tree, ii. 172;

of human souls into totem animals, 223

Transylvania, the Roumanians of, i. 13;

story of the external soul among the Saxons of, ii. 116;

belief as to children born on a Sunday in, 288 _n._ 5

Travancore, women deemed liable to be attacked by demons in, i. 24 _n._ 2;

the Pulayars of, 69

Travexin, in the Vosges, witch as hare at, i. 318

Treasures guarded by demons, ii. 65;

found by means of fern-seed, 65, 287;

discovered by divining-rod, 68;

revealed by springwort, 70;

revealed by mistletoe, 287, 291;

bloom in the earth on Midsummer Eve, 288 _n._ 5

Trebius, on the springwort, ii. 71

Tree burnt in the Midsummer bonfire, i. 173 _sq._, 180, 183;

external soul in a, ii. 102, 156

—— -creeper (_Climacteris scandens_), women’s “sister” among the Yuin, ii.

216

—— -spirit, effigies of, burnt in bonfires, ii. 21 _sqq._;

human representatives of, put to death, 25;

human representative of the, perhaps originally burnt at the

fire-festivals, 90

—— spirits bless women with offspring, ii. 22;

in the form of serpents, 44 _n._ 1

Trees, men changed into, by look of menstruous women, i. 79;

burnt in spring fires, 115 _sq._, 116, 142;

burnt in Midsummer fires, 173 _sq._, 185, 192, 193, 209;

burnt at Holi festival in India, ii. 2;

burnt in bonfires, 22;

lives of people bound up with, 159 _sqq._;

hair of children tied to, 165;

the fate of families or individuals bound up with, 165 _sqq._;

creeping through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, 170 _sqq._;

fire thought by savages to be stored like sap in, 295;

struck by lightning, superstitions about, 296 _sqq._

—— and plants as life-indices, ii. 160 _sqq._

_Tréfoir_, the Yule log, i. 249

_Tréfouet_, the Yule log, i. 252 _n._ 2, 253

Tregonan, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199

Trench cut in ground at Beltane, i. 150, 152

Trevelyan, Marie, on Midsummer fires, i. 201;

on Hallowe’en, 226 _n._ 1;

on St. John’s wort in Wales, ii. 55 _n._ 2;

on burnt sacrifices in Wales, 301

Treves, the archbishop of, i. 118

Triangle of reeds, passage of mourners through a, ii. 177 _sq._

Trie-Chateau, dolmen near Gisors, ii. 188

Trilles, Father H., on the theory of the external soul among the Fans, ii.

201

Trinidad, the fire-walk in, ii. 11

Triumphal arch, suggested origin of the, ii. 195

Trolls, efforts to keep off the, i. 146;

and evil spirits abroad on Midsummer Eve, 172;

Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. 54;

rendered powerless by mistletoe, 86, 283, 294

True Steel, whose heart was in a bird, ii. 110 _sq._

Trumpets sounded at initiation of young men, ii. 249

—— penny, at the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, i. 221, 222

Tsetsaut tribe of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among

the, i. 46

Tsimshian girls at puberty, rules observed by, i. 44 _n._ 2

Tubuan or Tubuvan, man disguised as cassowary in Duk-duk ceremonies, ii.

247

Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya of Dutch New Guinea, ii. 242;

their use of bull-roarers, 242 _sq._

Tui Nkualita, a Fijian chief, founder of the fire-walk, ii. 11

_Tulsi_ plant, its miraculous virtue, ii. 5

Tummel, the valley of the, i. 231

Tunis, New Year fires at, i. 217;

gold sickle and fillet said to be found in, ii. 80 _n._ 3

Tunnel, creeping through a, as a remedy for an epidemic, i. 283 _sq._

Turf, sick children and cattle passed through holes in, ii. 191

Turks of Siberia, marriage custom of the, i. 75

Turukhinsk region, Samoyeds of the, ii. 196

Tutu, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, i. 41

Twanyirika, a spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull-roarer,

ii. 233 _sq._;

kills and resuscitates lads at initiation, 234

Twelfth Day, Eve of, the bonfires of, i. 107;

processions with torches on, 340

—— Night, the King of the Bean on, i. 153 _n._ 3;

cake, 184;

the Yule log on, 248, 250, 251;

the divining-rod cut on, ii. 68

Twelve Nights, remains of Yule log scattered on fields during the, i. 248;

between Christmas and Epiphany, were-wolves abroad during the, 310 _n._

1

“Twice born” Brahman, ii. 276

Twin brothers in ritual, i. 278

—— -producing virtue ascribed to a kind of mistletoe, ii. 79

Twins and their afterbirths counted as four children, ii. 162 _n._ 2

Twins, father of, i. 24

Two Brothers, ancient Egyptian story of the, ii. 134 _sqq._

Tyrol, “burning the witch” in the, i. 116;

fires to burn the witches in the, 160;

Midsummer fires in the, 172 _sq._;

magical plants culled on Midsummer Eve in the, ii. 47;

St. John’s wort in the, 54;

mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in the, 58;

use of four-leaved clover in the, 62 _sq._;

dwarf-elder gathered at Midsummer in the, 64;

the divining-rod in the, 68;

mistletoe used to open all locks in the, 85;

belief as to mistletoe growing on a hazel in the, 291 _n._ 3