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SYNONYMY
Accancea=Quapaw.
Ahnahaways=Amahami.
Alkansa=Quapaw.
Archithinue=Blackfeet.
Aricaree, Arickarees, Arikkaras=Arikara.
Arkansa=Quapaw.
Arwacahwas=Amahami.
Asinepoet, Assinneboins=Assiniboin.
Assonis=Caddo.
Awachawi=Amahami.
Big-bellied Indians=Atsina.
Big Bellys=Hidatsa.
Canzee=Kansa.
Cenis=Caddo.
Chayennes=Cheyenne.
Chepewyans=Chipewyan.
Chippeway=Chippewa.
Cristinaux=Cree.
Dacotahs=Dakota.
Fall Indians=Atsina.
Grosventre Indians, Grosventres, Gros Ventres of the Missouri=Hidatsa.
Gros Ventres of the Prairie=Atsina.
Huecos=Waco.
Kansas, Kanzas, Kaws=Kansa.
Knistenaux, Knisteneaux=Cree.
Konsee, Konza, Konzas=Kansa.
Machigamea=Michigamea.
Maha=Omaha.
Manitaries, Minatarres, Minnetarees=Hidatsa.
Minnetarees of Fort de Prairie=Atsina.
Naudowessies=Dakota.
Nehetheway=Cree.
Ogallallaha=Oglala.
Ojibway=Chippewa.
Omawhaw=Omaha.
Osinipoilles=Assiniboin.
Otoes, Ottoes=Oto.
Ougapa=Quapaw.
Pay-gans, Picaneaux, Piekann=Piegan.
Poncara, Punca, Punka=Ponca.
Quappa=Quapaw.
Quivira=Wichita.
Rapid Indians=Atsina.
Ree, Ricaras, Riccaree, Rickarees, Rus=Arikara.
Sak=Sauk.
Sarsees=Sarsi.
Saulteaux, Sautaux, Sauteaux, Sauteux=Chippewa.
Sharha=Cheyenne.
Shoe Indians=Amahami.
Shoshonees=Shoshoni.
Soulier Noir=Amahami.
Stone Indians=Assiniboin.
Sur-cees=Sarsi.
Upsaroka=Crows.
Waekoes, Wakos=Waco.
Wattasoons=Amahami.
Witchita=Wichita.
Yanctonies=Yanktonai.
Yanctons=Yankton.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
The art of photography has made it possible to preserve a pictorial
record of the dwellings and other structures of native tribes beyond the
Mississippi, and many early photographs, together with drawings and
paintings by various artists, have been selected to illustrate the
present work.
PLATE 1
One of the original drawings by Griset reproduced by woodcuts in Col. R.
I. Dodge's work _The Plains of the Great West_, 1877. The reproduction
is now made exact size of the original. Collection of David I. Bushnell,
jr.
Ernest Henry Griset, born in France, 1844; died March 22, 1907. Lived in
England, where he did much of his work. In 1871 he exhibited at Suffolk
Street. Some of his paintings are hung in the Victoria and Albert
Museum. More than 30 examples of his work belong to the Smithsonian
Institution, Washington. "His reputation rests on his water-color
studies of animals, for which he was awarded prizes in London. Two of
his best-known works are _Cache-cache_, and _Travailleurs de la foret_."
PLATE 2
Reproduction of one of the five paintings by Stanley now in the United
States National Museum, Washington, D. C.
James M. Stanley, born in Canandaigua, New York, January 17, 1814; died
April 10, 1872. He moved to Michigan in 1835 and became a portrait
painter in Detroit; two years later removed to Chicago. About this time
he visited the "Indian Country" in the vicinity of Fort Snelling, and
there made many sketches. Returned to the eastern cities, where he spent
several years, but in 1842 again went west and began his wanderings over
the prairies far beyond the Mississippi, reaching Texas and New Mexico.
His _Buffalo Hunt on the Southwestern Prairies_ was made in 1845. From
1851 to 1863 Stanley lived in Washington, D. C., during which time he
endeavored to have the Government purchase the many paintings which he
had made of Indians and of scenes in the Indian country, but
unfortunately he was not successful. His pictures were hanging in the
Smithsonian Building, and on January 24, 1865, when a large part of the
building was ruined by fire, only five of his pictures escaped
destruction, they being in a different part of the structure. The five
are now in the National Museum, including the large canvas shown in this
plate.
PLATE 3
This is considered to be one of Wimar's best works. The original is
owned by the City Art Museum, St. Louis, Missouri. Size of canvas, 36
inches high, 60 inches long.
Charles Ferdinand Wimar, usually known as Carl Wimar, was born in
Germany, 1828; died in St. Louis, November, 1862. Came to America and
settled in St. Louis during the year 1843. A few years later he met the
French artist Leon de Pomarede, with whom he later studied and made
several journeys up the Missouri for the purpose of sketching. Went to
Europe and returned to St. Louis about 1857. His _Buffalo Hunt_, now
reproduced, was painted in 1860, exhibited at the St. Louis Fair during
the autumn of that year, when it was seen by the Prince of Wales, later
Edward VII, for whom a replica was made.
PLATE 4
One of four water-color sketches by Peter Rindisbacher secured in London
some years ago. Size of original 9-1/4 inches high, 17-1/8 inches long.
Collection of David I. Bushnell, jr. Twenty or more similar sketches are
in the library of the Military Academy, West Point. One of these was
used as an illustration by McKenney and Hall in their great work; the
second used by them is in a private collection in Washington. Another of
the pictures now at West Point was reproduced by wood cut and appeared
on page 181 of Burton's Gentleman's Magazine, Philadelphia, April, 1840.
Rindisbacher may have come to America with the Swiss colonists who
settled in the Red River Valley in 1821, and in the Public Archives of
Canada are six small sketches which were probably made by him at that
time. (See pl. 6, _a_.)
PLATE 5
_a._ A scene near Fort Carlton, 1846, showing buffalo approaching a
pound. Reproduction of a photograph of the painting by Kane, now in the
Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology, Toronto, Canada. Size of painting,
18 inches high, 29 inches long.
Paul Kane, born at York, the present city of Toronto, 1810; died 1871.
After spending several years in the United States he went to Europe,
where he studied in various art centers. Returned to Canada, and from
early in 1845 until the autumn of 1848 traveled among the native tribes
of the far west, making a large number of paintings of Indians and
scenes in the Indian country. One hundred or more of his paintings are
in the Museum at Toronto; others are in the Public Archives of Canada,
Ottawa. Some of the sketches and paintings were reproduced in his work
_Wanderings of an Artist_, London, 1859.
_b._ Reproduction of a photograph, probably made in the upper Missouri
Valley about 1870.
PLATE 6
_a._ Reproduction of a water-color sketch now in the collection in
Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa. It is one of six small sketches "by
an artist, probably Swiss, who accompanied the European emigrants
brought by Lord Selkirk's agents to the Red River Settlement in 1821."
Size of original, 5-5/8 inches high, 7-5/8 inches long. Although not
signed it suggests and resembles the work of Peter Rindisbacher. (See
note, pl. 4.)
_b._ Reproduced from an original photograph furnished by the Minnesota
Historical Society, St. Paul.
PLATE 7
_a._ Reproduction of a photograph of a painting by Kane, now in the
Museum at Toronto. Size of original, 18 inches high, 29 inches long.
(See note, pl. 5, _a_.) This was engraved and shown on page 7 of his
work _Wanderings of an Artist_.
_b._ Reproduced from an original photograph made near the Red River
during the summer of 1858 by Humphrey Lloyd Hime, who was photographer
with the expedition led by Henry Youle Hind.
PLATE 8
_a_ and _b_. Same as _b_, plate 7. Original photographs are in the
Bureau of American Ethnology.
PLATE 9
Both _a_ and _b_ are from original photographs belonging to the
Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul. The two small prints are mounted
on similar cards, that of _b_ bearing the name of C. A. Zimmerman,
photographer. The name has been cut from _a_. Both are attributed to
Zimmerman, who, in 1869, purchased the studio of Whitney, which had been
established some years. The negatives may have been made by Whitney, and
although the prints are catalogued as Ojibway habitations, nevertheless
_a_ resembles more closely the Siouan type, with an arbor over the
entrance, and the photograph may have been made in a Sioux village. The
dwellings are quite similar to the Winnebago structure shown in plate
36, _a_.
Charles Alfred Zimmerman was born in Strassburg, Alsace, June 21, 1844;
died in St. Paul, Minnesota, September 23, 1909.
PLATE 10
Reproductions of original photographs by David I. Bushnell, jr. October,
1899.
PLATE 11
_a._ This small log structure stood near the southeastern shore of Cass
Lake, Minnesota. Several Ojibway Indians are in the picture. Original
photograph by David I. Bushnell, jr. November, 1899.
_b._ The old Ojibway medicine man, Nagwanabe, a name well known in
Ojibway annals, is shown holding a club of unusual design which he said
he took from a Sioux warrior many years ago, during a fight between some
of his people and members of that tribe. Original photograph by David I.
Bushnell, jr. 1900.
PLATE 12
_a._ Objects collected among the Ojibway. At top, a hammer formed of a
section of a small tree with part of a branch cut to serve as a handle.
Used in driving plugs in maple trees during the season of sugar making.
Mille Lac, May, 1900. Bag braided of narrow strips of cedar bark. Size
about 9-1/2 inches square. From the Ojibway settlement on shore of
Basswood Lake, north of Ely, Lake County, Minnesota, October, 1899. Two
tools used in dressing skins. Formed of leg bones of moose, beveled and
serrated. Length of example on right, 15 inches. Cass Lake, Minnesota,
1898.
_b._ Section of rush mat.
PLATE 13
_a._ Wooden mortar and pestle collected among the Ojibway. Length of
pestle about 37-1/2 inches. Reproduced from Fourteenth Annual Report
Bureau of Ethnology, part 1, p. 257.
_b._ Mortar and pestle collected among the Delaware by Dr. E. Palmer and
acquired by the National Museum November 11, 1868. Length of pestle
33-1/2 inches. Diameter of mortar 7-1/2 inches, height 15 inches. (U. S.
N. M. 6900.)
_c._ Birch-bark dish, type used extensively by the Ojibway and other
northern tribes. Reproduced from Nineteenth Annual Report Bureau of
American Ethnology, part 2, Pl. LXXIX.
PLATE 14
Reproduced from an original negative now in the Bureau of American
Ethnology.
PLATE 15
Reproduced from the engraving of the painting by Bodmer, as used by
Maximilian.
Karl Bodmer, born in Zurich, Switzerland, 1805; died 1894. Studied under
Cornu. He accompanied Maximilian, Prince of Wied, on several journeys,
including that up the Valley of the Missouri. Many of his original
sketches made during that memorable trip are now in the Edward E. Ayer
collection, Newberry Library, Chicago. His later works are chiefly of
wooded landscapes, some being scenes in the valleys of the Missouri and
Mississippi. Bodmer was a very close friend of the great artist Jean
Francois Millet. De Cost Smith, in Century Magazine, May, 1910,
discussing the close association of the two artists, and referring
especially to their joint work, wrote: "The two men must have worked
together from the pure joy of friendship, for it must be confessed that
the work of neither was very greatly improved by the other's additions.
Bodmer would put a horse into one of Millet's Indian pictures and add
some vegetation in the foreground, Millet would return the favor by
introducing figures into Bodmer's landscapes." But this does not refer
to the sketches made by Bodmer during his journey up the Missouri in
1833.
PLATE 16
_a._ Reproduction of a wood cut on page 420 of _Wanderings of an
Artist_. The original painting by Kane is now in the Royal Ontario
Museum of Archaeology, Toronto, being No. 51 in the catalogue. Size of
painting, 18 inches high, 29 inches long. (See note, pl. 5, _a_.)
_b._ The original photograph from which this illustration is made is in
the collection of the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.
It is not known by whom the negative was made.
PLATE 17
Reproduced from the engraving of the original painting by Bodmer, as
used by Maximilian. (See note, pl. 15.)
PLATE 18
Both _a_ and _b_ are reproductions of photographs furnished by the State
Historical Society of Iowa.
PLATE 19
Reproduction of an original photograph in a scrapbook, which contains
many manuscript notes, news clippings, etc., prepared by Newton H.
Chittenden. The book is now in the Manuscript Division, Library of
Congress, Washington, D. C.
PLATE 20
From original photographs by David I. Bushnell, jr. 1900.
PLATE 21
Reproduction of an original pencil sketch of the Sioux village of
Kaposia, made June 19, 1851, by F. B. Mayer. The drawing is now in the
Edward E. Ayer collection, Newberry Library, Chicago.
Frank Blackwell Mayer, born in Baltimore, Maryland, December 27, 1827;
died in 1908. Many of his paintings represented scenes in Indian life,
and in 1886 he completed a canvas entitled _The Treaty of Traverse des
Sioux_, the treaty having been signed during the summer of 1851, about
the time the sketch of Kaposia was made.
PLATE 22
Both _a_ and _b_ are reproduced from engravings of paintings by Eastman,
used by Schoolcraft in _Information respecting the History, Conditions,
and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, 1851-1857_.
Seth Eastman, born in Brunswick, Maine, January 24, 1808; died in
Washington, D. C., August 31, 1875. Was appointed to the Military
Academy, West Point, at the age of 16, and was graduated June, 1829.
Served at Fort Crawford and Fort Snelling, where he had ample
opportunities for studying the Indians who frequented the posts. In
November, 1831, he was detailed for duty at the Academy and retired from
active service December, 1863. From 1850 to 1855 he was engaged in the
preparation of the illustrations used in the work mentioned above,
evidently under the supervision of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
PLATE 23
_a._ Reproduction of a drawing made by Catlin of one of his oil
sketches. The original painting is now in the United States National
Museum, Washington, D. C.
George Catlin, born in Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, 1796; died in Jersey
City, New Jersey, December 23, 1872. In the year 1832 he went to the
then far west, and during the succeeding eight years traveled among
numerous native tribes, making many paintings portraying the life and
customs of the people. He went to Europe, taking with him his great
collection of pictures and objects obtained from the Indians among whom
he had been for so long a time. One hundred and twenty-six of his
pictures were shown at the Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia, 1876,
and now more than 500 of his works, portraits and scenes are preserved
in the National Museum, forming a collection of inestimable value and
interest.
_b._ Fort Pierre, after sketch by Kurz, July 4, 1851.
Friedrich Kurz, born in Bern, Switzerland, 1818; died 1871. At the
suggestion of his friend Karl Bodmer, he came to America in 1846, for
the purpose of studying the native tribes, intending to prepare a
well-illustrated account of his travels. He landed at New Orleans and
reached St. Louis by way of the Mississippi. The trouble with Mexico had
developed, and for that reason instead of going to the Southwest, to
endeavor to accomplish among the tribes of that region what Bodmer had
already done among the people of the Upper Missouri Valley, he decided
to follow the route of the latter and ascend the Missouri to the Rocky
Mountains. But although his plans were changed he did not become
discouraged, and on October 28, 1851, entered in his journal: "My plan
is still for the gallery.... I shall have lots of correct drawings."
Cholera raged along the upper Missouri in 1851, and for that reason Kurz
was unable to remain at Fort Pierre. However, he reached Fort Berthold
July 9, 1851. Later he continued to Fort Union at the mouth of the
Yellowstone, where he remained until April 19, 1852. Returning, he
reached St. Louis May 25, thus covering the distance from the mouth of
the Yellowstone in five weeks and one day. He arrived in Bern during
September of that year and was soon appointed drawing master in the
schools of his native city, a position which he held until his death.