it was first raised, that honor being claimed by several different
localities. The general opinion, however, is, that it originated in
the garden of a Mr. Smith, in the neighbourhood of Baltimore, and was
first brought over to this country by Captain George Hudson, of the
ship Belvedere, of Baltimore, in 1817. It was introduced from America
into France by Comte Lelieur, in 1804. But from the account given in
the Allgemeines Teutsches Gärtenmagazin, it is doubtful whether it is
a native of America, for in the volume of that work for 1805, it is
said to have been raised by Herr Künstgartner Maszman, of Hanover. If
that account is correct, its existence in America is in all probability
owing to its having been taken thither by some Hanoverian emigrants.
At page 41, vol. iii., Dittrich has confounded the synonymes of the
_Gloria Mundi_ with _Golden Mundi_, which he has described under the
name of _Monstow’s Pepping_.
140. GLORY OF ENGLAND.--H.
Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and over two inches and
three quarters high; ovate, somewhat of the shape of Emperor Alexander,
ribbed on the sides, and terminated round the eye by a number of
puckered-like knobs. Skin, dull greenish-yellow, with numerous embedded
whitish specks, particularly round the eye, and covered with large dark
russety dots, and linear marks of russet; but on the side exposed to
the sun it is of a deeper yellow, with a few broken streaks and dots of
crimson. Eye, small and slightly closed, set in a shallow and puckered
basin. Stalk, short and fleshy, inserted in a wide, deep, and russety
cavity. Flesh, greenish-yellow, tender, soft, juicy, sprightly, and
slightly perfumed.
An excellent culinary apple; in use from October to January.
141. GLORY OF THE WEST.--Diel.
IDENTIFICATION.--Diel Kernobst. xii. 83.
Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter broad, and two inches and
three quarters high; oblate, ridged and angular about the eye, and
ribbed on the sides. Skin, smooth and shining, yellow, mixed in some
parts with a tinge of green, and washed with thin clear red on the
side next the sun; the whole surface is strewed with minute russety
dots, and several large dark spots, such as are often met with on the
Hawthornden. Eye, large, with long segments, and set in an angular
basin. Stalk, three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a deep
cavity, which is surrounded with a large patch of rough grey russet.
Flesh, yellowish-white, firm but tender, very juicy, with a pleasant,
brisk, and slightly perfumed flavor.
A culinary apple of first quality; it is in use the end of October and
continues till Christmas.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, attaining a great size, and
is an excellent bearer.
I had this variety from Mr. James Lake, of Bridgewater, and it is
evidently identical with the Glory of the West of Diel, a name which,
according to Lindley, is sometimes applied to the Dutch Codlin. The
variety here described bears a considerable resemblance to that known
by the name of Turk’s Cap.
142. GOGAR PIPPIN.--Fors.
IDENTIFICATION.--Fors. Treat. 126. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 273.
Lind. Guide, 48. Nicol. Villa. Gard. 31.
SYNONYME.--Stone Pippin, of some, _acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._
Fruit, medium sized; roundish, obscurely angled, and slightly
flattened. Skin, thick and membranous, pale green, strewed all
over with small russety dots, and faintly mottled with a tinge of
brownish-red next the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a narrow,
shallow, and plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a very shallow
cavity. Flesh, greenish-white, tender, juicy, sugary, and brisk.
A dessert apple of second-rate quality; in use from January to March.
This variety is of Scotch origin, and is said to have originated at
Gogar, near Edinburgh.
143. GOLDEN HARVEY.--Knight.
IDENTIFICATION.--Pom. Heref. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 275. Lind.
Guide, 49. Down. Fr. Amer. 111. Rog Fr. Cult. 61.
SYNONYMES.--Brandy, _Fors. Treat._ 95. _Ron. Pyr. Mal._ 45. Round
Russet Harvey, _Rea Pom._ 210. _Worl. Vin._ 159?
FIGURES.--Pom. Heref. t. 22. Pom. Mag. t. 39. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl.
xxiii. f. 4.
[Illustration]
Fruit, small; oblato-cylindrical, even and free from angles. Skin,
entirely covered with rough scaly russet, with sometimes a patch of
the yellow ground color exposed on the shaded side, and covered with
brownish-red on the side next the sun. Eye, small and open, with very
short, reflexed segments, set in a wide, shallow, and slightly plaited
basin. Stalk, half-an-inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh,
yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, with an exceedingly rich and
powerful aromatic flavor.
This is one of the richest and most excellent dessert apples; it is
in use from December to May; but is very apt to shrivel if exposed to
light and air as most russety apples are.
The tree is a free grower, and perfectly hardy. It attains about the
middle size and is an excellent bearer. When grown on the paradise
stock it is well adapted for dwarf training, and forms a good espalier.
Independently of being one of the best dessert apples, it is also one
of the best for cider; and from the great strength of its juice, the
specific gravity of which is 1085, it has been called the _Brandy
Apple_.
144. GOLDEN KNOB.--Fors.
IDENTIFICATION.--Fors. Treat. 104. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 279. Rog.
Fr. Cult. 54.
SYNONYME.--Kentish Golden Knob, _Nursery Catalogues_.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxxii. f. 9.
Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and the
same in height; ovate, sometimes a little flattened, which gives it
a roundish shape. Skin, pale green, becoming yellowish-green as it
attains maturity; much covered with russet round the base and on the
shaded side; but yellow, marked with streaks of a redish tinge, with
crimson dots next the sun, and thickly strewed all over with large
freckles of russet. Eye, open, generally with long segments, but in the
roundish specimens they are short and stunted, and placed in a shallow
basin. Stalk, very short, and quite embedded in the cavity. Flesh,
greenish-white, firm, crisp, and very juicy, of a brisk, sweet flavor.
A good dessert apple, of second-rate quality; in use from December to
March.
The tree is hardy and a vigorous grower, producing enormous crops,
and on that account extensively cultivated, particularly in Kent, for
the supply of the London markets. Though a good apple it is one more
deserving the attention of the orchardist than the fruit gardener.
145. GOLDEN MONDAY.--Switz.
SYNONYME.--Monstow’s Pepping, _Ditt. Handb._ iii. 41.
Fruit, small, about two inches and a half wide, and two inches high;
roundish, inclining to oblate. Skin, smooth, pale grass green on
the shaded side; but fine clear golden yellow dotted with crimson
dots, on the side exposed to the sun, and in some parts marked with
ramifications of very thin delicate brown russet, which generally issue
from the basin of the eye. Eye, small, and rather open, with narrow,
acute, and stiff segments, set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stalk,
very short, not a quarter of an inch long, quite embedded in a narrow,
round, and rather deep cavity, which, with the base, is covered with
very thick and rough scaly russet. Flesh, yellowish-white, crisp, not
very juicy, sugary, brisk, and perfumed, not unlike the flavor of the
Golden Pippin.
A very excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality; in use from
October to Christmas.
I do not know what the Golden Mundi of Forsyth is, which he describes
as a fine handsome apple, beautifully streaked with red; but that now
described is the Golden Monday of the Berkshire orchards, and the same
as has been cultivated in the Brompton Park nursery for upwards of a
hundred years.
The Golden Russet is sometimes called by the name of Golden Monday, but
it is a very distinct variety from this.
146. GOLDEN NOBLE.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Trans. vol. iv., p. 524. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3,
n. 280. Lind. Guide, 49.
Fruit, large; round, and narrowing towards the eye, handsome. Skin,
smooth, clear bright yellow, without any blush of red, but a few small
redish spots and small patches of russet. Eye, small, set in a round
and deep basin, surrounded with plaits. Stalk, short, with a fleshy
growth on one side of it, which connects it with the fruit. Flesh,
yellow, tender, with a pleasant acid juice, and baking of a clear amber
color, perfectly melting, with a rich acidity.
A valuable culinary apple; in use from September to December.
This was first brought into notice by Sir Thomas Harr, of Stowe Hall,
Norfolk, whose gardener procured it from a tree supposed to be the
original, in an old orchard at Downham, and communicated it to the
Horticultural Society of London, in 1820.
147. GOLDEN PEARMAIN.--Fors.
IDENTIFICATION.--Fors. Treat. 103. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 542.
Lind. Guide, 70
SYNONYME.--Ruckman’s Pearmain, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, 755.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxiii. f. 6.
Fruit, medium sized, about two inches and a half in diameter, and the
same in height; abrupt pearmain-shaped, irregularly ribbed on the
sides, and uneven at the apex. Skin, pale yellow, strewed with patches
of russet, and covered with minute russety dots on the shaded side;
but deep redish orange, streaked with deeper color, and strewed with
minute russety dots on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, large and
open, with reflexed segments, and set in a wide, deep, and angular
basin. Stalk, slender, three quarters of an inch long, and obliquely
inserted, with frequently a fleshy protuberance on one side of it,
in a rather shallow cavity, which is lined with green russet. Flesh,
yellowish, firm, crisp, very juicy, sweet, and lacking acidity, which
gives it a sickly flavor.
An apple of second-rate quality, suitable either for culinary purposes
or the dessert; in use from November to March.
The tree is an upright grower and a free bearer, but requires to be
grown in good soil.
In America this is esteemed as a cider apple.
148. GOLDEN PIPPIN.--Evelyn.
IDENTIFICATION.--Evelyn Pom. Raii Hist. ii. 1447. Switz. Fr. Gard.
135. Pom. Heref. Lind. Guide, 16. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 281. Down.
Fr. Amer. 112.
SYNONYMES.--Small Golding Pippin, or Bayford, _Meag. Eng. Gard._
85. Barford Pippin, _acc. Raii Hist._ Russet Golden Pippin, _Lang.
Pom._ 130, t. lxxix. f. 5. Balgown Pippin, _Leslie and Anders. Cat._
English Reinette, _acc. West. Univ. Bot._ iv. 139. Old Golden Pippin,
_Rog. Fr. Cult._ 98. English Golden Pippin, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed.
1, n. 382. London Golden Pippin, _Ibid._ 387. Herefordshire Golden
Pippin, _Ibid._ 384. Milton Golden Pippin, _Ibid._ 388. Warter’s
Golden Pippin, _Ibid._ 394. Balgone Pippin, _Ibid._ 35. Balgone Golden
Pippin, _acc. Ibid._ ed. 3. Bayfordbury, _acc. Ibid._ ed. 3. American
Plate, _Ron. Pyr. Mal._ 63, pl. xxxii. f. 2. Guolden Peppins, _Quint.
Inst._ i. 202. Reinette d’Angleterre, _Schab. Prat._ ii. 88 Pepin
d’Or, _Knoop Pom._ 54, tab. ix. Pomme d’Or, _Duh. Arb. Fruit._ i. 292,
t. 7. Gelbe Englische Pipe, _Meyen Baumsch._ No. 14. Gold Pepping,
_Diel Kernobst._ ii. 69. Peppin d’Or, _Knoop. Pom._ tab. ix. Goud
Pepping, _Ibid._ 131. Goudeling’s Pepping, _Ibid._ Gulden Pipping,
_Ibid._ Engelsche Goud Pepping, _Ibid._ Litle Pepping, _Ibid._ Kœnings
Peppeling, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, n. 527.
FIGURES.--Pom. Heref. t. 2. Hook. Pom. Lond. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xviii.
f. 5. Jard. Fruit, ed. 2, pl. 108.
[Illustration]
Fruit, small; roundish, inclining to oblong, regularly and handsomely
shaped, without inequalities or angles on the sides. Skin, rich yellow,
assuming a deep golden tinge when perfectly ripe, with a deeper tinge
where it has been exposed to the sun; the whole surface is strewed with
russety dots, which are largest on the sunny side, and intermixed with
these are numerous embedded pearly specks. Eye, small and open, with
long segments, placed in a shallow, smooth, and even basin. Stalk, from
half-an-inch to an inch in length, inserted in a pretty deep cavity.
Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, very juicy and sugary, with a brisk,
vinous, and particularly fine flavor.
One of the oldest and by far the most highly esteemed of our dessert
apples, and neither the Borsdorffer of the Germans, the Reinette of
the French, nor the Newtown Pippin of the Americans, will ever occupy
in the estimation of the English the place now accorded to the Golden
Pippin. It is also an excellent cider apple. The specific gravity of
its juice is 1078.
It is in season from November to April.
The tree is a free and vigorous grower, but does not attain a great
size. It is also an excellent bearer.
When and where the Golden Pippin was first discovered, are now matters
of uncertainty; but all writers agree in ascribing to it an English
origin, some supposing it to have originated at Parham Park, near
Arundel, in Sussex. Although it is not recorded at so early a period
as some others, there is no doubt it is a very old variety. It is
not, however, the “Golding Pippin” of Parkinson, for he says “it is
the _greatest_ and best of all sorts of Pippins.” It was perhaps this
circumstance that led Mr. Knight to remark, that from the description
Parkinson has given of the apples cultivated in his time, it is evident
that those now known by the same names, are different, and probably
new varieties. But this is no evidence of such being the case, for I
find there were two sorts of Golden Pippin, the “Great Golding,” and
the “Small Golding, or Bayford,” both of which are mentioned by Leonard
Meager, and there is no doubt the “Golding Pippin,” of Parkinson, was
the “Great Golding.” Whether it was because it was little known, or its
qualities were unappreciated, that the writers of the 17th century were
so restrictive in their praises of the Golden Pippin, it is difficult
to say; but true it is whilst Pearmains, Red Streaks, Codlings, and
Catsheads, are set forth as the desiderata of an orchard, the Golden
Pippin is but rarely noticed. Ralph Austin calls it “a very speciall
apple and great bearer.” Evelyn certainly states that Lord Clarendon
cultivated it, but it was only as a cider apple: for he says “at
Lord Clarendon’s seat at Swallowfield, Berks, there is an orchard of
1000 Golden _and other cider_ Pippins.” In his Treatise on Cider he
frequently notices it as a cider apple; but never in any place that I
can recollect of as a dessert fruit. In the Pomona, he says, “About
London and the southern tracts, the Pippin, and especially the Golden,
is esteemed for making the most delicious cider, most wholesome, and
most restorative.” Worlidge merely notices it as “smaller than the
Orange Apple, else much like it in color, taste, and long keeping.”
Ray seems the first who fully appreciated it, for after minutely and
correctly describing it, he says, “Ad omnes culinæ usus præstantissimum
habetur, et Pomaceo conficiendo egregium.” De Quintinye’s remarks are
not at all complimentary. He says it has altogether the character of
the paradise or some other wild apple, it is extremely yellow and
round, little juice, which is pretty rich, and without bad flavor.
But the Jardinier Solitaire, more impartial, or with better judgment,
says, “son eau est tres sucrée; elle a le goût plus relevé que la
Reynette; c’est ce que luy donne le mérite d’être reconnuë pour une
tres excellente pomme.” The opinion of Angran de Rueneuve is also worth
recording.
“La Pomme d’Or est venuë d’Angleterre; on l’y apelle Goule-Pepin.
J’estime qu’elle doit être la Reyne des Pommes, et que la Reynette ne
doit marche qu’aprés elle; car elle est d’un plus fin relief que toutes
les autres Pommes.” Switzer calls it “the most antient, as well as most
excellent apple that is.” But it is not my intention to record all that
has been written in praise of the Golden Pippin, for that of itself
would occupy too much space, my object in making these extracts being
simply to show the gradual progress of its popularity.
The late President of the London Horticultural Society, T. A. Knight,
Esq., considered that the Golden Pippin, and all the old varieties of
English apples, were in the last stage of decay, and that a few years
would witness their total extinction. This belief he founded upon the
degenerate state of these varieties in the Herefordshire orchards, and
also upon his theory that no variety of apple will continue to exist
more than 200 years. But that illustrious man never fell into a greater
error. It would be needless to enter into any further discussion upon
a subject concerning which so much has already been said and written,
as there is sufficient evidence to confute that theory. The Pearmain,
which is the oldest English apple on record, shows no symptoms of
decay, neither does the Catshead, London Pippin, Winter Quoining, or
any other variety; those only _having been allowed to disappear_ from
our orchards, which were not worth perpetuating, and their places
supplied by others infinitely superior.
It is now considerably upwards of half a century since this doctrine
was first promulgated, and though the old, exhausted, and diseased
trees of the Herefordshire orchards, of which Mr. Knight spoke,
together with their _diseased_ progeny--now that they have performed
their part, and fulfilled the end of their existence--may ere this have
passed away, we have the Golden Pippin still, in all the luxuriance of
early youth, where it is found in a soil congenial to its growth; and
exhibiting as little symptoms of decay as any of the varieties which
Mr. Knight raised to supply the vacancy he expected it to create.
In the Brompton Park Nursery, where the same Golden Pippin has been
cultivated for nearly two centuries, and continued from year to year by
grafts taken from young trees in the nursery quarters, I never saw the
least disposition to disease, canker, or decay of any kind; but, on the
contrary, a free, vigorous, and healthy growth.
But this alarm of Mr. Knight for the safety of the Golden Pippin, and
his fear of its extinction, were based upon no new doctrine, for we
find Mortimer a hundred years before, equally lamenting the Kentish
Pippin. After speaking of manures, &c., for the regeneration of fruit
trees, he says, “I shall be glad if this account may put any upon the
trial of raising that excellent fruit the Kentish Pippin, which else,
I fear, will be lost. For I find in several orchards, both in Kent,
Essex, and Hertfordshire, old trees of that sort, but I can find no
young ones to prosper. A friend of mine tried a great many experiments
in Hertfordshire, about raising them, and could never get them to
thrive, though he had old trees in the same orchard that grew and bore
very well. I likewise tried several experiments myself, and have had
young trees thrive so well, as to make many shoots of a yard long in
a year, but these young shoots were always blasted the next year, or
cankered; which makes me think that the ancients had some particular
way of raising them, that we have lost the knowledge of.” Although this
was written a hundred and fifty years ago, we have the Kentish Pippin
still, which though not so much cultivated, or so well known now as
then, is nevertheless where it does exist as vigorous and healthy as
ever it was.
149. GOLDEN REINETTE.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 661. Lind. Guide, 50. Down.
Fr. Amer. 129. Rog. Fr. Cult. 101.
SYNONYMES.--Aurore, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, 26. Dundee, _Ibid._ 289.
Megginch Favorite, _Ibid._ 600. Princesse Noble, _Ibid._ 814. Reinette
d’Aix, _Ibid._ 860. Reinette Gielen, _Ibid._ 888. Yellow German
Reinette, _acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 3. Elizabeth, _Ibid._ Englise
Pippin, _Ibid._ Wygers, _Ibid._ Court-pendu dorée, _Hort. Soc. Cat._
ed. 1, 206. Kirke’s Golden Reinette, _Rog. Fr. Cult._ 102. Golden
Renet. _Raii Hist._ ii. 1448. Golden Rennet, _Lang. Pom._ 134, t.
lxxvi. f. 6. _Fors. Treat._ 103. Pomme Madame, _Knoop Pom._ 65, t. xi.
Wyker Pipping, _Ibid._ 132.
FIGURES.--Pom. Mag. t. 69. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xii. f. 6.
[Illustration]
Fruit, medium sized; roundish, and a little flattened. Skin, a fine
deep yellow, which towards the sun is tinged with red, streaked with
deeper and livelier red, and dotted all over with russety dots. Eye,
large and open, with short dry segments, and set in a wide and even
basin. Stalk, half-an-inch long, deeply inserted in a round and even
cavity. Flesh, yellow, crisp, brisk, juicy, rich, and sugary.
A fine old dessert apple of first-rate quality; it is in use from
November to April.
The tree is healthy, vigorous, and an abundant bearer. It requires a
light and warm soil, and is well adapted for dwarf training when worked
on the paradise stock. Large quantities of this fruit are grown in the
counties round London for the supply of the different markets, where
they always command a high price.
This variety has been long known in this country and esteemed as one of
the finest apples. Worlidge, in 1676, says, “It is to be preferred in
our plantations for all occasions.” Ellis, in his “Modern Husbandman,”
1744, says, “The Golden Rennet, when of the largest sort, may be truly
said to be the farmer’s greatest favorite apple, because when all
others miss bearing, this generally stands his friend, and bears him
large quantities on one tree.”
150. GOLDEN RUSSET.--Ray.
IDENTIFICATION.--Raii Hist. ii. 1447. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 740.
Lind. Guide, 89. Fors. Treat. 103. Rog. Fr. Cult. 105. Down. Fr. Amer.
132.
SYNONYME.--Aromatick, or Golden Russeting, _Worl. Vin._ 156.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxix. f. 2.
Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three quarters wide, and two inches
and a quarter high; ovate. Skin, thick, covered with dingy yellow
russet, which is rough and thick on the shaded side, and round the
base; and sometimes with a little bright red on the side next the sun.
Eye, small and closed, set in a prominently plaited basin. Stalk, very
short, inserted in an uneven cavity, and not protruding beyond the
base. Flesh, pale yellow, firm, crisp, sugary, and aromatic; but not
abounding in juice.
An excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality; in use from December
to March.
The tree is healthy and an excellent bearer, but requires a warm
situation to bring the fruit to perfection.
This is another of our old English apples. Worlidge calls it the
Aromatick, or Golden Russeting, “it hath no compear, it being of a
gold-color coat, under a russet hair, with some warts on it. It lives
over the winter, and is, without dispute, the most pleasant apple that
grows; having a most delicate aromatick hautgust, and melting in the
mouth.”
151. GOLDEN STREAK.--H.
Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three quarters wide, and two
inches and a quarter high; ovate. Skin, fine clear yellow, marked all
over with broken streaks of fine bright crimson. Eye, large and open,
considerably depressed. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a russety
basin. Flesh, yellow, brisk, and pleasantly flavored.
A Somersetshire cider apple.
152. GOLDEN WINTER PEARMAIN.--Diel.
IDENTIFICATION.--Diel Kernobst. x. 174.
SYNONYMES.--King of the Pippins, _Hort. Soc. Cat. ed._ 3, n. 383.
_Fors. Treat._ 110. _Lind. Guide_, 31. _Down. Fr. Amer._ 88. Hampshire
Yellow, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, 431. Hampshire Yellow Golden Pippin,
_Rog. Fr. Cult._ 86. Jones’s Southampton Pippin, _acc. Rogers_.
FIGURES.--Pom. Mag. t. 117. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxxviii. f. 4.
Fruit, medium sized; abrupt pearmain-shaped, broadest at the base.
Skin, smooth, of a deep, rich, golden yellow, which is paler on the
shaded side than on that exposed to the sun, where it is of a deep
orange, marked with streaks and mottles of crimson, and strewed with
russety dots. Eye, large and open, with long, acuminate, and reflexed
segments; and placed in a round, even, and rather deep basin. Stalk,
three quarters of an inch long, stout, and inserted in a rather shallow
cavity, which is lined with thin pale brown russet mixed with a tinge
of green. Flesh, yellowish-white, firm, breaking, juicy, and sweet;
with a pleasant and somewhat aromatic flavor.
A beautiful and very handsome apple of first-rate quality, and suitable
either for the dessert or for culinary purposes; it is in use from the
end of October to January.