Knowledge, claim to universal, common to ancient philosophers,

iii. 219;

kinds of, i. _xii_. _n._;

of like by like, 44, iv. 227;

Demokritus' theory, i. 72, 76, 80;

Zeno, 98;

Gorgias the Leontine, 104;

Kyrenaics, 199, 204;

false persuasion of, the natural state of human mind, Sokrates'

theory, 374, 414, ii. 166 _n._, 218, 243, 263;

regarded as an ethical defect, iii. 177;

Sokrates' mission, i. 374, 376, ii. 24, 146, 419, iii. 422, iv.

219;

search after, the business of life to Sokrates and Plato, i.

396;

_per se_ interesting, 403;

necessity of scrutiny, 398 _n._;

Mill on vagueness of common words, ii. 48 _n._;

omnipotence of King Nomos, i. 378-84**;

different views of Plato, iii. 163, 164 _n._;

evolution of indwelling conceptions, i. 359 _n._, ii. 249,

iii. 17;

Sokrates' mental obstetric, 112;

attained only by dialectic, i. 396;

its test, power of going through a Sokratic cross-examination,

_ib._, ii. 64;

genesis of, 391;

_reminiscence_ of the ideas, 237, iii. 13, 17;

gods possess the Idea of, 67, 68 _n._;

philosophy the perpetual accumulation of, ii. 112;

of good and evil, distinct from other sciences, 168;

necessary to use of good things, 205;

must include both making and right use 205;

no action contrary to, 291;

virtue is, 239, 321, 67 _n._, 149;

of _what_ unsolved, 244;

to hurt knowingly or wilfully better than unwillingly, 58;

analogies from the arts, 59;

evil done by good man with, by bad without, 61;

as condition of human conduct, Sokrates and Plato dwell too

exclusively on, 67, 83;

rely too much on analogy of arts, and do not note what underlies

epithets, 68;

and moderation identical, having same contrary, 280;

of self, Delphian maxim, 11, 25;

from looking into other minds, is temperance, 12;

opposed to divine inspiration, 136;

no object of, distinct from knowledge itself, 156;

of _ens_ alone, iv. 49;

all, relative to some object, ii. 157, 169;

is sensible perception, iii. 111, 113, 154, 172 _n._;

erroneously identified with _Homo Mensura_, 113, 118, 120

_n._, 125, 162 _n._;

objections, sensible facts, different to different percipients,

153;

sensible perception does not include memory, 157;

argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time,

_ib._;

lies in the mind's comparisons respecting sensible perceptions,

161;

difference from modern views, 162;

the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, 164;

verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or

possible, 168;

of good, identified with [Greek: nou=s], of other things with

[Greek: do/xa], ii. 30;

relation to opinion, iii. 167 _n._, 172, 184 _n._;

are false opinions possible, 169;

waxen memorial tablet in the mind, _ib._;

distinction of possessing and having actually in hand, 170;

simile of pigeon-cage, 171;

false opinion is the confusion of cognitions and non-cognitions,

refuted, _ib._;

distinguished from right opinion, ii. 253, 255 _n._, iii.

168;

rhetor communicates true opinion, not knowledge, 172;

Plato's compared with modern views, ii. 254;

is true opinion _plus_ rational explanation, iii. 173;

analogy of elements and compounds, _ib._;

three meanings of _rational explanation_, 174;

definition rejected, 175;

antithesis of opinion and, not so marked in _Politikus_ as

_Theætêtus_, 256;

opposite cognitions unlike each other, 336, 396;

pleasures of, true, 356, 387 _n._;

good a mixture of pleasure and, 361;

same principle of classification applied to pleasure as to, 382;

classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions,

394;

its valuable principles, 395;

see _Relativity_, _Science_, _Self-knowledge_.

Kosmos, the first topic of Greek speculation, i. _ix_.;

primitive belief, 2;

early explanation by Polytheism, _ib._;

Homer and Hesiod, _ib._;

Thales, 4;

water once covered the earth, notices of the argument from

prints of shells and fishes, 18;

Anaximander, 5-7;

Anaximenes, 7-8;

Pythagoras, 12;

Pythagorean music of the spheres, 14;

Xenophanes, 18, 119 _n._;

Parmenides, 24, 90 _n._;

Herakleitus, 32;

Empedokles, 39, 41;

Diogenes of Apollonia, 64;

its Reason, different conceptions of Sokrates and Aristotle, ii.

402 _n._;

soul prior to and more powerful than body, iv. 386, 419, 421;

the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386;

all things full of gods, 388;

soul of, iii. 265 _n._, iv. 421;

its position and elements, 225;

affinity of soul of, and human, iii. 366 _n._;

mythe in _Politikus_, 265 _n._;

divine steersman and dæmons, _ib._;

analogy of individual mind and cosmical process, i. 36

_n._;

comparison of man to kosmos unnecessary and confusing, iii.

367;

free from pleasure and pain, 389;

forced conjunction of kosmology and ethics, 391;

idea of good rules the ideal, as sun the visible, iv. 64;

simile of, absolute height and depth, 87;

unchangeable essences of, rarely studied, iii. 361;

aversion to studying, on ground of impiety, iv. 219 _n._;

no _knowledge_ of, obtainable, 220;

theory in _Timæus_ acknowledged to be merely an [Greek:

ei)kô\s lo/gos], 217;

Demiurgus, ideas, chaos postulated, 220;

Time began with the, 227;

is a living being and a god, 220, 223;

Demiurgus produces, by persuading Necessity, 220;

process of demiurgic construction, 223;

the copy of the [Greek: Au)to/zôon], _ib._, 227, 235

_n._, 264;

product of joint action of reason and necessity, 238;

body, spherical form, and rotations, i. 25 _n._, iv. 225,

229, 237, 252, 325 _n._, 388-9;

to be studied for mental hygienic, 252;

primary and visible gods, 229;

secondary and generated gods, 230;

construction of man, 243;

generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos, with

rational soul rotating within, 235;

four elements not primitive, 238;

action of Ideas on prime matter, 238;

Forms of the elements, _ib._;

primordial chaos, 240;

geometrical theory of the elements, _ib._;

borrowed from Pythagoreans, i. 349 _n._;

Aristotle on, iv. 241 _n._;

varieties of each element, 242;

contrast of Plato's admiration, with degenerate realities, 262,

264;

degeneracy originally intended, 263;

recurrence of destructive agencies, 270, 307;

change of view in _Epinomis_, 421, 424 _n._

Krates, the "door-opener," i. 173;

Sokrates' precepts fully carried out by Diogenes and, 160, 174.

Kratippus, the Peripatetic, i. 258 _n._

_Kratylus_, purpose, iii. 302-8, 309 _n._, 321, 323, 325

_n._;

authenticity, i. 316;

date, 306, 309, 310, 312;

subject and personages, iii. 285;

speaking and naming conducted according to fixed laws, 286;

names distinguished by Plato as true or false, _ib._

_n._;

connected with doctrine of Ideas, 326 _n._;

the thing spoken of _suffers_, 287 _n._;

name, a didactic instrument, made by lawgiver on type of

name-form, 287, 312, 329;

Plato's _idéal_, 325, 328 _n._, 329;

compared with his views on social institutions, 327;

natural rectitude of names, 289, 300 _n._, 305 _n._;

names vary in degree of aptitude, 319;

aptitude consists in resemblance, 313;

difficult to harmonise with facts, 323;

forms of names and of things nameable, 289;

lawgiver alone discerns essences of names, and assigns them

correctly, 290;

proofs cited from etymology, 299, 300 _n._, 307 _n._;

not caricatures of sophists, 302, 304, 310 _n._, 314

_n._, 321, 323;

the etymologies serious, 306-12, 317 _n._;

counter-theory, _Homo Mensura_, 291, 326 _n._;

objection, it levels all animals, 292;

analogy of physical processes, unsuitable, 294;

belief not dependent on will, 297;

first imposer of names a Herakleitean, 301 _n._, 314-5, 320

_n._;

how names have become disguised, 312;

changes hard to follow, 315;

onomastic art, letters as well as things must be distinguished

with their essential properties, 313;

Herakleitean theory admitted, 317;

some names not consistent with it, 319;

things known only through names, not true, 320;

Herakleitean flux, true of particulars, not of Ideas,

_ib._;

the theory uncertain, implicit trust not to be put in names,

321, 324;

compared with _Politikus_, 281, 329;

_Sophistês_. 331;

_Timæus_, _ib._;

various reading in, p. 429C, 317 _n._

Krete, unlettered community, iv. 277;

public training and mess, 279;

its customs peculiar to itself and Sparta, 280 _n._

_Kritias_, a fragment, i. 268, iv. 265;

probably would have been an ethical epic in prose, 269;

in _Republic_ tetralogy, 215, 265;

date, i. 309, 311-3, 315, 325;

authenticity, 307, iv. 266 _n._;

subject, 266;

citizens of Plato's state identified with ancient Athenians,

_ib._;

Solon and Egyptian priests, _ib._, 268;

explanation of their learning, 271;

island Atlantis and its kings, 268;

address of Zeus, 269;

corruption and wickedness of people, _ib._;

submergence, 270;

mythe incomplete, iii. 409 _n._;

presented as matter of history, iv. 270;

recurrence of destructive kosmical agencies, _ib._

_Kriton_, rhetorical, not dialectical, i. 433;

compared with _Gorgias_, ii. 362;

general purpose, subject, and interlocutors, i. 425, 428;

authority of public judgment, nothing, of Expert, everything,

420, 435;

Sokrates does not name, but himself acts as, expert, 436;

Sokrates' answer to Kriton's appeal to flee, 426;

Sokrates' principle, Never act unjustly, 427;

this a cardinal point, though most men differ from him,

_ib._;

character and disposition of Sokrates, differently set forth,

428;

imaginary pleading of the Laws of Athens, _ib._;

agreement with Athenian democratic sentiment, 430, 432;

Plato's purpose in this, 428;

attempts reconciliation of constitutional allegiance with

Sokrates' individuality, 432;

Sokrates characteristics overlooked in the harangue, 431;

maintained by his obedience from conviction, _ib._

Kyrenaics, scheme of life, i. 188;

ethical theory, 195;

logical theory, 197;

doctrine of relativity, _ib._, 204;

Æthiops, Antipater, and Arêtê, 195;

Theodorus on the gods, 202;

see _Aristippus_, _Hegesias_.

L.

Labour, division of, iv. 138.

_Lachês_, authenticity, i. 305, ii. 151;

date, i. 304, 306, 308-10, 312, 315, 328, 331 _n._;

subject and interlocutors, ii. 138;

dramatic contrast of Lachês and Sokrates, 150;

should lessons be received from a master of arms, 138;

Sokrates refers to a professional judge, 139;

the judge must prove his competence, Sokrates confesses

incompetence, 140;

marks of the Expert, 141;

education--virtue must first be known, 142;

courage, 143;

example instead of definition, _ib._;

not endurance, 144;

intelligence of things terrible and not terrible, 145, iv. 138;

such intelligence not possessed by professional artists, ii.

148;

but is an inseparable part of knowledge of good and evil

generally, 149;

intelligence of good and evil generally--too wide, 146;

apparent tendency of Plato's mind in looking for a solution,

147;

compared with _Theagês_, 104;

_Charmidês_, 168;

_Politikus_, iii. 282-4;

_Republic_, iv. 138.

Lactantius, the soul, ii. 425 _n._

Land, division of, twelve tribes, iv. 329;

perpetuity of lots of, 326, 360;

Aristotle on, 326 _n._;

succession, 328, 404;

distribution of annual produce, 361.

Language, _natural_ rectitude of, ii. 89;

origin of, iii. 326 _n._, 328 _n._, 329 _n._;

Leibnitz on a philosophical, 322 _n._;

see _Names_.

Lassalle, on Herakleitus, iii. 101 _n._, 159 _n._, 309 _n._,

324 _n._;

_Homo Mensura_, 297 _n._;

_Kratylus_, 306 _n._, 307 _n._;

_Timæus_, iv. 228 _n._

Lavoisier, discovery of composition of water, ii. 164 _n._

Law, its various meanings, ii. 91, 92 _n._;

our idea of, less extensive than _Nomos_ (q. v.), i. 380

_n._, 382 _n._, ii. 92 _n._;

and Nature, antithesis of, 333, 338, i. 197;

also in Indian philosophy, 162;

Sokrates' disobedience of, 434 _n._;

the lawful is the profitable, ii. 36;

the consecrated and binding customs, the decree of the city,

social or civic opinion, 76;

objection, discordance of, 78;

is _good_ opinion of the city, true opinion, or finding out

of reality, 77;

real things are always accounted real, analogies, 79;

of Cretan Minos divine and excellent, extant, 80, 90;

to Plato only what _ought to be_ law, _is_, 88-90,

iii. 317 _n._;

reality found out by the Expert, ii. 87-88;

fixed, recognised by Demokritus, i. 73;

all proceedings of nature conducted according to fixed, iii.

286;

of nature, Mill on number of ultimate, 132 _n._;

no laws to limit scientific governor, 269;

different view, iv. 319;

government by fixed, the second-best, iii. 270;

test of, goodness of ethical purpose and working, iv. 384;

proëm to every important, 321;

Cicero coincides, 322 _n._;

the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322;

to serve as type for poets, 323;

proëm to laws against heresy, 383;

of Zaleukus and Charondas, 323 _n._

Law-administration, objects of punishment, to deter or reform, ii.

270, iv. 408;

general coincidence of Platonic and Attic, 363 _n._, 374,

374 _n._, 403, 406, 430;

many of Plato's laws are discharges of ethical antipathy, 411;

penalties against contentious litigation, 410;

oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only, 413;

thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332;

many details left to nomophylakes, 341;

assisted by select Dikasts, 362;

limited power of fining, 360;

necessity of precision in terms of accusation, 413 _n._;

public and private causes, 339;

public, three stages, 340, 415;

criminal procedure, 362;

distinction of damage and injury, 365;

witnesses, 409;

abuse of public trust, 412;

evasion of military service, _ib._;

varieties of homicide, 370-2;

penalties, 370;

wounds and beating, 372, 374, 408;

heresy, and [Greek: u(/bris] to divine things or places,

375-386;

neglect of parents, 399 _n._, 407;

testaments, 404;

divorce, 408;

lunacy, 407;

poison and sorcery, 407;

libels, 409;

fugitive slaves, 400;

theft, 364, 409;

property found, 398;

fraudulent traders, 402;

mendicants, 409;

Benefit societies, 399;

suretyship, 415;

funerals, _ib._

Laws, the, see _Leges_.

Lectures, Plato's revealed solution of difficulties, an untenable

hypothesis, i. 401;

differ from dialogues in being given in his own name, 402;

of Protagoras, ii. 301;

contrasted with cross-examination, 277, 303;

dialectic a test of the efficacy of the expository process, i.

358;

worthless for instruction, ii. 136, 233 _n._, iii. 33-5,

49, 52, 54, 337 _n._;

difference in _Timæus_ and _Kritias_, 53.

_Leges_, authenticity, i. 304, 306, 338, iv. 325 _n._,

389 _n._, 429;

date, i. 313, 315, 324, iv. 272, 413 _n._;

scene and persons, 272, 277;

change in Plato's circumstances and feelings, 273, 320;

analogous to Euripides' _Bacchæ_ and Aristophanes'

_Nubes_, 277;

Xenophon compared, i. 244;

Plato's purpose, to remedy all misconduct, iv. 369;

no evidence of Plato's study of practical working of different

institutions, 397;

large proportion of preliminary discussions and didactic

exhortation, 281;

soul prior to and more powerful than body, 386, 419;

the good and the bad souls at work in universe, 386;

all things full of gods, 388;

Manichæanism in, 389 _n._;

good identical with maximum of pleasure and minimum of pain,

292-297, 299-303;

at least an useful fiction, 333;

justice a good _per se_ and from its _consequences_,

294;

what constitutes injustice, 367-9;

no man voluntarily wicked, 365, 367;

three causes of misguided proceedings, 366;

punishment, to deter or reform, _ib._, 408;

threefold division of good, 428;

virtue fourfold, 417;

the four virtues the highest, and source of all other, goods,

428;

unity of state's end to be kept in view, 417;

the end is the virtue of the citizens, _ib._;

Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out this end, 416,

418, 425, 429;

and enforce orthodox creed, 419;

training of counsellors in _Epinomis_, 420, 424;

basis of Spartan institutions too narrow, 282;

Plato's state, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical

sentiment, 333, 337;

historical retrospect of society, 307-315;

frequent destruction of communities, 307;

difficulties of government, seven distinct natural titles to,

309;

view of _the lot_, 310;

imprudent to found government on any one title only, _ib._;

illustrated by Argos, Messênê, Sparta, _ib._;

Persia and Athens compared, 312;

monarchy and democracy the _mother-polities_, _ib._;

bad training of king's sons, _ib._;

the Magnetic community, origin of, 274 _n._;

its [Greek: u(po/thesis], 328 _n._;

site and settlers, 320, 329, 336;

circular form, unwalled, 344;

defence of territory, rural police, 335;

Spartan _Kryptia_ compared, 336;

test of laws, goodness of ethical purpose and working, 284;

general coincidence of Platonic and Attic law, 363 _n._,

374, 374 _n._, 403, 406, 430;

many of Plato's laws are discharges of ethical antipathy, 411;

state's laws, with their proëms, 321;

the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322;

Cicero on, _ib._ _n._;

to serve as type for poets, 323;

training of the emotions through influence of the Muses, Apollo

and Dionysus, 290, 347;

endurance of pain in Spartan discipline, 285;

drunkenness forbidden at Sparta, how far justifiable, 286;

citizens tested against pleasure, 285;

Dionysiac banquets, under a sober president, 289;

elders require stimulus of wine, 297;

precautions in electing minister of education, 338;

age, and matter of teaching, 348, 350;

the teaching simple and common to both sexes, 351;

music and dancing, 291;

three choruses, youths, mature men, and elders, 296, 305;

elders, by example, to keep up purity of music, 297;

prizes at musical and gymnastic festivals, 292, 337;

but object of training, war, not prizes, 358;

importance of music in education, 305;

musical and literary education, fixed type, 292, 338, 349;

poets to conform to ethical creed, 292-7;

change for worse at Athens after Persian invasion, 313;

this change began in music, 314;

contrast in Demosthenes and _Menexenus_, 315 _n._,

318;

dangers of change in national music, doctrine also of Damon,

315;

Plato's aversion to dramatic poetry of Athens, 316, 350;

peculiar to himself, 317;

value of arithmetic, 330 _n._;

purpose of teaching astronomy, 354;

planets, Plato's idea of motions of, _ib._;

circular motion best, 388, 389;

hunting, meaning of, 356;

hunting, how far permitted, 355;

for religion, oracles of Dodona and Delphi to be consulted, 325,

337;

temples and priests, 337;

number of sacrifices determined by lawgiver, 357;

only state worship allowed, 378;

contrast with Sokratic teaching, iii. 148;

Milton on, iv. 379 _n._;

necessity of enforcing state religion, 378;

[Greek: u(/bris] to divine things or places, 375;

proëm to laws against, 383;

impiety, from one of three heresies, 376;

punishment, 376-9;

majority of Greek world would have been included in one of the

three varieties, 381;

first heresy confuted, 386;

argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory, 388;

second confuted, 389;

the third the worst, 384;

confuted, 391;

incongruity of Plato's doctrine, 393;

dissent of Herodotus and Sokrates, 394;

opposition to Plato's doctrine in Greece, 395;

general Greek belief, 392, 394;

division of citizens and land, twelve tribes, 329;

four classes, property qualification for magistracies and

voters, 331;

perpetuity of lots of land, 326, 360;

Aristotle on, 326 _n._;

succession, 328;

number of citizens, 326, 328;

Aristotle on, 326 _n._;

syssitia, 344, 359;

same duties and training for women as men, 195;

family ties mischievous, but cannot practically be got rid of,

327;

to be watched over by magistrates, 328;

marriage, _ib._, 332, 342, 344, 359, 405, 406;

board of Matrons, 345;

divorce, 406;

treatment of infants, 346;

orphans, guardians, 404, 406;

limited inequality tolerated as to movable property, 330;

modes of acquiring property, 397;

length of prescription for ownership, 415;

no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest,

331;

slavery, 342, 400;

Aristotle differs, 343 _n._;

distribution of annual produce, 361;

each artisan only one trade, _ib._;

retailers, regulations about, _ib._, 401;

punishment for fraud, 402;

Benefit Societies, 399;

Metics, 362;

strangers and foreign travel of citizens, 414;

electoral scheme, 333;

thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332;

assisted by select Dikasts, 362;

many details left to, 341;

the council, and other magistrates, 335;

limited power of fining, 360;

military commanders and council, 332;

monthly military muster of whole population, 358;

oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only, 413;

penal ties against contentious litigation, 410;

judicial duties, public and private causes, 339;

public, three stages, 340, 415;

witnesses, 409;

distinction of damage and injury, 365;

sacrilege and high treason the gravest crimes, 363;

abuse of public trust, 412;

evasion of military service, 412;

homicide, penalties, 370;

varieties of, 370-2;

wounds and beating, 372, 373, 408;

poison and sorcery, 407;

neglect of parents, _ib._;

lunacy, _ib._;

libels, 409;

theft, 364, 409;

suretyship, 415;

mendicants, 409;

funerals, 415;

compared with earlier works, 275, 280;

_Cyropædia_, 319;

_Protagoras_, 301;

_Gorgias_, ii. 362, iv. 301-2, 324;

_Phædrus_, _ib._;

_Philêbus_, 301;

_Republic_, 298 _n._, 302, 319, 327, 390, 429;

_Timæus_, 389 _n._

Lehrsch, iii. 308 _n._, 309 _n._

Leibnitz, interdependence of nature, ii. 248 _n._;

agreement with Plato's metaphysics, _ib._;

pre-existence of soul, _ib._;

natural significant aptitude of letters, iii. 313 _n._;

on a philosophical language, 322 _n._

Lenormant, iii. 306 _n._

Leukippus, i. 65, 66, iii. 243 _n._

Lewis, Sir G. C., ancient astronomy, iv. 355 _n._, 424

_n._

Liberty, excess of, at Athens, iv. 312.

Libraries, ancient, i. 270, 278 _n._, 280, 286;

copying by _librarii_ and private friends, 281 _n._,

284 _n._;

official MSS., _ib._;

see _Alexandrine_, _Lykeum_, _Academy_.

Lichtenstädt, iv. 256 _n._

Light, Plato's theory, iv. 236.

Like known by like, i. 354 _n._, ii. 359 _n._;

friend to like, 359.

Littré, the soul, iv. 257 _n._;

synthetic character of ancient medicine, 260 _n._

Loans, disallowed, iii. 331.

Lobeck, iii. 304 _n._, 311 _n._, 312 _n._

Locke, atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i. 70;

good identical with pleasure, ii. 306 _n._

Logic, influence of Herakleitus on development of, i. 37;

of a science, Plato's different from Aristotelic and modern

view, 358 _n._;

objects of perception and of conception, comprised in Plato's

_ens_, iii. 229, 231;

concepts and percepts, relative, 75;

in Sokrates, the subordination of terms, i. 455;

position of Megarics in history of, 131 _n._;

negative, of Antisthenes' school, 149;

Kyrenaic theory, 197;

elementary distinctions unfamiliar in Plato's time, ii. 13, 34

_n._, 235, 319, iii. 190, 222, 229, 241;

the dialogues of search are lessons in method, 177, 188;

collection of sophisms necessary for a theory of, i. 131;

Aristotle first distinguished [Greek: o(mô/numa], [Greek:

sunô/numa], and [Greek: kat' a)nalogi/an], iii. 94

_n._;

generalisation and division, ii. 27;

process of classification not much attended to, iii. 344;

definition and division illustrated in _Phædrus_ and

_Philêbus_, 29, 344;

names relative and non-relative, 232;

connotation of a word, to be known before its accidents and

antecedents, ii. 242;

logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, i.

168 _n._;

logical and concrete aggregates, ii. 52, 53;

_concrete_, its Greek equivalent, 52 _n._;

opposites, only one to each thing, 13 _n._;

contraries, the Pythagorean "principia of existing things," i.

15 _n._;

Herakleitus' theory, 30, 31;

are excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii. 7

_n._;

judgment, akin to proposition, and may be false by partnership

with form _non-ens_, iii. 213-4;

implied in every act of consciousness, 165 _n._;

Plato's canon of belief, iv. 231;

contradictory propositions not possible, i. 166 _n._;

principle of contradiction, not laid down in Plato's time, iii.

99;

logical maxim of, 239;

function of copula, i. 170 _n._;

misconceived by Antisthenes, iii. 221, 232 _n._, 251

_n._;

Plato's view of causal reasoning, ii. 253;

modern views on _à priori_ reasonings, difference of

Plato's, 251;

see _Fallacies_, _Predication_, _Proposition_.

Logographers, iii. 27 _n._, 36 _n._

Lot, principle of the, iv. 309, 310 _n._

Love, a moving force in Empedokles, i. 38;

cause of, desire for what is akin to us or our own, ii. 182;

see _Eros_.

Lucian, worthlessness of geometry, i. 384 _n._;

on time wasted in philosophic training, 404 _n._

Lucretius, on Anaxagorean homoeomeries, i. 52 _n._;

origin of language, iii. 329 _n._;

on pleasure, 379 _n._, 387 _n._, i. 163 _n._;

on justice, iv. 130 _n._;

appearances of gods to men, 155 _n._;

theology of, 162 _n._

[Greek: Lusite/loun], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

Luther, on music, iv. 151 _n._

Lykeum, Peripatetic school, i. 269;

the library, founded for use of inmates and special visitors,

279 _n._;

loss of library, 270.

Lykurgus, relation to Plato, i. 344 _n._

Lysias, rhetorical powers, iii. 48 _n._;

Isokrates compared, 35, 37;

unfairly treated in _Phædrus_, 47-8;

rivalry with Plato, 408, 410 _n._, 411 _n._;

oration against Æschines, i. 112.

_Lysis_, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 184 _n._;

date, i. 308-10, 313, 326, ii. 184 _n._;

subject suited for dialogue of search, 185;

problem of _friendship_ too general, 186;

debate partly real, partly verbal, 188;

scenery and personages, 172;

mode of talking with youth, 173;

servitude of the ignorant, 176;

lesson of humility, 177;

illustrates Sokratic manner, _ib._;

what is a friend, 178;

appeal to maxims of poets, 179;

likeness and unlikeness, _ib._, 188 _n._;

the Indifferent, friend to Good, 180, 189;

anxious to escape from felt evil, 180;

illustrated by philosopher's condition, 181, 190;

the _primum amabile_, _ib._, 191;

cause of friendship, desire for what is akin to us or our own,

182;

good akin, evil alien, to every one, 183;

the Good and Beautiful as objects of attachment, 194;

failure of enquiry, 184;

compared with Cicero _De Amicitia_, 189 _n._;

_Charmidês_, 172, 184 _n._

M.

Macaulay, Lord, Theology not a progressive science, ii. 428.

Mackintosh, Sir J., iv. 105 _n._

Madness, Plato's view, ii. 129;

of philosophers, 383;

varieties of, Eros one, iii. 11;

see _Inspiration_.

Magic, Empedokles claims powers of, i. 47;

Plato's laws against, iv. 407.

Magnet, analogy to poetic inspiration, ii. 128, 129.

Magnetic colony, see _Leges_.

Maine, meaning of natural justice, ii. 342 _n._;

influence of Law in early societies, i. 382 _n._

Making and _doing_, ii. 155.

Malebranche, ii. 404 _n._, iv. 233.

Mallet, on _Sophistês_, iii. 245 _n._

Malthus, law of population, iv. 201;

recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202.

Man, Plato on antiquity of, iv. 307;

construction of, 243;

the cause of evil, 234;

inconsistency _ib._ _n._;

see _Body_, _Soul_, _Immortality_.

Manichæanism of _Leges_, iv. 389 _n._

Mansel, Dr., iii. 124 _n._

Mantineia, i. 211.

Marathon, iii. 406.

Marbach, i. 132 _n._

Mariandyni, iv. 343 _n._

Marriage, temporary for guardians, iv. 43, 175-8;

object, 198;

Plato's and modern sentiments, 192;

Aristotle, 188, 198-201;

laws in second _idéal_, 328, 332, 341, 344, 359, 405, 406;

board of Matrons, 345;

Malthus' law recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202;

divorce, 406.

Martin on _Timæus_, iv.** 218 _n._, 224 _n._, 233

_n._, 424 _n._;

_Leges_, 355 _n._

Materialists, iii. 203, 223;

meaning of _ens_, 231;

argument against, 203, 224, 226, 228;

reply open to, 224, 229.

Matter, Aristotle's _materia prima_, i. 72, iii. 397

_n._;

[Greek: to\ dektiko\n] of _Timæus_, _ib._;

four elements not primitive, iv. 238;

prime, action of Ideas on, _ib._;

Voltaire on, i. 168 _n._

Maximus Tyrius, on Plato's reminiscence, ii. 250 _n._;

variety, iii. 400 _n._

Measure, Plato's conception, ii. 112, 117, iii. 260;

[Greek: to\ me/trion] of Plato, 397 _n._;

Platonic _idéal_, undefined results, ii. 374;

Pythagorean [Greek: kairo/s], iii. 397 _n._;

necessary, to choose pleasures rightly, ii. 293, 357 _n._,

iii. 391;

virtue a right estimate of pleasure and pain, ii. 293, 305;

courage a just estimate of things terrible, 307;

false estimates of pleasures habitual, iii. 353;

true pleasures admit of, 357;

directive sovereignty of, 391;

how applied in _Protagoras_, _ib._;

how explained in _Philêbus_, 393.

Medical Art, analogy of rhetoric to, iii. 31;

reducible to rule, ii. 372 _n._;

physician not bound by peremptory rules, iii. 269;

no refined, allowed, iv. 28;

Plato's view of, 250;

synthetic character of ancient, 260 _n._

Megarics, transcendental, not ethical, i. 122;

shared with Plato the eristic of Sokrates, 124, 126;

logical position misrepresented by historians, 131;

negative dialectic attributed by historians to, 371;

not peculiar to, 387;

the charge brought by contemporaries against Sokrates, 388;

fallacies of, ii. 215, iii. 92;

sophisms of Eubulides, i. 133;

real character of, 135;

alleged over-refinement in classification of, iii. 196

_n._;

not the idealists of _Sophistês_, 244;

controversy with Aristotle about Power, i. 135;

Aristotle's arguments not valid, 136-8;

Aristotle himself concedes the doctrine, 139 _n._;

doctrine of Diodôrus Kronus, 140, 143;

defended by Hobbes, _ib._;

depends on question of universal regularity of sequence, 141;

sophism of Diodôrus Kronus, _ib._, 143;

Stilpon, 147;

Cicero on, 135 _n._;

Ritter, 129 _n._;

Prantl, _ib._, 132 _n._;

Zeller, 131 _n._;

Winckelmann, 132 _n._;

Marbach, _ib._;

Tiedemann, _ib._;

Stallbaum, _ib._;

Deycks, 136 _n._;

see _Eukleides_.

Melêtus, reply of Sokrates to, Plato and Xenophon compared, i.

456;

Plato's views coincide with, iv. 211, 230 _n._, 381, 385,

411, i. 113.

Melissus of Samos, i. 93.

Memory, difference of [Greek: mnê/mê] and [Greek: a)na/mnêsis],

iii. 350 _n._;

see _Association_.

Ménage, on etymology, iii. 303 _n._

Menedêmus the Eretrian, i. 148;

disallowed negative predications, 170.

_Menexenus_, its authenticity, i. 316, 338, iii. 412

_n._;

date, i. 307, 309, 313, 324;

anachronism, iii. 411;

scenery and persons, 401;

funeral harangues at Athens, _ib._, 404;

Sokrates recites harangue learnt from Aspasia, 402;

framed on the established type, 405;

excited much admiration, 407;

probable motives of Plato, _ib._, 410;

contrast with _Leges_, iv. 315 _n._, 318;

_Gorgias_, ii. 374, iii. 409.

_Menon_, date, i. 306-7, 308-10, 313, 315, 325 _n._, ii.

228 _n._, 246 _n._;

purpose, 235;

gives points in common between Sokrates and Sophists, 257;

scenery and persons, 232;

is virtue teachable, _ib._, 239, iii. 330 _n._;

plurality of virtues, ii. 233;

search for common property, 234;

how is process of search useful, 237;

Sokrates' cross-examination like effect of torpedo, _ib._;

analogies, definitions of figure and colour, 235;

Menon's definition, refuted, 236;

theory of reminiscence, 237;

illustrated by questioning Menon's slave, 238, 249 _n._,

251;

metempsychosis, 249;

little said of the _Ideas_, 253, 255 _n._;

virtue is knowledge, 239;

and so teachable, 240;

relation of opinion to knowledge, 241, 255 _n._, 392

_n._, iii. 172 _n._;

right opinion of good statesmen, from inspiration, ii. 242;

highest virtue teachable, but all existing virtue is from

inspiration, _ib._;

virtue itself remains unknown, _ib._, 245;

Sokrates' doctrine, universal desire of good, 243;

compared with _Phædrus_ and _Phædon_, 249;

_Protagoras_, 244;

_Politikus_, iii. 283;

_Timæus_, _Gorgias_, _Republic_, ii. 254

_n._

Mentiens, sophism, i. 128, 133.

Messênê, bad basis of government, iv. 310.

Metaphor, Herakleitus' exposition by, i. 28, 30, 37

_n._;

Plato's tendency to found arguments on, 343, 353, _n._, ii.

337 _n._, iii. 65 _n._, 173, 207, 351, 364;

doctrine of Ideas derived its plausibility from, i. 343;

waxen memorial tablet in the mind, iii. 169;

pigeon-cage, 171;

souls' [Greek: knê=sis] compared to children's teething, 399

_n._;

the steersman, iv. 53;

Idea of Good in intellectual, as sun in visible, 63;

the cave, iii. 257 _n._, iv. 67-70;

analogy of state and individual, 11, 20, 39, 79-84, 96;

exaggerated, 115, 121, 124;

kosmos, absolute height and depth, 87.

Metaphysics, see _Ontology_.

Meteorology, of Anaxagoras, i. 58;

Diogenes of Apollonia, 64;

Sokrates avoided, 376.

Metempsychosis, included in all ancient speculations, ii. 390, 425

_n._;

belief of Empedokles, i. 46;

included in Plato's proof of soul's immortality, ii. 414;

theory of, 237, 247, iv. 234;

of ordinary men only, ii. 390, 416, 425;

mythe, iii. 12, 14 _n._;

general doctrine in Virgil, ii. 425 _n._

Method, revolutionised by Sokrates, i. _x_;

obstetric, 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176;

Aristotle's Dialectic and Demonstrative, i. 363;

see _Dialectic_, _Negative_, _Inductive_.

Metics, admission of, iv. 362;

Xenophon on, i. 238.

[Greek: Me/trion, to/], of Plato, iii. 397 _n._

Michelet, iv. 151 _n._

Middle ages, disputations in the, i. 397 _n._;

views on causation, ii. 409 _n._

[Greek: Mi/gma], see _Chaos_.

Mill, Jas., on law of mental association, ii. 192 _n._;

transmission of established morality of a society, 275

_n._;

on the moral sense, iv. 128 _n._;

ethical end, 105 _n._

Mill, J. S., on vague connotation of general terms, ii. 48

_n._;

evils of informal debate, 220 _n._, 222 _n._;

definition of fallacy, i. 129;

heads of fallacies, ii. 218;

fallacies of confusion, Descartes' argument, iii. 297 _n._;

of Sufficient Reason, earliest example of, i. 6 _n._;

relativity of knowledge, iii. 128 _n._;

abstract names, 78 _n._;

simple objects undefinable, i. 172 _n._;

comparison of Form with particular phenomena, iii. 64 _n._;

necessity of Verification, 168 _n._;

_antecedent_, _consequent_, _simultaneous_, 165

_n._;

assumption in axioms of arithmetic, 396 _n._;

axioms of arithmetic and geometry, from induction, iv. 353

_n._;

ultimate laws of nature, iii. 132 _n._;

relation of art to science, 43 _n._;

the beautiful, ii. 50 _n._;

hostility to novel attempts at analysis of ethics, i. 387

_n._;

_Liberty_, 395 _n._, ii. 367 _n._;

Sokrates' Utilitarianism, 310 _n._;

theory of syllogism, 255 _n._;

approximation to Plato and Aristotle as to ideal state of

society, iv. 199 _n._

Milton, on Plato's intolerance, iv. 379 _n._

Mind, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26;

identified with heat by Demokritus, 75;

its seat in various parts of the body, Demokritus, 76;

Sokrates' theory of natural state of human, 373;

elenchus the sovereign purifier of, iii. 197;

Sokrates' obstetric, 112;

the self, ii. 11, 25;

state of agent's, as to knowledge, frequent enquiry in Plato,

83;

Plato's view, an assemblage of latent capacities, 164;

knowledge is dominant agency in, 290;

usefulness of negative result for training, 186;

operation of pre-natal experience on, iii. 13;

rhetoric should include a classification of minds and

discourses, 32;

_idéal_ unattainable, 42, 45;

compared to paper, 169, 351;

of each individual, tripartite, iv. 37;

analogous to rulers, guardians, craftsmen, 39;

high development of body and, equally necessary, ii. 422

_n._;

relation to bodily organs, iii. 159, iv. 387 _n._;

diseases of, from body, 250;

no man voluntarily wicked, 249, 365-8;

preservative and healing agencies, 250;

treatment of, by itself, 251;

rotations of kosmos to be studied, 252;

see _Reason_, _Soul_.

_Minos_, authenticity, i. 306-7, 309, 336, 337 _n._, ii.

82, 93;

in _Leges_ trilogy, 91;

and _Hipparchus_ analogous and inferior to other works, 82;

subject the characteristic property connoted by _law_, 76,

86;

discussed by historical Sokrates, _ib._;

its meanings, 91;

three parts, objections, 76;

is _good_ opinion of the city, true opinion, or finding out

of reality, 77;

real things always accounted real, analogies, 79;

only what _ought to be_ law, _is_, 80, 88-9, iii. 281

_n._, 317 _n._;

Expert finds out and certifies truth, ii. 87-9;

laws of Cretan Minos divine and excellent, extant, 80, 90;

Minos' character variously represented, 81;

what does the lawgiver prescribe for health of mind--unanswered,

_ib._;

bad definitions of law, 86;

Sokrates' reasoning unsound but Platonic, 88.

[Greek: Mnê/mê], derivation, iii. 302 _n._;

difference of [Greek: a)na/mnêsis], 350 _n._

Mohl, Prof., on Hafiz, iii. 16 _n._

[Greek: Moi=rai], relation to Gods, iv. 221 _n._

Monad, the Pythagorean, i. 11-12;

Platonic form of Pythagorean doctrine, 15 _n._;

see _Number_.

Monarchy, and democracy the _mother-polities_, iv. 312;

dissent of Aristotle, _ib._ _n._;

monarch a Principal Cause, iii. 266;

true government by the one scientific man, 268, 273;

no laws to limit scientific governor, 269;

_idéal_ attainable only in Saturnian period, 264, iv. 319;

distinguished from general, rhetor, &c., iii. 271;

aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272;

Sokratic ideal differently worked out by Plato and Xenophon,

273;

of Atlantis, iv. 268;

bad education of kings' son, 312.

Monboddo, on Cartesian and Newtonian theories, ii. 402 _n._;

on Ideas, 408 _n._;

mind and body, iv. 387 _n._

Monkeys, Galen on structure of, iv. 257 _n._

Morality of a society, how transmitted, ii. 274;

relation of art to, see _Education_, _Poetry_;

_Ethics_.

More, Dr. Henry, emanative cause, ii. 403 _n._;

metempsychosis, 427 _n._;

relativity of knowledge, iii. 124 _n._

Moses, Plato compared to, iv. 256.

Motion, of atoms, the capital fact of Demokritean kosmos, i. 72;

Zeno's arguments, 97;

not denied as a phenomenal and relative fact, 102;

form of, iii. 209-10, 232, 245 _n._;

varieties of rectilinear, iv. 225 _n._;

circular, the best, 225, 388-9;

Diodôrus Kronus, i. 145;

Aristotle nearly coincides with, 146;

and Hobbes, _ib._;

Monboddo on Aristotle and Plato, iv. 386 _n._

Motives, distinction of, ii. 357 _n._

Müller, Prof. Max, origin of language, iii. 326 _n._;

vague use of words, i. 398 _n._

Munk, Dr. Edward, i. 311, 320, 401 _n._

Music, Pythagorean, of the spheres, i. 14;

and speech illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite, iii.

340;

Cynics' contempt for, i. 151, 155;

Platonic sense, iv. 149;

disparaged, ii. 355;

education in, necessary for guardians, iv. 23;

and dancing, effect on emotions, 347;

excites love of the beautiful, 27;

importance of, in education, 305;

Aristotle on, 151 _n._, 306;

Xenophon, _ib._, i. 228;

Luther, iv. 151 _n._;

gymnastic necessary to correct, 29;

prizes at festivals, 292, 337, 358;

three choruses, youths, mature men, elders, 296, 305;

only grave allowed, 32, 168, 298 _n._;

regulated by authority, 292-4, 349;

to keep emotions in a proper state, 169;

elders, by example, to keep up purity of music, 297;

change for worse at Athens began in, 313, 314 _n._, 318;

dangers of change in national, doctrine also of Damon, 315.

Mysticism, religious, in Empedokles, i. 47 _n._;

mixture in Plato of poetical fancy and religious, with dialectic

theory, iii. 16.

Mythe, general character of Plato's, ii. 415, iii. 310, iv. 255

_n._;

disparaged, in _Sophistês_, iii. 265 _n._;

Plato's resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. 160 _n._;

Aristotle on blending philosophy with, 255 _n._;

probably often used by Sophists, ii. 267 _n._;

of Prometheus and Epimetheus, 267;

value of, 276;

of Hades in _Gorgias_, 361;

of soul in _Phædon_, 415;

of pre-existent soul, iii. 12, 14 _n._;

of the kosmos in _Politikus_, 265 _n._;

_Timæus_, 409 _n._;

_Kritias_, _ib._, iv. 268;

of departed souls in _Republic_, 94;

the choice of Herakles, i. 177;

training by fictions, iv. 24, 154;

Plato's view of the purpose of, _ib._, 303-5;

Plato's and Homer's fictions contrasted, 153 _n._;

retort open to poets, _ib._, 154 _n._;

no repulsive fictions to be tolerated about gods or Hades, 25,

154;

a better class to be substituted from religion for the existing

fictions, 160;

poet must avoid variety of imitation, 26, 155;

type for narratives about men, 26;

fiction as to origin of classes, 30;

difficulty of procuring first admission for fiction, 158.

Mythology, prolonged belief in, iv. 152 _n._;

Xenophanes' censure of, i. 16;

Herakleitus', 26;

Plato and the popular, 441 _n._, ii. 415, iii. 265

_n._, iv. 24, 155 _n._, 196, 238 _n._, 325, 328,

337, 398.

N.

Names, _relative_ and _non-relative_, iii. 232

_n._;

Pythagorean theory, 304 _n._, 316 _n._;

mystic sanctity of, 323 _n._;

distinction of divine and human, 300 _n._;

natural rectitude of, ii. 89, iii. 286 _n._, 300 _n._,

306 _n._;

connected with doctrine of _Ideas_, 286 _n._, 327

_n._;

difficult to harmonise with facts, 323;

the essence of things, 305 _n._;

things known only through names, not true, 320;

the thing spoken of _suffers_, 287 _n._;

forms of names and of things nameable, 289;

didactic instruments made by law-giver on type of name-forms,

287, 290, 313;

onomastic art, _ib._;

proofs cited from etymology, 299, 300 _n._, 307 _n._;

specimens of ancient etymologies, 307 _n._, 308 _n._,

309 _n._, 310 _n._, 311 _n._;

not caricatures of sophists, 302, 304, 306-12, 314 _n._,

317 _n._, 321, 324;

Plato's _idéal_, 325, 328 _n._, 330;

compared with his views on social institutions, 327;

_Homo Mensura_ the counter theory of language, 326

_n._;

intrinsic aptitude of, for particular things, 289;

consists in resemblance, 313;

vary in degree of aptitude, 318;

first imposer of, a Herakleitean, 302 _n._, 314-7, 319

_n._;

how they have become disguised, 312;

changes hard to follow, 315;

Herakleitean theory admitted, 310;

some names not consistent with it, 319;

the theory uncertain, implicit trust not to be put in names,

321, 325;

see _Language_.

Nature, course of, the ultimatum of Demokritus and moderns, i. 73,

_ib._ _n._;

all proceedings of, conducted according to fixed laws, iii. 286;

Greek view of, hostile to philosophical speculation, i. 86;

interdependence of, ii. 247;

antithesis of law and, 333, 338, i. 197;

also in Indian philosophy, 162;

[Greek: phu/sei] and [Greek: kata\ phu/sin], iii. 294 _n._,

iv. 309 _n._;

Aristotle, 387 _n._;

uncertainty of referring to, ii. 340, iv. 194, i. 162;

meaning of law of, ii. 341 _n._;

Mill on number of ultimate Laws of, iii. 132;

no object in, mean to the philosopher, 61.

Necessary truth, iii. 253 _n._

Necessity, means _Freewill_ in Plato, iv. 221;

kosmos produced by joint action of reason and, 238.

Negative, Plato's view of the, erroneous, iii. 236. 239;

predications disallowed by Menedêmus, i. 170.

Negative Method, harshly censured by historians of philosophy, i.

123;

preponderated in Plato's age, _ib._;

erroneously attributed to Sophists and Megarics, 371, 387;

the charge brought by contemporary Athenians against Sokrates,

388;

Sokrates and Plato its champions, _vii_, _x_, 372;

Sokrates the greatest Eristic of his age, 124;

first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness,

385, 389 _n._;

to social, political, ethical topics, 385;

the Megarics shared with Plato the negative impulse of Sokrates,

126;

Academics, 131 _n._;

negative and affirmative veins in Plato distinct, 399, 403, 420;

the negative extreme in _Parmenidês_, iii. 71, i. 125;

overlooked in _Kriton_, 433;

well illustrated in _Lysis_, ii. 177;

the affirmative prominent in his old age, i. 408;

its necessity as a condition of reasoned truth, 91, 371, 373,

387, 395 _n._, 421, ii. 186, i. 130;

a value by itself, iii. 51, 70, 85, 149-50, 176, 184 _n._,

284, 422;

a necessary preliminary to the affirmative, ii. 186, 201;

essential to control of the affirmative, iii. 92 _n._, i.

123;

its difficulties never solved, iii. 51;

see _Dialectic_.

Nemesius, relativity of mental and sensational processes, iii. 122

_n._

Newton, accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii.

402 _n._

Nile, inundation of, explanation of Anaxagoras, i. 58 _n._

[Greek: No/mimon], equivocal use, ii. 38.

Nominalism, first protest against Realism, Antisthenes, i. 164;

of Stilpon, 167.

Nomos, idea of law less extensive than, i. 380 _n._, 382

_n._, ii. 92 _n._;

omnipotence of King, i. 378, 380, 392 _n._, 424, ii. 333;

Sokrates an exception, _ib._;

Plato's and Aristotle's theory of politics to resist King, i.

393 _n._;

Plato appeals to, iv. 24 _n._;

Epiktêtus, i. 388 _n._;

common sense of a community, its propagation, ii. 274;

no common End among established [Greek: no/mima], iii. 282

_n._, iv. 204 _n._;

see _Authority_, _Orthodoxy_.

Non-ens, see _Ens_.

Noumenon of Kant agrees with Parmenidês' ens, i. 21.

Nous, see _Reason_.

Number, the _principle_ of Pythagoreans, i. 9-12, 14;

differs from Plato's Idea, 10;

its modern application, _ib._ _n._, 14 _n._;

limited to ten, according to Plato and Pythagoreans, 11

_n._;

the Greek geometrical conception of, iii. 112 _n._;

mean proportionals, iv. 224 _n._;

see _Arithmetic_.

O.

Oaths, iv. 413.

Objective, and subjective views of ethics, Sokrates distinguished,

i. 451;

dissent coincident with subjective unanimity, _ib._;

see _Relativity_.

Observation, astronomy must not be studied by, iv. 73;

nor acoustics, 74.

Obstetric, of Sokrates, i. 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176.

Odysseus, ii. 56.

Oken, Pythagoreanism, i. 10 _n._

Old Age, iv. 2.

Oligarchy, iv. 79;

Plato's second state a compromise of democracy and, 333, 337.

[Greek: O(mô/numa], first distinguished from [Greek: sunô/numa] by

Aristotle, iii. 94 _n._

[Greek: O(mônu/môs], ii. 193.

One, in the Many, and Many in the One, aim of philosophy, i. 407;

difficulties about many and, iii. 339;

see _Idea_.

Ontology and physics, radically distinct points of view, i. 23

_n._;

the science of Ens, first appears in the Eleates, 22;

reconciliation of physics with, attempted unsuccessfully after

Parmenides, 23 _n._;

Plato blends ethics with, iii. 306;

Aristotle's substratum for phenomenology, i. 24 _n._;

tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, ii. 404

_n._;

see _Ens_, _Philosophy_.

Opinion, public, see _Authority_.

Opinion, Xenophanes' doctrine, i. 18;

Parmenides', 20;

Demokritus', 72;

embraces all varieties of knowledge save of the Good, ii. 30;

right, of good statesmen, derived from inspiration, 242;

compared with knowledge, 241, 253, 255 _n._, iii. 167

_n._, 181 _n._;

antithesis less marked in _Theætêtus_ than

_Politikus_, 257;

Plato's compared with modern views, ii. 254;

the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii.

164;

distinct from sensation, 166;

true, knowledge is, 168;

verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or

possible, _ib._;

if false, possible, 169, 181 _n._, 351;

waxen memorial tablet in the mind, 169;

false, is the confusion of cognitions and non-cognitions,

refuted, 171;

wherein different from knowledge, 172;

true, not knowledge, communicated by rhetor, _ib._;

true, _plus_ rational explanation, is knowledge, 173;

analogy of elements and compounds, _ib._;

rejected, 174;

intercommunion of forms of _non-ens_ and of proposition,

opinion, judgment, 213, 214;

akin to proposition, and may be false, by partnership with form

_non-ens_, 214;

relation to kosmical soul, iv. 227;

its matter, what is between ens and non-ens, 49;

two grades of, Faith or Belief, and Conjecture, 67;

true pleasure attached to true, iii. 351.

Opposites, only one to each thing, ii. 13 _n._

Optimism, ii. 393-6.

Orphans, iv. 406-7.

Orphic canon of life, iii. 390 _n._, iv. 15;

coincidence of _Timæus_ with, 255 _n._

Orthodoxy, local infallibility claimed, but rarely severely

enforced in Greece, iv. 396;

less intolerance at Athens than elsewhere, iii. 277, iv. 126;

Sophists conform to prevalent, 56;

irresistible effect of public opinion in producing, i. 392, iv.

55;

common sense of a community, its propagation, ii. 274;

Plato on, i. _xi_, 342, 392 _n._, 424, iv. 69

_n._, 165;

probable feelings of Plato, ii. 367;

Sokrates in _Phædon_ contrasted with _Apology_, 421;

inconsistently exacted in Plato's state, iii. 277-8, iv. 24,

156, 160, 327, 379, 430;

three varieties of heresy, 376;

proëm to laws against, 383;

first confuted, 386;

argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory, 388;

second confuted, 389;

contradicts _Republic_, 390;

the third the worst, 384;

confuted, 391;

general Greek belief, 381, 391, 394;

incongruity of Plato's doctrine, 393;

opposition to Plato's doctrine in Greece, 395;

Cicero, 379 _n._;

Milton, _ib._;

Bp. Butler, 166 _n._;

book-burning, 379 _n._;

see _Authority_.

[Greek: Ou)si/a], must be known before [Greek: pa/thê], ii. 243

_n._

P.

[Greek: Paiderasti/a], iii. 20 _n._, iv. 359.

Pain, see [Greek: a)lupi/a], _Pleasure_.

Paley, remarks illustrative of Sokratic dialectic, i. 377

_n._

Panætius, style, i. 406 _n._;

on _Phædon_, 288, 334 _n._;

Plato's immortality of the soul, ii. 423 _n._;

dialogues of _Sokratici viri_, i. 112 _n._

Parmenidês, metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, i.

23 _n._, 89;

the absolute, 19-24, iii. 104;

Herakleitus opposed to, i. 37;

ens and non-ens, an inherent contradiction in human mind, 19;

ens alone contains truth, phenomena probability, 24;

ens erroneously identified by Aristotle with heat, _ib._

_n._;

non-ens, iii. 243 _n._;

opposition to _Homo Mensura_, 113;

phenomena of, the object of modern physics, i. 23 _n._;

mind, 26;

theology, 19, 25;

physics, 7 _n._, 90 _n._;

two physical principles, 24;

doctrine defended by Zeno, 93, 99, iii. 58;

relation of Demokritus to, i. 66;

with Pythagoras supplied basis of Platonic philosophy, 89;

refutation of, in _Sophistês_, iii. 211, 223;

summum genus enlarged by Eukleides, 196 _n._;

and Sokrates blended by Eukleides, i. 118.

_Parmenidês_, the, date, i. 309, 315, 316 _n._, 338

_n._, iii. 71 _n._, 244 _n._;

authenticity, i. 307-11, 320, 327, 338 _n._, 401 _n._,

iii. 68 _n._, 69, 88 _n._, 185 _n._;

criticism of dialogue generally, 82;

its character, 56;

purpose negative, 71, 85 _n._, 85, 93, 97, 108, i. 125;

the genuine Platonic theory attacked, iii. 68;

attack not unnatural, 71;

its dialectic, compared with Zeno's, i. 100;

scenery and personages, iii. 58;

Sokrates impugns Zeno's doctrine, 59;

and affirms Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible

objects, _ib._;

objections, 60-7;

no object in nature mean to the philosopher, 61, 195 _n._;

ideas, how participable by objects, 63, 72, iv. 138;

analogous difficulty of predication, i. 169;

not merely conceptions, iii. 64, 74;

"the third man," 64 _n._;

not mere types, 65;

not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves, _ib._, 72;

cognizable only through unattained Idea of cognition, 66;

which gods have, 67, 68 _n._;

dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68;

exercises required from students, 79;

provisional assumption of hypotheses, and their consequences

traced, _ib._;

nine demonstrations from _unum est_ and _unum non

est_, 81, 340;

criticism of antinomies, 82, 85 _n._, 88 _n._, 99

_n._;

exercises only specimens of method applicable to other

antinomies, 91;

more formidable than problems of Megarics, 92;

these assumptions convey the minimum of determinate meaning, 94;

different meanings of the same proposition in words, 95, 97

_n._;

first demonstration a Reductio ad absurdum of _Unum non

multa_, 96, 101;

second, demonstrates _Both_ of what the first demonstrated

_Neither_, 98, 101;

third mediates, 100, 101;

but unsatisfactory, 102;

Plato's imagination of the _Instantaneous_, 100;

found no favour, 102;

the fourth and fifth, 101, 102;

the sixth and seventh, 103;

unwarranted steps in the reasoning, 105;

seventh is founded on genuine doctrine of Parmenidês, 104;

eighth and ninth, 106;

conclusion compared to enigma in _Republic_, 108;

compared with _Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, 187

_n._, 259;

_Philêbus_, 97 _n._, 340 _n._, 343;

_Republic_, iv. 138;

_Euthydêmus_, ii. 200.

Particulars, doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 29;

the one in the many, and many in one, aim of philosophy, 407;

Herakleitean flux true of, but not of Ideas, iii. 320;

universals amidst, 257;

and universals, different dialogues compared, _ib._;

difficulties about one and many, 339;

natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340;

illustration from speech and music, 342;

explanation insufficient, 343;

no constant truth in, iv. 3 _n._;

fluctuate, 50;

ordinary men discern only, 49, 51;

see _Phenomena_.

Pascal, on King _Nomos_, i. 381 _n._;

Cartesian theory, ii. 401 _n._;

justice, i. 231 _n._;

authority, iv. 232.

[Greek: Pa/thê], must be known after [Greek: ou)si/a], ii. 243

_n._

Pathology of Plato, compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, iv.

260.

Pausanias, the gods jealousy, iv. 164 _n._

Peloponnesian war, iii. 406.

Pentateuch, allegorical interpretation of, iv. 157 _n._;

relation to Greek schemes, 256.

Pentathlos, the, ii. 114;

expert of Plato and Aristotle, 119 _n._

Percept and concept, relative, iii. 75;

prior to the percipient, 76 _n._

Perception, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26;

Empedokles, 44;

Theophrastus, 46 _n._;

Anaxagoras, opposed to Empedokles, 58;

Diogenes of Apollonia, 62;

Demokritus, 77;

Plato, iii. 159;

different views of Plato, 163;

sensible, province wider in _Politikus_ than

_Theætêtus_, 256;

knowledge is sensible, 111, 113, 154, 173 _n._;

identified with _Homo Mensura_, 123, 162 _n._;

sensible perception does not include memory, 157;

argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time,

_ib._;

knowledge lies in the mind's comparisons respecting sensible

perceptions, 161;

difference from modern views, 162;

objects of conception and of, comprised in Plato's _ens_,

229, 231.

Pergamus, library of, i. 270 _n._, 280 _n._

Periander, iv. 7.

[Greek: Perie/chon] of Herakleitus, i. 35 _n._;

compared with Nous of Anaxagoras, 56 _n._

Perikles, upheld the claims of intellect, ii. 373;

rhetorical power, 370, 371.

Peripatetic school at the Lykeum, i. 269;

change after death of Theophrastus, 272;

loss of library, 270;

see _Lykeum_.

Persian and Spartan kings eulogised, ii. 8;

and Athens compared, iv. 312;

invasion, 311, 313;

customs blended with Spartan in _Cyropædia_, i. 222;

government, 235.

Phædon the Eretrian, i. 148.

_Phædon_, the, authenticity, i. 334 _n._;

first dialogue disallowed upon internal grounds, 288;

date, 309-313, 315, ii. 377 _n._;

affirmative and expository, 377;

much transcendental assertion, iii. 56;

purpose, ii. 382 _n._;

antithesis and complement of _Symposion_, iii. 22;

scenery and interlocutors, ii. 377;

Sokrates to the last insists on freedom of debate, 379;

value of exposition, 398;

no tripartite soul, antithesis of soul and body, 384;

life a struggle between soul and body, 386, 388, 422;

emotions, a degenerate appendage of human nature, iii. 389;

death emancipates, ii. 386, 388;

yet soul may suffer punishment, inconsistency, 415;

philosophy gives partial emancipation, 387;

purification of soul, 388, i. 159;

inseparable conjunction of pleasure with pain, iii. 38-9 71.;

pleasures to be estimated by intelligence, 375;

pleasures of intelligence more valuable than of sense,

_ib._;

courage of philosopher and ordinary citizens, different

principles, ii. 308 _n._;

the soul a mixture, refuted, 390;

soul's pre-existence admitted, _ib._, iii. 122;

soul is _essentially_ living and therefore immortal, ii.

413;

proof of immortality includes pre-existence of all animals, and

metempsychosis, 414;

depends on assumption of Ideas, 412;

metempsychosis of ordinary men only, 387, 415, 425;

Plato's demonstration fails, iii. 16;

not generally accepted, ii. 426;

Sokrates' intellectual development, 391;

turned on different views as to a true cause, 398;

illustration of Comte's three stages of progress, 407;

Sokrates' early study, 391;

genesis of knowledge, _ib._;

first doctrine of Cause, rejected, _ib._, 399;

second doctrine, from Anaxagoras, 393, 401, 403;

doctrine laid down in _Philêbus_, 407 _n._;

Anaxagoras did not carry out his principle, 394, 407;

Anaxagoras' _nous_, as understood by Sokrates, 402

_n._;

causes efficient and co-efficient, 394, 400;

third principle, assumption of Ideas as separate entia, 396,

403, 407, iv. 239 _n._;

multitude of ideas, ii. 410;

the only causes, 396;

truth resides in ideas, 411;

discussion of hypothesis, and of its consequences, distinct,

397, 411;

ultimate appeal to extremely general hypothesis, _ib._;

Sokrates' equanimity before death, 416, 417;

Sokrates' soul--islands of the blest, 416;

Sokrates' last words and death, 417;

burial, 416;

compared with _Apology_, i. 422 _n._, ii. 419-21;

_Symposion_, 382, iii. 16-19;

_Menon_, ii. 249;

_Phædrus_, _ib._, iii. 16-19;

_Politikus_, 262, 265 _n._;

_Republic_, ii. 383, 412, 414 _n._;

_Timæus_, 383, 407 _n._, 411-12.

_Phædrus_, its date, i. 263, 304-10, 313-4, 315, 319,

_ib._ _n._, 323, 326 _n._, 327, 330, ii. 227, 228

_n._, iii. 36 _n._, 38;

ancient criticism on, i. 319 _n._;

considered by Tennemann as keynote of series, 302;

assumptions of Schleiermacher inadmissible, 319, 329 _n._;

much transcendental assertion, iii. 56;

Eros differently understood, necessity for definition, 29;

derivation of [Greek: e)/rôs], 308 _n._;

of [Greek: mantikê\] and [Greek: oi)ônistikê/], 310 _n._;

Eros, a variety of madness, 11;

Eros disparaged, then panegyrised, by Sokrates, _ib._;

mythe of pre-existent soul, 12, 14 _n._;

soul's [Greek: knê=sis] compared to children's teething, 399

_n._;

reminiscence of the Ideas, 13, 17, iv. 239 _n._;

operation of pre-natal experience on man's intellectual

faculties, iii. 13;

reminiscence kindled by aspect of physical beauty, ii. 422, iii.

4, 14;

debate on Rhetoric, 26;

Sokrates' theory, all persuasion founded on a knowledge of the

truth, 28;

writing and speaking, as art, 27;

is it teachable by system, 28;

Sokrates compares himself with Lysias, 29;

Lysias unfairly treated in, 47-8, 408, 410 _n._, 411

_n._;

Sokrates' reason for attachment to dialectic, 258 _n._;

the two processes of dialectic, 29, 39;

exemplified in Sokrates' discourses, 29;

essential to genuine rhetoric, 30, 34;

rhetoric as a real art, is comprised in dialectic, 30, 34;

analogy to medical art, 31;

includes a classification of minds and discourses, and their

mutual application, 32, 41, 45;

books and lectures useless, 33, 34, 49, 51, 53-5;

may _remind_, 33, 50;

rhetorician must acquire real truth, 33, 34;

theory more Platonic than Sokratic, 38;

rhetorician insufficiently rewarded, 33;

dialectician alone can teach, 37;

_idéal_, cannot be realised, 51;

except under hypothesis of pre-existence and reminiscence, 52;

dialectic teaches minds unoccupied, rhetoric minds pre-occupied,

40;

Plato's _idéal_ a philosophy, not an art, of rhetoric, 45;

unattainable, 42, 46;

comparison with the rhetorical teachers, 44;

charge against rhetorical teachers not established, 47;

compared with _Republic_, _Gorgias_,

_Euthydêmus_, ii. 229;

_Menon_, 249;

_Phædon_, _ib._, 423, iii. 17-8, iv. 239 _n._;

_Symposion_, iii. 1, 11, 15, 17-19;

_Sophistês_, 257;

_Politikus_, _ib._, 265 _n._;

_Philêbus_, 398;

_Timæus_ and _Kritias_, 53;

_Leges_, iv. 324.

Phenicians, iv. 330 _n._, 352;

appetite predominant in, 38.

Phenomena, early Greek explanation of, by polytheism, i. 2;

doctrine of Xenophanes, 18;

Parmenides, 20, 24, 66;

of Parmenides, the object of modern physics, 23 _n._;

of Parmenides contain only probability, not truth, 24;

doctrine of Zeno, 93;

Leontine Gorgias, 104 _n._;

Herakleitus, 29;

Anaxagoras, 59 _n._;

Demokritus, 68;

Kyrenaics, 197;

the Ideas not fitted on to, iii. 78;

Aristotle, i. 24 _n._;

see _Particulars_.

_Philêbus_, authenticity, iii. 369 _n._;

date, i. 307-9, 311-3, 315, iii. 369 _n._;

peculiarity, 382;

illustrates logical partition, 254, 344;

merit as a didactic composition, 365, 368 _n._;

method contrasted with _Theætêtus_, 335 _n._;

recent editions, 365 _n._;

reading in p. 17A, 341 _n._;

subject and persons, 334;

protest against Sokratic elenchus, 335;

happiness and good used as correlative terms, _ib._;

good, object of universal desire, _ib._, 371, 392

_n._;

what mental condition will ensure happiness, 335;

is it pleasure or wisdom, _ib._, 337;

pleasures, and opposite cognitions, unlike each other, 336, 396;

is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338;

or intelligence without pleasure or pain, 339;

such a life conceivable, at least second-best, 349;

Plato inconsistent in putting the alternative, 372;

emotions, a degenerate appendage of human nature, 389;

contrast with other dialogues, 398;

good a _tertium quid_, 339, 361;

pleasure, of the infinite, intelligence a combining cause, 347;

intelligence the determining, pleasure the indeterminate, 348,

iv. 221;

intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, iii. 374;

analogy of intelligence and pleasure, 360;

intelligence more cognate to good than pleasure is, 348, 361;

pain, disturbance of system's fundamental harmony, pleasure the

restoration, 348;

pleasure pre-supposes pain, 349;

except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation,

_ib._;

desire presupposes a bodily want and memory of previous

satisfaction, 350;

true pleasures attached to true opinions, 351;

can pleasure be true or false, 286 _n._, 351, 352, 356,

380, _ib._ _n._, 382;

false pleasures are pleasures falsely estimated, 353, 369

_n._;

to Plato the absolute the only real, 385;

true pleasures of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition

of knowledge, &c., 356;

pure pleasures admit of measure, 357;

directive sovereignty of measure, 391, 393;

pleasure not identical with [Greek: a)lupi/a], 353, 377;

theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, 354;

allusion in [Greek: oi( duscherei=s], 389 _n._;

intense pleasures connected with bodily or mental distemper,

355, 391;

but more pleasure in health, 356;

intense pleasures not compatible with cognition, 362;

same view enforced by Hedonists, 378, 387 _n._;

Aristotle on, 376 _n._;

drama, feelings excited by--[Greek: phtho/nos], 355 _n._;

pleasure is generation, therefore not an End, nor the Good, 357;

Aristippus and Aristotle on, 378 _n._;

pleasure is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a

means. 373, 377 _n._;

Plato's doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, 387,

390 _n._;

Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, 389;

gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, _ib._;

comparison of man to kosmos unnecessary and confusing, 367;

forced conjunction of kosmology and ethics, 391;

difficulties about one and many, 339;

natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340;

illustration from speech and music, 342;

explanation insufficient, 343;

classes between one and infinite many often overlooked, 341;

Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368;

but feebly applies, 369;

quadruple distribution of existences, 346;

varieties of intelligence, classified, 358;

dialectic the purest, 360;

classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions,

394;

difference from other dialogues, 395;

rhetoric superior in usefulness and celebrity, 360, 380;

arithmetic and geometry are two-fold, 359, 394;

unchangeable essences of the kosmos rarely studied, 361;

good a mixture, _ib._;

this good has not the unity of an idea, ii. 407 _n._, iii.

365;

all cognitions included, 362;

but only true, pure, and necessary pleasures, _ib._;

five graduated constituents of good, 364, 397;

Plato's in part an eclectic doctrine, 366;

blends ontology with ethics, _ib._;

does not satisfy the tests himself lays down, 371;

compared with _Euthydêmus_, 374 _n._;

_Protagoras_, 379, 391;

_Gorgias_, 379-81;

_Phædrus_, 398;

_Symposion_, 370 _n._, 398;

_Parmenidês_, 97 _n._, 340 _n._, 343;

_Sophistês_, 369 _n._;

_Politikus_, 263, 369 _n._;

_Republic_, 370, 373 _n._, 395;

_Timæus_, 397 _n._;

_Leges_, iv. 301.

Philo, etymologies, iii. 308 _n._;

hypothetical propositions, i. 145 _n._;

allegorical interpretation, iv. 157 _n._

Philolaus, i. 9.

[Greek: Phi/lon, prô/ton], see _Amabile primum_.

Philosophers, ancient, common claim to universal knowledge, iii.

219;

charged with pride, i. 153 _n._;

secession from Athens, 111 _n._;

contrast of philosopher with practical men, ii. 52, 145

_n._, iii. 183, 274, iv. 51-4;

uselessness in practical life due to not being called in by

citizens, 54;

disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, ii. 224;

forced seclusion of, iv. 59;

require a community suitable, _ib._;

philosophical aptitude perverted under misguiding public

opinion, 54;

model city practicable if philosophy and political power united,

47;

divine men, iii. 187;

the fully qualified practitioner, ii. 114, 116, 119;

not wise, yet painfully feeling ignorance, 181;

value set by Sokrates and Plato on this attribute, 190;

dissenters, upheld, 375;

life, a struggle between soul and body, 386;

ascetic life, 388, i. 158;

exempted from metempsychosis, ii. 387, 416, 425;

rewarded in Hades--mythe in _Gorgias_, 361;

stages of intellectual development, 391;

value of exposition, 398;

Eros the stimulus to improving philosophical communion, iii. 4,

6;

Sokrates as representative of _Eros Philosophus_, 15, 25;

distinguished from [Greek: i)diô/tês], iv. 104 _n._;

not distinguishable from sophists, ii. 210, 211 _n._;

alone can teach, iii. 37, 40;

as expositors, teach minds unoccupied, as rhetoricians, minds

pre-occupied, 39;

realisable only under hypothesis of pre-existence and

reminiscence, 52;

alone grasp Ideas in reasoning, 290 _n._;

test of, the synoptic view, iv. 76;

compared with rhetors, iii. 178;

masters of debates, 179;

determine what forms admit of intercommunion, 208;

live in region of _ens_, _ib._;

contemplate unchangeable forms, iv. 48;

distinction of ordinary men and, illustrated by simile of Cave,

67-70;

distinctive marks of, 51;

no object in nature mean to, iii. 61.

Philosophia prima of Aristotle, i. 358 _n._, iii. 230

_n._, 382.

Philosophy, is reasoned truth, i. _vii-x_;

Ferrier on scope and purpose of, _viii_ _n._;

necessarily polemical, _viii_;

modern idea of, includes authoritative teaching, positive

results, direct proofs, 366;

usually positive systems advocated, iii. 70;

difference of ancient and modern problems, 52;

chief point of divergence of modern schools, ii. 409 _n._;

its beginning, i. 375 _n._, 382, ii. 404, 407 _n._;

free judgment the first condition for, i. 382, 395 _n._,

ii. 368, iii. 152 _n._;

negative vein as necessary as affirmative for, i. 130;

preponderated in Plato's age, 123;

early appearance of a few free thinkers in Greece, 384;

brought down from heaven by Sokrates, _x_;

Greek, in its purity, _xiv_;

Greek, characterised by multiplicity of individual authorities,

84, 90, 340 _n._;

advantages, 90;

contrasted with uniform tradition of Jews and Christians, 384

_n._;

early Christian view of, affected by Hebrew studies, _xv_

_n._;

polytheism the first form of, 2;

Aristotle contrasts "human wisdom" with primitive theology, 3

_n._;

Indian, 378 _n._;

compared with Pre-Sokratic, 107;

analogy of Greek with Indian, 160 _n._, 162;

difficulties of early, iii. 184 _n._;

opposition from prevalent views of Nature, &c., i. 86;

common repugnance to its rationalistic element, 3, 59-60, 261

_n._, 279 _n._, 387 _n._, 388, 437, 441, iv. 57;

encyclopædic character of Greek, iii. 219;

new epoch, by Plato's establishment of a school, i. 266;

its march up to or down from _principia_, 403;

the protracted study necessary, an advantage, _ib._;

definition first sought for in _Erastæ_, ii. 117;

the perpetual accumulation of knowledge, 112;

a province by itself, 119;

the supreme art, 120;

to be studied by itself exclusively, 229;

claim of _locus standi_ for, 367;

relation to politics, 224, 227, 229, 230 _n._;

comparative value of, and of _practical_ (q.v.) life, 365

_n._, 368 _n._, _ib._, iii. 182, i. 204;

antithesis of rhetoric and, ii. 365;

issue unsatisfactorily put by Plato, 369;

ancient quarrel between poetry and, iv. 93, 152, 309;

Aristotle on blending mythe with, 255 _n._;

gives a partial emancipation of soul, ii. 386;

analogy of Eros to, iii. 10, 11, 14;

Eros the stimulus to, 18;

different view, _Phædon_, _Theætêtus_,

_Sophistês_, _Republic_, _ib._;

antithesis of emotion and science, 61;

ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68;

should be confined to discussion among select minds, i. 351;

should not be taught at a very early age, iv. 60, 76;

studies introductory to, 70-75;

difference in _Leges_, 275 _n._;

Plato's remarks on effect of, 207;

_Republic_ contradicts other dialogues, 207-11;

Plato more a preacher than philosopher in _Republic_, 129,

131;

difference between theorist and preceptor, _ib._;

Plato's altered tone in regard to, in later life, 273.

Philosophy, Pre-Sokratic, i. 1-83;

value, _xiv_;

form compared with the Indian, 107;

studied in the third and second centuries B. C., 92;

importance of Aristotle's information about, 85;

Plato's criticism on, 87 _n._;

relation of early schemes, 86;

Aristotle's relation to, 85;

abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionians, 87;

_Timæus_ resembled Ionic philosophy, 88 _n._;

theories in circulation in Platonic period, 91;

Ionians attended to material cause only, 88;

defect of Ionic _principles_, 89;

little or no dialectic in earliest theorists, 93;

physics discredited by growth of dialectic, 91;

new characteristic with Zeno and Gorgias, 105.

Phlogiston theory, ii. 164 _n._

[Greek: Phro/nêsis], ii. 120 _n._, iii. 301 _n._, 370

_n._

[Greek: Phtho/nos], meaning, iii. 356 _n._

[Greek: Phu/sis], of Demokritus, i. 70 _n._;

in sense of [Greek: ge/nesis], denied by Empedokles, 38

_n._;

[Greek: phu/sei] and [Greek: kata\ phu/sin], iii. 294 _n._,

iv. 310 _n._;

see _Nature_.

Physics, transcendentalism in modern, i. 400 _n._;

creation out of nothing, denied by all ancient physical

philosophers, 52;

aversion to studying, on ground of impiety, iv. 219 _n._,

397** _n._;

Thales, i. 4;

Anaximander, 4-7;

Anaximenes, 7;

Pythagorean, 12;

Xenophanes, 18;

Parmenides, 24, 90** _n._;

his phenomena the object of modern, 23 _n._;

and ontology, radically distinct points of view, _ib._;

reconciliation of ontology with, attempted unsuccessfully after

Parmenides, _ib._;

Herakleitus, 27, 32;

Empedokles, 38;

_attraction_ and _repulsion_ illustrate his

_love_ and _enmity_, 40 _n._;

Anaxagoras, 49, 57;

denied simple bodies, 52 _n._;

atomic doctrine, 65, 67;

early, discredited by growth of dialectic, 91;

retrograded in Plato and Aristotle, 88 _n._;

theories in circulation in Platonic period, 91;

Eudoxus, 255 _n._;

early study of Sokrates, ii. 391;

Sokrates avoided, i. 376;

Cynics' contempt for, 151;

and Aristippus', 192;

see _Kosmos_.

Physiology, of Empedokles, i. 43;

Theophrastus, 46 _n._;

Anaxagoras, 58;

Diogenes of Apollonia, 60 _n._, 62;

Demokritus, 76;

of _Timæus_ subordinated to ethical teleology, iv. 256;

of Plato, see _Body_;

compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, 260.

Plants for man's nutrition, iv. 248;

soul of, _ib._

Platæa, iii. 406.

Plato, life, little known, i. 246;

birth, parentage, and education, 247, 306 _n._;

early relations with Sokrates, 248;

service as a citizen and soldier, 249;

political life, 251;

political changes in Greece during life, 1;

travels alter death of Sokrates, 253;

permanently established at Athens, 254;

teaches at the Academy, _ib._;

received presents, not fees, iii. 218 _n._;

his pupils, numerous, wealthy, and from different cities, i.

255;

many subsequently politicians, 261 _n._;

Eudoxus, 255;

Aristotle, 260;

Demosthenes, 261 _n._;

visits the younger Dionysius, 258, 351, 194 _n._;

relations with Dionysius, 255;

disappointments, 280;

varying relations with Isokrates, ii. 331 _n._, iii. 35;

his jealousy and love of supremacy, i. 117 _n._, 153

_n._;

alleged ill-nature, 117 _n._;

antipathy to Antisthenes, 151, 152 _n._, 165;

alleged enmity between Xenophon and, iii. 22 _n._, iv. 146

_n._, 312 _n._;

rivalry with Lysias, iii. 408, 410 _n._, 411 _n._;

death, i. 200;

Plato and Aristotle represent pure Hellenic philosophy,

_xiv_;

St. Jerome on, _xv_;

criticism on early Greek philosophy, 87 _n._;

relation to predecessors, 91;

theories in circulation in his time, _ib._;

Parmenidês and Pythagoras supplied basis for, 89;

relation to Sokrates, 344 _n._, ii. 303;

Pythagoreanism, i. 10 _n._, 15 _n._, 87, 344

_n._, 346 _n._, 347, 349 _n._, ii. 426 _n._,

iii. 368, iv. 424 _n._;

Herakleitus, i. 27, ii. 30;

Demokritus, i. 66 _n._, 82 _n._, iv. 355 _n._;

abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionic

philosophy, i. 87;

physics retrograded with, 88 _n._;

analogy to Indian philosophy, ii. 389 _n._;

resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. 157 _n._, 256;

little known of him from his Dialogues, i. 260, 339;

personality only in his Epistles, 349;

valuable illustrations of his character from Epistles, 339

_n._;

his school fixed at Athens and transmitted to successors, 265;

scarcely known to us in his function of a lecturer and president

of a school, 346;

lectures at the Academy, never published, 360;

miscellaneous character of audience, effect, 348;

lectures, 347;

De Bono, _ib._, 349;

on principles of geometry, 349 _n._;

circumstances of his intellectual and philosophical development

little known, 323 _n._;

did not write till after death of Sokrates, 326, 334, 443

_n._;

proofs, 327-334;

variety, 339, 342, 344, ii. 155 _n._, iii. 26 _n._,

54, 179 _n._, 259, 265 _n._, 400, 420;

style, i. 405;

prolixity, ii. 100 _n._, 276, iii. 259, 369 _n._, iv.

325 _n._;

poetical vein predominant in some works, i. 343, iv. 153

_n._;

mixture of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with dialectic

theory, iii. 16;

comic vein, 410 _n._;

builds on metaphor, i. 353 _n._, iii. 65 _n._, 351,

364;

rhetorical powers, 178** _n._, 392 _n._, 408, 409, 410;

irony, ii. 208;

tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, 404

_n._;

both sceptical and dogmatical, i. 342;

his affirmative and negative veins distinct, 399, 400 _n._,

403, 420;

in old age the affirmative vein, 408;

altered tone in regard to philosophy in later life, iv. 273,

320, 379, 424, i. 244;

intolerance, 423, iii. 277, iv. 157, 159, 379, 430;

inconsistencies, i. _xiii_, ii. 29, 303, 345, 416 _n._, iii.

17, 172 _n._, 273, 277, 332, 372, iv. 24, 219, 379-86, 396;

absence of system, i. _xiii_, 340 _n._, 344, 375;

untenable hypothesis that he communicated solutions to a few,

_xi_, 360, 401;

assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition, 349,

357, ii. 56 _n._;

this assumption intelligible in his day, i. 357;

a champion of the negative dialectic, 372;

devoted to philosophy, 333;

his aim, 406;

is a searcher, 375, iii. 158 _n._;

search after knowledge the business of his life, i. 396;

has done more than any one else to interest others in it, 405;

anxiety to keep up research, ii. 246;

combated commonplace, i. 398 _n._;

equally with Sophists, laid claim to universal knowledge, iii.

219;

anachronisms, i. 335, ii. 20 _n._, iii. 411;

colours facts to serve his arguments, ii. 356 _n._, 369,

iii. 46, iv. 311;

probably never read Thucydides, iii. 410 _n._;

acquiescence in tradition, iv. 230-3, 242 _n._;

relation to popular mythology, i. 441 _n._, ii. 416, iii.

265 _n._, iv. 24, 155 _n._, 196, 238 _n._, 325,

328, 337, 398;

theory of politics to resist King Nomos, i. 393;

reverence for Egyptian regulations, iv. 266 _n._;

latest opinion in Epinomis, 421 _n._, 424 _n._;

agreement of Leibnitz with, ii. 248 _n._;

see _Canon_, _Dialogue_, _Epistles_, &c.

Platonists, influenced by Pythagoreans, iii. 390 _n._;

pleasure a form of evil, _ib._;

erroneous identification of truth and good, 391 _n._

Pleasurable, Beautiful a variety of, ii. 45;

inadmissible, 45-7;

and Good, as conceived by the Athenians, 371;

is it identical with good, 289.

Pleasure, an equivoque, iii. 377 _n._;

meaning as the _summum bonum_, 338;

Plato's various doctrines compared, 385 _n._;

is the good, ii. 292, 305, 347 _n._;

agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-201;

right comparison of pains and, necessary, ii. 293;

virtue a right comparison of pain and, _ib._, 305;

ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294;

actions conducive to, are honourable, 295;

Sokrates' reasoning, 307;

not ironical, 314;

not Utilitarianism, 310 _n._;

theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, 308, 347;

but too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309;

compared with _Gorgias_, 306 _n._, 345-6;

_Republic_, 210, 350 _n._;

not identical with Good, 345, iii. 380 _n._, iv. 62;

Sokrates' argument untenable, ii. 351;

its elements depreciated, 355;

arts of flattery aiming at immediate, 357;

Expert required to discriminate, 345, 347;

science of measure necessary to estimate pleasures, 357

_n._, iii. 357, 369 _n._, 376** _n._, 391, iv. 301;

is it good, iii. 335, 337;

pleasures unlike each other, 336, 396;

is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338;

life without pain or pleasure conceivable, at least second-best,

349, 372;

less cognate than intelligence to good, 339, 347, 361;

not identical with [Greek: a)lupi/a], 338 _n._, 353, 377;

is of the infinite, 347;

is the indeterminate, 348;

pre-supposes pain, 349, 389 _n._;

except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation,

349;

is the restoration of the system's harmony, 348;

antithesis of body and mind in desire, no true pleasure, 350;

true, attached to true opinion, 351;

same principle of classification applied to cognitions as to,

382;

can they be true or false, 351, 352, 385, 380 _n._, 382;

false, are pleasures falsely estimated, 352, 384;

theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, 354;

intense, not compatible with cognition, 363;

Aristotle on, 376 _n._;

same view enforced by Hedonists, 378, 387 _n._;

intense, connected with bodily or mental distemper, 356, 391;

but more pleasure in health, 356;

feelings excited by drama, [Greek: phtho/nos], 355 _n._;

true, of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition of

knowledge, 356;

of geometry, painless, _ib._, 387 _n._;

of intelligence more valuable than of sense, 375 _n._, 386

_n._, iv. 85, 89, 118;

analogy of cognition and, iii. 360;

true, admit of measure, 357, 369 _n._;

is generation, therefore, not an end, nor the good, 357;

Aristippus and Aristotle on, 378 _n._;

is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means,

373, 377 _n._;

good a mixture of pleasure and cognition, 361;

only true, pure, and necessary pleasures included in good, 362;

gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, 389;

intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, 374;

Plato argues on Hedonistic basis by comparing, 375;

both [Greek: a)lupi/a] and pleasure included in Hedonists' end,

377;

Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, 389;

doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, 387, 390

_n._;

of intelligence, the best, and alone pure, iv. 85, 89;

of [Greek: philoma/theia] superior to [Greek: philoke/rdeia] and

[Greek: philotimi/a], 85, 89, 118;

neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and

pleasure, 86;

pure pleasure, unknown to most men, 87;

more from replenishment of mind than of body, 88;

citizens should be tested against, 285;

Sokrates the ideal of self-command as to, 288;

good identical with maximum of, and minimum of pain, 292-7, 299,

303;

at least an useful fiction, _ib._;

a form of evil, Platonists' doctrine, iii. 390 _n._;

Speusippus on, 386 _n._, 390 _n._;

Kyrenaic theory, i. 196;

Antisthenes, iii. 390 _n._;

Cynics' contempt for, i. 154;

Aristotle, iii. 386 _n._;

Epikurus, ii. 355 _n._, iii. 387 _n._;

Lucretius, 387 _n._;

Cicero, 389 _n._;

Prof. Bain, 383 _n._

Plotinus, i. 376 _n._, iii. 84 _n._

Poets, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26;

Xenophanes, 16;

the art is _one_, ii. 127;

arbitrary exposition by the rhapsodes, 125;

and rhapsodes work by divine inspiration, 127, 129;

deliver wisdom without knowing it, 285;

the great teachers, 135;

really know nothing, _ib._;

Strabo against, iv. 152 _n._;

appeal to maxims of, ii. 178;

importance of knowledge of, 283;

Plato's forced interpretations of, 286, _ib._ _n._;

relation of sophists, rhetors, philosophers to, iv. 149;

ancient quarrel between philosophy and, 93, 151;

Plato's feelings enlisted for, 93;

Plato's aversion to Athenian dramatic, 316, 350;

peculiar to himself, 317;

Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._;

change for worse at Athens began in, 313;

censured, ii. 355, iv. 91, 130 _n._;

their mischievous _imitation of imitation_, 91;

retort open to, 153 _n._, 154 _n._;

mischievous appeal to emotions, ii. 126, iv. 92, 152, 349;

only deceive their hearers, 91;

credibility upheld by Plato, 161;

must avoid variety of imitation, 26;

orthodox type imposed on, 24, 153, 155, 292-6, 323, 349;

to keep emotions in a proper state, 169;

Plato's expulsion of, censured, iii. 3;

actual place of, in Greek education, compared with Plato's

_idéal_, iv. 149-53;

mixture in Plato of poetry with religious mysticism and

dialectic theory, iii. 16;

poetic vein of Sokrates in _Phædon_ contrasted with

_Apology_, ii. 421;

Aristophanes on function of, iv. 306 _n._

Political art, its use, ii. 206, iii. 415;

Sokrates declares he alone follows the true, ii. 361;

society and ethics, topic of Sokrates, i. 376;

ethics merged by Sokrates in, ii. 362;

treated together by Plato, iv. 133;

apart by Aristotle, 138;

Plato's and Aristotle's new theory of, to resist King

_Nomos_, i. 393;

relation to philosophy, ii. 224, 227, 229, 230 _n._, 365

_n._, 368 _n._, _ib._, iii. 179, 183, iv. 51-4,

i. 181 _n._, 182;

to be studied by itself exclusively, ii. 229;

Lewis on ideals, iv. 139 _n._;

see _Government_, _Monarchy_, _Ruler_.

_Politikus_, authenticity, i. 307, 316 _n._, iii. 185

_n._, 265 _n._;

date, i. 309, 410, 313, 315, 325;

purpose, iii. 188, 253, 257 _n._, 261;

value, 190;

relation to _Theætêtus_, 187;

scenery and personages, 185;

in a logical classification all particulars of equal value, 195;

province of sensible perception narrower in _Theætêtus_,

256;

importance of founding logical partition on sensible

resemblances, 255;

the attainment of the standard the purpose of each art, 260;

necessity of declaring standard, 262;

Plato's views on mensuration, 260;

Plato's defence against critics, 262;

the mythe of the kosmos, 265 _n._;

causes principal and auxiliary, 266;

the king the principal cause, _ib._;

Plato does not admit received classification of governments,

267;

three kinds of polity, 278;

true classification of governments, scientific or unscientific,

268;

unscientific government, or by many, counterfeit, _ib._;

of unscientific governments, despot worst, democracy least bad,

270, 278;

true government, by the one scientific** man, i. 273, iv. 280,

310 _n._;

counter-theory in _Protagoras_, iii. 275;

government by fixed laws the second-best, 269;

scientific governor, unlimited by laws, 269;

distinguished from general, &c., 271;

aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272;

maintains ethical standard, 273;

natural dissidence of gentle and energetic virtues, _ib._;

excess of the energetic entails death or banishment, of the

gentle, slavery, _ib._;

courage and temperance assumed, 282;

compared with _Lachês_, 282-4;

_Charmidês_, _ib._;

_Menon_, 283;

_Protagoras_, 262, 275;

_Phædon_, 262, 265 _n._;

_Phædrus_, 257, 265 _n._;

_Parmenidês_, 259;

_Theætêtus_, 184 _n._, 187, 256;

_Kratylus_, 281, 329;

_Philêbus_, 262, 369 _n._;

_Republic_, 257 _n._, 279.

[Greek: Polupra/gmôn], ii. 362 _n._

Polybius, on music, iv. 306.

Polytheism, early Greek explanation of phenomena by, i. 2;

believed in after genesis of philosophy, 3;

hostile to philosophy, 86;

substitution of physical forces for, ii. 402;

Euripides' _Hippolytus_ illustrates popular Greek religious

belief, iv. 163 _n._

Population, Malthus' law of, iv. 201;

recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202.

Porphyry, on Metempsychosis, ii. 426 _n._

Poste, Mr., on _Philêbus_, iii. 365 _n._, 369 _n._,

381 _n._, 384 _n._, 390 _n._, 396 _n._, 397

_n._;

abstract theories of Plato and Aristotle compared, _ib._

Potential and actual, Aristotle's distinction, iii. 134;

_ens_ equivalent to, 204.

Power, controversy of Aristotle with Megarics, i. 135;

Aristotle's arguments not valid, 136-8;

Aristotle himself concedes the doctrine, 139 _n._;

doctrine of Diodôrus Kronus, 140, 143;

defended by Hobbes, 143;

Brown on, 138 _n._

Practical life disparaged, ii. 355, iii. 329;

and philosophy, ii. 365 _n._, 368 _n._, _ib._,

iii. 179, 183, iv. 51-4, i. 181 _n._, 182;

uselessness of philosopher in, due to his not being called in by

citizens, iv. 54;

condition of success in, ii. 359;

influence of belief on, i. 180 _n._;

Boissier on, 157 _n._

Prantl, objection to _Homo Mensura_, iii. 151 _n._;

_Timæus_, iv. 255 _n._;

Megarics, i. 129 _n._, 132 _n._

Praxiphanes, on _Kritias_, iv. 265** _n._

Prayer, danger of, for mischievous gifts, ii. 12;

Sokrates on, and sacrifice, 17, 417, 419;

Sokrates prays for undefined favours--premonitions, 28;

Sokrates' belief, iv. 394;

heresy that gods appeased by, 376, 384;

general Greek belief, 392, 394;

Herodotus, _ib._;

Epikurus, 395;

Aristotle, _ib._

Predicables, iii. 77 _n._