Boissier, Gaston, on Varro's etymologies, iii. 311 _n._;
influence of belief on practice, i. 157 _n._
Bonitz, on _Theætêtus_, iii. 184 _n._
Books, writing as an art, iii. 27;
is it teachable by system? 28;
worthless for teaching, ii. 136, 233 _n._, iii. 33-35, 49,
52, 54, 337 _n._;
may _remind_, 50, 53;
censorship, iv. 379 _n._;
ancient bookselling, i. 278 _n._, 281 _n._;
ancient libraries, official MSS., 284 _n._;
making copies, _ib._ _n._;
forgeries of books, 287 _n._
Brandis, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 88 _n._
Brown, on power, i. 138 _n._
Bryson, dialogues, i. 112 _n._
Buddhism, i. 378 _n._
Buffon, iv. 232 _n._
Butler, Bp., iv. 166 _n._
C.
Cabanis, i. 168 _n._
Calendar, ancients', iv. 325 _n._
Campbell, Dr. George, iii. 391 _n._
Campbell, Prof. Lewis, on _Theætêtus_, iii. 111 _n._, 112
_n._, 146 _n._, 158 _n._;
advance of modern experimental science, 155 _n._
Canon of Plato, ancient discussions, i. 264;
works in Alexandrine library at the time of Kallimachus, 276;
probability of being in Alexandrine library at formation, 283;
editions from Alexandrine library, 295;
spurious works possibly in other libraries, 286;
Aristophanes, the grammarian, first arranged Platonic canon,
_ib._;
in trilogies, 273;
indicated by Plato himself, 325;
catalogue by Aristophanes trustworthy, 285;
ten dialogues rejected by all ancient critics, following
Alexandrine authorities, 297;
Thrasyllus follows Aristophanes' classification, 295, 299;
Tetralogies, 273 _n._;
not the order established by Plato, 335 _n._;
his classification, 289;
its principle, 295 _n._;
division into _dramatic_ and _diegematic_, 288;
incongruity of divisions, 294;
classification, defective but useful--dialogues of Search, of
Exposition, 361;
erroneously applied, 364;
the scheme, when its principles correctly applied, 365;
sub-classes recognised, 366;
coincides with Aristotle's two methods, Dialectic,
Demonstrative, 363;
Thrasyllus did not doubt _Hipparchus_, 297 _n._;
authority acknowledged till 16th century, 301;
more trustworthy than modern critics, 299 _n._, 335;
Diogenes Laertius, 291 _n._, 294;
Serranus, 302;
_Phædrus_ considered by Tennemann keynote of series, 303;
Schleiermacher, _ib._;
proofs slender, 317, 324;
includes a preconceived scheme and an order of interdependence,
318;
assumptions as to _Phædrus_ inadmissible, 319;
his reasons internal, _ib._, 337, iv. 431;
_Phædon_, the first dialogue disallowed upon internal
grounds, i. 288;
considered spurious by Panætius the Stoic, _ib._;
no internal theory yet established, 319;
Ast, 304;
admits only fourteen, 305;
Socher, 306;
Stallbaum, 307;
K. F. Hermann, _ib._;
coincides with Susemihl, 310;
principle reasonable, 322;
more tenable than Schleiermacher's, 324;
Ueberweg attempts reconcilement of Schleiermacher and Hermann,
313;
Steinhart rejects several, 309;
Munk, 311;
next to Schleiermacher's in ambition, 320;
Trendelenburg, 345 _n._;
other critics, 316;
the problem incapable of solution, 317;
few certainties or reasonable presumptions for fixing date or
order of dialogues, 324;
positive date of any dialogue unknown, 326;
age of Sokrates in a dialogue, of no moment, 320;
no sequence or interdependence of the dialogues provable, 322,
407;
circumstances of Plato's intellectual and philosophical
development little known, 323 _n._;
Plato did not write till after death of Sokrates, 326, 334, 443
_n._;
proofs, 327-334;
unsafe ground of modern theories, 336;
shown by Schleiermacher, 337;
a true theory must recognise Plato's varieties and be based on
all the works in the canon, 339;
dialogues may be grouped, 361;
inconsistency no proof of spuriousness, _xiii._, 344, 375,
400 _n._, ii. 299, iii. 71, 85, 93, 176, 179, 182 _n._,
284, 332, 400, 420, iv. 138;
see _Dialogues_, _Epistles_.
Category of relation, iii. 128 _n._
Cause, Aristotle blames Demokritus for omitting _final_, i.
73 _n._;
only the _material_ attended to by Ionic philosophy, 88;
designing cause, 74 _n._;
Sokrates' intellectual development turned on different views as
to a true, ii. 398;
first doctrine, rejected, 391, 399;
second principle, optimistic, renounced, 395, 403;
efficient and co-efficient, 394, 400;
third doctrine, assumption of ideas as separate entia, 396, 403;
ideas the only true, 396;
substitution of physical for mental, Anaxagoras, Sokrates,
Aristotle, Descartes, Newton, 401;
tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real, 404 _n._;
no common idea of, 405, 407, 410 _n._;
but common search for, 406;
Aristotle and Plato differ, 407;
Plato's _formal_ and _final_, 408 _n._;
principal and auxiliary, iii. 266;
controversy of Megarics and Aristotle, i. 135-141;
depends on question of universal regularity of sequence, 141;
potential as distinguished from actual, 139;
meaning of, Hobbes, _ib._ _n._, 144;
regular and irregular, ii. 408;
no regular sequence of antecedent on consequent, doctrine of
Sokrates, Plato, Aristotle, i. 142;
Aristotle's graduation of, _ib._;
Aristotle's notion of _Chance_, _ib._;
Stoics, 143 _n._;
Aristotle's four, in middle ages, ii. 409 _n._;
More's Emanative, 403 _n._;
modern inductive theory, 408;
chief point of divergence of modern schools, 409 _n._
Cave, simile of, iv. 67-70.
Cavendish, discovery of composition of water, ii. 163 _n._
Chance, of Demokritus and the Epikureans, i. 73 _n._;
Aristotle's notion of, 142;
Theophrastus, 143 _n._;
Stoics, _ib._
Chaos, Hesiod, i. 4 _n._;
Empedokles, 39, 54;
Anaxagoras, 50, _ib._ _n._;
postulated in _Timæus_, iv. 220, 240.
_Charmidês_, authenticity, i. 306-7, ii. 171;
date, i. 308-10, 312, 315, 328, 331;
excellent specimen of dialogues of search, ii. 163;
scene and interlocutors, 153;
temperance, a kind of sedateness, objections, 154;
a variety of feeling of shame, refuted, _ib._;
doing one's own business, refuted, 155, iv. 136, 137;
distinction of _making_ and _doing_, ii. 155;
self-knowledge, _ib._;
is impossible, 167;
no object of knowledge distinct from the knowledge itself, 156;
knowledge of knowledge impossible, analogies, _ib._;
all properties relative, 157;
all knowledge relative to some object, _ib._;
if cognition of cognition possible, yet cognition of
non-cognition impossible, 158;
temperance as cognition of cognition and of non-cognition, of no
avail for happiness, 159, 161;
knowledge of good and evil contributes most to happiness, 160;
different from other sciences, 168;
temperance not the science of good and evil, 161;
temperance undiscovered, but a good, 162;
compared with _Lachês_, 168;
_Lysis_, 172, 184 _n._;
_Politikus_, iii. 282;
_Republic_, iv. 137, 138.
Charondas, iv. 323 _n._, 398 _n._
Chinese compared with Pythagorean philosophers, i. 159 _n._
Chrysippus, sophisms, i. 128 _n._, 141;
communism of wives, 189 _n._
Cicero, on freedom of thought, i. 384 _n._;
state religion alone allowed, iv. 379 _n._;
_De Amicitia_ compared with _Lysis_, ii. 189
_n._;
Plato's reminiscence, 250 _n._;
immortality of the soul, 423 _n._;
pleasure, iii. 389 _n._;
_Menexenus_, 407 _n._;
Sokrates, _concitatio_, 423 _n._;
proëms to laws, iv. 322 _n._;
Stoics, i. 130 _n._, 157 _n._;
Academics, 131 _n._;
Megarics, 135 _n._
Classes, fiction as to origin of, iv. 30;
see _Demos_, _State_.
Classification, emotional and scientific contrasted, iii. 61, 195,
196 _n._;
conscious and unconscious, 345;
the feeling of Plato's age respecting, 192 _n._, 344;
dialogues of search a lesson in, 177, 188;
novelty and value of this, 190;
all particulars of equal value, 195;
tendency to omit sub-classes, 255, 342;
well illustrated in _Philêbus_, 254, 344;
but feebly applied, 369;
importance of founding it on sensible resemblances, 255;
Plato's doctrine not necessarily connected with that of Ideas,
345;
Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368;
same principle of, applied to cognitions and pleasures in
_Philêbus_, 382, 394;
its valuable principles, 395;
of sciences as more or less true, dialectic the standard, 382;
of Megarics, over-refined, 196 _n._
Cleynaerts, iv. 380 _n._
Climate, influence of, iv. 330 _n._
Colenso, Bp., iii. 303 _n._
Collard, Royer, iii. 165 _n._
Colour, Demokritean theory, i. 77;
defined, ii. 235;
pleasures of, true, iii. 356.
Comedy, mixed pleasure and pain excited, iii. 355 _n._;
Plato's aversion to Athenian, iv. 316;
peculiar to himself, 317;
Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._
Commerce, each artisan only one trade, iv. 361;
importation, by magistrates, of what is imperatively necessary
only, _ib._;
Benefit Societies,g 399;
retailers, 21, 361, 401;
punishment for fraud, 492;
Attic law compared, 403;
Xenophon inexperienced in, i. 236;
admired by Xenophon, _ib._;
Metics, iv. 362;
Xenophon on encouragement of, i. 238.
Communism of guardians, iv. 140, 169, 198;
necessary to maintenance of state, 170, 178;
peculiarity of Plato's, 179;
Aristotle on, 189 _n._;
acknowledged impracticable, 327;
of wives, opinions of Aristippus, Diogenes, Zeno, and
Chrysippus, i. 189, _ib._ _n._
Comte, three stages of progress, ii. 407.
Concrete, its Greek equivalent, ii. 52
_n._;
see _Abstract_.
Condorcet, iv. 232 _n._, 258 _n._
Connotation, or essence, to be known before accidents and
antecedents, ii. 242.
Consciousness, judgment implied in every act of, iii. 165
_n._;
the facts of, not explicable by independent Subject and Object,
131.
Contradiction, principle of, in Plato, iii. 99 _n._;
logical maxim of, 239;
necessity of setting forth counter-propositions, 149 _n._,
150;
contradictory propositions not possible, i. 166 _n._
Contraries, ten pairs of opposing, Pythagorean, i. 15;
the Pythagorean "principia of existing things," _ib._
_n._;
Herakleitus, 29, 31;
excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii. 7 _n._
Copula, logical function of, i. 169;
misconceived by Antisthenes, iii. 221, 232 _n._, 251
_n._, ii. 47 _n._
Cornutus, i. 128, 133.
Council, Nocturnal, to conserve the original scheme of State, iv.
416, 418;
to comprehend and carry out the end of the State, _ib._,
425, 429;
training in _Epinomis_, 420, 424.
Courage, what is, ii. 143;
not endurance, 144;
is knowledge, 288;
a right estimate of terrible things, 144, 296, 307, iv. 138;
such intelligence not possessed by professional artists, ii.
148;
the intelligence of good and evil generally, too wide, 146;
relation to rest of virtue, 288, 304 _n._, iv. 426, 283
_n._;
of philosopher and ordinary citizen, different principles, ii.
308 _n._;
in state, iv. 34-5;
imparted by gymnastic, 29;
_Lachês_ difficulties ignored in _Politikus_, iii.
282;
Plato and Aristotle compared, ii. 170.
Cousin, the absolute, iii. 298 _n._;
on _Sophistês_, 244;
_Timæus_, iv. 224 _n._
Creation out of nothing denied by all ancient physical
philosophers, i. 52;
see _Body_, _Kosmos_.
Crime, distinction of damage and injury, iv. 365, 367-9;
three causes of misguided proceedings, 366;
purpose of punishment, to heal criminals' distemper or deter,
_ib._, 408;
sacrilege and high treason the gravest, 363;
see _Law-administration_.
Criticism, value of, ii. 118.
Cudworth, entities, iii. 74 _n._
Cynics, origin of name, i. 150 _n._;
a [Greek: ai(/resis], 160 _n._;
asceticism, 157;
Sokrates' precepts fullest carried out by, 160;
suicide, 161 _n._;
coincidence of Hegesias with, 203;
an order of mendicant friars, 163;
connection with Christian monks, _ib._ _n._;
the decorous and the indecorous, iii. 390 _n._
Cyrus, iv. 312,** i. 223.
D.
Dæmon, of Sokrates, i. 437, ii. 104, i. 115;
his experience of, ii. 102;
explains his eccentricity, 104;
variously alluded to in Plato--its character and working
impenetrable, 107, 108;
in _Theagês_ and _Theætêtus_, 107;
a special revelation, 108, 131 _n._;
privileged communications common, 130, 131 _n._;
see _Inspiration_;
belief of Empedokles, i. 47;
etymology, iii. 301 _n._;
Eros, intermediate between gods and men, 9;
subordinate to divine steersman of kosmos, 265 _n._;
intermediate, iv. 421.
Dähne, on _Philo-Judæus_, iii. 308 _n._, iv. 157
_n._
Damon, a teacher of [Greek: mousikê/], ii. 139 _n._;
dangers of change in national music, iv. 315.
Dancing to be regulated by authority, iv. 292;
laws, 291;
three choruses, youths, mature men, elders, 296, 305;
and music, effect on emotions, 347;
comic, by slaves or mean persons only, 352 _n._
Darius, iv. 312.
Death, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26 _n._;
Herakleitus, 34;
Sokrates, 422, 430 _n._;
emancipates soul from struggle with body, ii. 386, 388, iv. 234,
235** _n._;
guardians must not fear, 25;
see _Immortality_.
Debate of secondary questions before settling fundamental notions,
mischief of, ii. 242;
see _Dialectic_.
Definition gives classes, Type, natural groups, ii. 47, 193
_n._;
Sokrates introduced search for, 47;
frequent mistake of giving a particular example, i. 444, ii.
143;
dialogues of search illustrate process of, iii. 29, 176, 188;
novelty and value of this, 190;
importance in Plato's time of bringing forward logical
subordinations and distinctions, ii. 235;
tested by clothing it in particulars, iv. 3 _n._;
of common and vague terms, hopelessness of, ii. 186 _n._;
Aristotle on, 234 _n._;
none of a general word, Sextus Empiricus, i. 168, _n._;
none of simple objects, Antisthenes, 171;
Plato on, 172;
Aristotle, _ib._;
Mill, _ib._ _n._;
and division, the two processes of dialectic, iii. 29, 39;
necessity for, 29;
conditions of a good, ii. 318.
Degérando, M., iii. 140 _n._, 152 _n._
[Greek: Deino/s], meaning, ii. 145 _n._
Dekad, the Pythagorean perfect number, i. 11.
[Greek: Dektiko/n, to/], see _Matter_.
Delphian oracle, reply to Sokrates, i. 413;
maxim, _Know thyself_, ii. 11, 25;
to be consulted for religious legislation, iv. 34, 137
_n._, 325.
Demetrius Phalereus, Alexandrine librarian, i. 274 _n._;
chief agent in establishment of Alexandrine library, 280;
history and character, 279;
_Apology_, 111 _n._
Demiurgus, opposed to [Greek: i)diô/tês], ii. 272 _n._;
of kosmos, iii. 265 _n._;
postulated, iv. 220;
is not a creator, _ib._;
produces kosmos, by persuading Necessity, _ib._, 222;
on pattern of ideas, 227;
evolved the four elements from primordial chaos, 240;
addresses generated gods, 233;
prepares for man's construction, places a soul in each star,
_ib._;
conjoins three souls and one body, 234;
how conceived by other philosophers of same century, 254;
little noticed in Aristotle, 255;
degeneracy of man originally intended by, 263.
Demochares, law against philosophers, i. 111 _n._
Democracy, least bad of unscientific governments, iii. 270, 278;
origin, iv. 80;
monarchy and, the _mother-polities_, 312;
dissent of Aristotle, _ib._ _n._;
Plato's second ideal state a compromise of oligarchy and, 333,
337.
Demokritus, life and travels, i. 65;
Plato's antipathy to, 66 _n._, 82 _n._, ii. 118, iv.
355 _n._;
often mentioned in Aristotle, _ib._;
opinions of ancients on, i. 82 _n._;
his universality, 82;
relation to Parmenidean theory, 66;
plena and vacua, ens and non-ens, 67, iii. 243 _n._;
his absolute and relative, i. 71, 80;
atoms differ only in magnitude, figure, position, and
arrangement, 69;
different from Plato's Idea, and Aristotle's _materia
prima_, 72;
not really objects of sense, _ib._ _n._;
inherent force, 73;
his ultimatum, the course of nature, _ib._;
primary and secondary qualities, iv. 243 _n._;
air, i. 76, 78;
theory of colour, 77;
theory of vision, combated by Theophrastus, 78 _n._;
hearing and taste, 78;
motions of planets, iv. 355 _n._;
blamed by Aristotle for omitting final causes, i. 73 _n._;
chance, _ib._;
[Greek: phu/sis], 70 _n._;
mind is heat throughout nature, 75;
parts of the soul, 76;
on its immortality, ii. 425 _n._;
truth obtainable by reason only, i. 72;
thought produced by influx of atoms, 79;
on _Homo mensura_, 82, iii. 152;
knowledge is _obscure_, or sensation, and _genuine_,
or thought, i. 80;
the gods, 81;
ethical views, 82;
treatise on Pythagoras, _ib._ _n._;
researches in zoology and animal generation, 75;
influence on growth of dialectic, 82;
works of, 65;
in Alexandrine library, 276;
divided into Tetralogies by Thrasyllus, 273 _n._, 295
_n._
Dêmos, in state, analogous to appetite in individual mind, iv. 39;
Plato more anxious for good treatment of, than Xenophon and
Aristotle, 183;
in Aristotle adjuncts, not members, of state, 184;
Plato's scheme fails from no training for, 186;
see _State_.
Demosthenes, pupil of Plato, i. 261 _n._;
rhetorical powers, iii. 408 _n._;
teaching of Isokrates, iv. 150 _n._;
_adv. Leptinem_ contrasted with _Leges_, 315 _n._
Descartes, advantages of protracted study, i. 404 _n._;
accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 401
_n._;
argument for being of God, a "fallacy of confusion," iii. 297
_n._;
on criticism by report, i. 118 _n._
Desire for what is akin to us or our own, cause of friendship, ii.
182;
good, object of universal, 243, iii. 335, 371, 392 _n._;
largest measure and all varieties of, are good, ii. 344;
belongs to the mind, presupposes a bodily want and memory of
previous satisfaction, iii. 350;
exception, 351 _n._, 387 _n._
Despot, has no real power, ii. 324;
worst of unscientific governments, iii. 270, 278;
origin, iv. 81;
excess of despotism in Persia, 312;
Solon on, i. 219 _n._;
Xenophon on interior life of, 218, 220;
Xenophon's scheme of government, a wisely arranged Oriental
despotism, 234.
Determining, Pythagorean doctrine of the, i. 11;
the, iii. 346;
it is intelligence, 348.
Deuschle, on Kratylus, iii. 325 _n._
Deycks, on Megarics, i. 127 _n._, 136 _n._
Dialectic, little or none in earliest theorists, i. 93;
Demokritus' influence on its growth, 82;
of Zeno the Eleate, 93; iii. 107;
its purpose and result, i. 98;
compared with _Parmenidês_, 100;
early physics discredited by growth of, 91;
its introduction changes the character of philosophy, 105, 107;
repugnant to Herakleiteans, 106 _n._;
influence of Drama and Dikastery, 385;
debate common in Sokratic age, 370, ii. 284;
died out in later philosophy, i. 394 _n._;
disputations in the Middle Ages, 397 _n._;
modern search for truth goes on silently, 369;
process _per se_ interesting to Plato, 403, 406;
has done more than any one else to interest others in it, 405;
its importance, 91, 354, 372, ii. 167, 221;
debate a generating cause of friendship, 188 _n._;
and Eristic, 210, 221 _n._;
of Sokrates, _x_;
contrasted with Sophists', 197, i. 124;
Sokrates first applied negative analysis to the common
consciousness, 385, 389 _n._;
to social, political, ethical, topics, 385;
necessity of negative vein, 91, 371, 373, 386, 394 _n._,
421, 444, 130;
a value by itself, iii. 51, 70, 85, 149-50, 176, 184 _n._,
284, 422;
see _Negative Method_;
procedure of Sokrates repugnant to Athenian public, i. 387, ii.
305;
colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates, 287;
Sokrates asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual
reason, i. 386;
Sokrates' reason for attachment to, iii. 258 _n._;
Sokrates to the last insists on freedom of, ii. 379;
stimulates, i. 420, 449, iv. 52 _n._;
as stimulating, not noticed in _Republic_ training, 208;
its negative and positive aspect, illustrated in _Alkibiadês
I._ and _II._, ii. 7;
indiscriminate, not insisted on in _Gorgias_, 367;
protest against, iii. 335;
_Euthydemus_ popular among enemies of, ii. 222;
common want of scrutiny, i. 398 _n._;
value of formal debate, as corrective of fallacies, ii. 221;
its actual and anticipated effects, 11;
Sokrates' positive solutions illusory, 26;
its ethical basis, iii. 113;
autonomy of the individual mind, 147, 297, 298;
contrast with the _Leges_, 148;
Aristotle on, i. 133 _n._;
obstetric method, lead of the respondent followed, 368;
the respondent makes the discoveries for himself, 367;
assumptions necessary in, iii. 251;
precepts for, 91 _n._;
long answers inadmissible, ii. 281;
brought to bear on Sokrates himself, iii. 57, 89;
the sovereign purifier, 197;
its result, _Knowledge_, i. 396;
contrasted with lectures, ii. 277, iii. 337 _n._;
alone useful for teaching, 34, 49, 53;
a test of the expository process, i. 358, 396;
attainment of dialectical aptitude, purpose of _Sophistês_
and _Politikus_, iii. 261;
antithesis of rhetoric and, i. 433, ii. 52-3, 70, 277, 278
_n._, 282, 303;
difference of method, illustrated in _Protagoras_, 300;
superiority over rhetoric, claimed, 282;
issue unsatisfactorily put, 369;
rhetoric, as a real art, is comprised in, iii. 30, 34;
rhetoric superior in usefulness and celebrity, 360, 380;
Plato's desire for celebrity in rhetoric and, 408;
its object, definition, i. 452, ii. 318;
its two processes, definition and division, iii. 29, 39;
testing of definitions by clothing them in particulars, iv. 7
_n._;
Inductive and Syllogistic, ii. 27;
and Demonstrative, Aristotle's two intellectual methods, 363;
the purest of all cognitions, iii. 360;
and geometry, two modes of mind's procedure applicable to ideal
world, iv. 65;
requires no diagrams, deals with forms only, descending from
highest, 66;
is the consummation of all the sciences, gives the contemplation
of the ideas, 75;
one of the manifestations [Greek: tou= philosophei=n], 150
_n._;
standard for classifying sciences, iii. 382-3, 394;
valuable principle, 395;
exercises in, iv. 76;
_Republic_ contradicts other dialogues, 207-212;
difference of Aristotle's and Plato's view, i. 363;
mixture in Plato of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with
dialectic theory, iii. 16;
distinct aptitudes required by Aristotle for, ii. 54;
Aristotle on its dissecting function, 70 _n._;
Stoic View, i. 371 _n._;
Theopompus, 450.
Dialogues, the Sokratic, i. _x_, _xi_;
the lost, of Aristotle, 262 _n._, 356 _n._;
of _Sokratici viri_, 111, 114;
of Plato, give little information about him personally, 262;
different in form from Aristotle's, 356 _n._;
vary in value, ii. 19;
variety of Plato, i. 344;
dramatic pictures, not historical, 419 _n._, ii. 33
_n._, 150, 155 _n._, 163, 172, 195, 199, 203, 265
_n._, iii. 9 _n._, 19, 25;
of common form--Plato never speaks in his own name, i. 344;
reluctant to publish doctrines on his own responsibility, 350,
352, 355, 361 _n._;
may have published under the name of others, 360;
his lectures differ from, in being given in his own name, 402;
Plato assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition,
350, 355, ii. 56 _n._, 64;
assumption intelligible in his day, i. 357;
Sokratic elenchus, a test of the expository process, 358;
of _Search_ predominate, 366;
a necessary preliminary to those of _Exposition_, ii. 201;
their basis, Sokratic doctrine that false persuasion of
knowledge is universal, i. 367, 393;
illustrated by _Hippias_ and _Charmidês_, ii. 64, 163;
appeal to authority, suppressed in Academics, i. 368;
debate common in the Sokratic age, 370;
process _per se_ interesting to Plato, 403;
the obstetric method--lead of the respondent followed, 368;
modern search for truth goes on silently, 369;
purpose to stimulate intellect, and form verifying power, iii.
177, 188, 284;
novelty and value of this, 190;
process of generalisation always kept in view in, i. 406;
affirmative and negative veins distinct, 399, 402, 420;
often no ulterior affirmative end, 375;
but Plato presumes the search will be renewed, 395;
value as suggestive, and reviewing under different aspects, ii.
69;
untenable hypothesis that Plato communicated solutions to a few,
i. _xii_, 360, 401;
no assignable interdependence, 407;
each has its end in itself, _xii_, 344, 375, 400 _n._,
ii. 300 _n._, iii. 71, 85, 93, 176, 179, 184 _n._, 284,
332, 400, 420, iv. 138;
of _Exposition_, pedagogic tone, iii. 368 _n._;
Plato's change in old age, iv. 273, 320, 380, 424, i. 244;
Xenophon compared, _ib._;
order for review, i. 408;
see _Canon_.
Dianoia, Nous and, two grades of intelligence, iv. 66.
Dikæarchus, ii. 425 _n._
Dikasts, opposition of feeling between Sokrates and, i. 375;
influence of dikastery on growth of Dialectic, 385.
Diodorus Kronus, doctrine of Power, i. 140;
defended by Hobbes, 143;
hypothetical propositions, 145;
time, difficulties of _Now_, _ib._;
motion, 146;
Aristotle nearly coincides with, _ib._;
and Hobbes, _ib._;
his death, 147.
Diogenes of Apollonia, life and doctrines, i. 60;
air his primordial element, 61;
many properties of, _ib._;
physiology, 60 _n._, 62;
cosmology and meteorology, 64;
often followed Herakleitus, _ib._ _n._;
anticipated modern doctrine of aerolithes, _ib._;
Agreement with Anaxagoras, 65;
fundamental tenet, agreement with Aristotle and Demokritus, 69
_n._;
theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._
Diogenes of Sinôpê, i. 152;
works, 155;
doctrines, 154;
Sokrates' precepts fullest carried out by, 160;
asceticism, 157;
compared with Indian Gymnosophists and Selli, _ib._, 160
_n._, 163 _n._;
with Aristippus, 190;
Communism of wives, 189 _n._;
opposed Platonic ideas, 163;
the first protest of Nominalism against Realism, 164.
Diogenes Laertius, i. 291 _n._, 294.
Dion Chrysostom, i. 112 _n._
Dionysius, the elder, Aristippus' intercourse with, i. 193;
visited by Plato, 351;
the younger, visited by Plato, 258, 355;
expedition of Dion against, 259.
Dionysius Hal., on _Apology_, i. 411 _n._;
rhetorical powers of Plato and Demosthenes, iii. 407 _n._;
rivalry of Plato and Lysias, 411 _n._;
contrasts Plato's with [Greek: Sôkratikoi\ dia/logoi], i. 110
_n._;
Plato's jealousy and love of supremacy, 117 _n._
Diotima, iii. 8 _n._, 9.
Disease, general survey of, iv. 249;
preservative and healing agencies, 250.
Dittrich on _Kratylus_, iii. 303 _n._
Diversum, iv. 226;
form of, pervades all others, iii. 209, 232;
Aristotle on, 238 _n._
Division, logical, ii. 27;
and definition, the two processes of dialectic, iii. 29, 39;
dialogues of search illustrate process, 29, 177, 188;
novelty and value of this, ii. 235, iii. 190;
by dichotomy, 254;
importance of founding on sensible resemblances, 255;
sub-classes often overlooked, 341;
well illustrated in _Philêbus_, 344;
but feebly applied, 369;
Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368.
Divorce, iv. 406.
Dodona, oracle to be consulted, iv. 325;
Xenophon, i. 237.
Doing and _making_, ii. 155;
use of [Greek: eu)= zê=n] and [Greek: eu)= pra/ttein] in
_Charmidês_, 216 _n._
Drama, influence on growth of Dialectic, i. 385;
mixed pleasure and pain excited by, iii. 355 _n._;
Plato's aversion to Athenian, iv. 316, 350;
peculiar to himself, 317;
Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._;
see _Poetry_.
Dreams, doctrine of Demokritus, caused by images from objects, i.
81;
Plato's theory of, iv. 237;
as affecting doctrine _Homo mensura_, iii. 130;
belief of rhetor Aristeides in, 146 _n._
Drunkenness, Sokrates proof against, iii. 21, 23, iv. 287;
is test of self-control, iii. 21 _n._, iv. 289, 298;
forbidden at Sparta, how far justifiable, 286;
chorus of elders require, 297;
unbecoming the guardians, 298 _n._
E.
Eberhard, ii. 300 _n._
Eclipse, foretold by Thales, i. 4 _n._;
Anaximander's doctrine, 6 _n._;
Pythagoras', 14 _n._;
Herakleitus', 32.
Education, who is to judge what constitutes, ii. 142;
combined with polity by Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, iv. 142,
185, 337;
on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 186;
precautions in electing Minister of, 338;
of men compared by Sokrates with training of inferior animals,
iii. 62 _n._;
bad, of kings' sons, iv. 312;
training of boys and girls, 348;
by music and gymnastic, 23;
musical training excites love of the beautiful, 27;
importance of music, 305;
views of Xenophon, Polybius, Aristotle, _ib._;
_music_, Platonic sense, 149;
by fictions as well as by truth, 24;
actual place of poetry in Greek, compared with Plato's ideal,
149-153;
type for narratives about men, 26;
songs, music, and dancing to be regulated, 25, 289, 291, 349;
to keep emotions in a proper state, 169;
prizes at festivals, 292, 337;
but object of training, war, not prizes, 358;
only grave music allowed, 26, 168;
music and gymnastic necessary to correct each other, 29;
gymnastic imparts courage, _ib._;
training to ascend to the idea of good, 61;
purpose, 69;
studies introductory to philosophy, 70-74, 206;
difference in _Leges_, 275 _n._;
arithmetic, 423;
awakening power, 70;
stimulus from contradiction of one and many, 72;
geometry, 423;
conducts mind towards universal ens, 72;
value of arithmetic and geometry, 352;
by concrete method, 353 _n._;
particulars to be brought under the general forms, 423;
astronomy, 422;
object of teaching, 354;
by ideal figures, not observation, 72;
acoustics, by applying arithmetical relations and theories, 74;
of Nocturnal Counsellors, 420, 424;
exercises in dialectic, 76;
Plato's remarks on effect of, 207;
age for studies, 76, 350;
philosophy should not be taught at a very early age, 60, 76;
_Republic_ contradicts other dialogues, 207-211;
same training for men and women, 77;
maintained in _Leges_, and harmonises with ancient legends,
195;
contrast with Aristotle, 194;
public training at Sparta and Krete, 279;
Plato's scheme fails from no training for Demos, 186;
Xenophon's scheme, i. 226-31;
geometry and physics, Aristippus' contempt for, 186, 192.
Egger, i. 376 _n._
Ego, and Mecum or non-ego, antithesis of, iii. 132 _n._, 144
_n._
Egyptians, iv. 330 _n._, 352, 353 _n._, 415 _n._;
priests, historical knowledge of, 266, 268;
causes, 271;
Plato's reverence for regulations of, 267 _n._
[Greek: Ei)rônei/a], characteristic of Sokrates and Sophists, iii.
217 _n._
Eleatic philosophy, i. 16-26, 93-103;
Leukippus, 65;
relation to atomic theory, _ib._;
theory of vision, iv. 237** _n._;
compared with Hindoo philosophers, i. 160 _n._
Eleians, iii. 24 _n._
Elements, the four, not primitive, iv. 238;
varieties of each, 242;
forms of the, 238;
geometrical theory of, 240;
Aristotle on, 241 _n._;
a fifth added, _ib._ _n._, 421.
Emotions, appealed to in the _Kriton_, i. 433;
Bain on the Tender, ii. 188 _n._;
a degenerate appendage of human nature, 126, iii. 389;
implication of intelligence and, 374;
antithesis of science and, 61, 195, 196 _n._;
the tender and aesthetic, no place for, in tripartite division
of soul, iv. 149 _n._;
poet's appeal to, disturbs the rational government of the mind,
92, 152, 349;
restrictions on music and poetry, to keep emotions in a proper
state, 169, 347;
similitude of, in all, but dissimilarity of objects, i. 452
_n._
Empedokles, of universal pretensions, i. 47;
doctrines, 38;
four principles, _ib._;
dissents from Ionic School and Herakleitus, _ib._, 48;
denies [Greek: phu/sis] (in sense of [Greek: ge/nesis]), 38
_n._;
compared with Anaxagoras, 52;
Anaximander, 54;
the moving forces, Love and Enmity, 39;
modern _attraction_ and _repulsion_, 40 _n._;
physics, 38;
predestined cycle, 39;
Chaos, _ib._, 54;
was aware of effect of pressure of air, 44 _n._;
movements of the blood, 43;
illustrated respiration by Klepsydra, 44 _n._;
perception, 44, iv. 235 _n._;
contrary to Anaxagoras, i. 58;
knowledge of like by like, 44;
God, 40 _n._, 42;
dæmons, 47;
religious mysticism in, 47 _n._;
claims magical powers, 47;
sacredness of life, metempsychosis, 46;
friendship, ii. 179;
deplores impossibility of finding out truth from shortness of
life, i. 47;
influence on Aristotle, 91;
doctrines identified by Plato with _Homo Mensura_, iii.
114, 115.
Ends, science of, postulated, ii. 32, 169;
dimly indicated by Plato, 148;
correlation with the unknown Wise Man, 149;
distinction of, iii. 374 _n._;
no common, among established [Greek: no/mima], 282 _n._
Energy, analogous to guardians in state, iv. 39;
Aristotle's [Greek: e)ne/rgeia], ii. 355.
Ens, of Xenophanes, i. 17;
of Parmenides, 66, iii. 58;
combines extension and duration, i. 19;
and Non-Ens, an inherent contradiction in human mind, 20;
alone contains truth--phenomena, probability, 24;
erroneously identified by Aristotle with Heat, _ib._
_n._;
Zeno, 93;
Gorgias the Leontine, 103-4;
Demokritus, 67;
contraries the Pythagorean principles of, 15 _n._;
an intermediate predicate, iii. 94;
theories of philosophers about, 200, 231;
materialists and idealists, 202;
of Plato, comprehends objects of perception and of conception,
229, 231;
is _ens_ one or many, 201;
difficulties about _non-ens_ and _ens_ equally great,
_ib._, 206;
is equivalent to potentiality, 204;
includes both the unchangeable and the changeable, 205;
a _tertium quid_, distinct from motion and rest, 206;
philosopher lives in region of _ens_,--Sophist, of
_non-ens_, 208;
_non-ens_, 331;
different views about, 243 _n._;
its different meanings in Plato, 181 _n._;
_non-ens_ inconceivable, 200;
five forms examined, 208, 231-5;
a real form, not contrary to, but different from, ens, 211, 233;
inter-communion of forms of _non-ens_ and of proposition,
opinion, judgment, 213, 214, 235;
non-ens in _Sophistês_ different from other dialogues, 242;
Plato's view of non-ens, _ib._ _n._, 249 _n._;
unsatisfactory, _ib._ _n._;
alone knowable, non-ens unknowable, iv. 49;
what is between ens and non-ens, the object of opinion,
_ib._;
fundamental distinction of _ens_ from _fientia_, 219;
see _Relativity_, _Ontology_.
Entities, quadruple distribution of, iii. 346;
Cudworth's immutable, 74 _n._
Epicharmus, i. 9.
Epiktêtus, on authority, i. 388 _n._;
objective and subjective, 451 _n._;
[Greek: philo/sophos] and [Greek: i)diô/tês], iv. 104 _n._;
scheme conformable to nature, i. 162 _n._
Epikurus, garden, i. 255 _n._;
school and library, 269 _n._;
_Symposion_ of, iii. 22 _n._;
developed Aristippus' doctrines, i. 198;
identity of good and pleasure, ii. 315 _n._, 355 _n._,
iii. 374, 377 _n._, 387 _n._, iv. 301;
scheme conformable to nature, i. 163 _n._;
on justice, iv. 130 _n._;
antithesis of speculative and political life, ii. 368 _n._;
immortality of the soul, 425 _n._;
against repulsive pictures of Hades, iv. 155 _n._;
prayer and sacrifice, 395;
agreement with Demokritean doctrine of chance, i. 73 _n._;
Plato's theology compared with, iv. 161.
Epimenidês, date, iv. 311 _n._
Epimêtheus, ii. 268.
_Epinomis_, its authorship, i. 299 _n._, 306, 307, 309;
represents Plato's latest opinions, iv. 421 _n._, 424
_n._;
gives education of Nocturnal Counsellors, 420, 424;
soul prior to and more powerful than body, 421;
genesis of kosmos, _ib._;
_five_ elements, 240 _n._, 421;
wisdom, _ib._;
theological view of astronomy, _ib._;
arithmetic and geometry, proportionals, 423;
particulars to be brought under the general forms, 423.
[Greek: E)pistê/mê], relation to [Greek: ai)/sthêsis], iii. 164
_n._;
see _Science_.
Epistles, Plato's, i. 333 _n._;
genuineness, 306-7, 309, 349 _n._;
written when old, 262;
valuable illustrations of his character, 339 _n._;
intentional obscurity as to philosophical doctrine, 350, 353
_n._
[Greek: E)pithumi/a], derivation, iii. 302 _n._
Equivoques, ii. 8 _n._, 214, iii. 29;
Sokrates does not distinguish, ii. 279;
Aristotle more careful than Plato, 170, 279 _n._;
fallacies of equivocation, 212, 352 _n._;
_gain_, 82;
_know_, 213 _n._;
[Greek: eu)= zê=n] and [Greek: eu)= pra/ttein], 216 _n._,
352 _n._;
_Nature_, 341 _n._, iv. 194;
_Cause_, ii. 404, 409, 410 _n._;
_Good_, 406, iii. 370;
_Ens_, 231;
_Unum_, _Ens_, _Idem_, _Diversum_, &c.,
94;
_Pleasure_, 379 _n._;
_Justice_, iv. 102, 120, 123, 125.
Eranos, meaning, iv. 400 _n._;
Plato inconsistent, 399.
Erasistratus, iv. 259 _n._
_Erastæ_, authenticity, i. 306-7, 309, 315, ii. 121;
subject and interlocutors, 111;
vivacity, 116;
philosophy the perpetual accumulation of knowledge, 112;
how to fix the quantity, 113;
philosophy not multiplication of learned acquirements, 114;
special art for discriminating bad and good, 115, 119;
supreme, 120;
the philosopher its regular practitioner, 115;
the philosopher, second best in several arts, 114;
Aristotle's [Greek: sophi/a] and [Greek: phro/nêsis], 120
_n._;
relation of second-best man to regular practitioner, 113, 115,
118;
supposed to point at Demokritus, _ib._;
humiliation of literary _erastes_, 116.
Eretrian school, transcendental, not ethical, i. 121;
qualities non-existent without the mind, iii. 74 _n._;
Phædon, i. 148;
Menedêmus, _ib._, 149.
Eristic and dialectic, ii. 221 _n._;
Aristotle's definition, 210.
Eros, differently understood, necessity for definition, iii. 29;
derivation, 308 _n._;
contrast of Hellenic and modern sentiment, 1;
erotic dialogues, _Phædrus_ and _Symposion_,
_ib._;
as conceived by Plato, _ib._, 4, 11;
inconsistent with expulsion of poets, 3 _n._;
purpose of _Symposion_, to contrast Plato's with other
views, 8;
views of interlocutors in _Symposion_, 9;
a Dæmon intermediate between gods and men, 9;
but in _Phædrus_ a powerful god, _ib._ _n._, 11
_n._;
the stimulus to improving philosophical communion, 4, 6, 18;
_Phædon_, _Theætêtus_, _Sophistês_,
_Republic_, _ib._;
exaltation of, in a few, love of Beauty _in genere_, 7, 15;
analogy to philosophy, 10, 11, 14;
disparaged, then panegyrised, by Sokrates in _Phædrus_, 11;
a variety of madness, _ib._;
Sokrates as representative of _Eros Philosophus_, 15, 25;
Xenophon's view, _ib._
Ethics, diversity of beliefs, noticed by the ancients, i. 378,
iii. 282 _n._;
hostility to novel attempts at analysis, i. 387 _n._;
Sokrates distinguished objective and subjective views, 451;
subjective unanimity coincident with objective dissent,
_ib._;
Aristophanes connects idea of immorality with free thought, iv.
166;
the _matter_ of ethical sentiment variable, the _form_
permanent, 203;
Pascal on, i. 231 _n._;
with political and social life, topic of Sokrates, 376, ii. 362,
iii. 113;
self-regarding doctrine of Sokrates, ii. 349, 354 _n._;
order of problems as conceived by Sokrates, 299;
to do, worse than to suffer, evil, 326, 332, 338, 359;
no man voluntarily does, iv. 249, 365-7;
[Greek: a(martê/mata] and [Greek: a)dikê/mata] distinguished,
365, 367;
and politics treated together by Plato, 133;
apart by Aristotle, 138;
Sokrates and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual
conditions, ii. 67, 83;
rely too much on analogy of arts, and do not note what underlies
epithets, 68;
Plato blends ontology with, iii. 365;
forced conjunction of kosmology and, 391;
physiology of _Timæus_ subordinated to ethical teleology,
iv. 257;
different points of view in Plato, ii. 167;
modern theories, intuition, 348;
moral sense, not recognised in _Gorgias_ and
_Protagoras_, _ib._;
permanent and transient elements of human agency, 353-5;
[Greek: ta\ anthrô/pina],** iv. 302 _n._;
the permanent, and not immediate satisfaction, the end, ii. 360;
[Greek: to\ e(/neka/ tou] confused with [Greek: to\ dia/ ti],
182 _n._;
basis in _Republic_ imperfect, iv. 127-32;
Plato more a preacher than philosopher in the _Republic_,
131, 132;
purpose in _Leges_, to remedy all misconduct, 369;
of Demokritus, i. 82;
see _Cynics_, _Kyrenaics_, _Epikurus_, &c.
Etymology, see _Name_.
Eubulides, sophisms of, i. 128, 133.
Eudemus, iv. 255;
Proklus borrowed from, i. 85 _n._
Eudoxus, i. 255;
identity of good and pleasure, ii. 315 _n._, iii. 375
_n._, 379 _n._
Eukleides, i. 116;
enlarged summum genus of Parmenides, iii. 196 _n._;
blended Parmenides with Sokrates, i. 118;
Good, iii. 365, i. 119, 127 _n._;
nearly Plato's last view, 120.
[Greek: Eu)pragi/a], equivoque, ii. 8 _n._, 352 _n._
Euripides, _Bacchæ_ analogous to _Leges_, iv. 277, 304
_n._;
_Hippolytus_ illustrates popular Greek religious belief,
163 _n._
Eusebius, i. 384 _n._, iv. 160 _n._, 256 _n._
_Euthydêmus_, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 195;
date, i. 308-11, 312, 315, 320, 325 _n._, ii. 227
_n._, iii. 36 _n._;
scenery and personages, ii. 195;
dramatic and comic exuberance, _ib._;
purpose, i. 309 _n._, ii. 198, 204 _n._, 211, i. 128;
Euthydêmus and Dionysodorus do not represent Protagoras and
Gorgias, ii. 202;
ironical admiration of Sophists, 208;
earliest known attempt to expose fallacies, 216;
the result of habits of formal debate, 221;
character drawn of Sokrates suitable to its purpose, 203;
possession of good things, without intelligence, useless, 204;
intelligence must include making and use, 205;
fallacies of equivocation, 212, iii. 238 _n._;
_à dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter_, ii. 213,
214;
_extra dictionem_, 215;
involving deeper logical principles, _ib._;
its popularity among enemies of dialectic, 222;
the epilogue to obviate this inference, 223;
Euthydêmus the representative of dialectic and philosophy, 226;
disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, 224;
Plato's view untenable, 229;
is Isokrates meant? 227, iii. 38 _n._;
no teacher can be indicated, ii. 225;
compared with _Parmenidês_, 200;
_Republic_, _Philêbus_, _Protagoras_, 208, iii.
373 _n._
_Euthyphron_, date of, i. 457 _n._;
its Sokratic spirit, 449;
gives Platonic Sokrates' reply to Melêtus, Xenophontic compared,
441, 455;
a retort against Aristophanes, 442;
interlocutors, 437;
Euthyphron indicts his father for homicide, 438, ii. 329
_n._;
as warranted by piety, i. 439;
acts on Sokratic principle of making oneself like the gods, 440;
Holiness, 439;
answer by a particular example, 444;
not what pleases the gods, 445, 448, 454;
Sokrates disbelieves discord among gods, 440;
why gods love the Holy, 446;
not a branch of justice, 447;
for gods gain nothing, 448;
holiness not a right traffic between men and gods, _ib._;
dialogue useful as showing the subordination of logical terms,
455.
Evil, to do, worse than to suffer, ii. 326, 332, 338, 359;
contrast of usual with Platonic meaning, 331;
the greatest, ignorance mistaking itself for knowledge, iii.
197;
great preponderance of, iv. 25, 262 _n._, 390;
gods not the cause of, 24;
the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386;
man the cause of, 234;
inconsistency, _ib._, _n._;
diseases of mind arise from body, 250;
no man voluntarily wicked, ii. 292, iv. 249, 365-7;
done by the good man wilfully, by the bad unwillingly, ii. 61;
three causes of misguided proceedings, iv. 366;
see _Good_, _Virtue_, _Body_.
[Greek: E(/xis], Aristotelic, ii. 355.
Existence, notion of, iii. 135 _n._, 205, 226, 229, 231.
Experience, Zeno's arguments not contradictions of data
generalized from, i. 100;
Plato's theory of pre-natal, ii. 252;
operation of pre-natal on man's intellectual faculties, iii. 13;
reminiscence of pre-natal knowledge gained by, 17;
post-natal not ascertained and measured by him, ii. 252;
no appeal to observation or, in studying astronomy and
acoustics, iv. 73, 74;
see _Sense_.
Expert, authority of public judgment, nothing, of Expert,
everything, i. 426, 435;
opposition to _Homo mensura_, iii. 135, 143;
different view, i. 446 _n._;
correlation with undiscovered science of ends, ii. 149;
is never seen or identified, 117, 142;
how known, 141;
Sokrates himself acts as, i. 436;
the pentathlos of _Erastæ_, ii. 119 _n._;
finds out and certifies truth and reality, 87, 88;
badness of all reality, iii. 330;
required to discriminate pleasures, ii. 345;
as dialectician and rhetorician, iii. 39;
impracticable, 42;
true government by, 268;
postulated for _names_ in _Kratylus_, 329.
F.
Fabricius, iv. 382 _n._
Faith and Conjecture, two grades of opinion, iv. 67.
Fallacies, Sophists abused, ii. 199;
did not invent, 217, i. 133 _n._;
inherent liabilities to error in ordinary process of thinking,
ii. 217, i. 129;
corrected by formal debate, ii. 217, 220 _n._, 221;
exposure of, by multiplication of particular examples, 211;
by conclusion shown _aliunde_ to be false, 216;
Plato enumerates, Aristotle tries to classify, 212;
_Euthydêmus_, earliest known attempt to expose, 216;
Bacon's _Idola_, 218;
Mill's complete enumeration of heads of, 218;
of sufficient Reason, i. 6 _n._;
of equivocation, ii. 212, 352 _n._;
_extra dictionem_, 214;
_à dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter_, 213, 214;
Plato and Aristotle fall into, iii. 138, 158;
of confusion, 297 _n._;
arguing in a circle, ii. 428 _n._;
of Ratiocination, 213, 219;
of Megarics and Antisthenes, 215;
see _Sophisms_, _Equivoques_.
Family, Greek views of, iii. 1 _n._;
restrictions at Thebes, iv. 329 _n._;
no separate families for guardians, 41, 174, 178;
ties mischievous, but can not practically be got rid of, 327;
to be watched over by magistrates, 328;
treatment of infants, 346;
see _Education_, _Communism_, _Woman_,
_Infanticide_.
Farrar, F. W., iii. 326 _n._
Fate, relation to gods, iv. 221 _n._, i. 142;
see _Chance_.
Ferrier, on scope and purpose of philosophy, i. _viii_,
_n._;
relativity of knowledge, iii. 123 _n._;
antithesis of Ego and Mecum, 132 _n._;
necessity of setting forth counter-propositions, 148.
Ficinus, interpretation of Plato, i. _xi_;
followed Thrasyllean classification, 301;
on Good and Beauty, iii. 5 _n._;
on _Parmenidês_, 84 _n._;
mystic sanctity of names, 323 _n._
Figure, defined, ii. 235;
pleasures of, true, iii. 356.
Finance, see _Xenophon_.
Finite, Zeno's reductiones ad Absurdum, i. 93;
natural coalescence of infinite and, iii. 340;
illustration from speech and music, 342;
insufficient, 343.
Fire, doctrine of Anaximander, i. 5;
Anaximenes, 7;
Pythagoras, 13;
Herakleitus, 27, 30 _n._, 32;
soul compared to, 34;
Empedokles, 38;
Anaxagoras, 50, 52, 56 _n._;
identified with mind by Demokritus, 75.
Fischer, Kuno, iii. 84 _n._
Foes, iv. 251 _n._
Freewill, the Necessity of Plato, iv. 221.
Friendship, a moving force, in Empedokles, i. 38;
problem in _Lysis_ too general, ii. 186;
causes of enmity and, exist _by nature_, 341 _n._;
colloquial debate as a generating cause, 188 _n._;
desire for what is akin to us or our own, 182;
not likeness and unlikeness, 179, 180, 359;
physical analogy 188 _n._;
the Indifferent friend to Good, 180, 189;
illustrated by philosopher, 181;
the _primum amabile_, _ib._, 192;
_prima amicitia_ of Aristotle, compared, 194;
Xenophontic Sokrates and Aristotle, 186.
G.
Gain, double meaning of, ii. 82;
no tenable definition found, _ib._, 83;
see _Hipparchus_.
Galen, relation to Plato, iv. 258;
soul threefold, _ib._;
a [Greek: kra=sis] of bodily elements, ii. 391 _n._;
immortal, 423 _n._, 427;
on _Philêbus_, iii. 365 _n._;
belief in legends, iv. 153 _n._;
Plato's theory of vision, 237 _n._;
structure of apes, 257 _n._
Galuppi, Pascal, iii. 118.
General maxims readily laid down by pre-Sokratic philosophers, i.
69 _n._;
terms vaguely understood, 398 _n._, 452 _n._, ii. 49
_n._, 166, 242, 279 _n._, 279, 341 _n._;
Mill on, 48 _n._;
hopelessness of defining, 186 _n._
Generals, Greek, no professional experience, ii. 134.
Generic and specific terms, distinction unfamiliar in Plato's
time, ii. 13;
and analogical wholes, 48, 193 _n._, iii. 365;
unity, how distributed among species and individuals, 339, 346.
Genius, why not hereditary, ii. 271, 272, 274.
Geometry, Pythagorean, i. 12;
modern application, 10 _n._;
subject of Plato's lectures, 349 _n._;
value of, iv. 352, 423;
Lucian against, i. 385 _n._;
successive stages of its teaching illustrate Platonic doctrine,
353;
twofold, iii. 359, 395;
pure and applied mathematics, 396 _n._;
Aristotle's view of axioms of, i. 358 _n._;
from induction, iv. 353 _n._;
painless pleasures of, iii. 356, 388 _n._;
and dialectic, two modes of mind's procedure applicable to ideal
world, iv. 65;
geometry, assumes diagrams, _ib._;
conducts mind towards universal ens, 72;
uselessness of written treatises, ii. 136;
proportionals, iv. 224 _n._, 241 _n._, 423;
geometrical theory of the elements, i. 349 _n._, iv. 240;
Aristotle on, 241 _n._;
Kyrenaic and Cynic contempt for, i. 155, 186, 192.
Gfrörer, iv. 256 _n._
Gods, derivation of [Greek: theoi/], iii. 300 _n._;
Xenophanes, i. 16, 119 _n._;
Parmenides, 19, 24;
Empedokles, 40 _n._, 42, 47;
Anaxagorean Nous represented later as a god, 54;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 64 _n._;
Demokritus, 81;
Sokrates, 414, 440, ii. 28;
Plato's proofs of existence of, iv. 385, 389, 419;
locality assigned to, 230 _n._;
fabricated men and animals, ii. 268;
possess the Idea of cognition, iii. 66, 67 _n._;
free from pleasure and pain, 389;
do not assume man's form, iv. 25, 154 _n._;
Lucretius on, _ib._;
cause good only, 24;
no repulsive fictions to be tolerated about, 25, 154;
Dodona and Delphi to be consulted for religious legislation, 34,
137 _n._, 325, 337;
[Greek: ta\ thei=a], 302 _n._;
primary and visible gods, 229;
secondary and generated gods, 230;
Plato's dissent from established religious doctrine, 161, 163;
Plato compared with Epikurus, 161, 395;
Plato's view of popular theology, 238 _n._, 328, 337;
popular Greek belief, well illustrated in Euripides'
_Hippolytus_, 163 _n._;
God's [Greek: phtho/nos], 164 _n._;
Aristotle, 395;
see _Demiurgus_, _Religion_, _Inspiration_.
Gold, makes all things beautiful, ii. 41.
Good, Demokritus' theory, i. 82;
the Pythagorean [Greek: kairo/s], first cause of, iii. 397
_n._;
an equivoque, 370;
and pleasurable, as conceived by the Athenians, ii. 371;
contrast of usual with Platonic meaning, 331, 335;
universal desire of, 243, 324, iii. 5, 335, 371, 392 _n._;
akin, evil alien, to every one, ii. 183;
alone caused by gods, iv. 24;
its three varieties, ii. 306 _n._, 350 _n._, iv. 12,
116, 428;
Eros one, iii. 5;
as object of attachment, ii. 194;
the four virtues the highest, and source of all other goods, iv.
428;
is the just, honourable, expedient, ii. 7;
not knowledge, 29;
is gain, 72-6;
True and Real coalesce in Plato's mind, 88;
Campbell on erroneous identification of truth and, iii. 391
_n._;
the _primum amabile_, ii. 181, 191;
approximation to Idea, 192;
Indifferent friend to, 180, 189;
pleasure is, 289, 306 _n._, 347 _n._;
agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-202;
meaning of pleasure as the _summum bonum_, iii. 338;
the permanent, and not immediate satisfaction, the end, ii. 360;
Sokrates' reasoning, 307;
too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309;
not Utilitarianism, 310 _n._;
not ironical, 314;
compared with _Republic_, 310;
_Protagoras_, 345;
coincidence of _Republic_ and _Protagoras_, 350
_n._;
inconsistent with _Gorgias_, 306, 345;
argument in _Gorgias_ untenable, 351;
Platonic _idéal_, view of Order, undefined results, 374;
Plato's view of rhetoric dependent on his _idéal_ of, 374;
is [Greek: a)lupi/a], iii. 338 _n._;
is maximum of pleasure and minimum of pain, iv. 293-97, 299-303;
at least an useful fiction, 303;
not intelligence nor pleasure, 62;
and happiness, correlative terms in _Philêbus_, iii. 335;
is it intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338;
or intelligence without pleasure or pain, _ib._;
intelligence more cognate than pleasure to, 347, 361;
pleasure a generation, therefore not an end, nor the good, 357;
a _tertium quid_, 339, 361;
intelligence the determining, pleasure the indeterminate, 348;
a mixture, 361;
five constituents, 362;
the answer as to, does not satisfy the tests Plato lays down,
371;
has not the unity of an idea, 365;
Plato's in part an eclectic doctrine, 366;
special accomplishments oftener hurtful, if no knowledge of the
good, ii. 16;
man who has knowledge of, can alone do evil wilfully, 61;
knowledge of, identified with [Greek: nou=s], 30;
postulated under different titles, 31;
special art for discriminating, 115;
how known, undetermined, 31, 206;
only distinct answer in _Protagoras_, 208, 308, 347;
the profitable, general but not constant explanation of Plato,
38;
is essentially relative, iv. 213 _n._, i. 185;
Idea of, rules the world of Ideas, as sun the visible, iv. 63,
64;
Aristotle on, 214 _n._;
Anaxagoras' nous, ii. 412;
training to ascend to Idea, iv. 62;
dialectic gives the contemplation of, 75;
rulers alone know, 212;
Idea of, left unknown, 213;
changes in Plato's views, i. 119;
Eukleides, iii. 365, i. 119, 127 _n._;
nearly same as Plato's last doctrine, 120;
discourse of Sokrates with Aristippus, 184, 185;
Xenophontic Sokrates, iii. 366.
Gorgias the Leontine, reasoned against the Absolute as either Ens
or Entia, i. 103;
Ens incogitable and unknowable, 104;
contrasted with earlier philosophers, 105;
not represented by Dionysodorus in Euthydemus, ii. 202;
celebrity, 317;
theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._
_Gorgias_, the date, i. 305-7, 308-10, 312, 315, ii. 228
_n._, 318 _n._, 367;
its general character, discrediting the actualities of life,
355;
reply to, by Aristeides, 371 _n._;
upholds independence and dignity of philosophic dissenter, 375;
scenery and person ages, 317;
rhetoric the artisan of persuasion, 319;
a branch of flattery, 321, 370;
citation of four statesmen, 358, 362;
true and counterfeit arts, 322;
multifarious arts of flattery, aiming at immediate pleasure,
357;
despots and rhetors have no _real_ power, 324;
description of rhetors, untrue, 369;
rhetoric is of little use, 329, iii. 410;
Sokrates' view different in Xenophon, ii. 371 _n._;
issue unsatisfactorily put by Plato, 369;
view stands or falls with _idéal_ of Good, 374;
all men wish for Good, 324;
illustration from Archelaus, 325, 333 _n._, 334, 336, i.
179;
Plato's peculiar view of Good, ii. 331, 335;
contrasted with usual meaning, 331;
[Greek: kalo\n] and [Greek: ai)schro\n] defined, 327, 334;
definition untenable, 334;
to do, a greater evil than to suffer, wrong, 326, 359;
inconsistent with description of Archelaus, 333;
reciprocity of regard indispensable, _ib._;
opposition of Law and Nature, _ib._, 338;
no allusion to Sophists, 339;
uncertainty of referring to nature, 340;
punishment a relief to the wrong-doer, 327, 328, 335;
the only cure for criminals' mental distemper, 328;
consequences of theory, 336;
analogy of mental and bodily distemper pushed too far, 337;
its incompleteness, 363;
are largest measure, and all varieties, of desire, good, 344;
good and pleasurable as conceived by the Athenians, 371;
good and pleasurable not identical, 345, iii. 380 _n._;
argument untenable, ii. 351;
expert required to discriminate pleasures, 345, 347;
_idéal_ of measure, view of order, undefined results, 374;
permanent and transient elements of human agency 353-5;
psychology defective, 354;
temperance the condition of virtue and happiness, 358;
Sokrates resolves on scheme of life, 360;
agreement of Sokrates with Aristippus, i. 200 _n._;
Sokrates alone follows the true political art, ii. 361-2;
condition of success in life, 359;
danger of dissenter, _ib._;
Sokrates as a dissenter, 364;
claim of _locus standi_ for philosophy, 367;
but indiscriminate cross-examination given up, 368;
mythe respecting Hades, 361;
compared with _Protagoras_, 270 _n._, 306 _n._,
345-8, 349-55, iii. 379;
_Philêbus_, _ib._, 380;
_Apology_, _Kriton_, _Republic_, ii. 362;
_Leges_, _ib._, iv. 301, 302, 324;
_Menexenus_, 409;
Xenophontic Sokrates, i. 178, 221.
Government, natural rectitude of, ii. 89;
Plato does not admit the received classification, iii. 267;
true classification, scientific or unscientific, 268;
monarchy and democracy the _mother-polities_, iv. 312;
dissent of Aristotle, _ib._ _n._;
seven distinct natural titles to, 309;
illustrated by Argos, Messênê, Sparta, 310;
imprudent to found on any one title only, _ib._;
five types of, 78-84;
three constituents of good, 312;
Plato's _idéal_, ii. 363;
unscientific, or by many, counterfeit, iii. 268;
genuine, by the one scientific man, _ib._, 273, iv. 280;
counter-theory in _Protagoras_, ii. 268, iii. 275;
distinguished from general, &c., 271;
no laws, 269;
practicable only in golden age, iv. 319;
by fixed laws the second best, iii. 270;
excess of energetic virtues entails death or banishment, of
gentle, slavery, 273;
true ruler aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272;
standard of ethical orthodoxy to be maintained, 273;
of unscientific forms despotism worst, democracy least bad, 270,
278;
a bad government no government, 281 _n._;
timocracy, iv. 79;
oligarchy, _ib._;
democracy, 80;
despot, 81;
education combined with, by Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, 142;
Sokratic ideal differently worked out by Plato and Xenophon,
iii. 273;
Xenophon's _idéal_, citizen willing to be ruled, i. 215,
218, 219;
and scientific ruler, 224;
Xenophon's scheme of, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism, 234;
see _State_.
Gräfenhahn, iii. 312 _n._
Grammar, no formal, existed in Plato's time, ii. 34 _n._,
iii. 222.
Greece, political changes in, during Plato's life, i. 1;
Greeks all by nature kinsmen, iv. 47.
Grimm, iii. 314 _n._, 329 _n._
Gruppe, on _Leges_, iv. 355 _n._
Guardians, characteristics, iv. 23, 25;
drunkenness unbecoming, 298 _n._;
consist of men and women, 41, 46;
syssitia, 359;
communism of, _ib._, 44, 140, 169;
maintenance of city dependent on their habits, character,
education, 32, 34, 139, 170, 178;
no family ties, 41, 174-8;
temporary marriages, 44, 175;
object, 198;
number limited, Plato and Aristotle, 178, 198-200;
age for studies, 76;
studies introductory to philosophy, 70-4;
courage seated in, 35;
analogous to reason and energy in individuals, 39;
divided into rulers and auxiliaries, 29;
compared with modern soldiers, 148, 180.
Gymnastic, art reducible to rule, ii. 372 _n._;
measured quantity alone good, 112;
education in, necessary for guardians, iv. 23;
should be simple, 28;
imparts courage, 29;
prizes at festivals, 338;
but object of training, war, not prizes, 358;
music necessary to correct, 29.
H.
Hades, no repulsive fictions tolerated of, iv. 25, 154;
mythe of, in _Republic_, 94;
in _Gorgias_, ii. 361.
Hamilton, Sir Wm., doctrines inconsistent, i. _xiii_.
_n._;
Plato's reasonings on the soul, ii. 250 _n._, 428
_n._;
Reid and Berkeley, iii. 165 _n._;
Judgment implied in every act of Consciousness, 166 _n._;
relativity of knowledge, 133 _n._;
primary and secondary qualities, iv. 243 _n._
Happiness, relation to knowledge, ii. 159, 160;
Plato's peculiar view of, 335;
contrasted with usual meaning, 331;
its elements depreciated, 353;
temperance the condition of, 358;
all men love Good as means to, iii. 5;
and good, correlative terms in _Philêbus_, 335;
Sydenham on seat of, 372 _n._;
the end of the state and individual, iv. 98;
flowing from justice, 20, 84, 90;
see _Good_, _Pleasure_.
Harmodius, iii. 4 _n._
Harris, James, on _Homo Mensura_, iii. 139 _n._;
Plato's etymologies, 302 _n._;
on Stoical doctrine of virtue, iv. 106 _n._;
on sophism [Greek: Kurieu/ôn], i. 141 _n._;
time, 146 _n._
Harvey, Dr. Wm., iv. 259.
Hebrew studies, their effect on classical scholarship, i.
_xv_. _n._;
uniformity of tradition contrasted with diversity of Greek
philosophy, 384 _n._;
allegorical interpretation of prophets, ii. 286 _n._;
writers, Plato's resemblance to, iv. 160 _n._, 256.
Hedonists, doctrine, iii. 374;
included [Greek: a)lupi/a] in end, 377;
did not set aside all idea of limit, 392 _n._;
basis adopted in Plato's argument, 375, 387 _n._;
enforced same view as Plato on intense pleasures, 378;
see _Pleasure_.
Hegel, origin of philosophy, i. 382 _n._;
ideal expert, _ib._;
Plato's view of the soul, ii. 414 _n._;
Anaxagoras' nous, 403 _n._
Hegesias, the "death-persuader," i. 202;
coincidence with Cynics, 203;
doctrine of relativity, 204.
Heindorf, on _Kratylus_, iii. 310 _n._;
_Charmidês_, iv. 136 _n._;
_Republic_, _ib._
Hekatæus, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26.
Herakleitus, works and obscure style, i. 26;
dogmatism and censure of his predecessors, _ib._;
metaphysical, 27;
physics, _ib._, 32;
did not rest proof of a principle on induction of particulars,
iii. 309 _n._;
_Fieri_ his principle, i. 28;
Parmenides' opposed, 37;
the law of _Fieri_ alone permanent, 29;
no substratum, 30;
identified with _Homo Mensura_, iii. 114, 115, 126, 128;
rejected by Aristotle, but approved by modern science, i. 37
_n._, iii. 126 _n._, 154 _n._;
exposition by metaphors, i. 28, 30;
fire and air, 27, 31;
fire a symbol for the universal force or law, 30 _n._;
distinction of _ideal_ and _elementary_ fire, 32
_n._;
doctrine of contraries, 30, 31, iii. 101 _n._;
the soul an effluence of the Universal, i. 34;
individual reason worthless, _ib._;
Universal Reason, the reason of most men as it ought to be, 35;
[Greek: perie/chon] compared with Anaxagorean Nous, 56
_n._;
sleep, 34;
theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._;
time, 228 _n._;
paradoxes, i. 37 _n._;
[Greek: Polumathi/ê no/on ou) dida/skei], 26;
reappears in Plato, ii. 30;
enigmatical doctrine of his followers, iii. _ 159 _n._;
their repugnance to dialectic, i. 106 _n._;
names first imposed in accordance with his theory, iii. 301
_n._, 314-7;
names the essence of things, 324 _n._, 325;
theory admitted, 316;
some names not consistent with it, 318;
the theory uncertain, 321;
flux, true of particulars, not of Ideas, 320;
antipathy to Pythagoras, 316 _n._;
influence on the development of logic, i. 37;
on Diogenes of Apollonia, 64 _n._;
Protagoras, iii. 159 _n._;
Plato, i. 27;
Stoics, 27, 34 _n._
Herakleitus the Allegorist, iii. 3 _n._, iv. 157 _n._
Hêraklês, the choice of, ii. 267 _n._, i. 177.
Heresy, see _Orthodoxy_.
Hermann, Godfrey, natural rectitude of names, iii. 300 _n._
Hermann, K. F., theory of Platonic canon, i. 307;
Susemihl coincides, 310;
principle of arrangement reasonable, 322;
more tenable than Schleiermacher's, 324;
Ueberweg attempts to reconcile Schleiermacher with, 313;
on _Hippias Major_, ii. 34 _n._;
_Kratylus_, iii. 309 _n._;
_Republic_, 244 _n._;
_Leges_, iv. 274 _n._, 328 _n._, 369 _n._,
374 _n._
Hermokrates, intended as last in _Republic_ tetralogy, i.
325, iv. 266, 273.
Herodotus, infers original aqueous state of earth from prints of
shells and fishes, i. 19 _n._;
Psammetichus' experiment, iii. 289 _n._;
the gods' jealousy, iv. 164 _n._;
sacrifice and prayer, 394, _ib._ _n._
Herschel, Sir John, axioms of arithmetic from induction, iv. 353
_n._
Hesiod, cosmology, i. 2-3, 4 _n._;
censured by Xenophanes, 16;
by Herakleitus, 26.
Hetæræ, iv. 359, i. 188-90.
Hindoos, Sleeman on grounds of belief among, iii. 150 _n._;
philosophers compared with Eleatics, i. 159 _n._
Hipparchia, wife of Krates, i. 173.
_Hipparchus_, authenticity, i. 297 _n._, 307, 309, 337
_n._, ii. 82, 93;
and _Minos_ analogous and inferior to other works, 82;
purpose, 84;
subject--definition of lover of gain, 71;
double meaning of _gain_, 82;
first definition, rejected, 71;
character and precept of Hipparchus the Peisistratid, eulogy of
Sokrates, 73;
Gain is good--apparent contradiction, _ib._;
gain the valuable, the profitable, and therefore the good, 75;
some gain is good, some evil, 74;
objections, _ib._;
no tenable definition of gain found, 82, 83.
_Hippias Major_, authenticity, i. 306, 315, ii. 33 _n._;
date, i. 307, 308-10, 313;
situation and interlocutors, ii. 33;
Hippias lectured at Sparta on the beautiful, the fine, the
honourable, 35, 39;
no success at Sparta--law forbids, 35;
the lawful is the profitable, 36;
comparison with Xenophon, 34, 37;
the beautiful? 39;
instances, 40;
Gold makes all things beautiful, 41;
complaint of vulgar analogies, 42;
answer fails of universal application, _ib._;
the becoming, and the useful--objections, 43-4;
a variety of the pleasurable, 45;
inadmissible, _ib._;
Sokrates attempts to assign some general concept, 47, 193
_n._, iii. 365;
analogy of Sokrates' explanations in _Memorabilia_, ii. 49;
and _Minor_ illustrate general theory of the dialogues of
Search, 63;
antithetise rhetoric and dialectic, 70.
_Hippias Minor_, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 55 _n._, 57
_n._;
date, i. 306, 308-10, 310, 315;
and _Major_ illustrate general theory of dialogues of
Search, ii. 63;
antithetise rhetoric and dialectic, 70;
polemical and philosophical purpose, 63;
its thesis maintained by Sokrates in _Memorabilia_, 66;
combated by Aristotle, 67;
characters and situation, 55;
Achilleus preferred by Hippias to Odysseus, veracity to
mendacity, 56, 58;
contested by Sokrates veracious and mendacious man the same, 57;
to hurt _wilfully_ better than to do so unwillingly, 58;
Hippias dissents, 60;
good man alone does evil wilfully, Sokrates' perplexity, 61;
critics on the sophistry of Sokrates, 62.
Hippokrates, iv. 260.
Hobbes on similitude of passions in all, but dissimilarity of
objects, i. 452 _n._;
exercises for students, iii. 80 _n._, 90 _n._;
subject and object, 117 _n._;
analogy of state to individual, iv. 96;
cause, i. 139 _n._, 144;
Diodorus' doctrine defended, 143;
coincides with Aristotle on motion, 146.
Holiness, what is? i. 439;
not what gods love, 445, 448, 454;
why the gods love it, 446;
how far like justice, ii. 278;
not a branch of justice, i. 447;
not a right traffic between men and gods, 448;
is it holy? ii. 278;
the holy, one type in Platonic, various in Xenophontic,
Sokrates, i. 454.
Homer, cosmology, i. 2;
censured by Xenophanes, 16;
Herakleitus, 26;
considered more as an instructor than as a poet, ii. 126;
and poets, the great teachers, 135;
picture in _Republic_, as really knowing nothing
_ib._, iv. 92;
Strabo on, 152 _n._;
Herakleitus the allegorist, iii. 3 _n._, iv. 157 _n._;
Plato's fictions contrasted with, 153 _n._;
diversity of subjects, ii. 132;
inspired by gods, 128;
analogy of _Magnet_, _ib._;
on friendship, 179;
identified by Plato with _Homo Mensura_, iii. 114.
Homo Mensura, see _Relativity_.
Homoeomeries, see _Anaxagoras_.
Homicide, varieties of, iv. 370-4;
penalties, 370;
Plato follows peculiar Attic view, 374.
Honourable, the, Hippias' lectures at Sparta on, ii. 39;
identified with the just, good, expedient, 7;
actions conducive to pleasure are, 295;
by law, not nature, Aristippus' doctrine, i. 197.
Horace, scheme of life, i. 191 _n._, 192 _n._
Huet, Bp., i. 384 _n._
Humboldt, Wm. von, origin of language, iii. 326 _n._
Hume, Athenian taxation, i. 242 _n._
Hunting, meaning of, iv. 356;
how far permitted, 355.
Hutcheson, Francis, iv. 105 _n._
Hypothesis, discussion of, distinct from discussion of its
consequences, ii. 397, 411;
ultimate appeal to extremely general hypothesis, _ib._;
in _Republic_, only a stepping-stone to the first
principle, 412;
provisional assumption of, and consequences traced, exercise for
students, iii. 79;
illustration, 81.
I.
Ideas, Plato's, differ from Pythagorean Number, i. 10;
identified by Plato with the Pythagorean symbols, 348, iii. 71
_n._, 368;
differ from Demokritean atoms, i. 72;
the definitions Sokrates sought for, 453;
Plato assumed the common characteristic, by objectivising the
word itself, _ib._;
doctrine derived its plausibility from metaphors, 343;
soul's immortality rests on assumption of, ii. 412;
reminiscence of the, iii. 13;
as Forms, ii. 412;
the only causes, 396;
formal, 408 _n._;
logical phantoms as real causes, 404 _n._;
truth resides in, 411;
alone exclude contrary, 7 _n._;
unchangeable, iii. 246 _n._, iv. 50;
Herakleitean flux not true of, iii. 320;
partly changeable and partly unchangeable, 228;
disguised in particulars, iv. 3 _n._;
fundamental distinction of particulars, and, 219;
alone knowable, 49;
_opinion_, of what is between ens and non-ens, _ib._;
assumption of, as separate entia, ii. 396, 403;
great multitude of, 410;
characteristics of world of, iii. 63;
Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible objects, 59;
objections, 60-7;
the genuine Platonic theory attacked, 68;
none of some objects, 60;
how participable by objects, 63, 65, 72, iv. 138;
not fitted on to the facts of sense, iii. 78;
Aristotle partly successful in attempt, 76.;
analogous difficulty of predication, i. 169;
"the third man," iii. 64 _n._;
not merely conceptions, 64, 73;
not mere types, 65;
not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves, _ib._, 72;
gods have Idea of cognition, 67, 68 _n._;
dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68;
intercommunion of some forms, 207, 250 _n._;
analogy of letters and syllables, 208;
what forms, determined by philosopher, _ib._;
of _non-ens_, and _proposition_, _opinion_,
_judgment_, 213, 214;
of _Diversum_ pervades all others, 209;
[Greek: tô=n a)popha/seôn], 238 _n._;
of Animal, iv. 223, 235 _n._, 263;
kosmos on pattern of, 223;
action on Materia Prima, 238;
of the elements, 239;
of insects, &c., iii. 195 _n._;
of names and things nameable, 286 _n._, 289, 326 _n._;
names fabricated by lawgiver on type of, 287, 290, 325;
names the essence of things, 324 _n._;
doctrine about classification not necessarily connected with,
345;
of Beauty exclusively presented in _Symposion_, 18;
of Good, approximation of _primum amabile_, ii. 192;
training to ascend to the idea of good, iv. 61, 66;
comparison of idea of good to sun, 63, 64;
of Good, in _Phædon_, Anaxagoras' nous, ii. 412;
known to the rulers alone, iv. 212;
left unsolved, 213;
the contemplation of, by dialectic, 75;
reluctance to undertake active duties, of those who have
contemplated, 70;
philosopher lives in region of, sophist in region of non-ens,
iii. 208, iv. 48;
little said of, in _Menon_, ii. 253, 254 _n._;
postulated in _Timæus_, iv. 220;
discrepancy of _Sophistês_ and other dialogues, iii. 244;
the idealists' doctrine the same as Plato's in _Phædon_,
&c., _ib._, 246;
_Phædrus_, _Phædon_, and _Timæus_ compared, iv.
239 _n._;
Plato's various views, ii. 404, i. 119;
the last, 120;
Aristotle on, 360 _n._, ii. 192, 193 _n._, 410
_n._, iii. 76, 245, 365 _n._, 367, iv. 214 _n._,
i. 120 _n._;
_Sophistês_ approximates to Aristotle's view, iii. 247;
generic and analogical aggregates, ii. 48, 193 _n._, iii.
365;
Antisthenes and Diogenes on, i. 163;
the first protest of Nominalism against Realism, 164;
see _Particulars_, _Phenomena_, _Universal_.
Ideal, to Plato the only real, ii. 89.
Idealists, iii. 201;
meaning of _ens_, 231;
argument against, 204, 225, 244;
doctrine of, the same as Plato's in _Phædon_, &c.,
_ib._, 246.
Identity, personal, ii. 11, 25, iii. 6;
and contradiction, principle of, 101.
[Greek: I)diô/tês] distinguished from [Greek: philo/sophos], iv.
104 _n._;
[Greek: techni/tês], ii. 272 _n._
Ignorance, mischiefs of, ii. 12;
depend on the subject-matter, 14;
to hurt _knowingly_, better than _ignorantly_, 58, 59;
evil done by bad man unwillingly, by good wilfully, 61;
not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294;
mistaking itself for knowledge, the worst evil, iii. 197;
see _Knowledge_.
Imitator, logical classification of, iii. 215;
of the wise man, sophist is, 216;
poets' mischievous _imitation of imitation_, iv. 91.
Immortality, beliefs as to partial, ii. 385 _n._;
popular Greek belief, 427;
metempsychosis a general element in all old doctrines, 425
_n._;
of rational soul only, iv. 243;
of all three parts of soul? ii. 385;
Plato's demonstration rests on assumption of ideas, 412;
includes pre-existence of all animals, and metempsychosis, 414;
fails, 423, 428, iii. 15;
leaves undetermined mode of pre-existence and post-existence,
ii. 424;
was not generally accepted, 426;
Xenophon's doctrine, 420 _n._;
Aristotle's, _ib._;
common desire for, iii. 6;
attained through mental procreation, beauty the stimulus,
_ib._;
only metaphorical in _Symposion_, 17.
Indeterminate, Pythagorean doctrine of the, i. 11;
pleasure the, iii. 348;
see _Infinite_.
Indian philosophy, compared with Greek, i. 107, 378 _n._, 160
_n._, 162;
analogy of Plato's doctrine of the soul, ii. 389 _n._, 426
_n._;
Gymnosophists, compared with Diogenes, i. 157, 160 _n._;
antiquity of, 159 _n._;
suicide, 162 _n._;
Antisthenes did not borrow from, 159 _n._;
antithesis of law and nature, 162.
Indifferent, the, ii. 180, 189.
Individual, analogy to kosmical process, i. 36 _n._;
tripartite division of mind, iv. 37;
analogous to three classes in state, 39;
analogy to state, 11, 20, 37, 79-84, 96;
Hobbes on, _ib._;
parallelism exaggerated, 114, 121, 124;
dependent on society, 21, 121, 123;
four stages of degeneracy, 79-84;
proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83;
happiness of, through justice, 20, 84, 90;
one man can do only one thing well, 23, 33, 97, 98, 183;
Xenophon on, 139 _n._
Individualism, see _Authority_.
Inductive and syllogistic dialectic, ii. 27;
process of, always kept in view in dialogues of search, i. 406;
illustrated in history of science, ii. 163;
trial and error the natural process of the human mind, 165;
length of Plato's process, 100 _n._;
usefulness of negative result, 186;
the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii.
164;
verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or
possible, 168.
Infanticide, iv. 43, 44, 177;
Aristotle on, 202;
contrast of modern sentiment, 203.
Infinite, of Anaximander, i. 5;
reproduced in chaos of Anaxagoras, 54;
Zeno's reductiones ad Absurdum, 93;
natural coalescence of finite and, iii. 340, 346, 348 _n._;
illustration from speech and music, 341;
explanation insufficient, 343;
see _Indeterminate_.
Ingratitude, iv. 399.
Inspiration, special, a familiar fact in Greek life, ii. 130, iii.
352, iv. 15;
in rhapsode and poet, ii. 127;
of rhapsode through medium of poets, 128, 129, 134;
of philosopher, 383;
see _Dæmon_;
Plato's view, 131;
the reason temporarily withdrawn, 132, iii. 11, 309 _n._;
opposed to knowledge, ii. 136;
right opinion of good statesmen from, 241;
all existing virtue is from, 242.
Instantaneous, Plato's imagination of the, iii. 100;
found no favour, 102.
Interest, forbidden, iv. 331.
_Ion_, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 124;
date, i. 307, 308-9, 311, 312, 315;
interlocutors, ii. 124;
Ion as a rhapsode, 126;
devoted himself to Homer, 127;
the poetic art is one, _ib._;
inspiration of rhapsodes and poets, _ib._;
inspiration of Ion through Homer, 128;
analogy of magnet, _ib._, 129;
Plato's contrast of systematic with unsystematic procedure,
_ib._;
Ion does not admit his own inspiration, 132;
province of rhapsode, _ib._;
the rhapsode the best general, 133;
exposition through divine inspiration, 134.
Ionic philosophy compared with the abstractions of Plato and
Aristotle, i. 87;
defect of, 88;
attended to material cause only, _ib._;
see _Philosophy--Pre-Sokratic_.
Islands of the Blest, ii. 416.
Isokrates, probably the half-philosopher, half-politician of
_Euthydêmus_, ii. 227, iii. 35;
variable feeling between, and Plato, ii. 228, 331 _n._,
iii. 36;
praised in _Phædrus_, 35;
compared with Lysias, _ib._ 38;
his school at Athens, 36;
teaching of, iv. 150 _n._;
as Sophist, i. 212 _n._;
teachableness of virtue, ii. 240 _n._;
age for dialectic exercises, iv. 211 _n._;
criticism on other philosophers, iii. 38 _n._;
on aspersions of rivals, 408 _n._;
on the poets, iv. 157 _n._;
contrasted with Plato in _Timæus_, 217;
on _Leges_, 432;
oratio panegyrica, iii. 406 _n._;
great age of, i. 245.
Italy, slaves in, iv. 343 _n._
J.
Jamblichus on metempsychosis, ii. 426 _n._
Jason, of Pheræ, iii. 388 _n._
Jerome, St., on Plato and Aristotle, i. _xv_.
Johnson, Dr., on Berkeley, iv. 243 _n._
Jouffroy, à priori element of cognition, iii. 119 _n._
Judgment, akin to proposition, and may be false, by partnership
with form _non-ens_, iii. 213-4;
implied in every act of consciousness, 165 _n._
Just, the holy a branch of the, i. 447;
and unjust, standard of the better, ii. 3;
whence knowledge of it, 4;
identified with the good, honourable, expedient, 7;
or Good is the profitable--general, but not constant,
explanation of Plato, 38;
the just, by law, not nature, Aristippus' doctrine, i. 197.
Justice, is it just, ii. 278;
varieties of meaning, i. 452 _n._, iv. 102, 120, 123, 125;
derivation of [Greek: dikaiosu/nê], iii. 301 _n._;
of [Greek: di/kaion], 308 _n._;
with temperance, the condition of happiness and freedom, ii. 12;
and sense of shame possessed and taught by all citizens, 269;
how far like holiness, i. 447, ii. 278;
opposition of natural and legal, 338, i. 197;
what is, iii. 416;
unsatisfactory answers of Sokrates and his friends, _ib._;
is rendering what is owing, iv. 2;
rejected, 6;
is what is advantageous to the most powerful, 8;
modified, 9;
is the good of another, 10;
necessary to society and individual, injustice a source of
weakness, 11;
is a source of happiness, 12, 14, 18;
is a compromise, 13;
good only from consequences, 15, 16, 99;
Xenophon on, 114 _n._;
the received view anterior to Plato, 100;
a good _per se_, 20, 40, 84, 90, 116;
and from its consequences, 94, 121, 123, 294;
proved also by superiority of pleasures of intelligence, 84;
proof fails, 116, 118-21;
all-sufficient for happiness, germ of Stoical doctrine, 102;
inconsistent with actual facts, 106;
incorrect, for individual dependent on society, _ib._, 123;
Plato's affirmation true in a qualified sense, 125;
orthodoxy or dissent of just man must be taken into account,
126, 131;
in state, 34;
is in all classes, 36;
is performing one's own function, _ib._, 37, 39;
analogy to bodily health, 40;
what constitutes injustice, 367-9;
no man voluntarily wicked, 249, 365-7;
distinction of damage and injury, 366;
relation to rest of virtue, 428;
distinction effaced between temperance and, 135;
ethical basis imperfect, 127;
view peculiar to Plato, 99;
Platonic conception is self-regarding, 104;
motives to it arise from internal happiness of the just, 105;
view substantially maintained since, _ib._;
essential reciprocity in society, ii. 312, 333, iv. 100, 133;
the basis of Plato's own theory of city's genesis, 111;
incompletely stated, 112 _n._;
any theory of society must present antithesis and correlation of
obligation and right, 112;
Xenophon's definition unsatisfactory, i. 231;
Karneades, iv. 118 _n._;
Epikurus, 130 _n._;
Lucretius, _ib._;
Pascal, i. 231 _n._
K.
[Greek: Kaki/a], derivation, iii. 301 _n._
Kallikles, rhetor and politician, ii. 340.
Kallimachus, Plato's works known to, i. 276, 296 _n._;
issued catalogue of Alexandrine library, 275.
[Greek: Kalo/n, to/], translated by beautiful, ii. 49 _n._;
defined, 327, 334;
rejected, _ib._;
see _Beautiful_, _Honourable_.
Kant, his Noumenon agrees with Ens of Parmenides, i. 21.
Kapila, i. 378 _n._;
analogy to Plato, ii. 389 _n._
Karneades, on justice, iv. 118 _n._
Kepler, applied Pythagorean conception, i. 14 _n._;
devotion to mathematics, iii. 388 _n._
King, see _Monarch_.
_Kleitophon_, fragmentary, i. 268, iii. 419, 424;
authenticity, i. 305-7, 309, 315, iii. 419 _n._, 420, 426
_n._;
posthumous, 420;
in _Republic_ tetralogy, i. 406 _n._, iii. 419, 425;
represents the point of view of many objectors, 424;
scenery and persons, 413;
Sokrates has power in awakening ardour for virtue, 415;
but does not explain what virtue is, _ib._, 421-24;
what is justice or virtue, 416;
unsatisfactory replies of Sokrates' friends, _ib._;
Kleitophon believes Sokrates knows but will not tell, 418;
compared with _Republic_, 425;
_Apology_, 421.
Know, Aristotle on equivocal meaning of, ii. 213 _n._;
to know and be known is action and passion, iii. 287 _n._