Predication, predicate not recognised in Plato's analysis, iii.

235;

only identical, legitimate, 223, 232 _n._, 251;

coincidence in Plato, ii. 46 _n._;

analogous difficulty in _Parmenidês_, i. 169;

error due to the then imperfect logic, iii. 241;

misconception of function of copula, 221, i. 170 _n._;

arguments against, iii. 206, 212, 221;

Aristotle on, i. 166, 170;

after Aristotle, asserted by Stilpon, 166, 169;

Stilpon against accidental, 167;

logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, 168

_n._;

Menedêmus disallowed negative, 170;

see _Proposition_.

Pre-existence of all animals, included in Plato's proof of soul's

immortality, ii. 414.

Pre-Sokratic, see _Philosophy_.

Priestley, Dr., character of, i. 403 _n._

Principle, march of philosophy up to or down from, i. 403;

of Thales, 4;

Anaximander, 5;

Anaximenes, 7;

Pythagoreans, 9-12, 14;

Parmenides, 24;

Herakleitos, 27;

Empedokles, 38;

Diogenes of Apollonia, 60;

defect of the Ionic philosophers, 38.

Prinsterer, G. van, iii. 412 _n._

Prodikus, as a writer and critic, iii. 304, 308 _n._;

less a sophist than Sokrates, 219;

the choice of Herakles, ii. 267 _n._

Proëms, of Zaleukus and Charondas, iv. 323 _n._;

didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322;

to every important law, 321, 383;

as type for poets, 323.

Proklus, borrowed from Rhodian Eudemus, i. 85 _n._;

interpretation of Plato, _xi_;

on _Leges_, iv. 355 _n._;

_Kritias_, 265 _n._;

_Parmenidês_, iii. 64 _n._, 80 _n._, 80, 90

_n._;

_Kratylus_, 294 _n._, 310 _n._, 323 _n._;

distinction of divine and human names, 300 _n._;

analysis of propositions, 237 _n._

Prometheus, mythe, ii. 267.

Property, private, an evil, iv. 327, 333;

perpetuity of lots of land, 326;

succession, 405;

modes of acquiring, 397;

length of prescription, 415;

direct taxation according to, 331;

qualification for magistracies and votes, _ib._, 333;

limited inequality tolerated as to movable, 330;

no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest,

331;

see _Communism_.

Prophesy, Plato's theory of liver's function, iv. 246;

see _Inspiration_.

Proposition, analysis of, iii. 213;

imperfect, 230, 235;

intercommunion of forms of _non-ens_ and of proposition,

opinion, judgment, 213-4;

no analysis or classification of, before Aristotle, 222;

quality of, 235, 248;

Plato's view of the negative erroneous, 236, 239;

Ideas [Greek: tô=n a)popha/seôn], 238 _n._;

are false possible, 232;

Plato undertakes impossible task, 249;

some true, others false, assumed by Aristotle, _ib._;

hypothetical, Diodôrus Kronus on, i. 145;

Philo, _ib._ _n._;

contradictory, impossible, 166;

the subject, no real essence apart from predicates, 168

_n._;

see _Copula_, _Predication_.

Protagoras, character of, ii. 265 _n._;

not represented in _Euthydêmus_, 202;

less a sophist than Sokrates, iii. 219;

not disparagingly viewed by Plato, ii. 288 _n._, 290

_n._, 296 _n._, 303, 314;

relation to Herakleitus, iii. 159 _n._;

_Homo Mensura_, 113;

see _Relativity_;

combated by Demokritus, i. 82;

taught by lectures, ii. 203, 301;

[Greek: Peri\ tou= o)/ntos], iii. 153 _n._;

as a writer and critic, 304, 308 _n._;

treatise on eristic, i. 125 _n._;

theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._;

on the gods, 233 _n._

_Protagoras_, the, date, i. 304-7, 308, 77, 312, 315, 321,

327, 328, 331 _n._, ii. 228 _n._, 298 _n._;

purpose, 277, 278 _n._;

two distinct aspects of ethics and politics, 299;

difference of rhetorical and dialectical method, 300;

introduction illustrates Sokrates' mission, 263;

question unsolved, 297, 316;

scenery and personages, 259;

Hippokrates eager for acquaintance with Protagoras, 260, iii.

217 _n._;

not noticed at the close, ii. 298;

Sophists as teachers, 261;

danger of going to sophist, without knowing what he is about to

teach, 262;

visit to Kallias, respect for Protagoras, 264;

Protagoras questioned, _ib._;

is virtue, teachable, 266;

intends to train youths as virtuous citizens, _ib._;

Protagoras' mythe, first fabrication of animals by gods, 267;

its value, 276;

social art conferred by Zeus, 268, iii. 275;

Protagoras' discourse, ii. 269;

its purpose, 274;

prolix, 275;

parodied by Sokrates, 283;

mythe and discourse explain propagation of established sentiment

of a community, 274, iii. 274;

justice and sense of shame possessed and taught by all citizens,

ii. 269;

virtue taught by parents, &c., 272;

quantity acquired depends on individual aptitude, _ib._;

analogy of learning the vernacular, 273;

theory of punishment, 270;

combines the two modern theories, 270 _n._;

why genius not hereditary, 271, 272, 274;

Sokrates analyses, 276;

how far is justice like holiness, 278;

intelligence and moderation identical, having same contrary,

279;

Sokrates' reasons insufficient, _ib._;

Protagoras' prolix reply, 280, 281, 284;

Alkibiades claims superiority for Sokrates, 282, 287;

dialectic superior to rhetoric, 282;

Sokrates inferior in continuous debate, 284;

Sokrates on song, and concealed Sophists at Krete and Sparta,

283;

Protagoras on importance of knowledge of poets, _ib._;

interpretation of a song of Simonides, _ib._;

forced interpretation of poets, 285;

poets deliver wisdom without knowing it, 285;

Sokrates depreciates value of debates on poets, _ib._;

colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates, 287;

courage differs materially from rest of virtue, 285, 304

_n._, iv. 283 _n._;

Sokrates argues that courage is knowledge, ii. 288;

Aristotle on, 170 _n._;

courage a right estimate of terrible things, 296, 307;

the reasoning unsatisfactory, 313;

knowledge is dominant agency in mind, 290;

no man does evil voluntarily, 292;

ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294;

pleasure the good, 289, 292, 305, 344-50;

agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-201;

right comparison of pleasures and pains necessary, ii. 293, iii.

391;

virtue a right comparison of pleasures and pains, ii. 293, 305;

actions conducive to pleasure are honourable, 295;

reasoning of Sokrates, 307;

not ironical, 314;

not Utilitarianism, 310 _n._;

theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, 308;

but too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309-11, 313, 350

_n._;

reciprocity of regard indispensable, 311;

ethical end involves regard for pleasures and pains of others,

312;

permanent and transient elements of human agency, 353-5;

compared with _Menon_, 245;

_Gorgias_, 306 _n._, 345-8, 349-57, iii. 379;

_Politikus_, 262, 275, 276;

_Philêbus_, 380, 391;

_Republic_, ii. 310, 350 _n._;

_Timæus_, 268 _n._;

_Leges_, iv. 301.

Prudence, relation to rest of virtue, iv. 426;

a good from its consequent pleasures, Aristippus' doctrine, i.

197.

Psammetichus, iii. 289 _n._

[Greek: Pseu=dos], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

[Greek: Psuchê/], meaning, iv. 387 _n._;

see _Mind_, _Soul_, _Reason_.

Psychology, defective in _Gorgias_, ii. 354;

great advance by Plato in analytical, iii. 164;

classification of minds and aptitudes required in true rhetoric,

32, 43.

Ptolemies, i. 279, 284 _n._, 285.

Punishment, theory of, ii. 270;

combines the two modern theories, _ib._ _n._;

a relief to the wrongdoer, 326, 328, 335, iv. 366;

consequences of theory, ii. 336;

its incompleteness, 363;

analogy of mental and bodily distemper pushed too far, 337;

objects to deter or reform, iv. 408;

corporal, 403.

Pyrrho the Sceptic, i. 154 _n._

Pythagoras, life and doctrines, i. 8;

metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, 89;

censured by Herakleitus, 26;

Demokritus on, 82 _n._;

antipathy of Herakleitus, iii. 316 _n._;

see _Pythagoreans_.

Pythagoreans, the brotherhood, i. 8, ii. 374;

absence of individuality, i. 8;

divergences of doctrine, 9 _n._, 14 _n._;

canon of life, iii. 390 _n._;

compared with Chinese philosophers, i. 159 _n._;

Number, differs from Plato's Idea, 10, 348;

modern application of the principle, 10 _n._;

fundamental conception applied by Kepler, 14 _n._;

Platonic form of doctrine of Monas and Duas, 15 _n._;

number limited to ten, 11 _n._;

[Greek: kairo/s], the first cause of good, iii. 397 _n._;

music of the spheres, i. 14;

harmonies, 16;

geometrical construction of kosmos, re-appears in _Timæus_,

349 _n._;

vacuum extraneous to the kosmos, iv. 225 _n._;

doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii. 248 _n._;

metempsychosis, 426 _n._;

Contraries, the principles of [Greek: o)/nta], i. 15 _n._;

theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._;

not the idealists of _Sophistês_, iii. 245 _n._;

doctrine of classification, enlarged by Plato, 368;

on etymology, 304 _n._, 316 _n._, 323 _n._;

doctrines in Plato, i. 11 _n._, 16 _n._, 88, 344

_n._, 346 _n._, 347, 349 _n._, ii. 426 _n._,

iii. 368, iv. 424 _n._;

Platonists, iii. 390 _n._

Q.

Qualities, primary and secondary, i. 70, iv. 243 _n._;

all are relative, ii. 157;

no existence without the mind, iii. 73 _n._;

[Greek: a)lloi/ôsis], 103 _n._

Quality of propositions, iii. 235 _n._, 248.

Quintilian, iii. 311 _n._

R.

Ravaisson, M., iii. 242 _n._

Realism, first protest against, Antisthenes, i. 164.

Reason, the universal, of Herakleitus, i. 34;

is the reason of most men as it ought to be, 35;

the individual, worthless, 34;

of Anaxagoras, identical with the vital principle, 54;

alone pure and unmixed, 51;

immaterial and impersonal, 56 _n._;

two attributive to _move_ and to _know_, _ib._;

relation to the homoeomeries, 55-7;

originates rotatory movement in chaotic mass, 50;

exercised only a catalytic agency, 89;

compared with Herakleitus' [Greek: perie/chon], 56 _n._;

not used as a cause, ii. 394;

of Demokritus, produced by influx of atoms, i. 79;

relation to sense, 68 _n._;

alone gives true knowledge, 72;

worlds of sense and, distinct, 403;

varieties of, classified, iii. 358;

dialectic the purest, 360;

two grades of, Nous and Dianoia, iv. 66;

relation to [Greek: noêto/n], i. 354 _n._;

the Universal, assigned as measure of truth, iii. 151 _n._;

relation to kosmical soul, iv. 226;

kosmos produced by joint action of necessity and, 237;

in individual, analogous to ruler in state, 39;

temporarily withdrawn under inspiration, ii. 131, iii. 11;

belongs only to gods and a few men, 121 _n._, iv. 234, 235

_n._;

is the determining, iii. 348;

a combining cause, 347;

postulated by the Hedonists, 374;

analogy of pleasure and, 360;

more cognate than pleasure with good, 339, 347, 361;

is it happiness, 335, 337;

is good a life of, without pleasure or pain, 338, 349, 372;

pleasure an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a

means, 373, 377 _n._;

all cognitions included in good, 362;

good is not, iv. 62;

implication of emotion and, iii. 374;

knowledge of good identical with, of other things with [Greek:

do/xa], ii. 30;

perfect state of, the one sufficient condition of virtue, 149;

earliest example of fallacy of Sufficient, i. 6 _n._

Reid, on Berkeley, iv. 243** _n._;

atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i. 70.

Relation, category of, iii. 128 _n._

Relative and non-relative names, iii. 232 _n._;

and absolute, radically distinct points of view, i. 23

_n._;

antithetised by Plato in regard to the beautiful, ii. 54;

the, of Xenophanes, i. 18;

doctrine of Parmenides, 20-24, 66;

alone knowable, Zeno, 98, 101;

incommunicable, Gorgias the Leontine, 104 _n._;

doctrine of Anaxagoras, 59 _n._;

Demokritus, 71, 80;

alone knowable, iii. 63, 73;

Idea of Good is essentially, iv. 214 _n._, i. 185;

see _Absolute_, _Relativity_.

Relativity, perpetual implication of subject and object, iii. 118,

123 _n._, 122 seq., 128-9, 287 _n._, i. 204 _n._;

true both in regard to ratiocinative combinations and percipient

faculties of each individual, iii. 118;

the doctrine of Sokrates, i. 432, iii. 140 _n._, 147, 162

_n._;

in regard to intelligible world, proved from Plato, 121, 125,

227, 322 _n._, 337 _n._;

shown more easily than in reference to sense, 122;

of some sensible facts, 126, 298, iv. 242;

two-fold, to comparing subject, and to another object, besides

the one directly described, iii. 127;

relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject,

_ib._;

the facts of consciousness not explicable by independent subject

and object, 131;

_Homo Mensura_, formula unpopular, 150;

objected to as "Subjectivism," 151;

true meaning, ii. 341 _n._, iii. 116, 137, 143, 292, 297;

its counter-proposition, 148;

its value, 131, 164 _n._;

relation to belief on authority, 142, 143, 146, 293;

counter-theory of naming, 291, 326 _n._;

all exposition an assemblage of individual judgments, 139;

sentiments of belief and disbelief common, but grounds different

with different men and ages, 296;

belief not dependent on will but relative to circumstances of

individual mind, 297;

_Homo Mensura_, an objection to cognisability of Ideas, 72;

identified with Herakleiteanism, 128;

Demokritus on, i. 82, iii. 152;

Plato's arguments against, 135;

identified erroneously by Plato with knowledge is sensible

perception, 114 _n._, 118, 120 _n._, 125, 162 _n._;

Plato ignores the proper qualification, 137;

the doctrine equalises all animals, 135, 292;

analogy of physical processes, 294;

not true in the sense meant, 141, 296;

it annuls dialectic--not true, 146;

the wise man alone a measure, 145;

divergences of men, from mental and associative differences,

155;

Aristotle on, 128 _n._, 131 _n._, 132 _n._, 149

_n._, 152;

Kyrenaics, i. 197. 204;

Hamilton, iii. 133 _n._;

Dugald Stewart, 156 _n._;

see _Relative_.

Religion, Greek, hostile to philosophy, i. 86;

mysticism in Empedokles, 47 _n._;

Xenophanes, 16-18;

loose meaning of [Greek: a)/theos], iv. 382 _n._;

Manichæanism of _Leges_, 389 _n._;

Plato's relation to popular mythology, i. 441 _n._, ii.

416, iii. 265 _n._, iv. 24, 155 _n._, 195, 238

_n._, 325, 328, 337, 398;

dissent from his country's, 161, 163;

fundamental dogmas, 419;

doctrines had emanated from lawgivers, 160;

temples and priests, regulations, 337;

number of sacrifices determined by lawgiver, 357;

sacrilege, gravest of all crimes, 363;

heresy, and [Greek: u(/bris] to divine things, or places,

375-86;

[Greek: eu)phêmi/a] and [Greek: blasphêmi/a], 350 _n._;

only state worship allowed, 24, 159, 337, 419, 430;

Cicero, 379 _n._;

Delphi and Dodona to be consulted, 34, 137 _n._, 325, 337;

Xenophon, i. 237;

communications common in Plato's age, ii. 130, 131 _n._, i.

225 _n._;

see _Orthodoxy_, _Prayer_, _Polytheism_,

_Sacrifice_, _Theology_.

Reminiscence, theory of, ii. 237, 249, 252, iii. 13, 17;

kindled by aspect of physical beauty, 14;

not accepted, ii. 247;

Bion and Straton on, 249 _n._;

purification of soul for, 389;

necessary hypothesis for didactic _idéal_, iii. 52;

not recognised in _Symposion_, 17;

nor in _Republic_ training, iv. 207.

Renan, on absence of system in ancient philosophy, i. 340

_n._;

influence of professorial lectures, 346 _n._;

Averroism, iii. 68 _n._;

_Kratylus_, 290 _n._;

origin of language, 326 _n._, 328 _n._, 329 _n._;

_Almamuns' dream_, iv. 213 _n._

_Republic_, date, i. 307, 309, 311-3, 315, 324, ii. 318

_n._;

title only partially applicable, iv. 96;

_Kleitophon_ intended as first book, i. 406 _n._, iii.

419, 425;

_Hermokrates_ projected as last in tetralogy, i. 325, iv.

266, 273;

_Timæus_ and _Kritias_, sequel to, 215, 265;

overleaps difficulties of other dialogues, 138;

summarised, 1, 95;

double purpose, ethical and political, 133, 138;

polity and education combined, 185;

Plato more a preacher than philosopher in, 129-31;

scenery and persons, 2;

Kephalus' views about old age, _ib._;

preponderance of evil, 262 _n._;

tripartite division of goods, 12, 116;

Good, not intelligence nor pleasure, 62;

the four cardinal virtues assumed as an exhaustive

classification, 135;

as constituting all Virtue where each resides, 134;

difference in other dialogues, 137;

justice an equivocal word, 120, 123-6;

Simonides' definition of justice, rendering what is owing, 2;

objections, 3;

defective explanations, 4;

definition rejected, 6;

Thrasymachus' definition, justice what is advantageous to the

most powerful, 8;

modified, 9;

ruler _qua_ ruler infallible, _ib._;

justice the good of another, 10;

a good to society and individual, injustice a source of

weakness, 11;

justice a source of happiness, 12;

a compromise, 13;

recommended by fathers from its consequences, 15, 16, 99;

the received view anterior to Plato, 100;

Xenophon on, 114 _n._;

arguments compared, and question stated, 18;

the real issue, 117;

justice a good _per se_, 20, 40, 84, 90;

not demonstrated, 116;

is performing one's own function, 36, 37;

in individual, when each mental part performs its own function,

40;

analogy to bodily health, _ib._;

distinction between temperance and justice effaced, 135;

view peculiar to Plato, 99;

happiness of just and unjust compared, 14;

neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and

pleasure, 86;

pure pleasure unknown to most men, iii. 387 _n._, iv. 87;

simile of kosmos, absolute height and depth, 87;

more pleasure from replenishment of mind than of body, 88;

proved also by superiority of pleasures of intelligence, iii.

375 _n._, iv. 85, 89;

the arguments do not establish the point aimed at, 118-20;

a good _per se_, and from its consequences, 94, 121-3;

all-sufficient for happiness, germ of Stoical doctrine, 102;

inconsistent with actual facts, 103, 123;

individual dependent on society, _ib._;

essential reciprocity in society, 109;

the basis of Plato's own theory of city's genesis, 111;

but incompletely stated, 112 _n._;

any theory of society must present antithesis and correlation of

obligation and right, 112;

Plato's affirmation true in a qualified sense, 125;

orthodoxy or dissent of just man must be taken into account,

126, 131;

Plato's ethical basis imperfect, 127;

his conception is self-regarding, 3 _n._, 104;

motives to it arise from internal happiness of the just, 105;

view substantially maintained since, _ib._;

each individual mind tripartite, ii. 384, iv. 37;

the gentle, tender, and æsthetical emotions omitted, 149

_n._;

reason, energy, appetite, analogous to rulers, guardians,

craftsmen, 39;

analogy of city and individual, 20, 37, 79-84, 96;

parallelism exaggerated, 114, 121, 124;

unity of the city, every man does one thing well, 23, 33, 183;

Xenophon on, 139 _n._;

perfection of state and individual, each part performing its own

function, 97;

happiness of entire state the end, 98, 139 _n._;

origin of society, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327 _n._, iv.

21, 111, 112 _n._, 133;

ideal state--only an outline, 139;

a military _bureaucracy_, 183;

type of character is Athenian, Xenophontic is Spartan, 147, 151;

Plato more anxious for good treatment of Demos, 183;

Plato carries abstraction farther than Xenophon or

Aristotle, _ib._;

Aristotle objects, it is two states, 185, 189;

healthy city has few wants, enlargement of city's wants, 22;

war, from multiplied wants, _ib._;

good state possesses wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, 34,

35;

fiction as to origin of classes, 30;

difficulty of procuring first admission for fiction, 158;

this the introduction of a new religious creed, 156;

class of soldiers or guardians, characteristics, 23, 25, 298

_n._;

division of guardians into rulers and auxiliaries, 29;

maintenance of city dependent on guardians' habits, character,

education, 32, 34, 140, 170, 178;

musical and gymnastical education necessary, 23;

compared with that of modern soldiers, 148, 180;

Xenophon compared, 141-8;

musical training excites love of the beautiful, 27;

music, Platonic sense, 149;

by fictions as well as by truth, 24, 154;

ancient quarrel between philosophy and poetry, 93, 151;

Plato fights for philosophy, but his feelings enlisted for

poetry, 93;

poets censured, 91, 130 _n._;

Homer not educator of Greek world, 92;

Herakleitus the Allegorist on, iii. 3 _n._;

actual place of poetry in Greek education compared with Plato's

_idéal_, iv. 150-2;

poets' mischievous appeal to emotions, 92, 152;

their mischievous _imitation of imitation_, 91;

retort open to poets, 153 _n._, 154 _n._;

censorship of mythology, 24;

religion in connection with state, _ib._,

159;

Delphian Apollo to be consulted for religious legislation, 34,

137 _n._;

Sokrates of _Republic_ compared with the real, 211;

Plato compared with Epikurus, 161;

poets must conform to orthodox standard, 24, 153, 155;

must avoid variety of imitation, 20;

gods cause good only, do not assume man's form, 24;

no repulsive fictions tolerated about gods or Hades, 25, 154;

a better class to be substituted from religion for the existing

fictions, 159;

type for narratives about men, 26;

only grave music allowed, 26, 168;

restrictions on music and poetry to keep emotions in a proper

state, 169;

gymnastic and music necessary to correct each other, 29;

gymnastic imparts courage, _ib._;

bodily training simple, 28;

no refined medical art allowed, _ib._;

[Greek: sussi/tia] of guardians, 32;

their communism, _ib._, 44, 140, 169;

its peculiarity, 179;

Plato's view of wealth, 199 _n._;

the guardians consist of men and women, 41, 46;

both sexes to go together to battle, 46;

best women equal by nature to second best men, 42, 171-4;

same duties and training for women as men, 41, 77;

on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187;

maintained in _Leges_, and harmonises with ancient legends,

195;

contrast with Aristotle, _ib._;

no family ties, 32, 174;

temporary marriages, 43, 175-8, 194 _n._;

Plato's and modern sentiments, 192;

in Platonic state, influence of Aphrodité very small, 197, 359

_n._;

infanticide, 43, 44, 177, 203;

contrast of modern sentiment, _ib._;

number of guardians, 178;

checks on population, 198-202;

Malthus' law recognised, 202;

approximation in Mill, 199 _n._;

scheme practicable if philosophy and political power united, 47;

how to be realised, 78, 190 _n._;

of state and individual, four stages of degeneracy, 78-84;

timocracy, 79;

oligarchy, _ib._;

democracy, 80;

despotism, 81;

proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83;

Plato's state impossible, in what sense true, 189;

its real impossibility, adverse established sentiments, 191;

fails from no training for Demos, 186;

perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60;

philosophers true rulers, 310 _n._;

hated by the people, 57;

whence pretenders, and forced seclusion of philosophers, 58, 90;

distinctive marks of philosopher, 51;

the philosopher contemplates unchangeable forms, 48;

ens alone knowable, 49;

_opinion_, of what is between ens and non-ens, iii. 184

_n._, iv. 49;

two grades of opinion, Faith or Belief, and Conjecture, 67;

and of intelligence, Nous and Dianoia, 66;

ordinary men discern only particulars, 49, 51;

particulars fluctuate, 50;

simile of Cave, iii. 257 _n._, iv. 67-70;

those who have contemplated forms reluctant to undertake active

duties, 70;

relation of philosopher to practical life, 51-4;

simile of the steersman, 53;

philosopher requires a community suitable to himself, 59;

uselessness of philosopher in practical life, due to his not

being called in by citizens, 54;

philosophical aptitude perverted under misguiding public

opinion, _ib._;

irresistible effect of public opinion in producing orthodoxy,

55;

perversion not due to Sophists, _ib._;

the Sophists conform to prevalent orthodoxy, 56;

studies introductory to philosophy, 61, 70-5, 206;

object, 69;

no mention of Reminiscence, or of negative Elenchus, 207;

age for studies, 76;

dialectic and geometry, two modes of mind's procedure applicable

to ideal world, 65;

geometry assumes diagrams, _ib._;

dialectic requires no diagrams, deals with forms only,

descending from highest, 66;

awakening power of arithmetic, 71;

stimulus from contradiction of one and many, 72;

astronomy must be studied by ideal figures, not observation, 73;

geometry conducts mind towards universal ens, 72;

acoustics, by applying arithmetical relations and theories, 74;

exercises in dialectic, 76;

effect of, 207;

philosophy should not be taught to youths, 60, 76;

opposition to other dialogues and Sokrates' character, 208-12;

dialectic the consummation of all the sciences, 75;

the standard for classifying sciences as more or less true, iii.

383 _n._;

the synoptic view the test of the dialectician, 290 _n._,

iv. 76;

Idea of Good compared to sun, 63, 64;

known to the rulers alone, 212;

what Good is, is unsolved, 213;

mythe of Hades, 94;

compared with _Lachês_, 138;

_Charmidês_, 136, 138;

_Protagoras_, ii. 310, 350 _n._;

_Gorgias_, 353, iii. 380 _n._;

_Phædon_, ii. 412, 414 _n._;

_Phædrus_, iii. 18;

_Parmenidês_, 108, iv. 138;

_Sophistês_, iii. 18, 242, 257;

_Politikus_, 257, 279;

_Philêbus_, 273, 277 _n._, 395;

_Kleitophon_, 425;

_Timæus_, iv. 38 _n._, 234 _n._, 252;

_Leges_, 195, 275, 280, 298 _n._, 302, 318, 319, 327,

390, 428 _n._

Rest, form of, iii. 206, 209-10, 231, 245 _n._

Rhapsodes, as a class, ii. 124;

functions, 125, 132, 320;

popularity, 126;

and poet work by divine inspiration, 127;

inspired through medium of poets, 128, 129, 134.

Rhetor, has no real power, ii. 324;

aims at flattering the public, 357;

practical value of instruction of, iii. 44;

the genuine, must acquire real truth, 33, 34;

is insufficiently rewarded, 33;

guides methodically from error to truth, 40;

compared with philosopher, ii. 52, iii. 178;

auxiliary of true governor, 271;

relation to poets, iv. 150;

Plato's desire for celebrity as dialectician, and, iii. 408;

see _Rhetoric_.

Rhetoric, popularly preferred to dialectic, i. 451;

how employed at Athens, ii. 373;

[Greek: a)kriboli/a] distasteful to rhetors, 278 _n._;

antithesis of dialectic and, i. 433, ii. 70, 275, 365;

deals with the concrete, dialectic with the abstract, 52, 53;

difference of method illustrated in _Protagoras_, 300;

superior to dialectic in usefulness and celebrity, iii. 360,

380;

superiority of dialectic over, claimed, ii. 282, 285, iii. 337

_n._;

communicates true opinion, not knowledge, 172;

the artisan of persuasion, ii. 319;

a branch of flattery, 321, 370;

is of little use, 329, iii. 411;

and dialectic, issue unsatisfactorily put, ii. 369;

view stands or falls with _idéal_ of good, 374;

Sokrates' view different in Xenophon, 371 _n._;

compared with _Menexenus_, iii. 409;

and _Leges_, iv. 322, 324;

Aristotle on, i. 133 _n._;

Aristeides, 243 _n._;

Sokrates' theory, all persuasion founded on a knowledge of the

truth, iii. 28;

as art, 27;

is comprised in dialectic, 30, 34;

analogy to medical art, 31;

theory more Platonic than Sokratic, 39;

is it teachable by system, 28;

definition and division essential to genuine, 30, 35;

should include a classification of minds and discourses, and

their mutual application, 32, 41, 45;

Plato's _idéal_ a philosophy, not an art, 46;

involves impracticable conditions, 41-3, 46;

comparison with the rhetorical teachers, 44;

charge against its teachers not established, 47;

censure of forensic eloquence, iv. 410;

rhetorical powers of Plato, i. 433, ii. 356 _n._, iii. 392

_n._, 408, 409, 411;

see _Rhetor_.

Ritter, on _Sophistês_, iii. 244 _n._, 247 _n._;

Eukleides, i. 127 _n._;

Megarics, 129 _n._

Rivales, see _Erastæ_.

Rose, Valentine, on the dates of Plato's compositions, i. 326

_n._, 329 _n._

Royer-Collard, iii. 165 _n._

Ruler, of a superior breed in the Saturnian period, iii. 264, 266

_n._;

a principle cause, 266;

scientific alone good, iv. 280;

_qua_ ruler infallible, 9;

division of guardians into, and auxiliaries, 29;

wisdom is seated in, 34;

analogous to reason in individual, 39;

perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60;

alone know the Idea of Good, 212;

see _Government_, _Political Art_.

Rutherford, iv. 105 _n._

S.

Sacrifice, Sokrates on, ii. 17, 417-9, iv. 394;

heresy that gods appeased by, 376, 384;

general Greek belief, 392, 394;

Herodotus, _ib._;

Aristotle, 395;

Epikurus, _ib._;

number determined by lawgiver, 357.

Sacrilege, gravest of all crimes, iv. 363.

St.-Hilaire, Barthélemy, on _Sankhya_ and Buddhism, i. 378

_n._;

metempsychosis, ii. 426 _n._;

fallacies, i. 133 _n._

Salamis, iii. 406.

Same, form of, iii. 209, 231, iv. 226.

Sankhya, i. 378 _n._, ii. 389 _n._, 426 _n._

Salvador, Jacob, iii. 300 _n._

Scepticism, of Xenophanes, i. 18;

Plato, 342;

Greek sceptics, iii. 293 _n._

Schleiermacher, on Plato's view of knowledge and opinion, iii. 167

_n._;

theory of Platonic canon, i. 303;

includes a preconceived scheme, and an order of interdependence,

318;

proofs slender, 317, 325 _n._;

assumptions as to _Phædrus_ inadmissible, 319, 329

_n._;

reasons internal, 319, 337, iv. 431;

himself shows the unsafe grounds of modern critics, i. 336;

Ueberweg attempts to reconcile Hermann with, 313;

theory adopted by Trendelenburg, 345 _n._;

on relation of _Euthyphron_ to _Protagoras_ and

_Parmenidês_, 443 _n._;

_Menon_, ii. 247 _n._;

_Parmenidês_, iii. 85 _n._;

_Sophistês_, 244 _n._, i. 127;

_Kratylus_, iii. 303 _n._, 304 _n._; 307

_n._, 310 _n._, 321, 321 _n._;

_Philêbus_, 334 _n._, 365 _n._, 369 _n._,

398 _n._;

_Euthydêmus_, i. 127;

_Menexenus_, iii. 408;

_Kleitophon_, 426 _n._;

_Republic_, iv. 38 _n._;

_Leges_, 430.

Schneider, on Xenophon's _Symposion_, iv. 313 _n._

School, [Greek: scholê/], i. 121 _n._, 127 _n._;

Plato's establishment of, a new epoch in philosophy, 266;

of Plato fixed at Athens, 254;

and transmitted to successors, 265;

its importance for his manuscripts, 266, 267;

decorations of the Academy and Lykeum, 209;

Peripatetic at Lykeum, _ib._;

of Isokrates, iii. 35;

Eretrian, i. 121, 148;

Megaric, 121.

Schöne, on the dates of Plato's compositions, i. 326 _n._

Schwegler, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 86 _n._;

_Homo Mensura_, 151 _n._

Science, derivation of [Greek: e)pistê/mê], iii. 301 _n._;

_scientia_, 302 _n._;

logic of a, Plato's different from Aristotelic and modern view,

i. 358 _n._;

science of good and evil distinct from others, ii. 161, 168;

relation to art, iii. 43 _n._, 46, 263;

antithesis of emotion and, 61, 195, 197 _n._;

dialectic the standard for classifying, as more or less true,

382;

dialectic the consummation of, iv. 75;

relation to kosmical soul, 227;

see _Knowledge_.

Self-knowledge, temperance is, ii. 155;

what is the object known in, 156;

in _Charmidês_ declared impossible, elsewhere essential and

inestimable, 167.

Selli, asceticism of, i. 163 _n._

Seneca, on the Good, iii. 372 _n._;

filial ingratitude, iv. 400 _n._;

Diogenes of Sinôpê, i. 156 _n._

Sensation, Empedokles' theory, i. 44;

Theophrastus, 46 _n._;

theory of Anaxagoras, opposed to Empedokles', 58;

Diogenes of Apollonia, 62;

Demokritus, 71, 76, 77, 80;

the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii.

164;

distinct from opinion, 167;

verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or

possible, 168.

Sense, derivation of [Greek: ai)/sthêsis], iii. 308 _n._;

doctrine of Empedokles, i. 44;

illusions of, belief of Anaxagoras, 59 _n._;

defects of, belief of Demokritus, 68 _n._, 71;

Zeno's arguments, 93;

Plato's conception of, iii. 164 _n._;

worlds of intellect and, distinct, i. 403;

organs of, iv. 236;

principal advantages of sight and hearing, 238;

hearing, i. 46, 62, 78;

ethical and emotional effects conveyed by, iv. 307 _n._;

smell, i. 46;

pleasures of, true, iii. 356;

_Homo Mensura_, 122;

relativity of sensible facts, 126, 154, 298;

its verifications recognised by Plato as the main guarantee for

accuracy, 155 _n._, 240;

fundamental distinction of _ens_ and _fientia_, iv.

219;

relation to kosmical soul, 227;

see _Particulars_, _Phenomena_, _Sensation_.

Serranus, on Platonic canon, i. 302.

Sextus Empiricus, doctrine, iii. 292 _n._;

no definition of a general word, i. 168 _n._;

on poets, iv. 24 _n._

Shaftesbury, Lord, iv. 105 _n._

Simonides, interpretation of a song of, ii. 283;

definition of justice, iv. 2, 7.

Slavery, iv. 309, 342, 400;

Aristotle differs, 344 _n._;

evidence of slaves. 410 _n._

Sleeman, Sir Wm., grounds of belief among Hindoos, iii. 150

_n._

Sleep, doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34;

Plato, iv. 237.

Smith, Adam, _Moral Sentiments_, iii. 333.

Socher, theory of Platonic canon, i. 306;

_Parmenidês_, 338 _n._, iii. 88 _n._, 185

_n._;

_Politikus_, _ib._, 196 _n._, 265 _n._;

_Sophistês_, 185 _n._, 196 _n._, 243 _n._,

244;

_Philêbus_, 369 _n._;

_Kritias_, iv. 266 _n._

Societies, Benefit, iv. 399.

Society, ethics and politics, topic of Sokrates, i. 376;

genesis of, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327, iv. 21, 111, 112

_n._, 133;

social art conferred by Zeus, ii. 268;

dissent a necessary condition of its progressiveness, 367

_n._;

frequent destruction of communities, iv. 307;

historical retrospect of, 307-314;

see _State_.

Sokrates, life, character, and surroundings, i. 410 _n._;

character unparalleled in history, _vi_;

personal appearance and peculiar character, iii. 19;

patience, 24 _n._;

courage and equanimity, 21 _n._;

compared to Antoninus Pius, ii. 382 _n._;

proof against temptation, iii. 20, 22, 23, iv. 287, 288;

sensibility to youthful beauty, ii. 22 _n._;

as representative of _Eros Philosophus_, iii. 15, 25;

income, i. 192 _n._;

procedure of, repugnant to Athenian public, 387, 412, 441, iv.

127;

aggravated by his extreme publicity of speech, i. 393;

feels his own isolation as a dissenter, ii. 365;

accused of corrupting the youths, i. 391 _n._, 183

_n._;

Plato's reply, magical influence ascribed to his conversation,

ii. 23, iii. 19, 21 _n._, 24 _n._, 113 _n._, 388

_n._, iv. 412 _n._, i. 110;

influence he claims, enlarged by Plato and Xenophon, 418;

disobedience of the laws, 434 _n._;

imprisonment, 425;

indictment, against, 412, 418 _n._, 437, iv. 230, i. 113;

grounds for his indictment, iv. 162 _n._, 211, 381, 385;

reply to Melêtus, Plato and Xenophon compared, i. 456, ii. 421

_n._;

opposition of feeling between, and the Dikasts, i. 375;

trial and death might have been avoided without dishonour, 426

_n._;

equanimity before death, ii. 417, 418;

answer to Kriton's appeal to fly, i. 426;

last words and death, ii. 377, 418;

general features of character in _Apology_ confirmed, i.

419 _n._;

character and disposition, differently set forth in

_Kriton_, 428, 431-2;

of _Apology_ and _Phædon_ contrasted, ii. 421;

the real compared with character in _Republic_, iv. 211;

Plato's early relations with, i. 248;

of Xenophon and Plato compared, ii. 37, i. 178, 199;

Xenophon's relations with, 206-10;

uniform description of, in dialogues of _viri Sokratici_,

115;

brought down philosophy from heaven, _x_;

revolutionised method, _ib._;

progenitor of philosophy of 4th century B.C., 111

_n._;

theory of natural state of human mind, 373, 414;

false persuasion of knowledge, an ethical defect, iii. 177;

omnipotence of King Nomos, i. 378-84;

differs from others by consciousness of ignorance, 413, 416;

Delphian oracle, on his wisdom, 413;

combated _commonplace_, 398 _n._;

in reference to social, political, ethical, topics, 376;

mission, _x_, 374, 395, ii. 146, 419, iii. 219, 422, iv.

219, 381;

declared in _Alkibiadês I._ and _Apology_, ii. 24;

imposed on him by the gods, i. 415;

his _dæmon_, 437, ii. 104, i. 115;

his experience of it, ii. 102;

explains his eccentricity, 105;

a special revelation, 110, 130-1;

variously alluded to, 106-11;

determined to persevere in mission, i. 416;

not a teacher, 417, ii. 140, 146, 162, 165, 184, 232, 237, 242;

only stimulates, i. 449, iii. 415, 421-24, iv. 52 _n._;

his excuse, ii. 106;

knows of no teacher, i. 417, ii. 225;

a positive teacher, employing indirect methods, modern

assumption, i. 419;

incorrect, for his Elenchus does not furnish a solution, 420;

his positive solutions illusory, ii. 26;

_obstetric_, i. 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176;

the Sokratic dialogue, i. _x_, _xi_;

usefulness of, ii. 186, 207;

effect like shock of torpedo, 237;

diversified conversations, i. 182;

humbles presumptuous youths, ii. 21;

manner well illustrated in _Lysis_, 177;

asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason, i.

386, 423, 436, ii. 379;

on _Homo Mensura_, i. 432, iii. 162 _n._;

his Eristic character, ii. 203;

the greatest Eristic of his age, i. 124;

followed by Plato and Megarics, _ib._, 126;

resemblance to Sophists, ii. 280, iii. 198 _n._, 216, iv.

165, 412 _n._;

_Menon_ gives points in common between Sophists and, ii.

257;

the "sophistic art" peculiar to him, iii. 218;

negative vein, i. _viii_, _x_, 370, 372, 373

_n._, 375, 387;

affirmative and negative veins distinct, 420;

charge against him of negative method, by his contemporaries,

371, 388;

first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 389

_n._;

to social, political, ethical topics, 376, 385;

value and importance of Elenchus, 421;

see _Negative_;

introduced search for definitions, ii. 48;

authority of public judgment nothing--of Expert, everything, i.

426, 435;

does not name, but himself acts as, Expert, _ib._;

early study, ii. 391;

stages of intellectual development, _ib._;

turned on different views as to a true cause, 398;

accused of substituting physical for mental causes, 401;

does not distinguish different meanings of same term, 279;

not always consistent, 29, 303;

sophistry in _Hippias Minor_, 62;

avoided physics, i. 376;

the Reason of the kosmos, ii. 402 _n._;

distinguished objective and subjective views of Ethics, i. 451;

proper study of mankind, 122;

order of ethical problems as conceived by, ii. 299;

not observed by Xenophon, i. 230;

and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual conditions of

human conduct, ii. 67;

fruits of virtue, i. 415;

Utilitarianism, ii. 310 _n._, i. 185 _n._;

belief in the deity, 413, 414;

disbelieves discord among gods, 440;

principle of making oneself like the gods, _ib._;

on the holy, difference in Plato and Xenophon, 454;

on prayer and sacrifice, ii. 17, 418-9, iv. 394;

much influenced by prophecies, dreams, &c., ii. 418

_n._, 420, iii. 351, iv. 395, i. 225 _n._;

on death, 422, 429 _n._;

and Plato, difference on subject of beauty, ii. 54;

companions of, i. 111;

their proceedings after his death, 116;

no Sokratic school, 117;

Antisthenes constant friend of, 152;

manner copied by Antisthenes, 150, 159 _n._;

precepts fullest carried out by Diogenes and Krates, 160, 174;

and Parmenides, blended by Eukleides, 118;

discourse with Aristippus, 175;

the choice of Heraklês, 177;

the Good and Beautiful, 184.

Soldiers, class of, characteristics, iv. 23;

division of guardians into rulers and, 29;

Plato's training compared with modern, 148;

modern development of military profession, 180.

Solon, on despotism, i. 219 _n._;

unfinished poem of, subject of _Kritias_, iv. 266.

[Greek: Sophi/a] and [Greek: phro/nêsis] of Aristotle, ii. 120

_n._;

identical with [Greek: sôphrosu/nê], ii. 280.

Sophisms, a collection of, necessary for a logical theory, i. 131;

discussion of popular at philosophers' banquets, 134 _n._;

of Eubulides, 128, 133;

Theophrastus on, 134 _n._;

Diodôrus Kronus, 141, 143;

real character of, 135;

of Stoics, 128 _n._, 138;

see _Fallacy_.

Sophist, meaning of [Greek: sophistê/s], i. 256 _n._, 391

_n._, ii. 261, iii. 27 _n._;

compared to an angler, 191;

Plato's definition, 191-4, 196 _n._;

a juggler, 198;

imitator of the wise man, 216;

Plato's ironical admiration, ii. 208, 283;

no real class, 210, 341 _n._, iii. 249 _n._, iv. 136

_n._, i. 178;

Theopompus on profession of, 212 _n._;

usually depicted from opponents' misrepresentations, 308

_n._, ii. 210;

accused of generating scepticism and uncertainty, 64 _n._;

negative dialectic attributed by historians to, i. 371;

did not first apply negative analysis to the common

consciousness, 389 _n._;

negative dialectic not peculiar to, 387;

the charge brought by contemporaries against Sokrates, 388;

dialectic contrasted with Sokrates', ii. 197;

Sokrates the greatest Eristic of his age, i. 124;

Sokrates a, ii. 183 _n._, 185 _n._, 188, 199, iv. 165,

412 _n._;

_Menon_ gives point in common between Sokrates and, ii.

257;

in _Euthydêmus_, 196;

not represented by Kallikles, 339;

lives in region of _non-ens_, iii. 208;

devoted to the production of falsehood, 215;

is [Greek: e)nantiopoiologiko\s] and [Greek: ei)/rôn], 216;

those the characteristics of Sokrates, _ib._;

the "sophistic art" peculiar to Sokrates, 218;

their alleged claim to universal knowledge--common to all

philosophers then, 219;

etymologies in _Kratylus_ not caricatures of, 302, 310

_n._, 314 _n._, 317 _n._, 321, 323;

no proof of their etymologising, 304;

as teachers, ii. 261;

motives of pupils, _ib._ _n._, 264 _n._;

as corruptors of public mind, 288 _n._;

jealousy of parents towards influential teachers, 265 _n._;

probably often used illustrative mythes, 267 _n._;

money-making, 210, _ib._ _n._, iii. 27 _n._, i.

212 _n._;

not distinguishable from dialectician, ii. 210, 211 _n._;

raised question of criterion of truth, 246;

logical distinctions, 236 _n._;

did not invent fallacies, 217, i. 133 _n._;

abuse of fallacies, biddings for popularity, ii. 199;

did not deny natural justice, 341 _n._;

not the perverters of philosophy, iv. 55;

conform to prevalent orthodoxy, 56;

relation to poets, 150;

Demochares' law against, i. 111 _n._;

Aristippus taught as a, 193.

_Sophistês_, date, i. 305-11, 313, 315, 324-5, iii. 369

_n._;

authenticity, i. 307, 316 _n._, iii. 185 _n._, 243

_n._;

purpose, 188, 190, 223, 253, 261, 267;

relation to _Theætêtus_, 187;

scenery and personages, 185;

in a logical classification all particulars of equal value, 195;

definition of angler, 189;

sophist compared to an angler, 192;

defined, 191-5, 196 _n._;

a juggler, 198, 200;

imitator of the wise man, 216;

classification of imitators, 215;

philosopher lives in region of _ens_, sophist, of

_non-ens_, 208;

bodily and mental evil, 197;

the worst, ignorance mistaking itself for knowledge, _ib._;

Elenchus the sovereign purifier, _ib._;

is false thought or speech possible, 172 _n._, 199, 249;

falsehood possible, and object of sophists' profession, 181

_n._, 214;

imperfect analysis of propositions, 235, 238;

view of the negative erroneous, 237, 239;

theories of philosophers about _ens_, 201;

_non-ens_ inconceivable, 200;

is _ens_ one or many, 201;

difficulties about _ens_ and _non-ens_ equally great,

_ib._, 206;

the materialists and the idealists, 203;

argument against materialists, _ib._, 223, 226, 228;

reply open to materialists, 224, 230;

argument against idealists, 204, 225;

their doctrine the same as Plato's in _Phædon_, &c.,

244, 246;

no allusion intended to Megarics or Pythagoreans, 244, 390

_n._;

communion implies relativity, 125, 205;

to know and to be known is action and passion, 205, 226, 287

_n._;

motion and rest both agree in _ens_, which is therefore a

_tertium quid_, 206;

argument against "only identical predication legitimate,"

_ib._, 212, 221, 251;

Antisthenes meant, i. 163, 165;

intercommunion of _some_ Forms, iii. 207, 228, 246

_n._, 251 _n._;

analogy of letters and syllables, 207;

what forms admit of it, determined by philosopher, 208;

of _non-ens_ and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213,

214, 235;

[Greek: to\ mê\ o)/n], meaning, 181 _n._;

five forms examined, 208, 231, 233;

Plato's view of _non-ens_ unsatisfactory, 236, 239, 242

_n._, 248 _n._;

an approximation to Aristotle's view, 247;

different from other dialogues, 242;

compared with _Phædon_, 244, 246;

_Phædrus_, 18, 257;

_Symposion_, 19;

_Theætêtus_, 182 _n._, 187, 242, 256, 332;

_Kratylus_, _ib._;

_Philêbus_, 369 _n._;

_Republic_, 242, 257.

Sophokles, Antigone, compared with _Apology_, i. 429

_n._;

its popularity, ii. 135 _n._;

as a general, 135.

[Greek: Sôphrosu/nê], ii. 153 _n._;

see _Temperance_;

derivation, iii. 301 _n._;

identical with [Greek: sophi/a], ii. 279;

and [Greek: ai)dô/s], 269 _n._

Sorites, i. 128, 133, 135 _n._

Soul, derivation of [Greek: psuchê/], iii. 301 _n._;

meaning, iv. 387 _n._;

prior to and more powerful than body, 386, 419-20;

the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386;

one continuous cosmical, ii. 248 _n._;

of the kosmos, iii.** 265 _n._, iv. 220, 421;

affinity to human, iii. 366 _n._;

of kosmos, position and elements of, iv. 225;

of plants, 248;

doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34;

Empedokles, 44;

Anaxagoras, 54;

Demokritus, 75;

Plato's conception of existence, iii. 205, 226, 229, 231;

not tripartite, antithesis to body, ii. 384;

Hegel on Plato's view, 414 _n._;

a mixture, refuted, 390;

life a struggle between body and, 386, 388, iv. 234, 235

_n._;

partial emancipation of, by philosophy, ii. 386;

purification of, 388;

[Greek: knê=sis] compared to children's teething, iii. 399

_n._;

pre-existence admitted, ii. 390;

mythe, iii. 12, 15 _n._;

Leibnitz on, ii. 248 _n._;

pre-existence of, necessary hypothesis for didactic

_idéal_, iii. 52;

metempsychosis of ordinary men only, ii. 387, iv. 234;

mythe of departed, in _Republic_, 94;

state after emancipation from body, ii. 416;

yet may suffer punishment, inconsistency, _ib._;

three constituent elements of, iii. 232 _n._;

Galen, iv. 258;

are the three parts immortal, ii. 385, iv. 243;

no place for tender and æsthetic emotions in tripartite division

of, 149 _n._;

each part at once material and mental, 257;

supremacy of rational, to be cultivated, 251;

Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body, 233, 243;

Demiurgus prepares for man's construction, places a soul in each

star, 233;

generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos with

rational soul rotating within, _ib._;

mount cranium on a tall body, 236;

seat of, 235-7, 243-7, 259 _n._;

Littré, 257 _n._;

abdominal, function of liver, 245, 259;

seat of prophetic agency, 246;

thoracic, function of heart and lungs, 245, 259 _n._;

of spleen, 246;

vision, sleep, dreams, 236;

Aristotle on relation of body to, iii. 389 _n._;

Monboddo, iv. 387 _n._;

see _Body_, _Immortality_, _Mind_, _Reason_.

Sound, Zeno's arguments, i. 96;

pleasures of, true, iii. 356.

Space, and time comprised in Parmenides' ens, i. 19;

Zeno's reductiones ad absurdum, 94;

contents of the idea of, 20 _n._

Sparta, unlettered community, iv. 278;

law forbids introduction of foreign instruction, ii. 35;

Hippias lectures at, 39;

mixed government, iv. 310;

kings eulogised, ii. 8;

customs of, iii. 24 _n._;

peculiar to itself and Krete, iv. 280 _n._;

blended with Persian in _Cyropædia_, i. 222;

influence on philosopher's theories, iv. 181;

Xenophon's _idéal_ of character, 147, 148, 182;

Plato's in _Leges_, 276, 280 _n._, 403;

basis of institutions too narrow, 282;

endurance of pain in discipline of, 285;

public training and mess, 279, 280 _n._, 285 _n._;

no training for women, censured, 188;

infanticide, 203;

number of citizens, 327 _n._;

drunkenness forbidden at, 286;

_kryptia_, Plato's agronomi compared, 336.

Specific and generic terms, distinction unfamiliar in Plato's

time, ii. 13.

Speech, conducted according to fixed laws, iii. 286;

the thing spoken of _suffers_, 287 _n._;

Psammetichus' experiment, 289 _n._;

and music illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite, 340-3.

Spencer, Herbert, abstract names, iii. 78 _n._

Spengel, on Thrasymachus, iv. 7 _n._;

_Kratylus_, iii. 309 _n._

Speusippus, borrowed from Pythagoreans, iii. 390 _n._;

on pleasure, 386 _n._, 389 _n._;

on the Demiurgus, iv. 255.

Sphere, the earth a, early views, i. 25 _n._;

Pythagorean music of the spheres, 14;

_Sphærus_ of Empedokles, 39.

Stallbaum, on Platonic canon, i. 307, 443 _n._;

_Erastæ_, ii. 121;

_Theagês_, 100 _n._;

_Euthydêmus_, 202;

_Protagoras_, 314, iv. 284 _n._;

_Theætêtus_, iii. 158 _n._;

_Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, 196 _n._, 257

_n._;

_Kratylus_, 303 _n._, 305 _n._, 310 _n._,

321, 323 _n._;

_Philêbus_, 342 _n._, 343 _n._, 347 _n._,

356 _n._, 389 _n._, 398 _n._;

_Menexenus_, 408, 409;

_Republic_ iv. 106 _n._;

_Timæus_, 219 _n._;

_Leges_, 188 _n._, 272 _n._, 410 _n._, 431;

theory of Ideas, iii. 69 _n._;

Sophists, ii. 209 _n._;

Megarics, i. 132 _n._

Stars, iv. 229.

State, Lewis on _idéals_, iv. 139 _n._;

realisation of _idéals_, 190 _n._;

three ends of political constructor, 328 _n._;

influence of Spartan institutions, on theories, 181;

no evidence of Plato's study of practical working of different

institutions, 397;

Aristeides on, i. 243 _n._;

citizens willing to be ruled, _idéal_ of Plato and

Xenophon, iv. 283 _n._;

Platonic type of character is Athenian, Xenophontic is Spartan,

147, 148, 182;

its religious and ethical character primary, constitution and

laws secondary, 284;

religion in connection with, 24, 160;

and education combined, 185;

Plato's ideal, compared with Athens, 430;

the Spartan adopted in _Leges_, 276, 280 _n._, 403;

Plato carries abstraction farther than Xenophon or Aristotle,

183;

more anxious for good treatment of Demos, _ib._;

in Aristotle the Demos adjuncts, not members, of state, 184;

model city practicable if philosophy and political power united,

47;

perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60;

those who have contemplated Ideas are reluctant to undertake

active duties. 70;

as at present constituted, the just man stands aloof from, 90;

ideal, how to be realised, 78, 190 _n._;

admitted only partially realisable, 327;

only an outline, 139;

a military _bureaucracy_, 183;

second, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical sentiment,

333, 337;

Aristotle objects to Plato's ideal, it is two states, 185;

objection valid against his own ideal, 186 _n._;

Plato fails from no training for Demos, 186;

Plato's state impossible, in what sense true, 189;

from adverse established sentiments, 191;

genesis, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327, iv. 20, 111, 112

_n._, 133;

historical retrospect of society, 307-314;

analogy of individual and, 11, 21, 37, 79-84, 96;

Hobbes on, _ib._;

parallelism exaggerated, 114, 121, 123;

its [Greek: u(po/thesis], 328 _n._;

basis of Spartan institutions too narrow, 282;

site, 320, 329, 336;

circular form, unwalled, 344;

influence of climate, 330 _n._;

wisdom and courage in the guardians, 34;

justice and temperance in all classes, 35;

class of guardians, characteristics, 23;

divided into rulers and soldiers, 29;

same duties and training for women as men, 41, 46, 77, 171-4;

on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187;

maintained in _Leges_, and harmonises with ancient legends,

195;

contrast with Aristotle, 194;

[Greek: sussi/tia], 32, 345, 359;

communism of guardians, _ib._, 140, 169;

necessary to city's safety, 32, 34, 44, 140, 170-179;

peculiarity of Plato's communism, 179;

Plato's view of wealth, 199 _n._;

no family ties, 41, 174, 178;

temporary marriages for guardians, 175-8;

Plato's and modern sentiments, 192, 194;

influence of Aphroditê very small in Platonic, 197, 359;

citizens should be tested against pleasure, 285;

self-control tested by wine, 289;

healthy, has few wants, enlargement of city's wants, 22;

from multiplied wants, war, _ib._;

perfection of, each part performing its own function, 97;

one man can do only one thing well, 23, 33, 183, 361;

unity of end to be kept in view, 417;

end, happiness of entire state, 98, 139 _n._;

and virtue of the citizens, 417;

three classes in, analogous to reason, energy, appetite, in

individual, 39;

fiction as to origin of classes, 30;

four stages of degeneracy, 79-84;

proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83;

in healthy condition, possesses wisdom, courage, temperance,

justice, 34;

laws about marriage, 328, 331, 341, 344;

Aristotle, 198-201;

Malthus' law recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202;

number of citizens, 178, 326, 328;

limited, Plato and Aristotle, 198-201;

Aristotle, 326 _n._;

approximation in Mill, 199 _n._;

rearing of children, 43, 44;

infanticide, _ib._, 177;

Aristotle, 202;

contrast of modern sentiment, 203;

citizens of Plato's ideal, identified with ancient Athenians,

266;

division of citizens and land, twelve tribes, 329;

perpetuity of lots of land, 320, 360;

Aristotle, 326 _n._;

succession, 328;

orphans, guardians, 404, 406;

limited inequality tolerated as to movable property, 330;

no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest,

331;

distribution of annual produce, 361;

state importation of necessary articles, _ib._;

regulations for retailers, 21, 361, 401;

admission of Metics, 362, i. 238;

of strangers, and foreign travel of citizens, iv.** 414;

slavery, 342;

Aristotle differs, 344 _n._;

direct taxation, according to wealth, 331;

four classes, property classification for magistracies and

votes, _ib._;

thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332;

military commanders and council, _ib._;

monthly military muster of whole population, 358;

electoral scheme, 333;

the council, and other magistrates, 335;

Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out the end, 418, 425,

429;

and enforce orthodox creed, 419;

most important magistrate, minister of education, 338;

defence of territory, rural police, 335;

Spartan _kryptia_ compared, 336;

_Xenophon's_ ideal of an active citizen, i. 214;

he admires active commerce and variety of pursuits, 236;

encouragement of metics, 238;

training of citizens, 226;

formation of treasury funds, 238;

distribution among citizens, three oboli each, daily, 239;

its purpose and principle, 240, 241 _n._;

see _Government_, _Political Art_, &c.

Statesmen, ignorant of the true, the ideal, ii. 89;

incompetent to teach. 100, 357, 360, 369;

the philosopher the fully qualified practitioner, 114, 116, 118;

disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, 224;

dislike of Sokrates and Sophists, 256;

their right opinion, from inspiration, 242;

defects of best Athenian, 360;

considered by Sokrates as spiritual teachers and trainers, 362;

Plato's _idéal_, 363;

relation of philosopher to practical, iii. 179, 183, 273;

definition of, 263.

Steersman, simile of, iv. 53.

Steinhart, on Platonic canon, rejects several, i. 309;

[Greek: to\ e)xai/phnês], iii. 103 _n._;

_Parmenidês_, 109 _n._, 245 _n._;

_Theætêtus_, 167 _n._;

_Sophistês_, 245 _n._;

_Kratylus_, 307 _n._;

_Menexenus_, 412 _n._

Steinthal, no objective absolute, iii. 296 _n._

Stewart, Dugald, on the beautiful, ii. 50 _n._;

relativity of knowledge, iii. 156 _n._;

Berkeley, iv. 243 _n._

Stilpon, nominalism of, i. 167;

only identical predication possible, 166, 168;

_of Megara_, 148.

Stoics, influenced by Herakleitus, i. 27, 34 _n._;

developed Antisthenes' doctrines, 198;

practical life preferable, 181 _n._;

[Greek: pa/nta au(tou= e(/neka pra/ttein], iv. 106 _n._;

all-sufficiency of virtue, germ of doctrine in _Republic_,

102;

fate, i. 143 _n._;

view of Dialectic, 371 _n._;

style of their works, 406;

doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii. 248 _n._;

notion of time, iii. 101 _n._;

natural rectitude of signification of names, 286 _n._;

etymologies, 308 _n._;

sophisms of, i. 128 _n._, 138;

minute reasons of, 130 _n._;

Cicero on, 157.

Strabo, value of poets, iv. 152 _n._

Straton, theory of sensation, i. 63 _n._, iii. 166 _n._;

Plato's doctrine of reminiscence, ii. 250 _n._

Strümpell, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 71 _n._, 75 _n._

Subject, independent object and, do not explain facts of

consciousness, iii. 131;

perpetually implicated with object, 118, 122 _n._, 123,

128;

in regard to intelligible world, proved from Plato, 121, 125;

shown more easily than in reference to sense, 122;

Hobbes on, 117 _n._;

relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject,

127;

see _Relativity_.

Subjective, of Xenophanes, i. 18;

and objective views of ethics, Sokrates distinguished, 451;

unanimity coincident with objective dissent, _ib._;

Plato's reference to objective and, iii. 134.

Subjectivism, an objection to _Homo Mensura_, iii. 151.

Suckow, on _Menexenus_, iii. 412 _n._;

_Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, 185 _n._;

_Leges_, iv. 431, 432.

Suicide, Hegesias, the death-persuader, i. 202;

Cynics, and Indian Gymnosophists, 161 _n._

[Greek: Sumphe/ron], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

[Greek: Sunô/numa] and [Greek: o(mô/numa] first distinguished by

Aristotle, iii. 94 _n._;

[Greek: sunônu/môs], ii. 194.

Susemihl, on Platonic canon, coincides with Hermann, i. 310;

_Timæus_, iv. 218 _n._

Sydenham, on Aristippus and Eudoxus, i. 202 _n._;

seat of happiness, iii. 372 _n._;

_Philêbus_, 376 _n._

Syllogistic and Inductive Dialectic, ii. 27.

Symposion, of Xenophon, i. 152;

date, iii. 26 _n._;

compared with Plato's, 22;

of Epikurus, _ib._ _n._

_Symposion_, the, date, i. 307, 309, 311, 312, 324, iii. 26

_n._;

purpose, ii. 382 _n._, iii. 8;

antithesis and complement of _Phædon_, 22;

contains much transcendental assertion, 56;

censured for erotic character, 3 _n._;

Idea of Beauty exclusively presented in, 18;

Eros, views of interlocutors, 9;

a Dæmon intermediate between gods and men, _ib._;

but in _Phædrus_ a powerful god, _ib._ _n._, 11

_n._;

amends empire of Necessity, iv. 222 _n._;

discourse of Sokrates, iii. 11;

analogy of Eros to philosophy, 10, 11;

the stimulus to mental procreation, 4, 6;

knowledge, by evolution of indwelling conceptions, 17;

exaltation of Eros in a few, love of beauty _in genere_, 7;

common desire for immortality, 6;

attained through mental procreation, beauty the stimulus,

_ib._;

only metaphorical immortality recognised in, 17;

Sokrates' personal appearance and peculiar character, 19;

proof against temptation, 20, iv. 287;

concluding scene, iii. 19;

compared with Xenophon, 22;

_Phædon_, ii. 382, iii. 17-8, 22;

_Phædrus_, 11 _n._, 11, 15, 16-8;

_Philêbus_, 370 _n._, 399;

reading in p. 201D, [Greek: mantikê=s], 8 _n._

Syracuse, the Athenian expedition against, iii. 406.

Syssitia, iv. 280 _n._, 285 _n._, 335, 345.

T.

Tacitus, iv. 408 _n._, i. 245 _n._

Taste, Empedokles, i. 46;

Demokritus, 78.

Taxation, direct, according to wealth, iv. 331.

Teaching, denied in Menon, ii. 254 _n._;

[Greek: didachê\] and [Greek: peithô/], distinct, _ib._,

iii. 172 _n._;

knowledge to be elicited out of untutored mind, how far correct,

ii. 249;

dialectician alone can teach, iii. 37;

_idéal_ unrealisable, 51;

books (q. v.) and lectures of little use, 34;

proper use of dialectic and rhetoric, 40;

of rhetoricians, practical value of, 45;

Sokrates' and Aristotle's views, 53 _n._;

exercises for students, 79, 80 _n._, 90 _n._;

parents' jealousy towards influential teachers, ii. 265

_n._

[Greek: Techni/tês], ii. 272 _n._

Teleology, physiology of _Timæus_ subordinated to ethical,

iv. 257;

see _Ends_.

Temperance, [Greek: sôphrosu/nê], ii. 153 _n._;

as treated by Plato and Aristotle, 170;

is self-knowledge, 155;

and with justice the condition of happiness and freedom, 12;

the condition of virtue and happiness, 358;

and intelligence identical, having same contrary, 279;

a kind of sedateness, objections, 154;

a variety of feeling of shame, refuted, _ib._;

doing one's own business, refuted, 155;

as cognition of cognition and of non-cognition, of no avail

for our end, happiness, 159, 160;

not the science of good and evil, and of little service, 161;

undiscovered, but a good, 162;

_Charmidês_, difficulties unnoticed in _Politikus_,

iii. 282;

in state, iv. 34-5;

distinction effaced between justice and, 135;

relation to rest of virtue, 425.

Tennemann, i. 302.

Thales, philosophy, i. 4;

doctrine of eclipses, 6 _n._;

foretold eclipse, 4 _n._;

misrepresented by Cicero, _ib._

[Greek: Tharra/leos], ii. 145 _n._

_Theætêtus_, date, i. 307-10, 313, 315, 324, 325 _n._,

ii. 228 _n._, iii. 111 _n._;

purpose, 167 _n._, 176;

value, 177;

great advance in analytical psychology, 164;

negative result, 176;

difficulties not solved in any other dialogue, 180;

sophisms in, 158 _n._;

like Megarics, i. 134 _n._;

method contrasted with _Philêbus_, iii. 335 _n._;

scenery and personages, 110;

Sokrates' mental obstetric, 112;

what is knowledge, 111;

sensible perception, _ib._, 113, 154, 256;

doctrine erroneously identified with _Homo Mensura_, 113,

118, 120 _n._, 122, 162 _n._;

Herakleitean flux, 114, 115, 126, 128;

Empedokles' doctrine, 114, 115;

Plato's exposition confused, 114;

relativity of sensible facts, 126, 154;

divergences of men, from mental and associative difference, 155;

statesman and philosopher contrasted, 183;

the genuine ruler a shepherd, iv. 10;

relativity twofold, to comparing subject, and to another object,

besides the one directly described, iii. 127;

relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject,

_ib._;

no absolute ens, 129;

arguments from dreams, &c., answered, 130;

Plato's reference to subjective and objective, 134;

_Homo Mensura_, true meaning, 137, 164 _n._;

its counter-proposition, 148;

Plato's arguments against _Homo Mensura_, 135;

he ignores the proper qualification, 137;

the doctrine equalises all animals, 135, 292;

not true in the sense meant, 141;

the wise man alone a measure, 136;

reply, 143;

special knowledge required, where future consequences involved,

136;

but Relativity does not imply that every man believes himself to

be infallible, 145;

it annuls dialectic--not true, 146;

sensible perception does not include memory, 157;

argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time,

_ib._;

the mind sees not _with_ but _through_ the eyes, 159;

the mind makes several judgments by itself, 160;

knowledge lies in the mind's comparisons respecting sensible

perceptions, 161;

difference from modern views, 162;

cognition is true opinion--objections, 168, 184 _n._;

are false opinions possible, 169, 181 _n._;

waxen memorial tablet in the mind, 169;

distinction of possessing, and having actually in hand,

knowledge, 170;

simile of pigeon-cage, 171;

false opinion impossible or a man may know what he does not

know, 170;

the confusions of cognitions and non-cognitions, refuted, 171;

for rhetors communicate true opinion, not knowledge, 172;

knowledge is true opinion _plus_ rational explanation, 173;

analogy of elements and compounds, _ib._;

rejected, 175;

compared with _Phædrus_, 18;

_Symposion_, _ib._;

_Sophistês_, 181 _n._, 187, 227, 242, 258, 332;

_Politikus_, 185 _n._, 187, 256;

_Kratylus_, 332;

_Philêbus_, 335 _n._

_Theagês_, authenticity, i. 306, 309, 319, ii. 98, 100

_n._, 107;

prolixity, 100 _n._;

analogy with _Lachês_, 104;

its peculiarity, the _dæmon_, _ib._;

explains eccentricity of Sokrates, 105;

Theagês desires a teacher of wisdom, 99;

incompetence of best statesmen for teaching, 100;

Sokrates asked to teach--declares inability, 101;

excuse, 105;

sometimes useful--his experience of his _dæmon_, 102;

Theagês anxious to be Sokrates' companion, 103.

Thebans, iii. 24 _n._

Themistius, i. 388 _n._

Theodorus, i. 202.

Theology, not a progressive science, ii. 428;

primitive, contrasted by Aristotle with "human wisdom," i. 3

_n._;

see _God_, _Religion_.

Theophrastus, friend of Ptolemy Soter, i. 279;

banished from Athens, _ib._ _n._;

change in Peripatetic school after death of, 272;

physiology, 46 _n._;

combated Demokritus' theory of vision_, 78 _n._;

criticises Demokritean division of qualities, 80 _n._;

astronomy, 257 _n._;

Plato's doctrine of earth's position, iv. 424 _n._;

sophism, _Mentiens_, i. 134 _n._;

fate, 143 _n._

Theopompus, view of dialectic, i. 450;

qualities non-existent without the mind, iii. 74 _n._;

on profession of Sophist, i. 212 _n._;

authorship of Plato's dialogues, 112 _n._, 115.

Theory, difference between precepts and, iv. 131.

Thomson, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 84 _n._

Thonissen, iv. 380 _n._

Thracians, iv. 38.

Thrasyllus, on Platonic canon, i. 265;

follows Aristophanes' classification, 295, 299;

not an internal sentiment, 298;

trustworthiness, 299;

acknowledged till 16th century, 301;

more trustworthy than moderns, 335;

classifies in Tetralogies works of Plato and Demokritus, 273

_n._;

not the order established by Plato, 335 _n._;

classification of Demokritus, 295 _n._;

Plato's works--dramatic, philosophical, 289;

his principle, 294 _n._;

incongruity, 294;

of Search, of Exposition defective but useful, 361;

erroneously applied, 364;

coincides with Aristotle's two methods, Dialectic,

Demonstrative, 362;

sub-classes recognised, 366;

the scheme, when principles correctly applied, 365;

did not doubt _Hipparchus_, 297 _n._;

nor _Erastæ_, ii. 121;

_Kleitophon_ in _Republic_ tetralogy, iii. 419.

Thrasymachus, iii. 419, iv. 7.

Thucydides, pupil of Sokrates, ii. 102;

probably never read by Plato, iii. 411 _n._;

the gods' jealousy, iv. 165 _n._;

speeches of Perikles, ii. 373 _n._, 373, iv. 148 _n._;

Melian dialogue, ii. 341 _n._, i. 180 _n._

[Greek: Thumo/s], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

Thurot, on Sophists, i. 389 _n._

Tiedemann, i. 132 _n._

_Timæus_, date, i. 307, 309, 311-3, 315, 325, iii. 368

_n._;

sequel to _Republic_, iv. 215;

is earliest physical theory extant in its author's words, 216;

how much mythical, 255 _n._;

relation to old Greek cosmogonies, i. 87, iv. 255 _n._;

coincidence with Orpheus, _ib._;

adopted by Alexandrine Jews as a parallel to Mosaic Genesis,

256;

physiology subordinated to ethical teleology, 257;

Plato's theory, acknowledged to be merely an [Greek: ei)kô\s

lo/gos], 217;

contrast with Sokrates, Isokrates, Xenophon, _ib._;

subject and persons, 215;

position and character of Pythagorean Timæus, 216;

fundamental distinction of _ens_ and _fientia_, 219;

no knowledge of kosmos obtainable, 220;

Demiurgus, Ideas, and Chaos postulated, _ib._, iii. 121;

Demiurgus, how conceived by other philosophers of same century,

iv. 254;

kosmos a living being and a god, 220, 223;

Time began with, 227;

Demiurgus produces kosmos by persuading Necessity, 220, 238;

process of demiurgic construction, iii. 409 _n._, iv. 223;

copy of the [Greek: Au)to/zôon], 223, 227, 235 _n._, 263;

body, form, and rotation of kosmos, 225, 229, 237, 252;

change of view in _Epinomis_, 424 _n._;

position and elements of soul of kosmos, 225;

affinity to human, iii. 366 _n._;

four elements not primitive, iv. 238;

varieties of each element, 242;

forms of the elements, 239;

Ideas and Materia Prima, iii. 397 _n._, iv. 239;

primordial chaos, 240;

geometrical theory of the elements, _ib._;

borrowed from Pythagoreans, i. 349 _n._;

Aristotle on, iv. 241 _n._;

primary and visible gods, 229;

secondary and generated gods, 230;

Plato's acquiescence in tradition, 230-3, 241 _n._;

address of Demiurgus to generated gods, 233;

preparations for man's construction, a soul placed in each star,

235;

construction of man, 243;

Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body, 233;

generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos, with

rational soul rotating within, 235;

mount cranium on a tall body, 236;

man the cause of evil, 234;

inconsistency, _ib._ _n._;

organs of sense, 236;

soul tripartite, compared with _Phædon_, ii. 384;

the gentle, tender, and æsthetical emotions omitted, iv. 149

_n._;

each part at once material and mental, 257;

seat of, 259 _n._;

thoracic, function of heart and lungs, 245, 259 _n._;

abdominal, function of liver, 245, 259;

seat of prophetic agency, 246;

function of spleen, _ib._;

object of length of intestinal canal, 247;

bone, flesh, marrow, nails, mouth, teeth, 247;

vision, sleep, dreams, 237;

advantages of sight and hearing, _ib._;

mortal soul of plants, 248;

plants for man's nutrition, _ib._;

general survey of diseases, 249;

Plato compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, 260;

mental diseases arise from body, 250;

no man voluntarily wicked, 249;

preservative and healing agencies, 260;

treatment of mind by itself, 251;

rotations of kosmos to be studied, 252;

contrast of Plato's admiration, with degenerate realities, 262,

264;

genesis of women and inferior animals from degenerate man, 252;

degeneracy originally intended, 263;

poetical close, 264;

compared with _Protagoras_, ii. 268 _n._;

_Phædon_, 383, 407 _n._, 411, 412, 422, iv. 239

_n._;

_Phædrus_, _ib._;

_Theætêtus_, iii. 163;

_Philêbus_, 397 _n._;

_Republic_, iv. 38 _n._, 253 _n._;

_Leges_, 276, 389 _n._;

_Epinomis_, 424 _n._

Time, contents of the idea of, i. 20 _n._;

and space comprised in Parmenides' ens, 19;

Herakleitus' doctrine, iv. 228 _n._;

Plato's imagination of momentary stoppages in, iii. 100, 102;

Aristotle, 103;

began with the kosmos, iv. 227;

difficulties of Diodôrus Kronus, i. 145;

Stoical belief, iii. 101 _n._;

Harris, i. 146 _n._;

calendar of ancients, iv. 325 _n._

Timocracy, iv. 79.

Tracy, Destutt, _Homo Mensura_, iii. 292 _n._;

individualism, 139 _n._;

origin of language, 328 _n._

Trade, see _Commerce_.

Tragedy, mixed pleasure and pain excited by, iii. 355 _n._;

Plato's aversion to Athenian, iv. 316, 350;

peculiar to himself, 317;

Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._

Trendelenburg, on Platonic canon, i. 345 _n._;

_Philêbus_, iii. 398 _n._;

relativity of knowledge, 124 _n._

Trent, Council of, i. 390 _n._

Truth, and Good and Real, coalesce in Plato's mind, ii. 88, iii.

391;

obtainable by reason only, Demokritus' doctrine, i. 72;

the search after, the business of life to Sokrates and Plato,

396;

_per se_ interesting, 403;

modern search goes on silently, 369;

philosophy is reasoned, _vii-ix_;

its criterion, ii. 247;

resides in universals, 411, 412, iv. 3 _n._;

necessary, iii. 253 _n._;

all persuasion founded on a knowledge of, 28;

generating cause of error, 33;

dialectic the standard for classifying sciences as more or less

true, 383;

classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions,

394;

its valuable principles, 395;

is falsehood possible? 199;

is theoretically possible, and its production may be object of

such a profession as Sophists, 214;

lie for useful end, justifiable, ii. 347 _n._, iv. 3

_n._;

Aristotle on, iii. 386 _n._;

see _Mythe_.

Turgot, on etymology, iii. 303 _n._;

_Existence_, 135 _n._;

hopelessness of defining common and vague terms, ii. 186

_n._

Tyndall, Prof., i. 373 _n._

Type gives natural groups, definition classes, ii. 48, 193

_n._

U.

Ueberweg, on Platonic canon, attempts reconcilement of

Schleiermacher and Hermann, i. 313;

the Dialogues, 401 _n._;

_Theætêtus_, iii. 167 _n._;

_Sophistês_, 186 _n._, 253, 369 _n._;

_Politikus_, 186 _n._;

_Philêbus_, 368 _n._;

_Timæus_, _ib._, iv. 255 _n._;

_Menexenus_, iii. 412 _n._;

Ideas, iv. 239 _n._

Universals, debates about meaning, iii. 76-7;

different views of Aristotle and Plato, 76;

definition of, the object of the Sokratic dialectic, i. 452;

Sokrates sought the common characteristic, Plato found it in his

Idea, 454;

process of forming, ii. 27;

truth resides in, 411-2, iv. 3 _n._;

amidst particulars, iii. 257;

different dialogues compared, _ib._;

how is generic unity distributed among species and individuals,

339;

natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340;

illustration from speech and music, 342;

explanation insufficient, 343;

see _Ideas_, _One_.

Upton, sophism [Greek: Kurieu/ôn], i. 141 _n._

Useful, the Good, ii. 30;

the Just or Good--general but not constant explanation in Plato,

38;

the lawful is the, 36;

not identical with the beautiful, 44, 50 _n._

Utilitarianism, its standard, ii. 310 _n._;

doctrine of Sokrates, 349, 354 _n._;

theory in _Protagoras_, 308;

_Republic_, iv. 3 _n._, 12, 14, 104.

V.

Vacherot, i. 376 _n._

Vacuum, theory of Demokritus, i. 67;

Pythagorean different from Plato's doctrine, iv. 225 _n._

Varro, etymologies, iii. 311 _n._

Vaughan, Dr., iv. 380 _n._

Veron, M., Relativity, iii. 144 _n._

Virgil, general doctrine of metempsychosis in, ii. 425 _n._

Virtue, identified with knowledge by Sokrates, ii. 67 _n._,

239, 240, 321;

of what, unsolved, 244;

Sokrates and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual

conditions, 67-8, 83;

its one sufficient condition, perfect state of the intelligence,

149;

is it teachable, 232, 239, 240, 266, 275, iii. 330 _n._;

Xenophon on, i. 230;

plurality of virtues, ii. 233;

the highest, teachable, but all existing virtue is from

inspiration, 242;

problem unsolved, _ib._;

taught by citizens, 269, 272;

quantity acquired depends on individual aptitude, _ib._;

analogy of learning the vernacular, 273;

is it in divisible, or of parts, homogeneous or heterogeneous,

277;

no man does evil voluntarily, 292, iv. 249, 365-7;

a right comparison of pleasure and pain, ii. 293, 305;

temperance the condition of, 358;

natural dissidence of the gentle and the energetic, iii. 272;

excess of the energetic entail death or banishment, of the

gentle, slavery, 273;

Sokrates' power in awakening ardour for, 415;

but he does not explain what it is, _ib._;

unsatisfactory answers of Sokrates and his friends, 416;

quadruple distribution in city, iv. 34;

Platonic conception is self-regarding, 104;

motives to it arise from internal happiness of the just, 105;

view substantially maintained since, _ib._;

four cardinal virtues assumed as constituting all virtue where

each resides, 134;

as an exhaustive classification, 135, 417;

difference in other dialogues, 137;

the four, source of all other goods, 428;

the only common property of, 425;

and of vice, 426;

of the citizens, the end of the state, 417;

Xenophon on motive to practice of, 101 _n._, 135 _n._;

Sokrates on its fruits, i. 415;

all-sufficiency of, germ in _Republic_ of Stoical doctrine,

iv. 102;

see _Courage_, _Holiness_, _Justice_,

_Temperance_, _Wisdom_.

Vision, doctrine of Empedokles, i. 45;

caused by images from objects, Demokritus, 78;

Plato's conception of the act of, iii. 129 _n._, 159;

Plato's theory, iv. 236;

Aristotle on, 237 _n._;

ancient theories of, _ib._;

principal advantages of, 237.

Voltaire, iv. 233, i. 168 _n._

W.

War, from city's increased wants, iv. 22;

class of soldiers, characteristics, 23;

both sexes to go together to battle, 46;

against Greek enemies to be carried on mildly, 47;

Spartan institutions adapted to, 282;

military commanders and council, 332;

military training of youths, 349;

Sokrates on qualities for, i. 133 _n._

Water, the Chaos of Hesiod, i. 4 _n._;

principle of Thales, 4;

originally covered the earth, according to Xenophanes, &c.,

18;

Empedokles, 38;

discovery of the composition of, ii. 163 _n._

Watt, discovery of composition of water, ii. 163 _n._

Wealth, Plato's view of, iv. 199 _n._

Wedgwood, H., iii. 326 _n._

Weisse, on _Timæus_, iv. 256 _n._

Westermann, on _Menexenus_, iii. 408 _n._

Whately, Abp., on Fallacies, ii. 217.

Whewell, Dr., ii. 48, 193 _n._

Wholes, abstract and concrete, ii. 52, 53;

generic and analogical, 48, 193 _n._, iii. 365.

Wilson, Dr. Geo., ii. 163 _n._

Winckelmann, i. 132 _n._

Wisdom, no positive knowledge of, i. 414, 416;

in state, iv. 34-5;

what it is, 421, 423;

see _Knowledge_.

Wise, term applied when men know when and how far to use their

accomplishments, ii. 15.

Wise man, the Ideal, see _Expert_.

Women, position of Greek, iii. 1;

genesis from degenerate man, iv. 252;

inferiority to men, 234, 252;

best, equal by nature to second-best men, 42, 171-4;

not superior in weaving and cookery, 172 _n._;

temporary marriages, 43, 175-8;

object, 198;

Plato's and modern sentiments, 192, 194 _n._;

influence of Aphroditê very small in Platonic state, 197;

both sexes to go together to battle, 46;

same duties and training for women as men, 41, 46;

same duties and training as men, 77;

on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187;

maintained in _Leges_, and harmonises with ancient legends,

196;

contrast with Aristotle, 195.

Wordsworth, ii. 250 _n._

Writing, see _Books_.

Wyttenbach, on meaning of _Atheist_, iv. 382 _n._;

Plato's immortality of the soul, ii. 423 _n._

X.

Xanthippê, iii. 23 _n._

Xanthus, i. 19 _n._

Xenokrates, iv. 255.

Xenophanes, life, i. 16;

doctrines, _ib._;

unsatisfactory, 18;

held Non-Ens inadmissible, _ib._;

the relative and absolute, 19;

infers original aqueous state of earth from prints of shells and

fishes, _ib._;

censured by Herakleitus, 26;

scepticism, 18;

popular mythology censured, 16;

religious element in, _ib._, 18;

the Universe God, 119 _n._

Xenophon, date of, i. 207;

Sokratic element an accessory in, 206;

essentially a man of action, _ib._;

personal history, 207-12, 215, 220;

alleged enmity between Plato and, iii. 22 _n._, iv. 146

_n._, 312 _n._;

antipathy to Aristippus, i. 182 _n._;

enlarges the influence claimed by Sokrates, 418;

Sokrates of Plato and, 178, 199;

Sokrates on the Holy, different from Platonic Sokrates, 454;

and Plato compared, on Sokrates' reply to Melêtus, 456, ii. 420

_n._;

Sokrates' character one-sided, iii. 423;

discussion of _law_, ii. 86;

the ideal the only real, 88 _n._;

Sokrates on friendship, 186;

_natural_ causes of friendship, 341 _n._;

view of Eros, iii. 25;

[Greek: paiderasti/a], 20 _n._;

Sokrates' identification of Good with pleasure, ii. 305;

Sokrates' doctrine of good, iii. 365;

motive to practice of virtue, iv. 99, 101 _n._, 135

_n._;

immortality of soul, ii. 420 _n._;

on filial ingratitude, iv. 399 _n._;

Sokrates on qualities for war, i. 133 _n._;

Sokrates' view of rhetoric, ii. 371 _n._;

relation of mind to kosmos, iii. 368;

the gods' jealousy, iv. 165 _n._;

change in old age, Plato compared, i. 244;

contrasted with Plato in _Timæus_, iv. 219;

works, i. 213;

analogy with _Alkibiadês I._ and _II._, ii. 21;

Sokrates' order of problems not observed, i. 230;

_Symposion_ of, 152;

date, iii. 26 _n._;

compared with Plato's, 22;

_Memorabilia_ compared with _Alkibiadês II._, ii. 29;

debate of Sokrates and Hippias, 34, 37, 49, 66;

_OEkonomikus_, ideal of an active citizen, i. 214;

_Hieron_, contents, 216-20;

Sokrates not introduced in _Hieron_ and _Cyropædia_,

216;

_Hieron_ compared with _Gorgias_, 221;

why Syracusan despot taken for subject, 220-2;

interior life of despot, 218, 220;

Sokratic ideal of government differently worked out by Plato,

and, iii. 273;

_idéal_, citizens willing to be ruled, iv. 283 _n._,

i. 215, 218, 225;

love of subjects obtainable by good government, 220;

_Cyropædia_, a romance, blending Persian and Spartan

customs, 222;

compared with _Leges_, iv. 319;

contents, i. 223-35;

his experience of younger Cyrus, 222;

education of Cyrus the Great, 223;

scientific ruler best, 224;

_Cyropædia_ does not solve the problem, 225;

Cyrus, of heroic genius, _ib._;

biography, 232;

generous and amiable qualities, 234;

scheme of government, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism,

_ib._;

position of the Demos, iv. 183;

ideal state wants unity, 186 _n._;

training of citizens, i. 226;

Plato's training of guardians compared, iv. 141-7;

_idéal_ of character is Spartan, Plato's is Athenian, 147,

151, 182, 276, 280 _n._, 403;

Persian training, 278 _n._;

details of education, i. 227;

its good effects, 228;

tuition in justice, 229;

definition of justice unsatisfactory, 231;

Sokrates on justice, iv. 3 _n._;

music omitted in education, 305, i. 229;

theoretical and practical geometry, iii. 395;

relation of sexes, iv. 194 _n._;

division of labour, 139 _n._;

inexperienced in finance and commerce, i. 236;

admires active commerce and variety of pursuits, _ib._;

formation of treasury funds, 238;

encouragement of Metics, _ib._;

distribution among citizens, three oboli each, daily, 239;

its purpose and principle, 240, 241 _n._;

visionary anticipations, 241;

financial scheme, Boeckh on, 242 _n._;

exhortation to peace, 243.

Xerxes, iv. 7.

Y.

Yxem, on _Kleitophon_, iii. 419 _n._;

_Hipparchus_, ii. 97;

_Erastæ_, 121.

Z.

Zaleukus, laws of, iv. 323 _n._

Zeller, on Plato, iii. 245 _n._;

_Parmenidês_, 84 _n._;

_Leges_, i. 338 _n._, iv. 274 _n._, 325

_n._, 389 _n._, 431-3;

Ideas, i. 120 _n._;

Eukleides, 127 _n._;

Megarics, 131 _n._;

Sophists, 389 _n._

Zeno of Elea, i. 93;

contrasted with earlier philosophers, 105;

modern critics on, 101;

defended Parmenidean doctrine, 93, 98, iii. 8;

the relative alone knowable, i. 98;

two worlds, impugned by Sokrates, iii. 59;

arguments in regard to space, i. 95;

motion, 97;

not denied as a phenomenal and relative fact, 102;

Sorites, 135 _n._;

reductiones ad absurdum, 94, 121 _n._;

not contradictions of data generalised from experience, 100;

no systematic theory of scepticism, iii. 93;

dialectic, 107;

purpose and result, i. 98;

carried out by Sokrates, 371;

compared with Platonic _Parmenidês_, 100.

Zeno the Stoic, i. 160;

attracted to Athens by perusal of _Apology_, 418;

eclectic, 174;

communism of wives, 189 _n._

Zenodotus, Alexandrine librarian, i. 274 _n._

Zeus conferred social art on men, ii. 268.

* * * * *

ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS.

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Transcriber's Note

The text is based on versions made available by the Internet Archive.

For the Greek transcriptions the following conventions have been used:

) is for smooth breathing; ( for hard; + for diaeresis; / for acute

accent; \ for grave; = for circumflex; | for iota subscript.

ch is used for chi, ph for phi, ps for psi, th for theta;

ê for eta and ô for omega; u is used for upsilon in all cases.

Corrections to the text, indicated in text with **:

Location Text of scan of 3rd edition Correction

ToC p. 272 The heading -- CHAPTER XXXIX. LEGES AND

EPINOMIS -- is missing

ToC p. 418 Noctural Nocturnal

Ch. 35 before extreme extremes

fn. 304

Ch. 37 before

fn. 18 convinced that "if they convinced that if they

Ch. 37 fn. 26 Cyrop. viii. i. 40 Cyrop. viii. 1, 40

Ch. 37 fn. 51 gout goût

Ch. 37 fn. 80 proh sancta pro sancta

Ch. 37 fn. 136 nsmothe/tês nomothe/tês

Ch. 37 fn. 157 )xxxiv. 8, 19) (xxxiv. 8, 19)

Ch. 37 fn. 165 a)o/ri ston a)o/riston

Ch. 38 3rd sn and character of the Position and character of

the

Ch. 38 fn. 25 members numbers

Ch. 38 fn. 40 that than

Ch. 39 p. 299 The one footnote on this page is numbered 3 at the foot,

1 in the text

Ch. 39 fn. 93 xxviii. p. 150, seq. xxxvi. p. 100, seq.

Ch. 39 p. 303 docrine doctrine

Ch. 39 p. 334 possses possess

Ch. 39 p. 359 that than

Ch. 39 p. 371 weath wealth

Index, s.v. Actual iv. i.

Index, s.v. Analogy a)nalogi/am a)nalogi/an

Index, s.v. Animal A)utozo/zôon Au)to/zôon

Index, s.v. Apology i. 429, n. i. 429 n.

Index, s.v. Aristotle 189 180

Index, s.v. Art see Poetry see Poets

Index, s.v. Cyrus iv. 312; iv. 312,

Index, s.v. Death 235, n. 235 n.

Index, s.v. Eleatic 234, n. 237 n.

Index, s.v. Ethics a)thrô/pina a)nthrô/pina

Index, s.v. Knowledge i. 37, 8-84; i. 378-84;

Index, s.v. Martin on Timæus, iii. on Timæus, iv.

Index, s.v. Physics 241 n. 397 n.

Index, s.v. Physics 89 n. 90 n.

Index, s.v. Plato 369 n. 178 n.

Index, s.v. Pleasure 374 n. 376 n.

Index, s.v. Politikus scienific man scientific man

Index, s.v. Praxiphanes 268 n. 265 n.

Index, s.v. Reid 241 n. 243 n.

Index, s.v. Soul kosmos, 265 kosmos, iii. 265

Index, s.v. State 414 iv. 414

Index, s.v. Virtue 330, n. 330 n.