surmounted by a monster steer of the Hereford type, 7 feet in height,
fashioned of red and white shelled corn. At the top of this pyramid the
word "Kansas" was worked in corn.
At the north entrance stood a pyramid of native grasses, upon which was
a vase made of oat heads, 7 feet high. Directly opposite stood a pyramid
of tame grasses, upon which rested a vase made of the heads of grains
and grasses, 7 feet high.
The Kansas State Agricultural College, at Manhattan, exhibited alfalfa,
corn, cane, Kaffir corn, oats, buffalo grass, and big blue-stemmed
grass, showing the plant and root growth. Besides these there were 25
varieties of wheat sheaves, 10 varieties of cane 14 feet in length, 4
varieties of Kaffir corn, 3 of broom corn 15 feet, stalks of corn 16
feet, and millet 6 feet high.
The State Agricultural College Experiment Station, Hays, Kans., had a
collection of wheat, rye, barley, speltz, oats, and flax.
The total cost of the various installations of the agricultural exhibits
of Kansas was $17,750.
The Kansas exhibit in the Horticultural Department fully and completely
represented that branch of industry in the State and was highly
commented upon by the people generally from all sections of the country.
Kansas was given space covering 2,000 square feet. The commission
appropriated $9,000 for this exhibit, which covered all expenses.
The fruits, especially apples, placed Kansas high in rank as one of the
leading apple-growing States of the Union. Kansas also ranked close
along with the leading States in peaches, plums, grapes, and small
fruits and was the banner State in the production of cherries.
The Kansas commission secured an 8-foot square space in the butter
pavilion, Palace of Agriculture, at a cost of $500 for the season. The
cost of placing and maintenance was $2,500.
Kansas did very well in her live-stock exhibit, for which an
appropriation of $10,000 was used. More than two hundred entries won
prizes, aggregating $313,800.
In the art exhibit, in the Kansas Building, the total number of articles
entered and shown was 537. The total value of the same was $20,247,
classified as follows: Sculpture, paintings in oil, paintings in water
colors, pastels and other drawings, miniatures, etchings, etc.,
paintings on china, art needlework, embroideries, etc., tapestries, etc.
KENTUCKY.
The legislature of 1902 refused to make an appropriation for a State
exhibit. The organization of the Kentucky Exhibit Association to raise a
fund by private subscription followed. For fourteen months an active
canvass was conducted, resulting in $30,000 and a sentiment so unanimous
for the State's representation at the fair that in January, 1904, the
general assembly supplemented this amount with $75,000. The Kentucky
Exhibit Association had several hundred members, with a board of 15
directors. Upon the passage of the appropriation act, Governor J.C.
Beckham, who signed the measure, appointed the following commissioners,
all to serve without compensation:
A.Y. Ford, president; Charles C. Spalding, vice-president; R.E. Hughes,
secretary; W.H. Cox, W.T. Ellis, Clarence Dallam, W.H. Newman, Sam P.
Jones, Samuel Grabfelder, M.H. Crump, J.B. Bowles, Charles E. Hoge, A.G.
Caruth, B.L.D. Guffy, Garrett S. Wall, Frank M. Fisher, Mrs. Bertha
Miller Smith, hostess.
Mr. Hughes, as secretary, was in charge of the building, and as director
of exhibits maintained supervision over Kentucky's entire representation
in the exhibit palaces. He was Kentucky's member of the Executive
Commissioners' Association of the fair. Mr. Hughes had a most capable
secretary in Mr. Frank Dunn, who was connected with the work from the
organization of the old Kentucky Exhibit Association. Mrs. Bertha Miller
Smith, of Richmond, Ky., held the position of hostess of the building.
Besides erecting a State Building, Kentucky collected, installed, and
maintained 16 different exhibits; a collective display of minerals, a
separate display of coal, a separate display of clays, in the Mines and
Metallurgy Building; a collective display from the schools and colleges
of the State and two separate displays in the blind section in the
Palace of Education and Social Economy; two collective displays--one
exterior, the other interior--of forestry in the department devoted to
Forestry, Fish, and Game; a collective display of general agricultural
products in the Palace of Agriculture; and displays of paintings and
sculptures by Kentucky artists and sculptors, of fancy needle and drawn
work by women, and of the works of Kentucky authors and composers in the
Kentucky Building.
The displays in the exhibit palaces occupied 15,000 square feet of
space, the tobacco display with 4,000 square feet having the largest
space assigned any one product. Four thousand square feet were devoted
to minerals, 1,200 to education, 3,000 to a general agricultural
exhibit, 1,200 to forestry and its manufactured products, and 1,200 to
horticulture.
In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy the general display combined both
State and individual effort. Its 3,400 square feet of space faced on
three of the main aisles of the building. Facing on three aisles the
exhibit had three entrances, an arch of cannel coal, an arch of white
limestone, and an arch of terra cotta burned in St. Louis from clay
taken from Waco, Madison County. The arches were connected by a 3-foot
wall of minerals, forming an inclosure for the exhibit. In this wall
were shown, as approaches to the clay-entrance arch, building brick,
tiles, paving brick, fire brick, plain and decorated pottery, etc.; as
approaches to the cannel-coal arch, both bituminous and cannel coal, and
as approaches to the stone arch, building stones and cement building
blocks.
Oil and its future development was found in a collective petroleum
exhibit from the several oil horizons. Large blocks of coal,
representing the different veins of Kentucky, several full lines of
broken coals, and a very complete display of coke were also displayed. A
very elaborate display of kaolin--plastic, vitrifying, and refractory
clays--was made.
In all, there were 114 different specimens of clay attractively
displayed in glass cases and in convenient corners; also plain and
decorated pottery, white and cream-colored wares, terra cotta,
earthen-ware, building brick, firebacks, coke-oven sundries, paving
brick, fire brick, tiles, etc. The Kentucky display contained also zinc
ore and sphalerite, lead ore and barite, lead and zinc ore, and fluarite
from the mines in Chittenden County; zinc and lead ores and metallic
zinc from "the Joplin district of Kentucky;" sphalerite and galena from
Marion, galena (in barite) from Lockport, Henry County, and large lumps
and ground fluorspar and lead concentrates from Marion, Crittenden
County. There were 138 samples of iron ore shown as a collective State
exhibit, and in addition to this there was ore from Edmonson County, ore
from Nelson County, ore from Allen County, ore from Carter County, and
ore from Hart County. One of the unique displays was a sample bottle of
oil from the old American oil well in Cumberland County. This well,
begun September 10, 1827, was the first oil well in America. Collective
State exhibits of oynx marble, paint earths, polished earths, sands,
silicious earths, road materials, fluorspars, barite calcite, cement
materials, salt, lithograph stone, lime, potash, marl, asphalt rock,
etc., were also to be found in Kentucky's general mineral exhibit.
The State made a fine display in forestry, fish, and game. The
collection embraced displays from all parts of Kentucky. The forestry
exhibit not only showed Kentucky's timbers in the rough and polished
state, but hundreds of samples of the manufactured products. One of the
exhibits was a full-sized log wagon, carrying three large logs 10 feet
long, one each of oak, poplar, and hickory. The idea of showing the
timber from which the product was made was carried out as far as
possible throughout the exhibit.
Kentucky's educational exhibit occupied 1,100 square feet, every foot of
which was utilized to advantage. The public schools, Catholic
institutions, commercial branches, and colleges were given due
prominence, while special attention was given to mountain school labors.
One part was devoted to public schools and another to Catholic
institutions. The school work of the totally blind pupils occupied six
display cabinets. These cases showed the entire course, from 8 years to
18. The display from the Kentucky School for the Deaf at Danville,
illustrating the work done in its manual-training department, was shown
also. This school was the pioneer in the manual-training movement in
Kentucky, and for over half a century every graduate has left its halls
equipped with a knowledge of some useful handicraft. More than a year
was consumed in the collection of Kentucky's educational exhibit.
Kentucky made a good showing agriculturally, and had a creditable and
attractive representation in the Palace of Agriculture. Raising more
than 90 per cent of the hemp of the United States, Kentucky made one of
the really distinctive exhibits of the Agricultural Building at the
exposition. The exhibit occupied more than 2,000 square feet. An
experiment station showed 50 varieties of grasses and 15 varieties of
wheat, both in the seed and in the sheaf Another interesting feature was
an entire case of insects injurious to fruit trees and staple products.
An interesting feature was an obelisk, 12 feet high, made of blue grass
from the experiment station The apex was of ripened blue grass; the
shades leading up to it, formed the base, beginning with the grass in
its green state. The bluish tint that gives the grass its name could be
seen. Various stages of hemp culture and harvest were shown also. These
include the seed, the stalk intact, broken and dressed hemp. Practically
100 different places were represented in this Kentucky exhibit. There
were in all 242 exhibitors. Fifty-two of these showed tobacco, 108 corn,
18 wheat, 6 oats, 8 seeds, 5 hemp, and the others miscellaneous.
The display of tobacco was conceded to be most instructive. Occupying an
entire block--4,628 square feet of space--it covered more floor area
than any other display in the 1,240 acres of the exposition devoted to a
single product. There was shown in miniature or by pictures tobacco in
every phase of its culture and manufacture. A box of plug tobacco 3 feet
square, the largest ever made, was shown here. To show to good advantage
the successive steps in the culture, harvesting, curing, and marketing
of the tobacco, two platforms, each 31 feet long by 8 feet wide, were
utilized. They were on opposite aisles of the space, running parallel
with the 89-foot sides. On one platform were shown the plant beds and
fields, on the other the curing barns and warehouses.
The State Pavilion was dedicated as the "New Kentucky Home." By a
careful study of the visitors' register with the total attendance at the
exposition it was found that 1 out of every 18 visitors to the fair
visited the "New Kentucky Home." The registers showed for one day alone
citizens from 35 States and 11 foreign countries. Its walls, hung with
more than $20,000 worth of the paintings of Kentucky artists, the most
important collection in the State Building; a score of glass cases
holding one of the exhibits of fancy needlework and a display of relics,
with a library of the works of Kentucky authors and an art-design piano
with Kentucky-written music, the "New Kentucky Home" was most
interesting. With four sides, and every side a front, its doors were
always wide open and no restriction was placed upon visitors. Its 582
lights at night spoke an invitation to all.
LOUISIANA.
_Members of commission._--Governor Newton C. Blanchard, president; Dr.
W.C. Stubbs, State commissioner; Maj. J.G. Lee, secretary; Gen. J.B.
Levert; Col. Charles Schuler; H.L. Gueydan; Robert Glenk, assistant to
State commissioner; Charles K. Fuqua, assistant secretary.
The legislature of the State of Louisiana in 1902 passed an act
providing that a board of commissioners, to be known as "The Board of
Commissioners of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition," be created,
consisting of the governor, who should be ex officio president thereof,
and four other members to be appointed by the governor. The sum of
$100,000 was appropriated by the same act for Louisiana's participation
in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
In the city of New Orleans is an old Spanish building, erected in 1795,
used during the Spanish reign as a cabildo or court building. In this
building the actual transfer of the Louisiana purchase from Spain to
France and from France to the United States occurred, the first on
November 30 and the last on December 20, 1803.
The commission wisely determined to reproduce this building as it was at
that date on the exposition grounds at St. Louis and to use the same as
a State building. It was determined also to furnish it with furniture
and pictures of that date. On account of the prominence of the State of
Louisiana in the original purchase, she was accorded first choice in the
selection of a site for her State building. A beautiful spot overlooking
Government Hill and directly south of Missouri's handsome State Palace
was selected. The building was completed in October, 1903, at a cost of
$25,000. On account of its historic interest and rich antique
furnishings, the State building attracted much attention, and the
visitors that passed through its portals numbered perhaps nearly a
million.
In front of the building was reproduced the "Place d'Armes" of the
French and Spanish regimes, now Jackson square, in the center of which
was erected an equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson, modeled upon the one
erected to the hero of Chalmette in the square in New Orleans by the
grateful citizens of Louisiana.
In the room known as Sala Capitular, in which the transfer occurred, was
exposed throughout the exposition a facsimile of the treaty signed by
Livingstone, Monroe, and Marbois. In the jails in the rear of the
Cabildo were placed the original stocks used by the Spanish in
punishment of their criminals.
Besides the Cabildo, which was a veritable museum of curios and
interesting relics, Louisiana had 15 exhibits in 10 buildings.
In the Agricultural Palace she had 8,500 feet of space, of which 2,000
was devoted to sugar, 2,000 to rice, 2,000 to cotton, and 2,500 to
general agriculture.
In the sugar exhibit was a field of cane made of wax, with negroes
cutting the same, and from this field there was a train of cars carrying
cane to the sugarhouse. On reaching the sugarhouse the cane was unloaded
by machinery and crushed by a complete sugar mill with crusher.
Surrounding the sugarhouse were 500 small barrels of sugar and 100
barrels of molasses; also in the same space were commercial samples of
plantation and refined sugars and a life-sized model of "Miss Louisiana"
made of sugar. Samples of 100 varieties of cane were shown and samples
of sugarhouse products were also, displayed. There were also to be seen
beautiful samples of paper Of all grades made from the cane.
In the rice exhibit were to be found, first, large shocks of each,
variety of rice in the sheaf. A field of growing rice, made of wax, with
a harvesting machine cutting and binding the same, was in evidence. All
stages of growing rice were represented, from the sprouting seed to the
fully matured grain. Samples of commercial rice were tastefully
exhibited.
In the cotton exhibit were to be found 15 commercial bales of cotton
specially prepared for the exhibit by patriotic citizens of Louisiana.
Over these bales was a platform, upon which was erected a "Carnival King"
in cotton. A roller and saw gin, a square and round bale cotton press,
and a complete cotton-seed oil mill made up the display of machinery in
the cotton exhibit. Nearly 100 varieties were shown in small, neat
bales, weighing 3 or 4 pounds each.
In the agricultural exhibit every crop growing in the field and the
garden was exhibited. Hay from the grasses and legumes, all kinds of
grain, both clean and in the straw; all kinds of fiber plants, in the
stock and in the fiber; all kinds of tobacco, yellow-leaf cigar leaf,
cigars, and the famous Perique were to be found. Vegetables of all
kinds, both fresh and in wax, were handsomely displayed.
In the Palace of Horticulture two exhibits were made. Pecans, oranges,
grapefruit, peaches, plums, pears, pomegranates, Japan persimmons, and
many other subtropical fruits were shown.
In the conservatory were two carloads of plants brought from New
Orleans. In it were 28 varieties of palms and many varieties of oranges,
pecans, figs, pineapples, bananas, pomegranates, etc.
In the Forestry Building there were two exhibits from Louisiana. In the
first were to be found timbers of valuable forests and their products.
In the same building were found the birds, fishes, and animals of
Louisiana.
In the Educational Building there were also two exhibits from Louisiana.
One was the regular State exhibit, illustrating the work done in the
schools, colleges, and universities.
In the same building and in the exhibit from the experimental stations a
complete sugar laboratory made by the sugar experimental station at
Audubon Park, New Orleans, was shown.
In the Mines and Metallurgy Building were exhibits of sulphur and salt,
crude and refined petroleum, marble, and iron ore, all fresh from the
mines of Louisiana.
In the Liberal Arts Building were topographical maps showing the levees
of Louisiana, and showing also the city of New Orleans in 1803 and New
Orleans in 1903. There were also in this exhibit 200 maps of the Gulf
coast from 1500 up to the present time, some rare old books, a section
of the palisades that surrounded New Orleans in the year 1794, and
copies of all the books of the authors of the State.
In the Transportation Building was represented transportation on the
Mississippi River, past and present, beginning with the Indian canoe and
on through the evolution of transportation up to the monster ocean liner
of to-day.
In the Anthropology Building was a very fine collection of Indian
relics, including a number of baskets of rare and beautiful type.
MAINE.
The State of Maine erected one of the most noteworthy buildings of the
ground and one that attracted universal attention. The building
represented accurately the popular conception of what a sportsman's
clubhouse should be. The building was made entirely of Maine lumber and
was in the form of a log cabin, exaggerated in size and equipped with
all the comforts of a country clubhouse. In this connection it is
interesting to note that the Maine Pavilion was subsequently sold for
$2,000 for the purpose of a sportsman's clubhouse in the country. The
spacious, cool verandas and the odor from the fresh pine logs made the
log house of Maine a favorite rendezvous during the heated days of the
summer. The building was furnished throughout with furnishings from the
manufacturers of Maine. The walls were decorated with moose heads and
specimens of the game and fish to be found in Maine. The walls of the
building were hung with pictures of various scenes in the State. The
total cost of the building was $22,361.40, and the furnishings cost
$159.80.
The legislature of the State appropriated $40.000 for the purpose of
erecting the building and making the display. There was no money given
by individuals. The total cost of the exhibit was $1,893.19.
The commissioners appointed by the legislature were as follows:
Louis B. Goodall, Sanford, chairman; Lemuel Lane, Westbrook; Frank H.
Briggs, Auburn; Charles C. Burrill, Ellsworth; Henry W. Sargent,
Sargentville. Edward E. Philbrook was elected secretary.
The purpose of the commission was primarily to advertise they resources
of the State of Maine as a vacation and sporting State. The only exhibit
made by the State, beyond that described above, was a small display of
potatoes and apples.
MARYLAND.
In the legislature of the State of Maryland in 1902 an item of $25,000
was provided in the general appropriation bill "for the use of the
commissioners to the St. Louis Fair, hereby authorized to be appointed
by the governor." The amount of this appropriation was less than the
friends of the measure desired, but it enabled the work to be
inaugurated. Governor Smith appointed the following commissioners:
Gen. L. Victor Baughman, chairman; Francis E. Waters, vice-chairman;
Frederick P. Stieff, treasurer; Frank N. Hoen, William A. Marburg,
William H. Grafflin, Wesley M. Oler, Thomas H. Robinson, Jacob M.
Pearce, Orlando Harrison, Mrs. Frances E. Lord, Mrs. Parks Fisher, F.P.
Cator, H.J. McGrath; Samuel K. Dennis, secretary.
A further appropriation of $40,000 was made, giving the commission a
total of $65,000. Through the systematic, scientific work of the
Maryland geological survey the commission had at hand the basis of an
excellent exhibit for the Palace of Mines. After vicissitudes of various
kinds, chiefly those occasioned by the great fire in Baltimore, the
Maryland Building was finished and opened on June 8. The total cost of
the building was $18,402.70. It was of a modern classic design, very
boldly treated. In plan it was a parallelogram 100 feet long by 40 feet
wide, with a recess on the front 10 by 55 feet, forming a loggia, which
was richly decorated in color (the only such external color scheme on
the grounds), supported by six columns of the composite order 25 feet
high, carrying a cornice and balustrade above. The Maryland State arms
were the central feature over the main entrance. At either end there
were large semicircular porches, supported on Ionic columns, which made
the total length of the building over all 140 feet. The site was an
ideal one, close to the New York and other State buildings and on the
direct route from the Inside Inn to the center of the grounds. The
building was surrounded by a beautiful oak grove, and was on gently
rising ground. Inside the classic feeling was maintained. On entering
through the loggia one found an imposing hall 55 feet long by 25 feet
high. The color scheme of this room was golden brown, with a lighter
shade of the same for the vaulted ceiling. Portraits of great value,
taken from the statehouse at Annapolis, as well as one of his eminence
Cardinal Gibbons, lent an air of dignity. Other rooms on the ground
floor were: On the left a picture room, where a large number of framed
photographs of Maryland scenery, buildings, and objects of interest were
hung, and back of this a lunch room and pantry, for use on reception
days. At the other end of the building there was a drawing room, with a
room at the back which was used as a men's smoking room, with toilet
attached. A stairway led from this part of the building to the ladies'
boudoir, which also had toilet attached, and to a ladies' drawing-room.
The second story, at the other end of the building, had a good room
fitted up for the gentleman in charge of the building. Mr. Albert Jones,
of Baltimore, and Mrs. Parks Fisher, of Baltimore, dispensed hospitality
in true Maryland style, and made many friends for the State among the
many visitors who came daily to the building. Upon Mrs. Fisher devolved
much of the responsibility of making the building popular, and she was
careful to have a few representative ladies of old Maryland families
established in St. Louis to assist her in entertaining those who came.
To Mrs. Fisher is due much of the credit for the taste and judgment used
in furnishing the building.
The exhibit of Maryland's mineral resources in the Mines and Metallurgy
Building covered an area of nearly 3,000 square feet of floor space,
together with about 4,000 square feet of wall and window space. The
mineral products were as follows:
Coals, building and decorative stones, ores, clays and clay products
(including pottery, tile, terra cotta, fancy and common brick, fire
brick, enameled brick, retorts and stove linings), limestones, sands,
cement rocks, flints, feldspars, marls, tripoli, barites, soapstones,
etc. All of the leading operators and manufacturers in the State took
part in the display, some of them supplying large collections of
materials. In addition to the exhibit of mineral products there was an
extensive systematic collection representing the geology, mineralogy,
and paleontology of the State, displayed in a series of plate-glass,
cases on the walls. In this exhibit the numerous materials found at the
various geological horizons were displayed, the object of the exhibit
being to show the great variety of geological formations represented in
Maryland.
The Maryland agricultural exhibit occupied a space 90 by 20 feet. A
feature intended to illustrate the varied conditions, crops, and methods
found in the northern and southern sections of the State, quite foreign
to each other, were the two barn scenes, located at each end and on the
wall side of the block. The corn exhibit, consisting of samples of ten
ears each, was displayed in a handsome case 4 by 12 feet, protected by
plate glass. Each sample was tied with orange and black ribbon, with the
names and addresses of the growers attached. A second corn exhibit was
made in a special exhibit in the, middle aisle of this mammoth building.
Here were displayed the four staples--tobacco, sugar, cotton, and corn.
The tobacco exhibit was displayed in a case of like construction and
proportions to that occupied by the corn, and located at the opposite
end and in front of the "Southern Maryland Barn." It made an attractive
showing of the planters' tobacco from both southern Maryland and
Frederick County. A special tobacco exhibit was also made in the middle
aisle on a space 20 feet square. In the center stood a giant Indian on a
pedestal over 7 feet high, with a long-stemmed pipe in his mouth and a
horn of plenty on his left arm, from which the manufactured products of
the weed fell to the ground. The whole was apparently built of tobacco.
The canned-goods industry was in evidence in this section to the right
and left of the "Springhouse." Placed against the wall, which was
covered with black cloth, were three pyramids of cans of peas, corn, and
tomatoes.
MASSACHUSETTS.
That Massachusetts might be creditably represented at the St. Louis
Exposition the Commonwealth appropriated $100,000.
Governor Bates appointed as the board of managers having the
appropriation in charge Dr. George Harris, of Amherst; Mrs. Sears and
Mrs. May Alden Ward, of Boston; Thomas B. Fitzpatrick, of Brookline, and
Hon. Wilson W. Fairbank, of Warren. Doctor Harris was elected president
of the board; Mrs. Sears, vice-president, and Mrs. Ward, recording
secretary. To Mr. Harris was assigned the department of education; to
Mrs. Sears, art; to Mrs. Ward, history, and to Messrs. Fitzpatrick and
Fairbank, finance. Mrs. Sears, Mrs. Ward, and Mr. Fairbank were chosen
to serve as the building committee. The board appointed James M.
Perkins, of Boston, secretary and George E. Gay, of Malden, educational
director.
The State Building at St. Louis was designed by C. Howard Wattset., of
Boston, and the cost, including the furnishings and the grading of the
grounds, was about $32,000. The building was of colonial style,
embodying as many features as possible of the Bulfinch front of the
Massachusetts statehouse. The reception hall on the first floor
resembled in part the old senate chamber in the statehouse, and the room
above, the historical hall, was like the present senate chamber. Most of
the furniture in the building was secured from the statehouse by Senator
Fairbank, to whom a large part of Massachusetts's success at the fair
was due.
In the historical room of the building was a very fine collection of
historical relics. Mrs. Ward, who was assisted by Miss Helen A.
Whittier, of Lowell, had charge of this exhibit. There were no other
exhibits in the State Building, but Massachusetts was well represented
in the different exhibit palaces, and in the Educational Building had an
exhibit that cost $30,000.
MICHIGAN.
The governor of the State of Michigan appointed the following named
persons as commissioners to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition:
Governor Aaron T. Bliss, ex officio member; Frederick B. Smith,
president; Austin Farrell, vice-president; Roy S. Barnhart, treasurer;
Hal H. Smith, secretary; William A. Hurst, assistant secretary; D. Aaron
R. Ingram, Charles P. Downey.
The act which authorized the governor to appoint the commission
authorized also the expenditure of $50,000 for the purpose of Michigan's
representation at the exposition.
The Michigan State Building was situated at the corner of Federal avenue
and Government terrace. The building occupied 80 by 130 feet, and was of
colonial renaissance architecture. It rose to the height of two stories
and was surrounded by wide porches and terraces. Immediately in front
and center four fluted stately columns supported the porch around the
entire building. French windows were used on both floors, and their
effect was emphasized and enhanced by the use of arches on the lower
porch. The whole was painted white and colonial cream.
The interior of the building was divided into a large reception hall,
which was flanked on either side by double parlors. The decorations were
of green and yellow in quiet tints. From the center of the main assembly
hall an imposing staircase was raised to a landing and then to the
second floor. The second floor was arranged in a large assembly room,
which was decorated with scenes in green and filled with light wicker
furniture. At the one side was a writing room, finished in weathered or
mission furniture, and decorated with scenes of the resort sections of
Michigan; on the other side were the private apartments of the
commissioners.
The hangings of the rooms were in quiet tones, harmonizing with the wall
tints. The floors were of hard maple throughout, and were covered with
attractive and beautiful rugs. The building was erected at a cost of
$14,000. The furniture and fittings cost approximately $5,000.
The agricultural exhibit comprised an extensive collection of samples of
different varieties of pease and beans; a large exhibit of seeds; an
exhibit of grains in stalk, tastefully arranged; an exhibit of grains
and corn; also a cabinet of pickled goods; a large exhibit of salt;
condensed-milk products; a complete exhibit in season of vegetables from
different counties of Michigan. The sugar-beet industry was represented
by samples of beets and of sugar in its various processes. The
maple-sirup industry of Michigan and the pepper industry were likewise
represented by cabinets containing samples of the products. This exhibit
was installed, complete, on a space 40 by 40 feet.
The horticultural exhibit comprised a space covering 2,500 square feet
of tables. For its first installation there were used 100 bushels of
apples grown in 1903, which had been kept in cold storage for this,
purpose. It comprised a collection of over 100 varieties of Michigan
fruit. With the coming of 1904 fruit, a complete exhibit of fresh apples
was installed from time to time, comprising over 150 varieties of
apples, requiring as many as 1,500 plates at one time, with many
varieties of grapes, peaches, plums, pears, quinces, and cherries. A.
large exhibit was also made of small fruit, raspberries, strawberries,
currants, and huckleberries. The exhibits were made by individuals, by
counties, and by local fair associations of the State.
The forestry exhibit was collected through the generosity and
contributions of a committee. It was a complete exhibit of Michigan
lumber, showing the rough log and the finished board, both in lumber and
in transverse sections. There were also displayed samples of the
different products which are manufactured from the log, such as
shoe-last blocks, wooden utensils, paper, paper pulp, etc., and there
was also an extensive collection of photographs of forestry scenes and
lumber camps, together with a complete collection of blueprints for the
construction of lumber mills. It was installed in a space 50 by 20 feet,
and was surrounded by natural cedar railings.
The mines and metallurgy exhibit comprised exhibits of the iron, copper,
and salt products, cement, manufactures of lime and sand, brick, and an
extensive collection of specimens of various minerals found in Michigan.
The copper mines were represented by samples of rock, minerals, and
tailings, models of shaft houses, and manufactured copper. The iron
industry was represented by upward of 100 samples of ore of various
ranges. These were classified and shown in the various ranges and stages
of their production from the rock to the finished product. The cement
industry was well represented. Coal of the Saginaw Valley was installed
in a 6-foot wall in the booth. An extensive and very valuable collection
of over 1,500 specimens were shown in cases. Three large geographical
maps showed the location of the different ranges, and photographs of
mining scenes supplemented the exhibit.
In the educational exhibit the University of Michigan was represented by
a main exhibit in the Education Building and by a small exhibit of the
physical-culture work of women in the Physical Science Building. In the
Educational Building a space 22 1/4 by 30 feet was assigned to the
university, having frontage on two aisles. On this space a booth was
erected, built of cypress and stained to resemble weathered oak. Within
the booth the floor was stained a dark color, and upon it were spread
carefully selected oriental rugs of strong coloring. The furniture was
of the "arts and crafts" style. It may be said that the chief motive of
the committee having charge of the exhibit was to provide a rest room or
social headquarters for the alumni and students of the university and
their friends.
There were placed upon exhibition several hundred volumes containing the
chief publications of members of the various faculties, also reprints of
scientific articles, these and a series of books showing the work of the
university bindery.
The engineering department was represented by numerous rolls of
large-scale blueprints, by an album of photographs specially prepared,
and by a large and attractive sample board of student shop-work. To
illustrate the equipment in marine engineering there were presented two
models of vessels and a model of the large marine tank which is now in
process of completion.
In the Educational Building could also be found cabinets showing the
method of collecting vital statistics of the department of the State of
Michigan and cabinets exhibiting the work of the School for the
Feeble-Minded, of Kalamazoo, and a cabinet of the School for the Deaf
and Dumb, of Flint.
A Michigan furniture company, interested in the exposition through the
efforts of the commission, expended over $25,000 in the installation of
a magnificent exhibit of furniture in the Department of Varied
Industries, making the most complete collection of furniture shown by
any American firm.
MINNESOTA.
The matter of the participation of Minnesota at the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition was brought to the attention of the State legislature at a
special session in 1902, and it responded with an appropriation of
$50,000. This bill was chapter 87, and was approved March 11, 1902. In
January, 1903, Governor Samuel R. Van Sant appointed as the board of
three managers authorized by the law Mr. Conde Hamlin, of St. Paul, Mr.
Theo. L. Hays, of Minneapolis, and Mr. J.M. Underwood, of Lake City.
At the time of the appropriation it was expected that the exposition
would be held in 1903. It, however, grew in magnitude and scope far
beyond the original designs of its projectors. The board organized by
the election of Mr. Hamlin as president, Mr. Underwood as
vice-president, and Mr. Hays as secretary. Charles S. Mitchell, of
Alexandria, was elected superintendent and executive officer, to have
immediate charge of exhibits and to carry out the plans of the board.
A site for Minnesota's building was selected, and space was reserved in
the great exhibit palaces of Mines and Metallurgy, Education,
Agriculture, Horticulture, and Forestry, Game, and Fish.
Subsequently, on April 1, 1903, a further appropriation of $100,000 was
voted by the Minnesota legislature.
The style of the Minnesota State Building resembled the Byzantine. It
was designed for a southern climate. The entire lower floor could be
thrown open by means of large glass doors opening upon corridors and a
wide promenade, which was protected by awnings. A low wall surmounted
this promenade, broken at intervals by abutments, on which were placed
large vases of flowering plants. This added color, and with the beds of
cannas, which extended along the base of this wall, and large beds of
brilliant scarlet geraniums on the lawn, made a handsome setting for the
building. These plants were Minnesota grown. The cannas grew to huge
proportions, and at the height of the season there were few landscapes
on the Plateau of States more effective than that of Minnesota.
The building was ample for its uses. There was a reception room 30 by 50
feet in size, with reading tables, the files of the State papers, a
post-office, check room, and superintendent's office. A men's room and a
women's room, each 20 by 20 feet, opened from the reception room. Two
pianos were free for the use of guests, and were a much-appreciated
feature. Every possible convenience was afforded to visitors. That the
general public, as well as visitors from Minnesota, appreciated the
building was shown by the hundreds who visited it daily and the many who
came day after day to write letters, read the papers, or merely to rest
and enjoy its coolness. The location gave it added prominence, as it was
near the southeast entrance, one of the most convenient for visitors,
close to the Inside Inn, and with the Massachusetts, New York, Iowa, and
Kansas buildings as neighbors.
The financial statement shows that the construction of the building,
with furnishing, landscaping, maintenance, care, and salaries of
employees, cost a total of less than $29,000.
In the agricultural display, while wheat was not neglected, especial
stress was laid on Minnesota's grasses, both tame and wild, and its
general forage crops. It was conceded by experts that no State made a
better display in that line of products. Corn was also made prominent.
Two elaborate butter models were shown, one in this department and one
in the exposition refrigerator.
The State was fortunate in the location secured. It was on one of the
large central aisles and adjoining the great glass butter refrigerator,
where were shown all the competing fancy butter exhibits from the
various States. On the same aisle or near by were the most splendid
exhibits in this building, those of States that expended from $30,000 to
$100,000 in that department alone, the latter figure being the
expenditure of Missouri. That Minnesota was able with $10,000 to make a
showing that found credit and favor in comparison with these other much
more elaborate and costly displays was surely commendable.
The central feature of the booth was a splendid piece of statuary in
butter. On a platform was placed an eight-faced glass refrigerator; it
was 8 by 10 feet on the floor and 15 feet high. The statue in butter
filled this. The square pedestal had at the four corners figures
representing Agriculture, Education, Mining, and Dairying. On the front
face was the seal of Minnesota, and on the two side faces medallions of
Alexander Ramsey and Samuel R. Van Sant. The crowning figure was that of
a mother giving to her little boy, who stood at her side, a piece of
bread and butter. Nearly a ton of the best creamery butter made in
Minnesota was used in this model.
The butter refrigerator in the Agricultural Building was of triple-plate
glass, and was 90 feet long. Minnesota's space was 8 by 16 feet. The
subject chosen for its model was historical--a representation of Father
Hennepin discovering St. Anthonys Falls. The father, in his priestly
garb, was shown in the act of stepping from an Indian canoe to the
shore. An Indian was holding the canoe to the bank by grasping a small
bush, while the boat was steadied by a French voyageur with his paddle.
The three types--the aborigine, the priest, and the French
voyageur--were accurately reproduced in costume, expression, and
features, and were practically life-size. The swift-flowing river, with
a suggestion of the falls, completed the picture, in which nearly 1,500
pounds of butter were used.
In a space just east of the butter refrigerator was the exposition
refrigerator for displays of cheese. In this the board took a space 8 by
8 feet.
The horticulture exhibit was placed in the hands of experts from the
State Horticultural Society. Here were shown large and small fruits,
preserved in many handsome jars. Apples which had been preserved in cold
storage from the crop of 1903 kept that feature of the exhibit
replenished, while the smaller fruits were shown as they matured, being
shipped from the growers in the State almost daily.
In September, when the new apples became available, a second and larger
space was secured. Here was made a display which was one of the greatest
attractions in the building. It represented a Dutch windmill and tower,
done entirely in apples.
During the final months of the exposition, when the live stock displays
were made, the board arranged with the State live stock association for
an exhibit of cattle, horses, and swine. The board appropriated $4,000
to this department and paid it into the hands of representatives of the
association to be distributed to the exhibitors from the State in
proportion to the prizes awarded to them by the exposition. This plan
was very successful and resulted in a creditable exhibit of the State's
prize live stock. At this time also a very successful display of poultry
was made, and a great many prizes were won.
In the Department of Education it was determined that Minnesota, should
retain its rank among the States and, if possible, should win new glory.
It was therefore made a leading department. The exhibit was especially
strong in rural school and primary and elementary education, and much
more attention than ever before was given to the secondary schools of
the State at large. The State department of education was consulted, and
the State Teachers' Association, the request of the board, named a
committee to advise with the board.
This was the first exposition to devote a separate building and one of
the main group of exhibit palaces to education. The plan greatly
dignified the department. Minnesota was most fortunate in the location
assigned its display, as this exhibit had the first space at the
principal entrance and was the first seen on entering the building from
the main exposition thoroughfare. The space was 30 by 60 feet. The
booth, the cabinet, the furnishings, and the frames were of Mission
brown oak. The walls were covered by a deep-blue burlap. The mountings
of the wall and cabinet exhibits toned with these colors, as did the
hangings. The design, as a whole, was exceedingly simple, but in the
style, in harmony of tone, and general artistic merit it was given first
rank among all the exhibits in the building. Its prominent position
demanded this excellence, for it commanded the most critical dicta of
the visitors.
In the arrangement of material, repetition and duplication were avoided.
All the written work and much of the drawing, designing, and drafting
was mounted in cabinets or bound in books. The arrangement showed the
State system as a unit, and every article in the booth was the work of
the schools, including the furniture, pottery, bric-a-brac, and
hangings. It was especially strong in manual training. In dividing the
space the manual-training exhibits were united as far as possible. The
first alcove of cabinet exhibits was devoted to the rural schools, the
second to the semigraded schools. The third and fourth sets of cabinets
contained the work of the secondary high schools and the grades in their
respective towns. The fifth set was given to the normal schools, while
the last two alcoves were devoted to the schools of St. Paul and
Minneapolis, the wall space being also apportioned to them. One cabinet
was filled with photographs of the university, the curricula,
statistics, etc. On the rear wall was a frieze of excellent photographs
of the university buildings, and around the outside of the entire booth
was a painted frieze, 5 feet deep, giving a panoramic view of the campus
and buildings, both of the academic and of the agricultural department.
A cabinet was also devoted to statistics, which included the State
system of aid to rural, semigraded, graded, and high schools. This
cabinet also gave figures showing the State permanent school funds, the
special tax, and school apportionment based on attendance; school
attendance, value of school property, system of examination of teachers,
and State examination for pupils, etc. There were also very complete
sets of State examination papers.
In the State Building the large reception room and the women's and men's
rooms were furnished by the pupils of the manual training classes of the
Minneapolis high schools, and of the Mechanic Arts High School of St.
Paul.
While the exhibits of mining and building materials were kept separate
financially, they were practically combined in one exhibit in the Palace
of Mines and Metallurgy. No scientific display was attempted, and the
plan of installation was severely simple.
Minnesota has but one mineral in such abundance as to be a great
financial asset, but in that one--iron--it produces over half the output
of the Lake Superior region, which alone of the United States iron
fields produces any considerable quantity of ore of a quality required
for manufacturing Bessemer steel. The analysis of the ores and names of
the mines were given on the samples, which were shown in nearly 100
large glass jars. A chart of the Mesaba range; a large map of the State,
showing the location of the mineral lands; two groups of photographic
views of working mines and mining methods, in frames 3 by 10 feet in
size, with statistical charts. These constituted the wall display. On
the floor was a model, 11 feet square, of the Fayal, the greatest
producing mine in the world. This showed all the mining processes and
every detail of shaft house, ore dumps, cars, tracks, steam shovels,
telegraph lines, etc., in and about the mines.
The stone exhibit was also a practical one. It showed the more
marketable varieties as they appear in actual use. There were five large
wall pieces of granite, one of Winona stone, one of pipestone, and one
of Frontenac stone. Inclosing two sides of the floor space, which was 36
by 54 feet, was a low wall of stone, with two entrances. The shorter
wall was of polished granite from the St. Cloud quarries, showing all
the more distinct varieties--gray, mottled, black, red, and brown. The
wall on the longer side, beginning with a corner post and extending to
the entrances, was of polished red granite, with a panel of Minnesota
marble. On either side of the side entrance, were high posts of Kettle
River sandstone, handsomely carved, and the rest of the wall was of this
stone combined in part with the Twin City brick.
An elaborate game and fish display was determined upon in the Game and
Fisheries Building. Every inducement was held out by the company, and an
especial effort was made for this exhibit. It pledged, among other
things, that pure refrigerated water would be furnished for the fish.
The board consulted in this department the State game and fish chief,
Mr. Samuel Fullerton, who extended all the assistance possible.
Eighty-four feet of aquaria were put in, and it is indisputable that
they were the best built, most practical, and best arranged in the
building. At the close of the fair the Pacific Coast Association offered
$1,000 in cash for them where they were, or nearly one-third of their
cost. They were planned to show not only the State's trout and small
fish, but the large game fish that are found there. As it was, splendid
specimens were shipped to St. Louis in the fish car of the Pennsylvania
commission, loaned without charge for that purpose. The fish arrived on
Minnesota Day under the personal care of Mr. Fullerton and one of his
wardens and of three Pennsylvanians, expert in such work. The fish were
in splendid condition, and they included wall-eyed pike, pickerel,
muskellunge, bass of all varieties, and great northern pike that experts
said were larger than had ever before been sent anywhere for exhibition
purposes. There were also rare specimens of trout, including the white
trout that are a Minnesota specialty. The fish, except the trout, were
successfully transferred to the State's tank that evening. By morning
only three were alive, and these died during the day. The trout were not
tanked at all, but were turned over to the United States authorities,
who were glad to get them because of their rarity. The responsibility
for this failure rests with the Exposition Company. The water supplied
was not from wells, but was the muddy Missouri River water clarified by
the alum process, which is fatal to fish. It was also entirely too warm,
no attempt to keep the promise of refrigeration having been made. After
this disaster the board refused to bring more fish until the company
should fulfill its pledge, which it never did. Minnesota's experience
was shared by Pennsylvania and Missouri, the only other States prepared
to make large live fish displays.
The failure of the St. Louis Fair officials to provide proper water
caused a difference in the board finances of nearly $2,000. The board
had secured subscriptions from six different towns in the fishing
regions of the State toward the payment for the aquaria, the idea being
to stock the aquaria with fish from the lakes near the towns that
subscribed, and to give them proper individual credit. When the
possibility of keeping the fish alive was realized the board promptly
released them from their obligations, but it was too late to save the
appropriation made through reliance upon the plans and promises of the
exposition.
The game exhibit had a large space adjoining that occupied by the
aquarium. It was at the principal entrance to the building. The larger
part of the space was covered by a realistic scene from the northern
woods--the State game region. A pine forest was shown with a rocky
embankment at the side, while opposite was a birch opening. Breaking
through this opening and represented as scenting danger were three
moose--two bucks and a cow--that were the finest specimens of the great
game animals in the building. Elsewhere in the scene was a family of
three red deer; also very handsome caribou, black bears, wolves, foxes,
porcupines, grouse, prairie chicken, owls, etc. The background of the
scene was a distant lake view, and with effective lighting it was
conceded to be among the most novel exhibits in the building. No other
scenic reproduction was more complete. Adjoining this scene was a
smaller space filled with moose and deer heads and mounted fish. The
walls were draped with fish nets, and a large map of the State showed
the railroads, summer resorts, and lakes.
MISSISSIPPI.
In compliance with the very general demand of the press and people, the
legislature of Mississippi, in 1902, appropriated $50,000 for the
purpose of securing and installing the products, resources, industries,
and enterprises of the State at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. This
was the first appropriation ever made by Mississippi for a World's Fair.
The bill providing for the State exhibits created a State exposition
bureau of five members, specifying that the governor should be ex
officio president and name his four associates, the following being the
personnel of the bureau: J.K. Vardaman, ex officio chairman; Dr. O.B.
Quinn, chairman; Frank Burkitt, secretary; L.H. Enochs; V.P. Still.
At the first meeting of the bureau Col. R.H. Henry, of Jackson, was
elected executive commissioner, and was charged with the duty of
canvassing the State, with a view of procuring the exhibits. He visited
all parts of Mississippi, delivered exposition addresses in the
different counties, and urged upon the people the importance of making
the best exhibit possible at the exposition. He devoted two years to the
work.
The legislature of 1904 made an additional appropriation of $10,000
under the administration of Governor James K. Vardaman, who succeeded
Governor Longino as president of the exposition bureau. Several counties
also made appropriations, as did some of the factories and mills of the
State, the total appropriation aggregating about $62,000.
The Mississippi State Building was a reproduction of the last home of
Jefferson Davis, known as "Beauvoir." This home is located near Biloxi,
Miss., is of old-style southern architecture, massive in construction
and imposing in appearance, and from its broad porches may be seen the
"whitecaps" of the Gulf of Mexico. The house was built by James Brown, a
rich cotton planter of Madison County, and by him used as a summer home
until the close of the civil war, when it was sold to Mrs. Sarah A.
Dorsey, from whom Mr. Davis secured it. It contained a large historic
collection pertaining to the Davis family, much of the family furniture,
the bed upon which Mr. Davis died, and the suit of clothes he wore when
captured by General Wilson, in Georgia, at the close of hostilities
between the North and the South; the object of the exhibit being to
disprove the report that Mr. Davis wore a woman's dress when arrested. A
statement of Capt. J.H. Parker, of General Wilson's staff was attached,
contradicting the falsehood. The building cost $15,000 without
furnishings or pictures. It was built entirely of Mississippi lumber,
the contractor being J.F. Barnes, of Greenville, Miss.
In the horticultural exhibit the State showed all varieties of sweet and
citrus fruits, pecans and edible nuts, together with a pecan horse.
In the Palace of Agriculture two exhibits were shown, the special cotton
exhibit, including the 35-foot statue of "King Cotton," and the
collective agricultural exhibit--cotton, corn, cereals, grains, hay,
grasses, potatoes, peas, beans, sirups, honey, wines, cordials,
preserves, pickles, jellies, canned goods, vegetables, oysters, shrimps,
crabs, fish, etc.
All the merchantable timbers of the State were displayed in the forestry
exhibit, which contained over 500 samples, highly polished and superbly
finished, one of the largest and best collections shown.
In the Department of Fish and Game were exhibited all varieties of
native fresh and salt water fish, birds, and wild animals.
In the Educational Building Mississippi showed the best work from the
colleges and high schools of the State. The Agricultural and Mechanical
College had a fine display in the general Agricultural and Mechanical
College section.
Other displays were the following: A varied and attractive collection of
building stone, cement material, clays, phosphates, mineral waters in
the Mineral Building; buggies and wagons made in the State in
Transportation Hall; engines, sawmills, and other heavy machinery in the
Machinery Building; a rare old double plate-glass electrical machine was
exhibited in the Electrical Building, the contribution of the State
university.
Mississippi was awarded over 30 prizes for her various exhibits,
including 2 grand prizes on cotton and timbers; 6 gold medals and 3
silver medals on agriculture; a gold, silver, and bronze medal on fish
and game; 2 gold, 4 silver, and 5 bronze medals on education; 2 silver
and 3 bronze medals on minerals; a silver medal on wagons; a bronze
medal on machinery; a gold medal on fruits, and a gold medal on pecans.
Less than $47,000 of the $60,000 appropriated by the legislature was
spent on the State building and on the collection and installation of
the exhibits, and from $10,000 to $15,000 of the appropriation was
turned back into the State treasury. The expenditure proved of
incalculable benefit to Mississippi, and good results are already being
felt.
The executive commissioner, Col. R.H. Henry, is a native Mississippian.
He was born in Scott County, May 15, 1851, and received education in the
schools and academies of Mississippi. He engaged in journalism in early
life, has been an editor and publisher over thirty years, and is
regarded as the most successful journalist of his State. As the
executive commissioner and the State's only representative at the
exposition Mr. Henry designed and personally supervised the installation
of the different Mississippi exhibits, ten in number, and the award of
over 30 medals, including 2 grand prizes, abundantly attests and amply
proves the merit and value of the Mississippi products.
MISSOURI.
The largest appropriation for exposition purposes by any State was by
Missouri, namely, $1,000,000. In every exposition building where a State
could have an exhibit Missouri's exhibit was found. In every building
where only exhibits by individuals, business firms, or corporations were
permitted, Missourians made display of the products of their industry
and skill. The Missouri State Building was among the finest upon the
grounds. The displays of the State in the Agriculture, Horticulture,
Education, Mining, Forestry, Live Stock, Poultry, Dairying, Fish and
Game, and Woman's Work were noted for artistic beauty and
comprehensiveness.
The exhibit made by Missouri at the World's Fair was the result of the
labors of the board of commissioners to the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition, appointed by Governor A.M. Dockery, under the direction of
which the $1,000,000 voted by the people of Missouri for an exhibit of
the State's resources were expended. At the general election in
November, 1900, the people adopted a constitutional amendment permitting
the legislature of this State to appropriate $1,000,000 for World's Fair
expenses. A bill appropriating the amount and providing for a commission
to direct its expenditure was passed by the next general assembly and
was signed by the governor April 17, 1901. The same bill was reenacted
in 1903 and was signed by the governor March 24, 1903. On the 28th of
May, 1901, Governor Dockery appointed as the board of commissioners:
M.T. Davis, of Springfield; F.J. Moss, of St. Joseph; B.H. Bonfey, of
Unionville; W.H. Marshall, of Morehouse; L.F. Parker, of St. Louis; D.P.
Stroup, of Norborne; N.H. Gentry, of Sedalia; J.O. Allison, of New
London, and H.C. McDougall, of Kansas City. Mr. McDougall resigned and
J.H. Hawthorne, of Kansas City, was appointed his successor. When the
law was reenacted in 1903 the board was reappointed. The board elected
M.T. Davis president, F.J. Moss vice-president, B.H. Bonfey secretary,
and W.H. Marshall treasurer. Later the ill health of Mr. Marshall caused
his temporary absence from the State, and J.H. Hawthorne succeeded him
as treasurer.
The Missouri State building was erected at a cost, including
furnishings, of $250,000. The keynotes of the Missouri building were
public comfort, culture, and social enjoyment. A golden dome surmounted
by an emblematic statue of "The Spirit of Missouri" crowned the
building. Over the main entrance was this inscription: "Embracing within
her confines all the elements of an empire devoted to all the arts and
sciences that advance civilization, Missouri, the central State of the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, greets her sister States and welcomes the
world." Around the building were the names of great Missourians: Thomas
Hart Benton, Francis P. Blair, B. Gratz Brown, David R. Atchison, David
Barton, Meriwether Lewis, Edward Bates, Lewis F. Linn, Lewis V. Bogy,
Aylett H. Buckner, John S. Phelps, James S. Green. The building
contained rooms adapted for various purposes, two large halls in either
wing, a commodious auditorium or State hall, in which conventions were
held, a handsome rotunda with brilliant electric fountain, the suite of
Governor Dockery, men's parlors, women's parlors, press room, and
executive offices. On the second floor were rooms fittingly furnished.
The building was warmed by steam in cold weather and refrigerated by
cold air in warm weather. The approaches and elevations of the building
were adorned with statuary, heroic figures of Thomas Jefferson and
Napoleon Bonaparte being placed at the main entrance. In the west hall
were placed a collection of paintings by Missouri artists and the fine
bell presented by the citizens of the State to the battle ship
_Missouri_. The mural decorations in the rotunda consisted of four
pendentives illustrating the prehistoric savage, developing and
productive eras in the State's history. The decorations in the dome
embodied a historical allegory, tracing the epochs in the development of
the Middle West.
In the Palace of Horticulture the space allotted to Missouri was 6,600
square feet--larger than that awarded to any other State, and filled
with Missouri fruits. More than 430 varieties of fruits grown in the
State were shown from 84 counties.
In the Palace of Agriculture Missouri agricultural resources occupied
prominent position at the main entrance of the building and on the main
aisle. In the artistic facade, made, as all the decorative features of
the display, entirely of grain and grasses, was shown a series of thirty
pictures illustrating the marked contrast between the old and new
methods in agriculture. Corn was exhibited in many forms. A corn temple,
constructed of the great cereal, was in the main aisle, Missouri being
chosen by the exposition to represent the great corn States.
In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy a display was made of the mining
resources of the State. Missouri's space was at the main entrance. The
exhibit consisted of typical products of Missouri mines and
quarries--coal, lead, zinc, iron, copper, tripoli, building and
ornamental stone, clay, sands--and mineral waters, crystals of all
types, mining machinery at work, laboratory specimens and equipment from
the School of Mines, and photographs of 1,200 mining views in a brief
comprehensive showing of all the mineral wealth of the State. Every
district was represented by adequate specimens. An outside mining
exhibit was made by Missouri in the Mining Gulch, where mining machinery
was shown at work and a Missouri mine. Special features were a zinc and
lead concentrating plant, model of shot tower, illustration of process
of making Babbitt metal and solder. A Scotch hearth furnace for smelting
lead ore was also in operation.
Missouri was represented in several places in the Palace of Education
and Social Economy. Here was made the general exhibit of Missouri
schools. The main school exhibit consisted of showings of grades of the
work done in the twelve regular grades of the public schools and in the
kindergarten, of the work of the colleges and normal schools, of the
schools for negroes, and of special schools. Aside from the high school
and grade exhibit, private institutions had separate displays. The
public school exhibit was intended to show the work of the entire system
of the State public schools, each grade being represented by photographs
of typical children and school scenes by representative work of the
pupils. Over 300 photographs were shown. Mutoscopes presented in moving
pictures scenes upon the school grounds. By means of cabinets, tables,
and winged frames the exhibits were presented in compact form. Every
kind of school--city, town, village, and rural--was represented in the
exhibit, and the work of more than 200,000 children was on exhibition.
The State University exhibit showed what that institution had been and
what it is doing. Bird's-eye views of the university at different
periods of its existence and a fine model of its present buildings and
grounds were shown. The various departments made exhibits of their work.
In social economy were shown the work of the Industrial Training School
at Boonville, the School for the Deaf and Dumb at Fulton, the School for
the Blind at St. Louis, together with photographs of the Colony for the
Feeble-Minded at Marshall, the St. Louis Hospital, the Hospital for the
Insane at St. Joseph, the work of the Missouri board of charities and
correction, and other eleemosynary institutions. The work of the
Industrial Manual School was shown by an exhibit of the products of the
school--wagons, clothing, shoes, bricks, and other results of the
industry of the boys. In addition to an exhibit along similar lines of
the School for the Blind and the School for the Deaf and Dumb, showing
the pupils' proficiency in industrial training, classes from these
schools were at different times shown actually at work in class rooms in
the building.
In live stock Missouri offered premiums supplementary to those offered
by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. The list of animals for
which prizes were offered included cattle, horses, asses, mules, hogs,
sheep, goats, and all domestic animals. The aggregate appropriation for
live stock was $93,000.
In poultry, prizes for Missouri poultry of all kinds were offered on the
same lines as for other live stock, the total of $7,000 being set aside
for the purpose.
The fish and game exhibit, located just outside of the Forestry, Fish,
and Game Building, was the only exhibit of live game at the exposition.
It was arranged in cages around a lake, the waters of which were stocked
with fish. A commodious hunter's lodge, furnished in rustic style with
the paraphernalia of the sportsman, was conspicuous upon the lake shore.
The exhibit showed live deer, wild cat, mountain lion or panther,
coyote, gray wolf, red fox, gray fox, opossum, raccoon, beaver, rabbit,
fox and gray squirrel, mink, wild turkey, wild geese, wild duck, quail,
black wolf, bald eagle, horned owl, and four varieties of pheasants, all
the varieties of game to be found in Missouri forests. As showing the
chief varieties of fish, were exhibited rainbow trout, lake trout, brook
trout, large-mouthed black bass, crappie, channel cat, buffalo, sunfish,
perch, eel, and carp.
In the Agriculture Building was shown a model of the St. Joseph stock
yards, setting out all the buildings and grounds of that section of St.
Joseph. A working model of one of the great packing establishments was
exhibited, displaying the actual process of preparing cattle for the
market.
The woman's-work exhibit had booths in the Varied Industry Building and
the Manufactures Building. In the first were shown specimens of fancy
embroideries, laces, and needlework by Missouri women. In the second
were displayed china painting, pyrography, and paintings in oil, water
color, and pastel, all by Missouri women.
The forestry exhibit, located in the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building,
showed the woods of the State available for commercial use rather than a
mere botanical display. More than 60 varieties of Missouri woods were
shown. The forestry exhibit was shown in two booths--one devoted to gum,
the other to Missouri woods. The gum booth showed furniture of black,
red, and tupelo gum wood. In the booths were shown hand-carved mantels,
tables, and chairs.
The dairy interest of the State was represented in an exhibit in the
Palace of Agriculture. In this exhibit samples of the butter and cheese
products in Missouri were shown tastefully arranged.
The Kansas City Casino showed a municipal exhibit attractively arranged
in a commodious building erected for that purpose. The casino consisted
of two wings, each 24 by 58 feet, and connected by an open court 62 by
67 feet, and located on the model street of the exposition. In the
casino were a relief map showing Kansas City in detail, a map of the
United States showing Kansas City's location with reference to the great
productive region, railroad map, assembly room, rest rooms, and library.
MONTANA.
On May 20, 1903, the governor of Montana, Joseph Toole, appointed the
following-named commissioners from the State of Montana at the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition: Lee Mantle, Butte; Martin Maginnis, Helena; Paul
McCormick, Billings; C.W. Hoffman, Bozeman; B.F. White, Dillon; William
Scallon, Butte; F.A. Heinze, Butte; D. McDonald, Butte; Conrad Kohrs,
Helena; J.H. Rice, Fort Benton; W.G. Conrad, Great Falls; T.L.
Greenough, Missoula; C.J. McNamara, Helena; D.R. Peeler, Kalispel; H.L.
Frank, Butte, and William C. Buskett, special representative.
The commission met and appointed the following officers:
Lee Mantle, president; Martin Maginnis, vice-president; Paul McCormick,
secretary; C.W. Hoffman, treasurer.
The legislature of the State appropriated the sum of $50,000 on May,
1903, and at the same time made appropriations of $7,300 and $14,290.99,
which could be utilized by the commissioners for the purpose of
Montana's participation in the exhibition at the World's Fair. Besides
the amount appropriated by the State, the sum of $20,000 was contributed
from private sources.
The State building was erected at a cost of $20,000, and was maintained
throughout the period of the exposition at a cost of $6,000, $1,000
additional being spent for entertainments.
The Montana State Building was of fancy Doric design, and was
universally admired by the exposition visitors. One of the prominent
features in the interior of the building was the famous painting by
Paxton of the Custer Massacre. An onyx mantle from Montana was also
greatly admired. The State shield, in gold, copper, silver, and Montana
sapphires, was one of the most interesting features of the interior
decorations.
The commission appointed as hostess to look after the personal welfare
of the visitors from the State of Montana Mrs. Addie McDowell, who was
ably assisted by an auxiliary committee consisting of Mary A. Cruse,
Mrs. W.W. Cheely, and Mrs. T.R. Carson. State officials and some of the
most prominent residents of the State were entertained at various times
in the building.
Montana was represented in the following departments: Mines and
Metallurgy, Palace of Agriculture, Horticulture Pavilion, Forestry,
Fish, and Game Building, and the Educational Palace.
In the Mines Building the grand prize was awarded to Montana. In the
Agricultural Building the State received 209 medals, and the exhibits in
all the other exhibit palaces were remarkably good.
NEBRASKA.
On April 8, 1903, the Nebraska State legislature voted for the
appointment of a State board of commissioners by the governor and for
the appropriation of $35,000.
The following-named commissioners were subsequently appointed by the
governor:
Gurdon W. Wattles, president; Peter Jansen, vice-president; Matt Miller,
treasurer; H.C. Shedd, secretary.
Although Nebraska had no State building on the grounds, it erected a
very large and commodious pavilion on the main aisle of the Palace of
Agriculture, where the State commissioners established their
headquarters. In the pavilion were reception rooms, reading and writing
tables, post-office, check room, lavatories, and all the articles and
conveniences found in the more elaborate State buildings on the grounds.
The pavilion covered nearly 8,000 square feet of space, and was
handsomely decorated with grains, grasses, and corn arranged in most
artistic form. In addition to the appropriation of $35,000 made by the
legislature to cover the cost of the exhibit, private subscriptions,
amounting in the aggregate to $25,000, contributed largely by
exhibitors, increased the amount expended by Nebraska at the fair to
$60,000.
The principal exhibit made by Nebraska was in the Agriculture
Department. There sheaf grain, grasses, corn, vine products, and all
agricultural products were shown, including all varieties of field,
sweet, flint, and pop corn.
In connection with the agricultural exhibit in the pavilion, the
commission maintained a small theater fitted up with opera chairs,
stage, electric fans, and all accessories of the modern playhouse. In
the theater a free stereopticon and moving-picture exhibition was given,
illustrating the resources and industries of the State. Another
attractive feature of the agricultural exhibit was the mounted steer
"Challenger," which won the first prize of the world at the
international stock show at Chicago, December, 1903.
In the horticultural exhibit a display of Nebraska's choicest fruits
attracted much attention.
The educational exhibit showed the work of the Nebraska schools from the
kindergarten through the colleges and universities. It also made a fine
display of the work of women's clubs in literary and musical lines.
Throughout the exhibit the fact that Nebraska ranked first in small
percentage of illiteracy was constantly emphasized.
In the mineral exhibit samples of Nebraska's best building stones,
bricks, cement, and similar products were displayed, and a complete
collection of soils from different parts of the State was shown. Cases
of fossils from the university museum, specimens from the geological
department of the university, and typical photographs of Nebraska added
attractiveness to the exhibit. There was also an exhibit showing
Nebraska's dairy and creamery resources.
Opposite the Nebraska Pavilion the State made its main corn display.
Nebraska had a larger exhibit of corn than any State making an
exhibition of cereals. There were more than 57 varieties, running from
the little "Tom Thumb" ears of popcorn to mammoth ears of field corn.
One species of corn which attracted particular attention was the result
of grafting experiments, whereby several varieties of corn of various
colors and shades were made to grow on one cob. This variety was known
as the "Evolution Species."
During the exposition live-stock shows the Nebraska commission
transported free from Nebraska to St. Louis the prize-winning stock and
poultry of the State fair at a cost of several thousand dollars. The
choice and exhibition of this kind of stock and poultry were in charge
of the Nebraska live-stock and poultry associations.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
The New Hampshire Building was a reproduction of the birthplace of
Daniel Webster. The building was quaint and striking in appearance, with
high-pitched roof and an absence of eaves, small-paned, old-fashioned
windows, and weatherboarded sides, and an enormous chimney rising from
the center of the roof, exactly like the original at Franklin, N.H. In
every room was a wealth of old-fashioned furniture from New Hampshire
homes, much of it a hundred years old or more, as well as Webster
relics, davenports, massive polished-top mahogany tables and sideboards,
warming pans, antique sideboards, china closets, straight-backed
armchairs, grandfather clocks, china and pewter ware. The greater part
of the antique furnishings were from the very valuable collection of
Gen. William E. Spalding, of Nashua. The State Building was provided
with a lecture hall for stereopticon lectures, having a screen 16 feet
square.
The State commission was composed of Gen. Charles S. Collins, president;
Arthur C. Jackson, vice-president and executive commissioner; Omar A.
Towne, secretary; Augustine R. Ayers, treasurer; J. Adam Graf; Orton B.
Brown; Mrs. Arthur C. Jackson, hostess. Mr. Brown contributed a carload
of lumber, and General Collins and Mr. Jackson individually bore all the
expense of construction and maintenance.
The most elaborate of New Hampshire's exhibits was that of the largest
cotton mills in the world, in the Manufactures Building, although the
State was represented by individual exhibitors in the various exhibition
palaces.
NEW JERSEY.
_Members of New Jersey commission_.--Foster M. Vorhees, chief
commissioner; Elbert Rappleye, Edgar B. Ward, C.E. Breckenridge, Edward
R. Weiss, J.T. MacMurray, Ira W. Wood, W.H. Wiley, Johnston Cornish,
Harry Humphreys, R.W. Herbert; Lewis T. Bryant, secretary.
The object of the New Jersey commission for the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition was to provide visitors from the State with suitable and
homelike headquarters and to advertise the extensive resources of the
Commonwealth. The growth of the manufacturing interests of the State has
been so remarkable that from a purely agricultural center it has, within
a comparatively few years, obtained an indisputable position in the
forefront of the manufacturing States of the Union. The number and
character of individual exhibits compared favorably with other States
represented. They represented a variety of industries, and were among
the finest exhibits at the exposition.
The State Pavilion was a practical reproduction of the old Ford Tavern
at Morristown, N.J., which was used as Washington's headquarters during
the winter of 1779-80. Alexander Hamilton made his home there that
winter, and there met the daughter of General Schuyler, whom he
afterwards married. Among other famous men who have been beneath its
roof were Green, Knox, Lafayette, Steuben, Kosciusko, Schuyler, "Light
Horse" Harry Lee, Old Israel Putman, "Mad Anthony" Wayne, and Benedict
Arnold.
The location of the New Jersey Building was in the center of a grove of
trees, with an extensive lawn, and had every convenience for the comfort
of visitors. The furnishings were selected to harmonize in color as well
as with a view to comfort.
Owing to the expense required to make shipments of fresh articles such a
great distance, the commission found it would be impossible to make such
agricultural and horticultural displays as would do justice to the State
with the amount of the appropriation placed at their disposal.
The educational exhibit differed in some features from that of any other
State. For the display of books and various lines of work not readily
shown upon the walls or in the cabinets, drawers instead of shelves were
placed under the cabinets. This enabled the work to be put in convenient
form for inspection, and had the additional merit of keeping it clean.
Another feature entirely new and used for the first time at this
exposition was the index key. The exhibit was divided into sections
lettered from A to M, inclusive, and these were subdivided into units
numbered from 1 to 68, inclusive. Each unit consisted of a leaf cabinet
with six drawers directly underneath. The units from 15 to 21,
inclusive, served as an index to the entire New Jersey educational
exhibit. Unit No. 15 directed to first year's work. Unit No. 16 directed
to second and fourth year's work. Unit No. 17 directed to third and
fourth year's work, and so on.
To find work from a particular school, the card containing work from the
county or city in which said school is located was first taken. That
card directed to the section in which all work of the school, except
that placed upon the walls, could be found. Different lines of school
work were bound in different colored volumes, as shown by index cards.
Another unique feature of the exhibit was the manual-training work of
each school shown in connection with its academic work.
A combined exhibit of music and art was exceptionally fine and attracted
much attention. The work of a very large percentage of schools, both
rural and urban, was represented, and the Garden State ably maintained
the reputation won at former expositions.
In the section of social economy of the Educational Building the State
was represented by comprehensive exhibits from the following: The State
board of health, Trenton, N.J.; bureau of statistics of labor and
industries, Trenton, N.J.; New Jersey School for Deaf Mutes; New Jersey
State Institution for Feeble-Minded Women, Vineland, N.J.; New Jersey
Training School for Feeble-Minded Boys and Girls, Vineland, N.J.; New
Jersey Children's Home Society, Trenton, N.J.; Woodbine Settlement,
Woodbine, N.J.; State Custodial Asylum for Feeble-Minded Women, Newark,
N.J., and the School for Nervous and Backward Children.
The exhibit of the geological survey in the Mines and Metallurgy
Building was in many respects unique among the various exhibits in the
Mines Building. Geological surveys have been carried out under State
auspices for more than half a century, and, as a result, New Jersey was
in a position to illustrate to younger and less thoroughly studied
States how science and industry go hand in hand.
New Jersey is the best-mapped portion in America. Therefore a salient
feature of the exhibit was a large relief map of the State, models of
typical sections of the State, and files of the position and elevation
of every portion of the State. The building stones of the State formed a
pyramid in the center of the exhibit, and alongside of it was a
microscope, with 70 sections of New Jersey rocks, showing how they are
studied to estimate their value for construction purposes.
The New Jersey geological survey had two superb terra-cotta columns made
of New Jersey clay on enameled brick piers. Adjoining the entrance was
the New Jersey clay exhibit proper. In it were shown samples of all the
prominent clays, burned bricklets, which illustrated the way clay acts
when burned at various cones (temperatures), the air and fire shrinkage,
and various other properties and analyses of clays, all facts of
importance to the clay worker, as well as large photographs of the chief
clay banks and various steps in utilizing clay.
A collection of New Jersey bricks was tested to determine the breaking
and crushing strength. The results of these tests were shown, together
with samples of the bricks classified according to the method of
manufacture and geological occurrences of the clay. A model of a New
Jersey clay refinery was shown, illustrating the manner in which
high-grade clays are prepared for potteries.
The natural advantages found on the coast and mountains of New Jersey
have produced many fine and well-known resorts. In order to illustrate
some of the attractions there found, the exhibit in the Forestry, Fish,
and Game Building was prepared. It showed beautiful mounted specimens of
practically all the birds that frequent the State. In addition to the
mounted fresh and salt-water fishes there was displayed, in the largest
pool that has ever been constructed at an exposition, a number of the
live salt-water fish found along the coast. The oyster industry was
represented by an exhibit from the State bureau of shell fisheries. A
glass tank filled with salt water showed an oyster bed containing the
following variety of oysters, all of which are products of New Jersey:
Shrewsburys, Raritan, Barnegat, Maurice River coves, Absecon salts, and
the Cape May salts. The tank also contained a profusion of marine
vegetation, and a number of the varieties of clams and fish common to
the waters of the State. An interesting demonstration was made of each
stage of the progression from the spat to the prime oyster.
Another very instructive and important feature was the mosquito exhibit,
which was intended to illustrate the work which has been done by
authority of the State of New Jersey in studying the life, history, and
methods of dealing with the mosquito pest. The work was in charge of
Prof. John B. Smith, the State entomologist, and the exhibit was
prepared under his direction. It consisted of a series of table cases in
which were shown the common species of mosquitoes, with their larvae as
well as their natural enemies. Enlarged drawings gave the character of
each species so far as they were not obvious on ordinary examination.
At one end of the square was represented a marsh area divided into two
parts. One of these showed breeding pools, where the immense shore crop
develops. The other showed fiddler crabs and other creatures that
provide a natural drainage for the meadows inhabited by them. Areas
where fiddler crabs live are never mosquito breeders, and as a matter of
fact only a small percentage of the entire salt, marsh country is
dangerous. Illustrations showed drainage ditches, the methods of making
them, and also typical areas where the insects breed.
New Jersey had an exhibit also of road building in the Model City,
showing the manner of constructing and maintaining the excellent
highways of that State.
In the Palace of Liberal Arts interesting exhibits were displayed by
various business enterprises of the State. This included a variety of
printing presses, books, binding, and publications of different series,
musical instruments, philosophical and scientific apparatus, coins and
medals, as well as an exhibit of chemical and pharmaceutical arts, and
model plans and designs for public work.
In the Palace of Manufactures and Varied Industries New Jersey exhibits
attracted considerable attention. The display included hardware,
carpets, tapestries, fabrics for upholstery, wearing apparel, silks, and
clothing.
In the Palace of Electricity New Jersey displays ranked among the best,
as was also the case in the Palace of Machinery.
In the Transportation Building and the Palace of Agriculture the
displays, while not large, were very commendable.
NEW MEXICO.
The legislature of the Territory of New Mexico in March ,1903,
appropriated the sum of $30,000 for the purpose of adequately
representing the resources and products of the Territory at the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Shortly after the passage of the act the
governor of New Mexico appointed the following commission, which
subsequently met and elected its officers:
Charles A. Spiess, president; Carl A. Dalies, vice-president; Arthur
Seligman, treasurer; W.B. Walton, secretary; Herbert J. Hagerman,
Eusebio Chacon, Fayette A. Jones, and H.W. Porterfield, managers; W.C.
Porterfield, assistant manager.
The ten or eleven years that have elapsed since the Columbian Exposition
at Chicago have brought great changes to New Mexico, and the marked
advancement and progress made along all lines were emphasized in a
comparison of her exhibits at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition with
those at Chicago. The Territory had large and excellent exhibits,
displayed in a most attractive and interesting manner and showing many
of the splendid products of that country, as well as the educational
facilities and other interesting features, and it was felt that the
chance for statehood had much advanced by the excellent impression made
at the fair.
Great irrigation enterprises within the last decade have reclaimed large
areas of fine agricultural land, providing happy homes for people in
that beautiful and delightful climate.
The superior products shown in New Mexico's agricultural and
horticultural exhibits were a revelation to visitors, and demonstrated
that the very best results and most perfect development in fruits and
farm products are obtained by irrigation and sunny skies. The fruits,
grains, vegetables, and other products of the soil shown had few equals.
The exhibits were larger and better than have ever been made by the
Territory at previous expositions.
New Mexico's exhibit in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy ably
presented the status of one of her most important industries, showing
the production of a vastly greater number of producing mines than it was
possible to show ten years ago, or when the Territory made an exhibit at
Chicago, and it also included a far greater range of minerals,
anthracite and bituminous coal, iron, zinc, lead, mineralogical forms,
besides mica, gypsum, salt, sulphur, asbestos, marble, onyx, and
building stone. A unique and most important product of the mines of New
Mexico was the beautiful blue gem stone, the finest and most valuable
turquoise found in any part of the world. The Territory had the only
turquoise exhibits at the exhibition. One was in the mineral exhibit in
the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, and a larger and perhaps the most
extensive exhibit of this stone ever shown was in the Varied Industries
Building. An exhibit of a turquoise mine and its products was shown in
the gulch, or outside mining exhibit, where a reproduction of the famous
turquoise mines of Porterfield, near Silver City, N. Mex., showed the
actual geological occurrence of the gem. This was accomplished by
bringing to the fair several tons of the rock from the mine with
turquoise embedded in it, just as it was when the chemical processes of
nature were preparing the beautiful jewels to delight the eye of man.
New Mexico's greatest pride was her educational exhibit, which showed
results of splendid schoolroom work and by photographs recorded the
grand and stately school buildings, demonstrating that New Mexico was,
in proportion to her population, in no way behind the older States in
her public school system. At Chicago the school exhibit represented only
a few institutions, and these in a limited way; while at St. Louis a
very large number of splendid graded schools and country schools were
represented by fine exhibits. Besides the work of the colleges of
agriculture and mechanical arts, the Military Institute, a university, a
school of mines, two normal schools, and a number of denominational
schools of higher order were displayed.
The beautifully arranged ethnological exhibit in the Department of
Anthropology consisted of a valuable collection, chief among which was
the wonderful Harvey collection, brought from Albuquerque.
Among the numerous beautiful buildings which adorned the Plateau of
States, many of which were reproductions of historic structures or homes
of some of the nation's famous citizens, stood the pretty structure
erected by New Mexico, a gem in point of architecture and interior
decoration, and one of the ornamental features of the exposition.
NEW YORK.
_New York commission_.--Edward H. Harriman, president; William Berri,
vice-president; Louis Stern, chairman of executive committee; Edward
Lyman Bill, treasurer; Lewis Nixon, Frank S. McGraw, Mrs. Norman E.
Mack, Frederick R. Green, John C. Woodbury, John K. Stewart, James H.
Callahan, John Young; Charles A. Ball, secretary and chief executive
officer; Mrs. Dore Lyon, assistant secretary.
New York State's participation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was
calculated to exploit fully the wonderful resources of the State, as
well as to set forth what the Empire State is accomplishing in the
various lines of humanitarian work. The New York State commission
started out with the idea of making exhibits only in lines where New
York was preeminently the leader. On this account and for the reason
that the appropriation was relatively limited, exhibits were planned to
cover seven distinct departments. It was intended at the outset to make
these exhibits strong in every detail, and the commission believes that
the close of the exposition has demonstrated the excellent judgment
exercised.
The most conspicuous feature of New York's participation in the
exposition was her State Building. An excellent site was chosen for this
structure, and a handsome building was erected in a conspicuous place on
the plateau of the States on the exposition grounds. The building
occupied the most commanding site on the State plateau of any of the
State buildings. It also enjoyed the benefits of Forest Park, both in
front and rear, which made it one of the coolest buildings on the
grounds.
The building was simple, but dignified, in design; of Italian
architecture in the colonial treatment. Martini's Quadriga flanked the
dome, representing the progress or art and commerce, and Lenz's dancing
group was placed around the columns at the entrances. A very large hall
ran through to the dome, the lower part of which was treated in the
Doric order, and the whole was scholarly, dignified, and beautiful in
design. Another interesting feature in the hall was the organ case,
which was designed particularly for this place. This hall was flanked on
the northern side by a large assembly hall with a barrel ceiling running
up to the second story, and the treatment of this room in old gold,
Antwerp blues, and siennas was beautiful. The draperies were in green
velvet, and the chairs were of leather, treated to represent the old
Spanish illuminated leather. The floors were carefully made. There were
rooms for banquets or functions of any kind. On the westerly side were
the waiting rooms for men and women, writing rooms, and also retiring
rooms and toilets.
The mural decorations of the large hall were done by Florian Peixotto,
and represented De Soto discovering the Mississippi, one showing the
French and Indian occupation of the land, and others showing New York in
1803 and New York in 1903. The pendentives, which supported the dome,
had four emblematic pictures representing the four States most benefited
by the purchase, the blue Mississippi in the background of each.
The second story was divided into apartments for the commissioners and
the offices of the secretary, which were perfect in appointments. The
suites were composed of parlor, bedroom, and baths.
A piano of great beauty, with inlays and paintings, was contributed by a
leading New York manufacturer, a picture of Niagara Falls being
particularly fine. A company of New York contributed the organ as an
exhibit, and concerts were given each afternoon of the fair.
The grounds received careful consideration, and there were many beds of
flowers and shrubbery, such as lily ponds, poppy beds, hydrangeas, and
cannae.
The amount of money appropriated by the State of New York for
participation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was $390,000. There
were no private subscriptions of any sort, but many exhibits were loaned
to the commission from the various departments of the State to be
displayed. The cost of installing the various exhibits was $10,755. This
did not include the cost of labor in placing the exhibit, as the work
was done by men who were employed by the State in the various
departments. The cost of transportation of exhibits was $12,342. The
State building cost $88,275.23 to erect.
Upon the landscape gardening, which was one of the most admired features
of the exposition, was expended the sum of $4,465.75. The organ case
alone cost $3,500. Including that, the total amount expended for
furnishing the State building was $23,423.96.
New York displayed her products in six of the exhibit palaces, namely:
Agriculture, Horticulture, Education, Forest, Fish and Game, Fine Arts,
and Mines and Metallurgy. In addition to this there was a very fine
exhibit of live stock. New York State was the only successful exhibitor
of a forest nursery.
It is impossible to give an approximate value of the exhibits. In the
Fine Arts Department, New York had 1,112 out of a total of 3,524
exhibits. They were selected after very careful scrutiny by a jury
appointed by the National Academy of Design, and consisted of oil
paintings, mural paintings, water colors, miniatures, illustrations,
etchings, engravings, lithographs, wood engravings, sculpture,
architecture, and applied arts.
The commission made appropriations for the various exhibits as follows:
Agriculture and live stock .................... $25,000
Horticulture and floriculture ................. 20,000
Forestry, fish, and game ...................... 18,000
Fine arts ..................................... 10,000
Scientific exhibit ............................ 7,500
Education and social economy .................. 27,500
The education exhibit was composite in nature and was subdivided as
follows: Administration, kindergarten, elementary grades, high schools,
normal schools, training schools and classes, higher education,
industrial and trade schools, special schools, business colleges, Indian
schools, schools for defectives, summer schools, and extension schools.
There were exhibits from both the State department of public instruction
and the University of the State of New York. In the public schools
exhibit contributions were received from 24 cities and various villages.
There was also a comprehensive exhibit from the rural schools of the
State. In the normal school exhibit contributions were received from
every normal school. The training schools and classes of the State were
very generally represented. Exhibits were in place from Hobart College,
Geneva; Manhattan College, New York City; Colgate University, Hamilton,
and Syracuse University. In the schools for defectives there were
exhibits from the New York State School for the Blind, Batavia; New York
Institution for the Blind, New York City; Western New York Institution
for Deaf Mutes, Rochester; New York Institution for the Improved
Instruction of Deaf Mutes, New York City, and the New York Institution
for the Deaf and Dumb, New York City. The exhibit from the Indian
schools contained work from all of the seven reservations in the State,
and was arranged by the State inspector of Indian schools.
Owing to the plan of installation adopted by the exposition authorities,
the State exhibit in the Department of Social Economy was found in
several different places. The State commission in lunacy made an
interesting exhibit of the ancient and modern methods of caring for
insane patients. There was also a model showing the tent system for
treatment of tuberculosis. The State board of charities made a very
complete exhibit of the several State institutions under its
jurisdiction, first, by means of photography of exteriors and interiors,
and, second, by specimens of work carried on in the industrial
departments of the various institutions. They also made an elaborate
photographic exhibit of the almshouses in the State and of the
penitentiaries. The State labor bureau sent a series of 28 graphic
charts bearing on labor conditions in the State and comparisons between
New York and other States and countries. This was supplemented by a
series of the reports of the bureau. The State department of health
furnished an exhibit of the blanks generally used in the administration
of the department of health and graphically showed the work under its
jurisdiction. The State excise department furnished a series of graphic
charts upon the receipt and disbursement of the excise moneys of the
State.
The New York agricultural exhibit differed from the other exhibits in
the Agricultural Building in that the object sought was educational
rather than spectacular. In wheat there were over 500 varieties and
about 1,000 samples; in corn, about 100 varieties and 300 samples;
beans, 75 varieties; peas, 50 varieties; oats, 20 varieties; barley, 8
varieties; buckwheat, 50 samples, and other grains in proportion. There
were also exhibits of tobacco, salt, canned fruits of every variety,
canned meats and fish, hops, flour, maple sirup and sugar, including
varieties of potatoes.
In the Cheese Department New York had over half of the exhibit. In the
Butter Department a facsimile of the Liberty Bell in butter, exact size,
with all the inscriptions.
New York had the largest exhibit in the Horticultural Palace and also
had more than twice the number of varieties of any other State. New York
was the only State showing pears and grapes.
In exhibiting the timber indigenous to the State in the Forestry, Fish,
and Game Building, two specimens of each species were shown in paneled
framework, showing both sides of the specimen.
In connection with the specimens of timber were exhibited a series of
photographs of trees of New York, eight in number. Each tree was shown
in leaf and also as it appears in winter. A life-size photograph of the
bark of each tree was shown, and in most instances specimens of the
leaves, flowers, and fruit. In this connection there were in small glass
jars seeds of all the important forest trees of New York, also
by-products of the forest, such as nuts, sugar, pulp, wood alcohol, and
many other commodities.
A collection of all the insects injurious to the trees of New York was
shown in an attractive manner in cases.
The outside exhibit of New York consisted of a nursery and plantation of
forest trees. As a part of the inside exhibit were shown specimens of
substantially all the food and game fishes of New York. No attempt was
made to show abnormally large specimens; the purpose was to show the
average fish, true to color and size. The collection included both fresh
and salt water specimens of the fishes of New York. Some interesting
specimens of oyster growth and of the enemies of the oyster were also
shown.
A part of the inside exhibit was a typical hunter camp. It was
constructed of spruce logs and roofed with spruce bark from the
Adirondack forest by Adirondack guides.
An outside exhibit of forestry consisted of a nursery and plantation of
forest trees, showing the method by which the forest, fish, and game
commission of New York is foresting the denuded, nonagricultural lands
of the State. The plot was 120 feet by 60 feet and contained 80,000
trees.
In the Mines Building were displayed ten geological maps of the State of
New York, besides a relief map of the State, a hypsometric map, a road
map, and publications on mineralogical works besides photographs. In
metallic products there were iron ores, lead and zinc, and pyrites. In
nonmetallic products there were displayed garnet, emery, millstones,
infusorial earth, mineral paints, graphite, talc, mica, salt, gypsum,
land plaster, and plaster of Paris. In building stones there were shown
granite, diabase, morite, sandstone, bluestone, limestone, marble,
slate, and marl.
A pavilion was erected in order to display the clay products of the
State. The collection was of type products rather than a great mass of
similar clays. New York State produces roofing tile, and several styles
were wrought into the roof of the pavilion. The brick were of several
styles and colors, from the classic roman dry-press brick to the rough
rock-face clinker which forms the base course of the structure.
NORTH CAROLINA.
_Members of North Carolina commission_.--H.H. Brimley,
commissioner-general; T.K. Bruner and J.A. Holmes, resident
commissioners.
In March, 1903, the legislature of North Carolina appropriated $10,000
for the participation of the State at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
Ten thousand dollars was also raised by subscriptions among citizens and
manufacturers of North Carolina, making a total of $20,000. The cost of
transportation, installation, and maintenance, and general expenses of
the State exhibit practically used up the total amount.
North Carolina had no State building.
The State had exhibits in the Departments of Mines and Metallurgy,
Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Fish and Game. The total cost of
the State's participation in the exposition was about as follows:
Value of loan exhibits in the different departments ....... $9,000
Cost of new specimens and cases ........................... 8,000
Value of specimens and cases already on hand and withdrawn
from the State museum ................................... 30,000
Installation and expenses ................................. 12,000
------
Total .............................................. 59,000
In mines and metallurgy the exhibit covered a floor space of about 2,200
square feet. It consisted of a full, systematic collection of the
minerals of the State, a representation of the ores of gold, copper,
silver, iron, nickel, and tin that are native to North Carolina, and a
very full exhibit of the economic minerals. Wherever possible, there
were shown specimens of the finished product alongside of the raw
material, and this feature added considerable value to the display. A
very beautiful and very comprehensive collection of cut gems and crude
gem material was perhaps the most attractive feature of the exhibit. The
collection of building and ornamental stones included a large variety of
granites, marbles, and sandstones, many of them of a very superior
quality.
In agriculture the chief features of the exhibit were the special
tobacco display and the collection of grains and seeds in the main
space. A good line of commercial cotton samples and of the best
varieties of cotton seed were shown and some cotton-oil and cotton-mill
machinery in connection therewith. The late date at which any money
became available prevented any show of sheaf grains or grasses and cut
short the exhibit in many ways.
In the Department of Horticulture the show was a small one, owing both
to the very poor fruit year and also, again, to the late date at which
the collecting had to be started. The space occupied was about 500
square feet in size, while in the four different spaces in the
Agricultural Building the total floor area occupied was nearly 4,000
square feet.
The combined forestry and fish and game exhibits were among the most
complete of any of the State exhibits. The total floor space occupied by
these was 2,400 square feet. The display of native timber specimens was
most complete and systematic, and the specimens were shown in a way to
impart the most information in a condensed form. The main collection
consisted of planks cut the full length and width of the trees, 4 feet
long by 4 inches thick, with the bark left attached. One-half of each
was dressed and sandpapered, but not varnished; the other half filled
and varnished and given an oil-rub finish to bring out the beauties of
the grain and to show the best finish the different kinds of wood would
take. Wherever possible, two sections were shown in the form of disks
cut across the log. These brought out the character of the end grain and
the annual growth rings, as well as the size of the trees from which
each specimen came. A variety of finished wood products and a collection
of forest seeds and of medicinal plants completed the exhibit.
In the Department of Fish and Game the State showed collections of
mounted food and game fishes, of oysters and clams, and of tools and
appliances used in their capture, including some very fine models of the
more typical of the fishing craft used in North Carolina waters. Fairly
complete collections of the game birds, wild fowl, and shore birds were
shown, as well as most of the prey-catching and fish-eating birds found
in the State. The game animals and those valuable for their furs were
also exhibited, and a very fine lot of furs, both raw and dressed,
occupied a case contiguous to that containing the fur-bearing animals.
Guns, traps, etc., were shown as well to illustrate the means used in
the capture of the different kinds. Collections of marine invertebrates,
of reptiles and batrachians, casts of fishes and cetaceans, an old
whaling outfit, and a lot of miscellaneous material completed the
exhibit.
Considering the amount of money used, the exhibits were large, varied,
full, and of good quality all through, and in some cases unlimited funds
could hardly have bettered them.
NORTH DAKOTA.
North Dakota had no State building on the grounds. The exhibits, which
comprised every variety of grain and species of grass grown in the
State, gathered from the very best samples obtained from the crop of
1903, were shown principally in the Agricultural Building, although
there was a very excellent exhibit in the Palace of Mines and
Metallurgy, showing the mineral resources of the State, and including
coal, clays, cement, building stones, etc.
The State legislature, on March 17, 1903, passed an act authorizing the
participation of the State at the World's Fair to be held in St. Louis
in 1904, and at the Lewis and Clark Centennial and Pacific Exposition
and Oriental Fair to be held at Portland, Oreg., in 1905, and creating a
commission composed of the governor, the State auditor, the
lieutenant-governor, the commissioner of agriculture, and Warren N.
Steele, of Rolette County. The governor was made the president of the
commission and the commissioner of agriculture the secretary.
This act appropriated the sum of $50,000 for the exhibits to be made at
the two expositions therein named.
The commissioners appointed by the legislature were as follows:
Governor Frank White, president; Commissioner of Agriculture R.J.
Turner, secretary; Lieut. Governor David Bartlett, executive
commissioner; Hon. H.L. Holmes, and Hon. Warren N. Steele.
There was absolutely no private contribution or subscription. The cost
of the installation, including transportation and freight charges, etc.,
was in the neighborhood of $25,000.
OHIO.
In an act of the general assembly of the State of Ohio a bill was passed
May 12, 1902, creating a commission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition
and appropriating $75,000 for the erecting and maintaining of a State
building. The act provided as follows:
For the appointment of a commission to erect a building on the grounds
of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and to take charge of the building
and exhibits that might be placed therein, the governor was authorized
to appoint within thirty days after the passage of the act, a commission
of seven residents of the State of Ohio and one executive commissioner,
who should be ex officio a member of the commission. No more than four
of the commission were to be of the same political party. It was the
duty of the commission to decide upon plans and specifications for an
Ohio Building to cost not exceeding $35,000. Members of the commission
were not entitled to receive any compensation for their services except
their actual expenses for transportation and for subsistence for the
time they were necessarily engaged on the business of the commission.
The salary of the executive commissioner was $2,500 per annum, and in
addition to this salary he was allowed his actual and necessary
expenses. That there should be appropriated the sum of $50,000, $25,000
to be available on and after the 15th day of February, 1903, for the
erection and equipment of the building and for other expenses provided
for in the act.
An extra appropriation of $12,500 for the completion of the State
building was provided for in an act passed March 25, 1904, making an
appropriation for an Ohio Building on the grounds of the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Mo.
The following commissioners were appointed:
William F. Burdell, president; L.E. Holden, vice-president; Stacey B.
Rankin, executive commissioner; D.H. Moore, Edwin Hagenbuch, M.K. Gantz,
Newell K. Kennon, and David Friedman.
As soon as the bill had been passed and the commissioners had been
appointed a meeting of the commission was held for the purpose of
deciding upon the plans for the State building. The building was erected
on the southeastern end of the fair grounds, on that part known as the
Terrace of States, at a cost of $35,000. The structure was designed
solely for the comfort and convenience of the people of the State, and
no effort was made to exhibit therein any of the resources of the State.
In an act of the general assembly of the State an additional bill was
passed March 24, 1904, appropriating $12,500 for completing and
furnishing the State building on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition. In this connection it may be of interest to mention that
President Francis especially complimented the commission for its
promptness in having the building erected, for on the opening day of the
exposition the Ohio Building was ready for occupancy and the president
himself was the first to register his name. At the close of the
exposition the commission advertised for the sale of the building and
disposed of it to the highest bidder.
While Ohio as a State maintained only one exhibit in the Mines and
Metallurgy Building, consisting chiefly of clay and its products, over
150 private individuals and corporations throughout the State added to
the prominence and magnitude of the exposition by installing costly
exhibits, which were maintained by them at very great expense. These
miscellaneous exhibits showed to very good advantage the natural
resources of the State and its diversified products. In the Palaces of
Electricity, Machinery, and Transportation the State was represented
remarkably well by these private exhibitors, and much credit is due to
them for their attractive and interesting display. In the Liberal Arts
Building it may be correctly intimated that the Ohio exhibitors were
predominant. In the Department of Anthropology, also, Ohio took the
grand prize over all competitors. The display consisted principally of
relics taken from the historical mounds of the State, which in
themselves were very interesting. Not only was the grand prize awarded
for the display, but a special gold medal was presented to Prof. W.C.
Mills, librarian and curator of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical
Society, for his untiring efforts in revealing to the public of to-day
the mode of livelihood and the characteristics of the oldest and most
historical race of this continent.
OKLAHOMA.
The Oklahoma World's Fair commission was appointed on April 19, 1901,
and organized ready for active work on May 1, 1901. Two days after it
was decided to hold the World's Fair in Forest Park, the Oklahoma
commission notified Secretary Stevens that Oklahoma was ready to select
her site for a building.
Oklahoma was among the very first to select a site on the World's Fair
grounds, was first to lay a corner stone for the Territorial building,
and the first to accept her building complete from the contractor and
dedicate the same.
By an act of the legislature of the Territory of Oklahoma, dated March
1, 1901, the sum of $20,000 was appropriated for the participation of
the Territory at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Subsequently, on
March 14, 1903, the legislature of the Territory enacted a bill
appropriating $40,000 additional for the erection and equipment of the
building on the grounds of the exposition, and for the transportation
and installation of the exhibits of the Territory. The following were
appointed by the legislature as a commission in charge of Oklahoma
exhibits:
Joseph Meibergen, chairman; Otto A. Shuttee, treasurer; Edgar B.
Marchant, secretary.
The Oklahoma Building was of semi-Moorish architecture, size 71 by 72,
with balconies above, below, and in front, the full width of the
building. It contained reception halls, parlors, toilet rooms, and
commissioner's office, 14 rooms in all. The building was two stories
high, with basement, provided with rugs and carpets of Wilton velvet.
The total cost of the building, exclusive of furniture, including gas
and electric light fixtures, was approximately $15,500.
All the plaster, inside and out, used in the construction of the
building was manufactured from Oklahoma gypsum.
The educational exhibit was shown in the Palace of Education and
occupied 488 square feet. It contained representative work from the
kindergarten to the University of Oklahoma. All the seven colleges and
preparatory schools supported by the Territory were represented, and
many of the ten institutions of higher learning supported by
denominational and private enterprises. Work from the majority of the
2,192 district schools was shown in leaf cabinets, framed pictures, and
in other ways. Taxidermical work and modeling in Oklahoma plaster were
shown, together with specimens of the handiwork of the students in the
Agricultural and Mechanical College. There were more than 4,000 exhibits
contained in the collection, which was shown in cabinets and cases. The
total cost of collection, installation, and maintenance was $1,825.95.
The agricultural exhibit was shown in section 42 of the Palace of
Agriculture, and covered 3,600 square feet of floor space.
Specimens of all the agricultural products of the Territory were shown
in the exhibit and consisted of the following:
Exhibits.
Thrashed grain:
Wheat ................................... 160
Oats .................................... 65
Rye ..................................... 5
Barley .................................. 11
Corn, shelled ............................. 19
Miscellaneous, consisting of alfalfa seed,
timothy, speltz, castor beans, etc ...... 31
Corn in the ear:
1903 .................................... 159
1904 .................................... 300
Potatoes:
Irish ......................... plates .. 150
Sweet ........................... do .... 57
Broom corn ................................ 20
The foregoing constituted the main body of the exhibit, which was
supplemented by corn in the stalk, wheat, oats, barley, and other grains
in exhibit bundles, native and tame grasses in profusion, water-melons,
the largest of which weighed 117 pounds; various field and garden
vegetables, cotton and cotton-seed products, flax, tobacco, etc. A
special feature was a loaf of bread baked from flour ground from wheat
of the 1904 crop. The total cost of collection, installation, and
maintenance was $4,072.80.
In the Horticultural Department the exhibit covered 1,100 square feet of
floor space. The exhibit consisted of 250 jars of preserved fruits of
the various kinds produced in Oklahoma, 200 bottles of Oklahoma grape
wine, and about 400 plates of fresh fruits of the various kinds in their
season. Four hundred and fifty bushels of the choicest apples were
placed in cold storage in the fall of 1903 to keep the exhibit fresh. On
the 15th of November the exhibit had 1,800 specimens of apples from the
crops of 1904. The total cost of collection, installation, and
maintenance was $4,892.48.
The mineral exhibit occupied 1,020 square feet in the Palace of Mines
and Metallurgy. Here were shown 186 exhibits of sandstone, limestone,
and other building stone, magnetite, brick (both burned and green),
transparent selenite, and various others from Oklahoma. It also
contained salt, oil, and glass sand testing 96 per cent pure. The
plaster resources of Oklahoma were shown from the raw material in a
solid block weighing 3,600 pounds, through the various evolutions of
plaster manufacture to the finished product in dainty statuettes. A
prominent feature of this exhibit was the relief map of the Territory,
made from Oklahoma plaster by Doctor Finney, of the University of
Oklahoma. The map weighed 1,600 pounds and showed every elevation and
depression, with the rivers, streams, lakes, gypsum deposits, and salt
reserves. The total cost of collection, installation, and maintenance
was $3,263.50.
OREGON.
_Members of commission_.--Jefferson Myers, president; W.E. Thomas,
vice-president; Edmond C. Giltner, secretary; W.H. Wehrung, special
commissioner and general superintendent; F.A. Spencer, David Rafferty,
J.C. Flanders, G.Y. Harry, J.H. Albert, Richard Scott, Frank
Williams, F.G. Young, George Conser; Layton Wisdom, private secretary
to general superintendent.
The legislature of the State of Oregon made an appropriation of $50,000
for the participation of Oregon at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
One of the main objects was to excite interest in the Lewis and Clark
Centennial Exposition to be held at Portland, Oreg., in 1905.
The Oregon State Building was built of logs and was a reproduction of
Fort Clatsop, the fort in which Lewis and Clark and their companions
resided during their stay in Oregon in the winter of 1805-6. Two square
wings stood diagonally from each front corner of the building like the
old fortress abutments used in the days when it was necessary for
pioneer settlers to maintain such defenses against the hostile Indians.
The cost of the erection and maintenance of the building was $9,000, of
which the Lewis and Clark Exposition Company contributed $3,500.
Not including the exhibits in the Oregon Building, the State made
exhibits in six exhibit palaces, as follows: Agricultural Pavilion,
Horticultural Pavilion, Educational Pavilion, Forestry Pavilion, Mining
Pavilion, and Fish and Game Pavilion.
In the Educational Department a very interesting display was made by the
State board of education and the public schools of approximately all the
towns in the State.
In the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building were exhibits by large lumber
corporations of the State and a very interesting display of mounted
specimens of fish and game, furs and rugs, also cannery displays from
the fish-canning concerns. The Oregon State experimental stations at
Corvallis and Union made very interesting exhibits of grains and grasses
in the Palace of Agriculture. The same classes of products were
exhibited by about 60 individual exhibitors, residents of the State of
Oregon. While grains and grasses formed the largest exhibit, there were
also interesting displays of wool, mohair, hops, milling stuffs,
evaporated cream, and vegetables and fruit, both evaporated and in jars.
In the Horticultural Building about 50 exhibitors displayed specimens of
the fruits of Oregon. Apples, pears, and prunes were shown in
interesting variety and unexcelled quality.
Four exhibitors made exhibits in the Live Stock Department.
In the Mines and Metallurgy Building there was a very unique and
interesting display of mineral specimens, many of which were loaned to
the State of Oregon for use at the exposition. Among the specimens there
were collections of gold quartz and nuggets from the various gold mines
of the State. Besides the gold, there were shown collections of polished
pebble, copper ores, native silver, including cobalt and antimony ores,
crystals, opals, marble, jasper, asbestos, limestone, kaolin, asphaltum,
and tellurium ores. There were also displayed Indian curios,
ethnological, geological, and other specimens, all found in the State of
Oregon. The total value of the exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy
Building was estimated at $35,000.
The cost of installing and maintaining the exhibits in the several
palaces were as follows:
Agricultural Building ................. $7,117
Horticultural Building ................ 6,148
Educational Building .................. 3,800
Forestry Building ..................... 3,200
Mines and Metallurgy Building ......... 5,000
Fish and Game Building ................ 2,300
The cost of freight and transportation from Oregon to the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition was, approximately, $4,400. Altogether the State of
Oregon expended $45,803.34 out of its appropriation up to the close of
the exposition.
PENNSYLVANIA.
By a joint resolution of the legislature of Pennsylvania, on February 4,
1903, Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker appointed Lieutenant-Governor
William M. Brown, president of the senate; John M. Scott, speaker of the
house; Henry F. Walton, State treasurer; Frank G. Harris, auditor; Gen.
Edmund B. Hardenbergh, secretary of internal affairs, and Isaac B. Brown
as members of the Pennsylvania commission. Subsequently the governor
appointed the following additional members: William S. Harvey, Morris L.
Clothier, Joseph M. Gazzam, George H. Earle, Jr., Charles B. Penrose,
George T. Oliver, H.H. Gilkyson, Hiram Young, James Pollock, and James
McBrier. The president of the senate appointed John G. Brady, William C.
Sproul, William P. Snyder, J. Henry Cochran, Cyrus E. Woods, and the
speaker of the house appointed Theodore B. Stulb, John Hamilton, William
B. Kirker, William Wayne, John A.F. Hoy, Fred T. Ikeler, William H.
Ulrich, A.F. Cooper, Frank B. McClain, George J. Hartman.
The commission organized on April 24, 1903, and nominated James H.
Lambert, of Philadelphia, executive officer; Bromley Wharton, secretary
of the commission and created an executive committee of nine members,
with H. George J. Brennan as secretary; Thos. H. Garvin, superintendent
State Building; Philip H. Johnson, architect.
The State appropriation was $300,000. The only amount raised by private
subscription, which was used in the installation of State exhibits, was
$15,000, contributed by the anthracite coal corporations to make a
display of the process of mining and marketing anthracite coal. There
were no exhibits in the Pennsylvania State Building outside of the
portraits of distinguished Pennsylvanians, past and present, 42 of which
were displayed, and a collection of pictures loaned by the American Art
Society. Several mural paintings from the Women's School of Design, in
Philadelphia, and a series of nearly 100 photographs of the monuments
erected to Pennsylvania regiments on the field of Gettysburg.
The State mining exhibit represented an expenditure of $60,000.
The cost of the educational exhibit was $14,000; of the agricultural
exhibit $12,000; of the fish exhibit, $10,000.
In the Department of Social Economy Pennsylvania's charitable and penal
system was fully demonstrated in an exhibit which received a grand prize
and which was installed at an expenditure of $2,500. In addition to
this, Pennsylvania's interests were represented in every department of
the exposition--in Manufactures, Liberal Arts, Varied Industries,
Electricity, Transportation, and Machinery.
It was Pennsylvania-made machinery which furnished the power for the
electric light of the exposition, as well as for driving the machinery
and pumping the water for the Cascades.
The Pennsylvania State Building occupied a conspicuous position on
elevated ground and was one of the finest and most costly in the State
group. The most imposing figure was the magnificently proportioned
rotunda, the roof of which was supported by a colonnade of Ionic
capitaled columns, which supported an entablature of great dignity, this
in turn being surmounted by a series of 12 semicircular arches or
lunettes, in each of which was placed an allegorical painting,
suggestive and typically illustrative of the very important industries
of the State.
The principal color scheme of the architectural features was ivory
white, with the capitals and plinths of columns gilt, as also the
vaulted soffits above the paintings and the large Guilloche moldings on
ribs of the ceiling, and the other important details.
The walls above the low wainscoting were painted in a rich shade of
turquoise blue, with paneled ornamental stenciled work of a very rich
ecru tone.
The ceiling was finished in a rich yellow tint of a tone to harmonize
with the general surroundings. The general effect produced, aside from
the artistic result obtained, was Pennsylvania's State colors. The
ladies' room contained some beautiful furniture, consisting of some
large settees, tables, writing desks, and comfortably upholstered easy
chairs. The windows were draped with red silk curtains on which were
embroidered the coat of arms and other State emblems.
The men's room, across the large stair hall, was similarly treated as
regards furniture and draperies, but in more masculine, taste, the
furniture being covered in leather, the draperies of heavier material,
and the color scheme and design throughout being more suggestive of the
sex.
The second floor had three large, beautifully lighted and proportioned
rooms, known as "art rooms."
The various rooms throughout the building were decorated murally and
otherwise in such color tones, draperies, etc., as to make one
harmonious with the other. Each department, in addition to its other
features, had specially designed Smyrna rugs in color and design to
match.
Pennsylvania, in the allotment of space for her education exhibit,
received one of the most desirable plots in the Educational Building.
The booth was one of the most attractive in the building, and was in
harmony with its purpose. The exhibit was almost entirely from the
public schools, including work from the kindergarten, the grades, and
the high school. The normal schools and the soldiers' orphans schools,
which are a part of the public school system in Pennsylvania, were also
well represented. The work of all the kindergartens appeared together,
likewise the first grade, and so on through the grades. The high school
and normal school products were arranged by subjects, the papers from
one branch appearing in a cabinet. The display was made on the inside
walls of the booth in leaf cabinets, base stands, and special show
cases.